DOCSLIB.ORG

The Diamond League Athletic Series Hodgson, James R; Chapman, Lee; Pope, Francis D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Diamond League Athletic Series Hodgson, James R; Chapman, Lee; Pope, Francis D University of Birmingham The Diamond League athletic series Hodgson, James R; Chapman, Lee; Pope, Francis D DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02114-z License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Hodgson, JR, Chapman, L & Pope, FD 2021, 'The Diamond League athletic series: does the air quality sparkle?', International Journal of Biometeorology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02114-z Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. If you believe that this is the case for this document, please contact [email protected] providing details and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 International Journal of Biometeorology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02114-z ORIGINAL PAPER The Diamond League athletic series: does the air quality sparkle? James R. Hodgson1 & Lee Chapman1 & Francis D. Pope1 Received: 24 September 2020 /Revised: 8 February 2021 /Accepted: 9 March 2021 # The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Urban air pollution can have negative short- and long-term impacts on health, including cardiovascular, neurological, immune system and developmental damage. The irritant qualities of pollutants such as ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) can cause respiratory and cardiovascular distress, which can be heightened during physical activity and particularly so for those with respiratory conditions such as asthma. Previously, research has only examined marathon run outcomes or running under laboratory settings. This study focuses on elite 5-km athletes performing in international events at nine locations. Local meteorological and air quality data are used in conjunction with race performance metrics from the Diamond League Athletics series to determine the extent to which elite competitors are influenced during maximal sustained efforts in real-world conditions. The findings from this study suggest that local meteorological variables (temperature, wind speed and relative humidity) and air quality (ozone and particulate matter) have an impact on athletic performance. Variation between finishing times at different race locations can also be explained by the local meteorology and air quality conditions seen during races. Keywords Diamond League . Athletics . Meteorology . Air quality . Physical health . Exercise performance Introduction and background highlighted negative impacts of UAQ upon cognitive level (Calderon-Garciduenas et al. 2016;Cliffordetal.2016; Poor urban air quality (UAQ) is a serious worldwide environ- Shehab and Pope 2019; Sunyer et al. 2015). mental issue with detrimental impacts on human health and In extreme cases, the negative impacts of UAQ could out- the wider environment (European Commission 2017a, 2017b; weigh the positive impacts of exercise (Guo et al. 2020;Strak Kampa and Castanas 2008; Lim et al. 2012; Walton et al. et al. 2010; Tainio et al. 2016. Consequently, with encourage- 2015). Along with premature deaths, shorter-term effects in- ment for greater levels of exercise and active transport to com- cluding cardiovascular and respiratory distress and irritation bat a global obesity crisis and pollution: there is a likelihood of are common in the wider populations, and heightened for a greater proportion of society being exposed to poor, albeit those with preexisting conditions (Burnett et al. 2014; improving, UAQ (COMEAP 2009, 2010; Devarakonda et al. Lelieveld et al. 2015). The main pollutants concerning human 2013; Kobayashi et al. 2017; Sallis 2008;Shugart2016). health are nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and particulate In contrast to recreational exercisers who are largely free matter (PM: Particles with a diameter of 10 μm(PM10)and to choose when they exercise, elite athletes and profession- 2.5 μm(PM2.5) or less, Rajagopalan et al. 2018; Sun and Zhu al sport-people are constrained to set competition times, 2019). As well as short-term irritation of the nose, mouth, potentially resulting in them performing in nonideal envi- throat and cardio-respiratory systems, these pollutants, along ronmental conditions. Although at some landmark events, with others, can lead to cardiovascular and respiratory dis- such as the now rearranged 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games, eases, reduced lung function and asthma (Burnett et al. start times of some events are scheduled to avoid the most 2014;EEA2013; Lelieveld et al. 2015). Recent work has also detrimental meteorological conditions (BBC Sport 2019a, 2019b). Lee Chapman and Francis D. Pope contributed equally to this work. The International Association of Athletics Federations has held a season-long track and field athletics series known as * Francis D. Pope Diamond League since 2010, with plans to continue develop- [email protected] ing the series in the future (IAAF 2019). With events taking place in multiple European locations and additional internation- 1 Present address: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK al locations, Diamond League provides a global case study of Int J Biometeorol the impact of local meteorological and air quality conditions on propulsion (Davies 1980). However, this has not always been elite