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Home , Aruban Olympic Committee, Athletics abbreviations, Barbara Cochran, Birgit Fischer, Bobbie Rosenfeld, Carolyn Waldo

APPENDIX 1: ACRONYMS

AAHPERD American Alliance for Health, Physical Ed, Recreation, and Dance AAU (USA) ABC American Broadcasting Company ACNO Association des Comites Nationaux Olympiques ACNOA Association des Comites Nationaux Olympique d’Afrique AENOC Association of European National Olympic Committees AGFIS Association Générale des Fédérations Internationales de Sports AIBA International Amateur Association AIOWF Association of the International Olympic Winter Sports Federations ANOC Association of National Olympic Committees ANOCA Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa AOA American Olympic Association AOC American Olympic Committee AP Associated Press ARISF Association of the IOC-Recognized International Sports Federations ASA Amateur Sports Act ASBU Arab States Broadcasting Union ASOIF Association of Summer Olympic International Federations BALCO Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CAS Court of Arbitration for Sport CBS Columbia Broadcasting System COJO Comite d’Organisateur des Jeux Olympiques COS&R Centre for Olympic Studies and Research (Loughborough University) DICD Department of International Cooperation DSD Disorder of Sex Development EBU European Broadcasting Union (continued)

© The Author(s) 2016 157 L.K. Fuller, Female Olympians, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58281-2 158 APPENDIX 1: ACRONYMS

EOC European Olympic Committees FIFA International Internationale de Football Association FIG Federation Internationale de Gymnastique FIL Federation Internationale de Luge de Course FINA Fédération International de Natation () FITA Fédération Internationale de Tir a l’Arc (archery) FIVB Fédération Internationale de Volleyball FSFI Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale GAIF General Assembly of International Sports Federations GAISF General Association of International Sports Federations HVV Host City Contract IAAF International Amateur Athletic Federation IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations IAPESGW International Asso. of Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women IBF International Badminton Federation IBU International Biathlon Union ICF International Canoe Federation ICHPER International Council for Health, Phys Ed, Recreation, Sport and Dance ICOSA International Centre for Olympic Studies Archives ICSSPE International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education ICWSSC Islamic Countries’ Women’s Sports Solidarity Council IDD Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities IF International (Sporting) Federation IIHF International Federation IMGA International Masters Games Association IOA International Olympic Academy IOC International Olympic Committee IOCA International Olympic Committee Archives IOCTMS IOC Television and Marking Services SA IPC Institut Pierre de Coubertin IPC International Paralympic Committee ISF International Sport Federation ISOH International Society of Olympic Historians ISU International Skating Union IWGWS International Working Group Women and Sport JOMEC Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies KSA Kingdom of LAOOC Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee LOCOG Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games NAGWS National Association for Girls and Women in Sport NBC National Broadcasting Company NF National (Sporting) Federation NOA National Olympic Academy NOC National Olympic Committee OBO Olympic Broadcasting Organization (continued) APPENDIX 1: ACRONYMS 159

OBS Olympic Broadcasting Service OC OCA Olympic Coordination Authority OCA Olympic Council of OCOG Organizing Committee of the OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OGKS Olympic Games Knowledge Services ONOC Oceania National Olympic Committees OPAB Olympic Photo Archive Bureau OPHR Olympic Project for Human Rights ORDECA Central American Sports Organisation ORTA Olympic Road and Transport Authority OS Olympic Solidarity OTAB Olympic Television Archive Bureau PAP Paralympian Ambassadors Programme PASO Pan American Sports Organization PED Performance-enhancing drugs PGANOC Permanent General Assembly of National Olympic Committees SAAW Sport Association for Arab Women SO Special Olympics TOP The Olympic Partners TFC Tourism Forecasting Council TVB Television Broadcast Ltd. UAE UCI Union Cycliste Internationale UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization URTNA Union des Radiodiffusions et Televisions Nationales d’Afrique USOA Olympic Association USOC United States Olympic Committee WADA World Anti-Doping Agency WBSC World Confederation WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WNBA Women's National Association APPENDIX 2: OLYMPIC GAMES PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES

Afghanistan (AFG); Albania (ALB); Algeria (ALG); Am Samoa (ASA); Andorra (AND); Angola (ANG); Antigua/Barbuda (ANT); Argentina (ARG); (ARM); Aruba (ARU); Australia (AUS); (AUT); (AZE); Bahamas (BAH); (BRN); (BAN); Barbados (BAR); Belarus (BLR); (BEL); Belize (BIZ); Bermuda (BER); Benin (BEN); (BHU); Bolivia (BOL); Bosnia/Herzegovina (BIH); Botswana (BOT); Brazil (BRA); British Virgin Is (IVB); (BRU); Bulgaria (BUL); Burkina Faso (BUR); Burundi (BDI); (CAM); Cameroon (CMR); (CAN); Cape Verde (CPV); Cayman Is (CAY); (CAY); Central African Republic (CAF); Chad (CHA); Chile (CHI); (CHN); Colombia (COL); Comoros (COM); Congo, Rep of (CGO); Congo, Dem Rep of (COD); Cook Islands (COK); Costa Rica (CRC); Cote d'Ivoire (CIV); Croatia (CRO); Cuba (CUB); Cyprus (CYP); Czech Rep (CZE); Denmark (DEN); Djibouti (DJI); Dominica (DMA); Dominican Republic (DOM); East (GDR); (TLS); Ecuador (ECU); Egypt (EGY); El Salvador (ESA); Equatorial Guinea (GEQ); Eritrea (ERI); Estonia (EST); Ethiopia (ETH); Fiji (FIJ); Finland (FIN); (FRA); Gabon (GAB); The Gambia (GAM); (GEO); Germany (GER); Ghana (GHA); Greece (GRE); Grenada (GRN); Guam (GUM); Guatemala (GUA); Guinea (GUI); Guinea-Bissau (GBS); Guyana (GUY); Haiti (HAI); Honduras (HON); (HKG); Hungary (HUN); Iceland (ISL); (IND); (INA); (IRI); (IRQ); Ireland (IRL);

