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BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF POOR PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETICS BY GIRLS IN DZIVARASEKWA CLUSTER PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY JANUARY EDFREE (B1232527) A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE HONOURS IN SPORTS ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF SCIENCES BINDURA, ZIMBABWE JUNE 2015 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. Signature ____________________________ Date: (30 June 2015). i BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION RELEASE FORM Name of Author: January Edfree (B1232527) Title of Project: An analysis of the causes of poor performance in Athletics by girls in Dzivarasekwa Cluster Primary Schools Programme: Bachelor of Science Honours in Sports Administration Year Granted: 2015 Permission is hereby granted to Bindura University of Science Education Library to produce single copies and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purpose only. The author does not reserve other publication rights and either the project nor may extensive extracts from it be printed or reproduced without the author’s permission. Signed by …………………………………………………………….. Permanent Address: 2 Presidential Guard Battalion, Block 61G, P.O. Box 140, Dzivarasekwa, Harare, Zimbabwe Date: 30/06/15 ~ ii ~ BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read and recommend to the Bindura University of Science Education for acceptance, a project entitled An analysis of the causes of poor performance in Athletics by girls in Dzivarasekwa Cluster Primary Schools submitted by January Edfree (B1232527) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science Honours Degree. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Suprevisor(s) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chairperson ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Examiner Date ~ iii ~ DEDICATION It is my darling wishes to express my great thanks to my wife Loice and my children; Kevin, Irvin and Kirstin for affording to shoulder a drastic change in the way of interaction we used to have while I was deeply dedicated to this Research Project. Their motivation towards the project proved to be very appreciative and this has to be complemented by unpaved thanks. ~ iv ~ ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to investigate the causes of poor performance in Athletics by girls in Dzivarasekwa Cluster Primary Schools. The descriptive survey method which involved the use of questionnaires and interviews as data capturing instruments was employed. A one hundred percent (100%) return on all research instruments distributed was attained. The target population was nine (9) Headmasters, forty five (45) coaches and four thousand eight hundred and seventy six (4876) girl athletes. The sample constituted five (5) schools, five (5) Headmasters, five (5) Head Coaches in athletics and fifty (50) athletes. The researcher used the random sampling probability method to select the five (5) schools and the stratified random sampling method to select ten (10) girl athletes from each of the sampled schools. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires and was presented in form of tables, bar graphs, histograms, lines and pie charts. The study revealed that girls have a negative attitude towards field events. It was also noted that insufficient budget is channeled towards athletics. The study also revealed that most schools have inadequate athletics facilities and equipment and most track markings were missing from the tracks. On competition day, athletes compete without taking food in the morning and they do not consume food in between events. Most athletes do not train during the weekend and school holidays. The research again established that athletes do not train throughout the year because of the curriculum which states that athletics is done during the first quarter of the year. The following recommendations were made; schools should budget enough money towards athletics so as to be in a position to purchase adequate equipment. Schools are encouraged to upgrade dilapidated athletics facilities as well as constructing new facilities. Schools should get in partnership with athletics academies so that athletes would train throughout the year. Coaches are encouraged to attend refresher courses for athletics coaching and umpiring. The Government through the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education need to revisit the Curriculum so that athletes can train throughout the year. ~ v ~ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Mr Mukanhairi, my tutor, for guiding me throughout my research. He worked tirelessly to make it a success. I would also like to thank the following Headmasters from Dzivarasekwa Cluster of Primary Schools for allowing me to do a study in schools under their administration; Mr Ngoro- Dzivarasekwa 4, Mrs Ntini- Dzivarasekwa 5, Mrs Madzokere- Gillingham, Mr Wafawanaka- Gombo and Mr Gapare- Yamurai. I also thank the head coaches in Athletics and the athletes for patiently taking their time to respond to the interview guides and questionnaires. To friends and relatives, i say thank you for your support and encouragements. May God bless you all. ~ vi ~ ABBREVIATIONS AAAZ Amateur Association of Athletics in Zimbabwe AGM Annual General Meeting AAA Asian Athletics Association ANOCA Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa CAA Confederation of African Athletics CONSUDATLE Confederation Sudamericana de Atletismo COSSASA Council of Southern Africa Schools Athletics Sports Association EAA European Athletic Association HAB Harare Athletics Board IAAF International Amateur Athletic Federation IOC International Olympic Committee MOSAC Ministry of Sports, Arts and Culture NAAZ National Athletic Association of Zimbabwe NAPH National Association of Primary Heads NASH National Association of Secondary Heads NACACAA North America, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association OAA Ocenia Athletics Association PNF Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation SRC Sports and Recreation Commission SCSA Supreme Council for Sports in Africa ZOC Zimbabwe Olympic Committee ~ vii ~ LIST OF TABLES Table 2:1 Presidents for IAAF …………………………………………………………….. 8 Table 2:2 Continental Associations for IAAF …………………………………………….. 9 Table 4:1 Age of Respondents …………………………………………………..……..…. 30 Table 4:2 Consumption of Food in Between Events ………………………………..….. 54 Table 4:3 Water Consumed Per Day at Home ……………………………………….…. 56 Table 4:4 Athletes Who Carry Bottled Water to School ……………………………….. 56 Table 4:5 Girl Athletes Who Warm Up Before Training ………………………….....… 58 Table 4:6 Cool Down After Training ………………………………………………....….. 59 Table 4:7 Duration of a Training Session in Athletics ……………………….……...….. 61 Table 4:8 Athletes Who Train during The Weekend ………………………………..….. 61 Table 4:9 Laid Down training Programme ……………………………………..…..…… 64 Table 4:10 Duration of Holiday Training Programme(s) ………………………………. 65 Table 4:11 Availability of a Gymnasium at Schools ……………………………...…….. 69 ~ viii ~ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4:1 Grade Level …………………………………………………………..……….. 31 Figure 4:2 Number of Children in Family …………………………………...………….. 31 Figure 4:3 Position of Children in Family ……………………………………….……… 32 Figure 4:4 Parent or Guardian ……………………………………………………...…… 33 Figure 4:5 Interest in Athletics ……………………………………………………….….. 33 Figure 4:6 Punctuality for Training in Athletics ……………………………………..…. 34 Figure 4:7 Favorite Athletics Event …………………………………………….….….…. 35 Figure 4:8 Timetabling of Athletics at Schools……………………………………..……. 36 Figure 4:9 Timetable for Athletics ………………………………………………..……… 36 Figure 4:10 Awarding Outstanding Athletes …………………………………………… 37 Figure 4:11 Funding of Sporting Disciplines ……………………………………...…….. 37 Figure 4:12 Parents or Guardians Who Allow Girls to Take Part in Athletics ….…… 38 Figure 4:13 Family Members Who Watch Athletes Training or Competing ………… 39 Figure 4:14 Relatives Who Watch Athletes Participating ……………………..…..…… 39 Figure 4:15 Frequency of Watching Athletics ……………………………………..……. 40 Figure 4:16 Sporting Assistance from Guardians ……………………………..……...… 41 Figure 4:17 Staff Members Who Watch Athletes Training ……………………..….….. 42 Figure 4:18 Availability of Athletics Tracks …………………………………..………… 43 Figure 4:19 Number of Athletics Track(s) …………………………………………....…. 43 Figure 4:20 Track Markings …………………………………………………….……….. 44 Figure 4:21 Availability of Standard Athletics Track ………………………….………. 45 Figure 4:22 Athletics Facilities at Schools ……………………………..…………...……. 45 Figure 4:23 Athletics Equipment at Schools …………………………………………….. 46 Figure 4:24 Improvisation of Sporting Equipment …………………………………..…. 47 Figure 4:25 Athletes Who experienced Sporting Injuries in Athletics …………...……. 48 Figure 4:26 Breakfast Consumed by Athletes ……………………………………...…… 49 Figure 4:27 Athletes’ Lunch ……………………………………………………………… 50 ~ ix ~ Figure 4:28 Supper for Athletes …………………………………………………………. 51 Figure 4:29 Food Eaten Three Days Before Competitions ……………………….…….. 52 Figure 4:30 Breakfast for Competition Day ……………………………………..……… 53 Figure 4:31 Food Consumed in Between Events …………………………………..…….