athletes, something that has rarely been studies outside of shown in previous research due to variability in wind direc- laboratory conditions (Giles and Koehle 2014). In this paper we tions experienced during the race and the lapped nature of assess the impacts of meteorological variables (temperature, many events, particularly those held on athletics tracks relative humidity, heat stress and wind speed) and air quality (Vihma 2010). In events which have both head- and tail- (O3,NO2 and particulate matter in the PM2.5 and PM10 size winds, it is likely that the former will be more detrimental than fractions) upon athletic performance using a statistical the latter is beneficial (Davies 1980). Similarly, the cooling approach. effect of wind can help maintain optimal core temperatures in elevated temperatures but can lead to reduced performance in Meteorological impacts on performance colder conditions as blood flow is diverted from contracting muscles to help maintain core temperatures and vital functions Meteorological impacts on performance are often anecdotal, (Maughan et al. 2007a, b). Finally, Hodgson et al. (preprint), but a number of laboratory and marathon studies have shown determined that local meteorology, particularly a combined that elevated temperatures over 9.9°C decrease performance influence of increased temperature, relative humidity, and (Ely et al. 2007; Helou et al. 2012; Vihma 2010; Vugts 1997). wind speeds, could be detrimental to the performance of the This is due to alteration in circulatory, endocrine, and thermo- general public’s performance in timed 5 km events (parkrun). regulatory systems during exercise to reduce the likelihood of negative effects caused by increased internal body tempera- Air quality impacts on performance tures (Casa 1999;Miller-Rushingetal.2012; Nadel 1990). Internal body temperature increases and can result in de- The majority of research on air quality and athletic perfor- hydration, hyperthermia and heat stress and occur due to mance has been conducted in highly controlled laboratory the cardiovascular system giving precedence to maintain- settings to allow for greater control of variables (synthesised ing blood flow to vital organs during exercise (Casa 1999; in Giles and Koehle 2014). Although findings are mixed, there Nadel 1990). Consequently, the rise in internal body tem- is agreement that higher intensity exercise sees an increased peratures results in higher blood lactate levels within potential for pollution uptake due to a switch from nasal to contracting muscles and reduced maximal oxygen uptake, oral breathing and reduced respiratory defences (Giles and contributing to fatigue and reduced power output of func- Koehle 2014;Munsetal.1995; Niinimaa et al. 1980; tioning muscles (Nybo et al. 2014;Zhaoetal.2013; Ultman et al. 2004). Also, research has shown that increases Miller-Rushing et al. 2012). Reduced temperatures can from an average walking speed of 2–6 km/h to jogging and limit internal core temperatures and improve perfor- running and cycling 10 km/h
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 Tokyo Marathon Statistical Information
    2019 Tokyo Marathon Statistical Information Tokyo Marathon All Time list Performance Time Performers Name Nat Place Date 1 2:03:58 1 Wilson Kipsang KEN 1 26 Feb 2017 2 2:05:30 2 Dickson Chumba KEN 1 25 Feb 2018 3 2:05:42 Dickson Chumba 1 23 Feb 2014 4 2:05:51 3 Gideon Kipketer KEN 2 26 Feb 2017 5 2:05:57 4 Tadese Tola ETH 2 23 Feb 2014 6 2:06:00 5 Endeshaw Negesse ETH 1 22 Feb 2015 7 2:06:11 6 Yuta Shitara JPN 2 25 Feb 2018 8 2:06:25 Dickson Chumba 3 26 Feb 2017 9 2:06:30 7 Sammy Kitwara KEN 3 23 Feb 2014 10 2:06:33 8 Stephen Kiprotich UGA 2 22 Feb 2015 11 2:06:33 9 Amos Kipruto KEN 3 25 Feb 2018 12 2:06:34 Dickson Chumba 3 22 Feb 2015 13 2:06:42 10 Evans Chebet KEN 4 26 Feb 2017 14 2:06:47 Gideon Kipketer 4 25 Feb 2018 15 2:06:50 11 Dennis Kimetto KEN 1 24 Feb 2013 16 2:06:54 12 Hiroto Inoue JPN 5 25 Feb 2018 17 2:06:56 13 Feyisa Lilesa ETH 1 28 Feb 2016 18 2:06:58 14 Michael Kipyego KEN 2 24 Feb 2013 19 2:06:58 Michael Kipyego 4 23 Feb 2014 20 2:07:05 15 Peter Some KEN 5 23 Feb 2014 21 2:07:20 16 Shumi Dechasa BRN 4 22 Feb 2015 22 2:07:22 Peter Some 5 22 Feb 2015 23 2:07:23 17 Viktor Röthlin SUI 1 17 Feb 2008 24 2:07:25 18 Markos Geneti ETH 6 22 Feb 2015 25 2:07:30 Feyisa Lilesa 6 25 Feb 2018 26 2:07:33 19 Bernard Kipyego KEN 2 28 Feb 2016 27 2:07:34 Dickson Chumba 3 28 Feb 2016 28 2:07:35 20 Hailu Mekonnen ETH 1 27 Feb 2011 29 2:07:37 Michael Kipyego 1 26 Feb 2012 30 2:07:37 21 Geoffrey Kamworor Kipsang KEN 6 23 Feb 2014 31 2:07:39 22 Masato Imai JPN 7 22 Feb 2015 32 2:07:39 23 Alfers Lagat KEN 5 26 Feb 2017 33 2:07:40 24 Deresa Chimsa