© The Author(s) 2016 161 L.K. Fuller, Female Olympians, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58281-2 162 APPENDIX 2: OLYMPIC GAMES PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES

Israel (ISR); (ITA); (JAM); (JPN); (JOR); (KAZ); Kenya (KEN); Kiribati (KIR); Korea, North (PDK); Korea, S. (KOR); (KUW); (KGZ); (LAO); Latvia (LAT); (LIB); Lesotho (LES); Liberia (LBR); Libya (LBA) (LIE); Lithuania (LTU); Luxembourg (LUX); Macedonia (MKD); Madagascar (MAD); Malawi (MAW); (MAS); (MDV) Mali (MLI); Malta (MLT); Marshall Islands (MHL); Mauritania (MTN); Mauritius (MRI); Mexico (MEX); Fed States of Micronesia (FSM); Moldova (MDA); (MON); (MGL); Montenegro (MNE); Morocco (MAR); Mozambique (MOZ); (MYA); Namibia (NAM); Nauru (NRU); (NEP); Netherlands (NED); New Zealand (NZL); Nicaragua (NCA); Niger (NIG); Nigeria (NGR); (PRK); Norway (NOR); (OMA); (PAK); Palau (PLW); Palestine (PLE); Panama (PAN); Papua New Guinea (PNG); Paraguay (PAR); Peru (PER); (PHI); Poland (POL); Portugal (POR); Puerto Rico (PUR); (QAT); (ROU); Russian Federation (RUS); Rwanda (RWA); Saint Kitts/ Nevis (SKN); Saint Lucia (LCA); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (VIN); Samoa (SAM); San Marino (SMR); Sao Tome and Principe (STP); Saudi Arabia (KSA); Senegal (SEN); Serbia (SRB); Seychelles (SEY)’ Sierra Leone (SLE); (SIN); Slovakia (SVK); Slovenia (SLO); Solomon Islands (SOL); Somalia (SOM); South Africa (RSA); (URS); Spain (ESP); (SRI); Sudan (SUD); Suriname (SUR); Swaziland (SWZ); (SWE); (SUI); (SYR); Taiwan (, TPE); (TJK); Tanzania (TAN); (THA); Togo (TOG); Tonga (TGA); Trinidad/Tobago (TRI); Tunisia (TUN); (TUR); (TKM); Tuvalu (TUV); Uganda (UGA); (UKR); United Arab Emirates (UAE); (GBR); United States (USA); United Team (EUN, ex-Soviet Union); Uruguay (URU); (UZB); Vanuatu (VAN); Venezuela (VEN); (VIE); Virgin Islands (ISV); (YEM); (Federal Republic of Germany, FRG); Zambia (ZAM); Zimbabwe (ZIM). APPENDIX 3: NOTABLE FEMALE OLYMPIANS

Name Nation Sport Accomplishment

Agneta Andersson SWE Canoeing Sprint canoer, winner of 7 medals (3 ) Polina Astakhova UKR Gymnastics Won 10 medals (5 Gold) in 1956, (1936–2005) 1960, 1964 Shirley Babashoff USA Swimming Set 11 world records, Gold 1972, 1976 in 4 Â 100-m freestyle Lyudmila Belousova SOV With Oleg Protopopov 1964, 1968 (Protopopov) pairs Gold winners USA Solo winner at 3 successive games: 1988, 1992, 1994 “Fanny” Blankers-Koen NED Athletics At age 30, mother of 2, earned 4 Gold (1918–2004) medals in London USA Swimming Gold 1920 in 100- and 300-m free- (1902–1978) style, plus relay Klavdiya Boyarskikh SOV Nordic skiing Won Gold for 5 km, 10 km, and 3 Â 5 km cross-country events in 1964 Vera Caslavska CZE Gymnastics All-time record of 7 Gold medals in individual events Chun Lee-Kyung KOR Speed skating Most successful short-tracker: Gold 1994, 1998, bronze 1994 Veronica Cochelea- ROU Rowing Medals 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, Cogeanu 5 with Elisabeta Lipa-Oleniuc Nadia Comaneci ROU Gymnastics Awarded 10 on uneven parallel bars as 14-year-old in 1976 AUS Athletics 4-Fold track world records: 60, 200 m, 100, 220, 440 yards (continued)

© The Author(s) 2016 163 L.K. Fuller, Female Olympians, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58281-2 164 APPENDIX 3: NOTABLE FEMALE OLYMPIANS