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Media Table of contents Media information & fast facts ......................................................................................................... 3 Important media information ....................................................................................................................................................4 Race week Media Center..............................................................................................................................................................4 Race week schedule of events ..................................................................................................................................................7 Quick Facts ...........................................................................................................................................................................................8 Top storylines ......................................................................................................................................................................................10 Prize purse .............................................................................................................................................................................................13 Time bonuses ......................................................................................................................................................................................14 Participant demographics ............................................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • 6 World-Marathon-Majors1.Pdf
    Table of contents World Marathon Majors World Marathon Majors: how it works ...............................................................................................................208 Scoring system .................................................................................................................................................................210 Series champions ............................................................................................................................................................211 Series schedule ................................................................................................................................................................213 2012-2013 Series results ..........................................................................................................................................214 2012-2013 Men’s leaderboard ...............................................................................................................................217 2012-2013 Women’s leaderboard ........................................................................................................................220 2013-2014 Men’s leaderboard ...............................................................................................................................223 2013-2014 Women’s leaderboard ........................................................................................................................225 Event histories ..................................................................................................................................................................227
    [Show full text]
  • World Records in Half-Marathon Running by Sex and Age
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 World Records in Half-Marathon Running by Sex and Age Nikolaidis, Pantelis T ; Di Gangi, Stefania ; Knechtle, Beat Abstract: The relationship between age and elite marathon race times is well investigated, but little is known for half-marathon running. This study investigated the relationship between half-marathon race times and age in 1-year intervals by using the world singe age records in half-marathon running and the sex difference in performance from 5-91 years in men and 5-93 years in women. Wefounda 4 order-polynomial relationship between age and race time for both women and men. Women achieve their best half-marathon race time earlier in life than men, 23.89 years compared with 28.13, but when using a non-linear regression analysis, the age of the fastest race time does not differ between men and women with 26.62 years in women and 26.80 years in men. Moreover, women increase the sex difference in half-marathon running performance to men with advancing age. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2017-0394 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-152631 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Nikolaidis, Pantelis T; Di Gangi, Stefania; Knechtle, Beat (2018). World Records in Half-Marathon Running by Sex and Age. Journal of aging and physical activity, 26(4):629-636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2017-0394 1 World records in half-marathon running by sex and age 2 3 World records in half-marathon 4 5 Pantelis T.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    A Column By Len Johnson TABLE OF CONTENTS TOM KELLY................................................................................................5 A RELAY BIG SHOW ..................................................................................8 IS THIS THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES FINEST MOMENT? .................11 HALF A GLASS TO FILL ..........................................................................14 TOMMY A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS ........................................................17 NO LIGHTNING BOLT, JUST A WARM SURPRISE ................................. 20 A BEAUTIFUL SET OF NUMBERS ...........................................................23 CLASSIC DISTANCE CONTESTS FOR GLASGOW ...................................26 RISELEY FINALLY GETS HIS RECORD ...................................................29 TRIALS AND VERDICTS ..........................................................................32 KIRANI JAMES FIRST FOR GRENADA ....................................................35 DEEK STILL WEARS AN INDELIBLE STAMP ..........................................38 MICHAEL, ELOISE DO IT THEIR WAY .................................................... 40 20 SECONDS OF BOLT BEATS 20 MINUTES SUNSHINE ........................43 ROWE EQUAL TO DOUBELL, NOT DOUBELL’S EQUAL ..........................46 MOROCCO BOUND ..................................................................................49 ASBEL KIPROP ........................................................................................52 JENNY SIMPSON .....................................................................................55
    [Show full text]
  • Athletics Is an Exclusive Collection of Sporting Events That Involve Competitive Running, Jumping, Throwing, and Walking. the Mo
    Athletics is an exclusive collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking. The simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Organised athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC, and most modern events are conducted by the member clubs of the International Association of Athletics Federations. The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the modern Summer Olympics, and other leading international meetings include theIAAF World Championships and World Indoor Championships, and athletes with aphysical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. Etymology The word athletics is derived from the Greek word "athlos" (0șȜȠȢ), meaning "contest" or "task." Initially, the term was used to describeathletic contests in general ± i.e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century in Europe, the term athletics acquired a more narrow definition and came to describe sports involving competitive running, walking, jumping and throwing. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom and most of the areas of the former British Empire. Furthermore, foreign words in many Germanic and Romance languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In contrast to this, in much of North America athletics is synonymous with athletic sports in general, maintaining a more historic usage of the term.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Virgin Money London Marathon 2020 Virgin Money London Marathon 1
    2020 Virgin Money London Marathon 2020 Virgin Money London Marathon 1 CONTENTS 01 MEDIA INFORMATION Page 5 ELITE MEN 42 The Events & Start Times 6 Entries 42 Media Team Contacts 6 Awards & Bonuses 42 Media Facilities 6 Preview 43 Press Conferences 6 Biographies 44 The London Marathon Online 7 Olympic Qualifying Standard 54 Essential Facts 8 What’s New in 2020 10 ELITE WHEELCHAIR PREVIEW 55 The Course 11 Wheelchair Athletes 56 Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust 11 Abbott World Marathon Elite Race Route Map 12 Majors Accumulator 56 Pace Guide 13 T54 Women Entries 56 Running a Sustainable Marathon 14 Biographies 57 London Marathon Events Limited 15 T54 Men Entries 59 Biographies 60 02 THE 40TH RACE 16 How It All Began 17 05 ABBOTT WORLD Four Decades of Marathon Moments 19 MARATHON MAJORS 65 The Ever Presents 23 How It Works 66 Qualifying Races 67 03 CHARITIES, FUNDRAISING AbbottWMM Wanda Age Group & THE TRUST 25 World Championships 67 Charities & Fundraising 26 The Abbott World Marathon 2020 Charity of the Year – Mencap 27 Majors Races 68 The London Marathon Charitable Trust 33 Abbott World Marathon Majors Series XIII (2019/20) 74 04 ELITE RACES 31 Abbott World Marathon Majors Wheelchair Series 76 ELITE WOMEN 32 Entries 32 Awards & Bonuses 32 Preview 33 Biographies 34 CONTENTS CONTINUED >> 2020 Virgin Money London Marathon 2 06 THE MASS EVENT 79 BRITISH MARATHON STATISTICS 119 Starters & Finishers 80 British All-Time Top 20 119 2020 Virgin Money British Record Progression 120 London Marathon Virtual Race Stats 81 The Official Virgin Money
    [Show full text]
  • Thursday, June 14, 2018 Four-Time Olympic Gold Medalist and Six-Time
    Thursday, June 14, 2018 Four-time Olympic Gold Medalist and Six-time World Champion Mo Farah Joins Galen Rupp in the 2018 Bank of America Chicago Marathon Men’s Elite Field Event Will Bring Back Pacers (“Rabbits”) For The Professional Competitors CHICAGO – The Bank of America Chicago Marathon announced today that four-time Olympic gold medalist, six-time world champion and five-time European champion Mo Farah will join the 2018 Chicago Marathon elite competition. In 2012, Farah became the first British athlete in history to win an Olympic gold at the 10,000m, and he is just the second athlete in history to pull off back-to-back gold medals in both the 5000m and 10,000m at the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games. The Chicago Marathon marks Farah’s third go at the distance and his first 42K on U.S. soil. He joins defending champion and former training partner, Galen Rupp, at the front of this year’s elite pack. Farah and Rupp made history together at the 2012 London Olympics, finishing with the gold and silver in the 10,000m. “Mo and Galen are two of the greatest distance runners of all time,” said Executive Race Director of the Bank of America Chicago Marathon Carey Pinkowski. “They come to Chicago following in the footsteps of incredible runners like Khalid Khannouchi, Sammy Wanjiru, Moses Tanui, Paul Tergat, Steve Jones and more. These two runners have competed at the highest level of competition and I’m confident they will come prepared for what’s shaping up to be an epic showdown.” Farah made his marathon debut in 2014 in London, clocking 2:08: 21 to finish eighth.