Name Nation Sport Accomplishment

Manuela DiCenta ITA Nordic skiing Medaled in all 5 cross-country events 1994; It/IOC member 1999 “Babe” Didrikson USA Athletics Considered greatest sportswoman: (1911–1956) 1932 Gold hurdles, javelin Fanny Durack AUS Swimming 1910–1918 considered world’s greatest distance swimmer Teresa Edwards USA Basketball USOC “chef de mission” 2012 for 5 Olympic medals Krisztina Egerszegi HUN Swimming Great backstroke swimmer, Gold in 1988, 1992, 1996 Andrea Ehrig- GER Speed skating In 1980s, called “world’s best long Mitscherlich distance speed skater” GER Swimming Set 23 world records, with 4 Gold in 1976 USA Swimming Called greatest female long distance swimmer; Gold 1988, 1992 Lisa Fernandez USA Softball Cuban-Puerto Rican: 25 strikeouts, 3 (1996, 2000, 2004) AUS Swimming Greatest female sprint swimmer, 8 medals 1956, 1960, 1964 AUS Swimming Legendary freestyler, 5 wins (3 Gold) 1972 Florence Griffith-Joyner USA Athletics Flo-Jo: “Fastest woman of all time”; (1959–1998) world record (3 Golds) 1988 Ingrid Kramer-Engel- GER Golds in springboard (1960, 1964) Gulbin and platform (1960) AUT Nordic skiing Gold in downhill 1964 , (1943–2001) chosen to light torch 1976 Marja-Liisa FIN Nordic skiing Won 5, 10, 20 km cross-country events Hamalainen- 1984, ’s top athlete Kirvesniemi Sonja Henie NOR Figure skating Popularized skating in Ladies Singles (1912–1969) (Gold 1928, 1932, 1936) Kelly Holmes GBR Athletics Middle distance runner took 2 Golds in 2004 USA Athletics Won but forfeited 5 track and field medals 2000 “Jackie” Joyner-Kersee USA Athletics Voted “Greatest female athlete of 20th c” by SI Women; heptathlon, Golds 1988 and 1992, Gold 1988 Karin Kania-Busch- GER Speed skating Dominant long-track skater; 8 medals Enke 1980–1988 (3 Gold) (continued) APPENDIX 3: NOTABLE FEMALE OLYMPIANS 165

Name Nation Sport Accomplishment

Agnes Keleti HUN Gymnastics One of most successful Jewish Olym- pians, won 5 Golds 1956 Nelli Kim SOV Gymnastics Gold (3) 1976 and 1980 (2); 10 on Kim Soo-Nyung KOR Archery Most decorated Korean Olympian, archery Golds 1988, 1992, 2000; voted “Female Archer of 20th Cen- tury” by FITA BLR Gymnastics “Sparrow from Minsk” won 4 Golds, 2 silvers 1972, 1976 SOV Nordic skiing Pioneered cross-country for women, 8 medals 1968–1980 (4 Gold) Larisa Semyonoya RUS Gymnastics Record 18 medals (9 Gold) in 1956, Latynina 1960, 1964 RUS Nordic ski Greatest Russian cross-country skier (Gold 1992, 1994, 1998) Elisabeta Lipa-Oleniuc ROM Rowing Most decorated female Olympic rower: 5 Gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze Christa Luding- GER Speed skat/ Gold skating 1988 Calgary, silver Rothenburger Cycling cycling 1988 “Pat” McCormick USA Diving Golds springboard and platform 1952 , 1956 Mary T. Meagher USA Swimming “Madame Butterfly”: world records in 100 m and 200 m “Debbie” Meyer USA Swimming Despite asthma, 3 Golds (1968 Mexico City) CHN Diving “The diving queen” won Golds 1992, 1996, 2000 Gunda Niemann- GER Speed skating “Most successful speed skater”: Stinemann 8 medals 1992, 1994, 1998 USA Swimming Swedish-born freestyler won Gold (1908–1955) 1924 , 1928 GER Swimming Women’s record for any sport: 6 Gold medals 1988 Seoul Irina Rodnina SOV Figure skating Only paired skater to win 3 successive Golds: 1972, 1976, 1980 USA Athletics “Black Gazelle” overcame polio to (1940–1994) become top female sprinter -Conforto USA Synch swim Hawaiian, 3-time medalist (1984, 1988) solo synchronized swim Inna Ryskal RUS Volleyball Azerbaijani team Golds 1968 Mexico City, 1972 Ildiko Sagine-Ujlakine- HUN Fencing Deaf, won medals as foil fencer Rejto 1960–1976, Golds 1964 Tokyo (continued) 166 APPENDIX 3: NOTABLE FEMALE OLYMPIANS

Name Nation Sport Accomplishment

Erika Salumae SOV Cycling Between 1982 to 1989, she won 10 Golds and set 15 world records Birgit Schmidt- GER Canoeing Both youngest (14) and oldest (42) canoeist, 8 Golds in 6 Games SUI Most medals (5, 3 Gold in 1988, 1994) of any female racer GER Alpine skiing Germany’s most successful, with 5 medals (3 Golds: 1994, 1998) Ksenia Andreyevna RUS Gymnastics Artistic—world on uneven Semenova bars and Lidiya Skoblikova SOV Speed skating Record 6 Gold medals, 1st to win all 4 events Raisa Smetania SOV Nordic skiing 1992 : 1st woman to win 10 winter medals AUS Athletics Sprinter-hurdler won 7 medals 1948, (1925–2004) 1952, 1956, 3 Gold Irena Szewinska- POL Athletics Jewish sprinter with 7 medals 1964, Kirzenstein 1968, 76, 3 Gold; IOC Jenny Thompson USA Swimming One of the most decorated, with 12 medals (8 Gold) 1992–2004 Dara Torres USA Swimming 12-time medalist, oldest (41, in 2008) on US swim team GBR Figure skating 1984 Sarajevo with : 12 perfect marks and Gold Derartu Tulu ETH Athletics Winner of 10,000 m race at 1992 Barcelona, 1st black African to win Gold Lyudmila Turishcheva SOV Gymnastics 9 medals (1968, 1972, 1976), 4 gold; became coach of Soviet team Nicole Uphoff GER Equestrian Double Gold victories 1988 Seoul, 1992 Barcelona on Rembrandt Yelena Valbe RUS Nordic ski Gold 4 Â 5 km1992 Albertville, 1994 , 1998 Anky van Grunsven NED Equestrian 3-time dressage champion: 2000 Sydney, 2004 Athens, 2008 ITA Fencing Winner of 6 Gold medals in foil competition CAN Synch swim Solo and duo, Golds at 1988 Seoul, Silver 1984 Los Angeles Steffi Walter-Martin GER Luge Only woman to win 2 Golds: 1984 Sarajevo, 1988 Calgary LIE Alpine skiing 3 medals (2 Gold) 1980 Lake Placid, bronze 1976 Innsbruck (continued) APPENDIX 3: NOTABLE FEMALE OLYMPIANS 167

Name Nation Sport Accomplishment

Katarina Witt GER Figure skating Gold medalist in singles 1984 Sarajevo, 1988 Calgary, then pro Wu Minxia CHN Diving First woman to win diving Gold in 3 consecutive games (04, 08, 12) Lyubov Yegorova RUS Nordic ski 1992 Albertville, 1994 Lillehammer: 3 Golds, 2 and 1 silvers Leontine Zijlaard-van NED Cycling Despite anorexia nervosa, Golds 2000 Moorsel Sydney, 2004 Athens APPENDIX 4: TIMELINES FOR FEMALE OLYMPIANS

Year/ Location Nations Sports Events Men Women Highlights for Time Women

1896/S Athens, GRE 14 9 43 245 0 Women excluded, but Greek legend says Stamata Revithi/ Melpomene ran 40 k a day later 1990/S Paris, FRA 24 18 87 1206 19 Charlotte Cooper (UK) won sin- gles, Margaret Abbott (USA) 9-hole . Countess Helene de Pour-tales (POR) yachting, Mme Brohy, Mlle Ohnier croquet 1904/S St. Louis, MO, 13 17 94 681 8 Only archery, Lida USA Howell 1st Am woman to win 3 Golds 1908/S London, GBR 22 22 109 1999 36 Women’s events added officially for 1st time; Madge Syers (GBR) won figure skating Gold, Anna Hubler (GER) pairs (continued)

© The Author(s) 2016 169 L.K. Fuller, Female Olympians, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58281-2 170 APPENDIX 4: TIMELINES FOR FEMALE OLYMPIANS

Year/ Location Nations Sports Events Men Women Highlights for Time Women

1912/S Stockholm, 28 14 102 2490 57 Swimming and diving SWE added to the program 1920/S Antwerp, BEL 29 20 154 2591 78 Ethelda Bleibtrey (USA) won 3 swim- ming Golds; Magda Julin-Mauroy (SWE) in skating 1924/W Chamonix, 16 6 16 247 11 First winter Olym- FRA pics, skater Sonja Henie (NOR)’s debut 1924/S Paris, FRA 44 17 126 2956 136 Gertrude Ederle (USA), 1st woman to swim English Chan- nel, won 2 bronze, team 4 Golds 1928/W St. Moritz, 25 4 14 438 26 Sonja Henie (NOR) SUI won her 1st Gold in figure skating 1928/S Amsterdam, 46 14 109 2724 290 Track: Betty Robin- NED son (USA) vs. (CAN) 1932/W Lake Placid, 17 4 14 231 21 Mollie Phillips NY, USA (GBR), figure skater, 1st woman to carry a national flag at the opening ceremony 1932/S Los Angeles, 37 14 116 1281 127 Babe Didrikson CA, USA (USA) medals: throwing, , jumping 1936/W Garmisch- 24 4 17 566 80 1st Olympic torch Partenkirchen relay. Leni (GER) Riefenstahl’s film Olympia 1936/S Berlin, GER 49 19 129 3738 328 Halet Cambel and Suat Fetgeri Asani 1st Turkish fencers 1948/S London, GBR 59 17 136 3714 385 High-jumper Alice Coachman 1st Af-Am to win Gold 1948/W St. Moritz, 28 4 22 592 77 SUI (CAN) won figure (continued) APPENDIX 4: TIMELINES FOR FEMALE OLYMPIANS 171