    [Show full text]
  • Bank of America Chicago Marathon 1 Sunday, October 13, 2019 Media Course Record Progressions
    Media Table of contents Media ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Media information ............................................................................................................................................................................4 Race week schedule of events ..................................................................................................................................................7 Quick facts ............................................................................................................................................................................................9 By the numbers ..................................................................................................................................................................................10 Top storylines ......................................................................................................................................................................................11 Bank of America Chicago Marathon prize purse ...........................................................................................................13 Time bonuses ......................................................................................................................................................................................14 Participant demographics ............................................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Nacac Newsleter June 2016
    NACAC NEWSLETTER JUNE 2016 Volume 3 Edition 1 NACAC NEWSLETER JUNE 2016 President Message 2 General Secretary 5 NACAC AA Executive Council 8 Resolution Women Commission Report 9 CADICA Cross Country 13 Championships NACAC Cross Country 15 Championships CARIFTA Games 17 Athletes of the OECS Diaspora 22 NACAC U23 El Salvador 2016 29 Visit to Cuba 30 Sponsors 36 1 NACAC NEWSLETTER JUNE 2016 Volume 3 Edition 1 PRESIDENT MESSAGE by Víctor López Therefore, as I expressed in many occasions to President Coe, to the Media and to colleagues and friends, it looks to me that we will have one of the best, if not the best year ever, as far as performances is concerned. I am not talking about the NACAC athletes only but athletes from all over the world. In other words, we will own the show in Río de Janeiro, Brazil at the 2016 Olympic Games. But in spite of the above opinion, from my part, as how great the performances have been so far, we still have to be vigilante because, for sure, we still have a problem On behalf of the NACAC Executive Council with doping in our sport and in other sports. and the NACAC Athletics Family, I would like Yes, it is important that we clean the house to extend my greetings in our newsletter of and face the challenges that we are this important year, perhaps the most experiencing but, it is more important that important in the history of our sport. There we continue to do what we do best, which is is no doubt that we are facing tough to develop our great sport and our young challenges and scandals never experienced people all over the world and at the same in the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Elite Athletes Elite Athlete Roster
    Table of contents Elite athletes Elite athlete roster...................................................................................................................................................................................28 Male athlete profiles ..............................................................................................................................................................................31 Ayele Abshero .............................................................................................................................................................................................31 Merkebu Birke ............................................................................................................................................................................................32 Norihide Fujimori ......................................................................................................................................................................................32 Kenji Higashino ..........................................................................................................................................................................................34 Luke Humphrey .........................................................................................................................................................................................34 Tariku Jufar ...................................................................................................................................................................................................36
    [Show full text]
  • Athletics Integrity Unit and Abbott World Marathon Majors Announce New Intelligence and Testing Program in Groundbreaking Anti-Doping Initiative
    ATHLETICS INTEGRITY UNIT AND ABBOTT WORLD MARATHON MAJORS ANNOUNCE NEW INTELLIGENCE AND TESTING PROGRAM IN GROUNDBREAKING ANTI-DOPING INITIATIVE 02 April 2019: The Athletics Integrity Unit (AIU) and the Abbott World Marathon Majors (AbbottWMM) today revealed a groundbreaking extensive new anti-doping investigation and intelligence-driven testing program in a landmark moment in the drive for a clean sport. Since it was founded in 2017 by the IAAF, the AIU has worked closely with the AbbottWMM organization, which comprises six of the most prestigious marathons in the world: Tokyo Marathon, Boston Marathon, Virgin Money London Marathon, BMW BERLIN-MARATHON, Bank of America Chicago Marathon and TCS New York City Marathon. With the integrity of marathon running at the forefront of their work, the AbbottWMM, which was formed in 2006, began working with the former IAAF Medical and Anti-Doping Department in 2013, and the AIU has continued the operations since their inception in 2017. Additional funding is now being invested by the AbbottWMM to support this cutting edge program based on intelligence and testing. During 2018, the AIU conducted extensive analysis of the risks to the integrity of athletics and road running and consequently devised the program which puts a higher focus on the best elite athletes, utilizing intelligence to ensure that the right athletes are tested at the right time. Tim Hadzima, Executive Director of AbbottWMM, said: “The Abbott World Marathon Majors is proud of its zero-tolerance policy on doping and its proactive work investing in and supporting anti-doping programs. We are constantly reviewing the program with the AIU and the future clearly requires a strong focus on intelligence and investigative capability.
    [Show full text]