Year/ Location Nations Sports Events Men Women Highlights for Time Women

skating, (USA) slalom 1952/S Helsinki, FIN 69 17 149 4407 518 Dressage added; Dana Zatopkova (CZE) javelin Gold 1952/W Oslo, NOR 30 4 22 585 109 (FIN) won 1st cross- country skiing, (USA) in slalom; Jeanette Altwegg (GBR) figure skating; got Gold in ice hockey 1956/W Cortina 32 4 24 687 134 Tenley Albright D’Ampezzo, (USA) overcame ITA polio, won figure skating 1956/S Melbourne, 72 17 151 2958 384 Agnes Keleti (HUN) AUS 4 Golds in gymnastics 1960/W Squaw Valley, 30 4 27 521 144 Lydia Skoblikova CA, USA (RUS) took 1st 1500- and 3000 m speed skating; Carol Heiss (USA) Gold figure skating 1960/S Rome, ITA 83 17 150 4738 610 1st Paralympics. Wilma Rudolph (USA) 3 Golds track 1964/W Innsbruck, 36 6 34 892 199 1st athlete, M or F, to AUT win 4 Golds: speed skater Lydia Skoblikova (RUS); French sisters Christine and competed in slalom (Christine won Gold) 1964/S Tokyo, JPN 93 19 163 4457 683 1st time in Asia, 1st volleyball. Dawn Fraser (AUS) 100 m (continued) 172 APPENDIX 4: TIMELINES FOR FEMALE OLYMPIANS

Year/ Location Nations Sports Events Men Women Highlights for Time Women

freestyle, gymnast Larysa Latynina (SOV) 18th Gold 1968/W , 37 6 35 947 211 FRA (USA) skating Gold; E. German luge cheat 1968/S Mexico City, 112 20 172 4750 780 Olympic flame lit by MEX hurdler Enriqueta Basilio; sex testing 1972/W , JPN 35 6 35 801 205 Marie-Therese Nadig (SUI) slalom, USA’s Alpine; & speed 1972/S Munich, GER 121 23 195 6065 1058 Olga Korbut (SOV) 3 Golds gymnastics; terrorism 1976/W Innsbruck, 37 6 37 892 231 Rosi Mittermajer AUT (GER) downhill, slalom; Sheila Young (USA), speed skating; ice dancing introduced—won by Dorothy Hamill (USA) 1976/S Montreal, 92 21 198 4781 1247 Nadia Comaneci CAN (ROM) perfect 10 in gymnastics; basket- ball, rowing, team handball added; E. German swimmers won 11/13 (later, admitted steroid use) 1980/W Lake Placid, 37 6 38 840 232 Hanni Wenzel (LIE) NY, USA slalom, Irina Rodnina (SOV)’s 3rd Gold in a row in skating pairs 1980/S Moscow, RUS 80 21 203 4093 1124 Field hockey added; 65 countries boycott 1984/W Sarajevo, FRY 49 6 39 998 274 20 km race and Nordic skiing added; (continued) APPENDIX 4: TIMELINES FOR FEMALE OLYMPIANS 173

Year/ Location Nations Sports Events Men Women Highlights for Time Women

Debbie Armstrong (USA) slalom; Katarina Witt (GER) figure skating; Marja- Lissa Hamalainen (FIN) 3 cross-country skiing Golds 1984/S Los Angeles, 140 23 221 5230 1567 Nawal El CA, USA Moutawakel (MAR), hurdler, 1st Islamic woman; gymnast 1st Am to win all-around; Connie Carpenter- Phinney (USA) 1st cycling; (USA) won women’s 1st marathon 1988/W Calgary, CAN 57 6 46 1122 301 Christa Luding- Rothenburger (GDR), speed skater/cycler only Olympian to get Gold at both W/S; Yvonne van Gennip (NED) world record in 5000 m; speedskater Bonie Blair (USA) 500 m Gold; Katarina Witt (GER) FS 1988/S Seoul, KOR 159 25 237 6279 2186 Steffi Graf (GER) tennis Grand Slam, Florence Griffith- Joyner (“Flo-Jo,” USA) 3 Golds in track 1992/W Albertville, 64 7 57 1313 488 Moguls added— FRA USA’s Donna Weinbrecht; Cathy Turner 500 m, Kristi Yamaguchi figure skate, Bonnie Blair speed; Raisa (continued) 174 APPENDIX 4: TIMELINES FOR FEMALE OLYMPIANS

Year/ Location Nations Sports Events Men Women Highlights for Time Women

Smetanina (EUN) cross-country 1st to win medals at 5 OGs 1992/S Barcelona, 169 28 257 6659 2708 Badminton and judo ESP added; Jackie Joyner- Kersee (USA) won 2nd heptathlon Gold; Zhang Shan (CHN) 1st female to win (skeet) shooting open to both sexes; Derartu Tulu (ETH) 1st black African to win Gold (10,000 m) 1994/W Lillehammer, 67 6 61 1215 522 1st time Winter dif- NOR ferent schedule; Bonnie Blair (USA) 1st to win 500m 3X in a row; Manuela DiCenta (ITA) 5 cross country Golds; skater Kim Yoon-mi (KOR), youngest (13) medal- ist; Oksana Baiul (UKR) vs. Kerrigan- Harding 1996/S , 197 26 271 6797 3523 “Women’s Olym- Georgia, USA pics”—football, soft- ball added (US won, + basketball); Marie- Jose Perec (FRA) 200-, 400-m track 1998/W Nagano, JAP 72 7 68 1389 787 Weightlifting, pen- tathlon, triathlon, snowboarding, ice hockey; Marion Jones (USA)’s 5 track Golds withdrawn; gymnast Andreea Raducan (ROM) all-around; USA: (continued) APPENDIX 4: TIMELINES FOR FEMALE OLYMPIANS 175

Year/ Location Nations Sports Events Men Women Highlights for Time Women

swimmers Dara Torres, Jenny Thompson 9 medals; Tara Lipinski fig skating (youngest); team won softball; Katja Seizinger (GER) alpine and 1st to win Gold in downhill 2X 2000/S Sydney, AUS 199 28 300 6582 4069 added 2002/W , 77 7 78 1513 886 20-person bobsleigh UT, USA (USA, Vonetta Flowers 1st black), skeleton added; (USA) figure skating Gold; Cana- dian women won ice hockey; Janica Kostelic (CRO) 1st Alpine skier to win 4 medals (3 Gold) 2004/S Athens, GRE 28 Wrestling added; kayaker Birgit Fischer (GER) 8th Gold 2006/W Torino, ITA 80 7 82 Largest metropolitan area to host winter games 2008/S Beijing, CHN added 2010/W Vancouver, BC, CAN 2012/S London, GBR Boxing added 2014/W Sochi, RUS Ski jumping and halfpipe added 2016/S Rio De Golf reintroduced Janiero, BRA (since 1900) APPENDIX 5: OLYMPIC STUDIES CENTERS

Australia: Australian Centre for Olympic Studies (ACOS), University of Technology of Sydney, Faculty of Business, School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism; http://www.business.uts.edu.au/olympic/index.html. Austria: Innsbruck 2010—Youth Olympic Games Laboratory for Youth & Innovation (YOGINN 2012), University of Innsbruck, Department of Sport Science; http://www.innsbruck2012.com/en/culture__education/ educational_partners. Belgium: Université Catholique de Louvain Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Mgt des Organisations Sportives; http://sites-test.uclouvain. be/chaire-olympique. Brazil: Olympic Studies Research Group, PUCRS (Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences; http://sso2.pucrs.br/pls/orasso/orasso.wwsso. Olympic Research Group University, Gama Filho, Faculty of Physical Education; http://www.ugf.br/editora/ceo/index.html. Canada: The International Centre for Olympic Studies (ICOS), Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western ; http://www.uwo.ca/ olympic. China: 1. Centre for Olympic Studies, Beijing Sport University 2. Center for Olympic Study, Capital Institute of Physical Education

© The Author(s) 2016 177 L.K. Fuller, Female Olympians, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58281-2 178 APPENDIX 5: OLYMPIC STUDIES CENTERS

3. Humanistic Olympic Studies Center, Renmin University of China 4. Olympic Studies Centre, Soochow University

Germany: 1. Research Team Olympia, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; http://research-team-olympia.de/index.php?option¼com_content& view¼article&id¼6&Itemid¼7. 2. Willibald Gebhardt Research Institute, University of Duisburg-Essen; http://www.wgi.de/organisation_eng.html. 3. Zentrum fu€r Olympische Studien, Olympic Studies Centre, German Sport University Cologne; https://www.dshs-koeln.de/wps/portal/osc_ de.

Great Britain: Centre for Olympic Studies & Research (COS&R), Lough- borough University, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; http:// www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ssehs/research/social-sciences-and-sport/ olympic-studies/index.html. Italy: Olympics and Mega Events Research Observatory (OMERO), Uni- versity of Torino, Department of Social Sciences. Japan: Centre for Olympic Research & Education (CORE), University of Tsukuba; http://core.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp/index-english.html. New Zealand: Olympic Studies Programme, University of Canterbury, School of Sciences and Physical Education; http://www.olympicstudies. canterbury.ac.nz. : Russian International Olympic University; http://olympicuniversity. ru/web/en. Spain: 1. Centre d’Estudis Olímpics i de l’Esport, Olympic Studies Centre, Autonomous University of Barcelona; http://ceo.uab.cat. 2. Centro de Estudios Olimpicos, Autonomous University of , Depart- ment of Physical Education and Sports Sciences; http://www.uam.es/ss/ Satellite/FProfesorado/es/1242658321039/subhomeDepartamento/ Educacion_Fisica,_Deporte_y_Motricidad_humana.htm. 3. Centro de Estudios Olímpicos de la Universidad de Alicante, Univer- sity of Alicante, Faculty of Education; http://www.ua.es. APPENDIX 5: OLYMPIC STUDIES CENTERS 179

4. Centro de Estudios Olímpicos de la Universidad de Córdoba, Uni- versity of Córdoba, 5. Faculty of Education Sciences; http://www.uco.es/internacional/ extranjeros. 6. Centro de Estudios Olímpicos de la Universidad de Granada, Univer- sity of Granada; http://www.ugr.es/en. 7. Centro de Estudios Olímpicos de la Universidad de Vigo, University of Vigo, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences; http://www.uvigo.es. 8. Centro de Estudios Olímpicos de la Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Faculty of Health Sciences; http://www.uemc.es/es/Paginas/default.aspx. 9. Centro de Estudios Olímpicos de la Universidad del País Vasco, Uni- versity of País Vasco; http://www.ehu.es/p200-shenhm/en. 10. Centro de Estudios Olímpicos, Centro Web Olímpico de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela; http://www.estudiosolimpicos.es.

Switzerland: IOC Olympic Studies Centre, The Olympic Museum; http://www.olympic.org/olympic-studies-centre. Taiwan: 1. International Olympic and Multicultural Studies Centre, Da-Yeh Uni- versity, College of Management; http://osc.dyu.edu.tw. 2. Olympic Study Center, National Taiwan Sport University.

Ukraine: Olympic Studies and Education Centre, National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine. United States: 1. The Institute for Olympic Studies at the Stark Centre, The University of , Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports; http://www.starkcenter. org/about/institute. 2. Olympism and Development Center, Brown University, Watson Insti- tute for International Studies; http://watsoninstitute.org/project_detail. cfm?id¼137. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Numbers and Symbols 1956 Cortina D'Ampezzo (W), 33, 1896 Athens (S), 3, 18, 27, 33, 64 37, 95 1900 Paris (S), 20, 28–31, 33 1956 Melbourne (S), 22, 33, 37, 48, 1904 St. Louis (S), 31–55 61, 95, 108 1908 London (S), 19, 33, 68, 125, 1960 Rome (S), 2, 16, 22, 32, 33, 35, 142n2 38, 95, 108, 115, 135, 136 1912 Stockholm (S), 32, 33 1960 Squaw Valley (W), 33, 38, 95, 109 1920 Antwerp (S), 18, 33, 34 1964 Innsbruck (W), 33, 38, 95, 109 1924 Chamonix (W), 33 1964 Tokyo (S), 33, 38, 66, 74, 91, 95, 1924 Paris (S), 33, 121 115, 136 1928 Amsterdam (S), 17, 33, 35, 62, 1968 Grenoble (W), 33, 39, 74, 109 121, 142n2 1968 Mexico City (S), 22, 33, 38, 65, 1928 St. Moritz (W), 33, 35, 57n18 66, 131 1932 Lake Placid (W), 18, 33, 36 1972 Munich (S), 22, 33, 48, 65, 1932 Los Angeles (S), 15, 21, 33, 36, 96, 143n8 71, 90 1972 Sapporo (W), 33, 39, 96 1936 Berlin (S), 15, 16, 18, 33, 62, 65, 1976 Innsbruck (W), 19, 33 73, 90, 95, 107, 121, 122 1976 Montreal (S), 33, 40, 62, 74, 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen (W), 80, 82, 96, 143n8 18, 33 1980 Lake Placid (W), 19, 33, 40, 109 1948 London (S), 15, 33, 95, 135, 1980 Moscow (S), 33, 40, 56n9, 65, 80, 142n2 142n2 1948 St. Mortiz (W), 33, 36, 57n18, 1984 Los Angeles (S), 3, 19, 20, 22, 89, 108–9 28, 31–3, 41, 65, 89, 100, 1952 Helsinki (S), 31–3, 37 123, 131, 142n1 1952 Oslo (W), 33, 37, 62 1984 Sarajevo (W), 19, 33, 42

© The Author(s) 2016 215 L.K. Fuller, Female Olympians, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58281-2 216 INDEX

1988 Calgary (W), 3, 19, 33, 43, A 44, 56n13, 62, 89, 95, 97, 109 activism, 12, 65 1988 Seoul (S), 20, 33, 43, 46, ageism, 1, 12, 13, 18–20, 85n6 100, 101, 131, 135, 136 amateurism / professionalism, 1, 20, 1992 Albertville (W), 13, 19, 33, 43, 85n6, 88–91 50, 92, 138 American Broadcasting Corporation 1992 Barcelona (S), 16, 31, 33, 41, (ABC), 95–7, 116, 122 44, 46, 70, 90, 97, 100, 104, 123, ancient Olympic Games, 25–7 132, 136–8 aquatics, 51, 53, 109 1994 Lillehammer (W), 14, 33, 44, 50, archery, 6, 19, 32, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 136, 138 49, 51, 53, 93, 123, 137, 143n14 1996 Atlanta (S), 14, 31, 33, 45, 54, 62, athletics, 5, 6, 10, 19, 22, 26, 37, 39, 65, 74, 92, 99, 131, 136, 138 41, 44, 46, 49, 51, 53, 74, 76, 1998 Nagano (W), 18, 22, 33, 44, 104, 118, 137, 146 46, 99, 109, 136, 138 audience(s), 4, 8–10, 16, 37, 41, 50, 2000 Sydney (S), 20, 32, 33, 46, 47, 53, 52, 61, 85n8, 92, 93, 95, 99–101, 54, 66, 77, 97, 100, 126, 129, 131, 107, 124, 129, 134, 137, 140 136, 138 2002 Salt Lake City (W), 34, 41, 48, 50, 92, 99, 109, 132, 136 B 2004 Athens (S), 4, 12, 13, 32, 34, 49, badminton, 5, 6, 44, 45, 49, 51, 53, 65, 54, 57n19, 92, 100, 105, 110n2, 68, 69, 70, 85n7, 122, 123 122, 132, 136, 137, 142, 142n1, basketball, 4–6, 16, 23n5, 32, 40, 143n9 41, 44, 46, 49, 51, 53, 57n19, 2006 Torino (W), 136, 140 57n21, 58n27, 71, 90, 92, 99, 2008 Beijing (S), 4, 16, 19, 20, 31, 32, 103, 108, 109, 115, 117, 124, 34, 50, 54, 57n21, 58n26, 61–6, 128, 137, 148, 150 70, 87, 100, 104–6, 117–19, Berlioux, Monique, 79 121, 126, 133, 136–9 Bernstein, Alina, 13, 141 2010 Vancouver (W), 34, 52, 64, 65, biathlon, 3, 5, 6, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 109, 110n2, 136 52, 55, 109 2012 London (S), 2, 4, 5, 11, 15–17, Billings, Andy, ix, 88, 99, 100, 102, 116 22, 34, 52, 55, 57n22, 67, 70, Blair, Bonnie, 43–5 71, 74, 76, 81, 91, 93, 100, 103, Blankers-Koen, Fanny, 11, 19, 36 105, 109, 110n2, 120, 123, bobsleigh, 6, 48, 50, 52 126, 129, 133, 136–40, 143n10, boxing, 2–6, 23n3, 26, 27, 41, 53, 146, 148, 154 58n23, 70, 128, 146, 148 2014 Sochi (W), 15, 19, 31–55, 59, 64, Brennan, Christine, 4, 34, 39, 50, 66 67, 87, 93, 100, 109, 110n2, broadcasting, 23, 39, 87, 89, 91, 92, 110n3, 116, 125, 130, 134, 98, 99, 103 136, 137, 139, 148 Brundage, Avery, 8, 39, 74, 79, 89, 2016 (S), 20, 22, 94, 98, 90, 130 110n2, 131, 175 Budd, Zola, 42, 64, 76 INDEX 217

C Middle Eastern athletes, 62 canoeing / kayak, 6, 32, 41, 44, 47, 49, notable female Olympians, 3, 21, 54, 146 163–7 Cáslavská, Vera, 38, 66 sporting events, 3, 21, 88, 89, citius, altius, fortius (faster, higher, 141, 149 stronger), 60, 120 fencing, 5, 6, 35, 41, 45, 47, 49, 51, Comaneci, Nadia, 11, 31, 40, 41 54, 70, 126, 137, 165, 166 commercialism, 20, 88, 90–4 football, 6, 46, 51, 70, 71, 124, Creedon, Pam, 13, 126, 141 143n6, 150 curling, 6, 36, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, 137 Fraser, Dawn, 11, 37, 48, 164, 171 cycling, 6, 16, 41, 42, 47, 49, 51, 53, Freeman, Cathy, 47, 129 56n14, 137, 138, 165–7, 173

G D Gendered Critical Discourse Analysis Daddario, Gina, 13, 14, 92, 116 (GCDA), 8–10, 106, 120, 146 de Coubertin, Baron Pierre, 1, 8, 12, 23, gender equity, 4, 12, 15, 32, 66, 79, 26, 27, 35, 60, 79, 88, 90, 91, 92, 97, 100, 102, 149, 151, 152 105, 113, 120, 146, 149, 154 golf, 2, 6, 28–32 DeFrantz, Anita, 4, 13, 55, 72, 80–2 Grey-Thompson, Tanni, 20, 137, 139 Douglas, Gabby, 17, 18, 20, 23n7, Guttman, Allen, 3, 34, 59, 65, 86n12, 54, 76 88, 127, 154, 155n2 drugs and doping, 130–4 gymnastics, 2, 6, 17, 18, 23n5, 23n7, 31, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 54, 96, 103, 104, 117, E 122, 148, 163, 165, 166, 171, 172 economics, 20, 23, 87–111 Ederle, Gertrude, 35, 170 Ennis, Jessica, 5, 11, 15, 53 H equestrian, 6, 23n5, 26, 28, 37, 40, Hargreaves, Jennifer, 2, 6, 8, 13, 21, 25, 41, 56n5, 74, 80, 103, 121, 55, 78, 123, 127, 129 126, 133, 137 hegemonic masculinity, 7–8, 25 Henie, Sonja, 11, 35, 36, 43, 164, 170 Hitomi, Kinue, 17, 23n6, 35 F hockey female Olympians field hockey, 6, 41, 43, 45, 49, 51, African athletes, 20, 40, 42, 56n12, 54, 142n2, 172 71, 76, 123, 138 ice hockey, 6, 35, 40, 41, 46, 50, Asian athletes, 35, 44, 48, 122 171, 174, 175 bodies, being trained, 127–30 homophobia, 67, 85n6, 129–30, history, 14, 18–20, 25–58, 62, 65, 148, 152 67, 68, 73, 77, 88 Houry, Cecile, 8, 12, 75, 100, 151 literature review, 3, 11–12, 151 human rights, 61, 62, 65, 84, 141, 149 218 INDEX

I 140, 141, 145, 149, 150, 152, International Olympic Committee 153, 155n1 (IOC), 4, 8, 18, 20, 21, 31, Milliat, Alice, 34, 35 34, 39–42, 48, 50, 55, 56n8, 59–4, 66, 67, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77–84, 85n8, 86n11, 87, 89–91, 94, 95, N 97–9, 106, 110n1, 123, 130–2, National Broadcasting Corporation 135, 139, 143n9, 148, 151, 153 (NBC), 17, 23, 63, 92, 93, 99–101, 103–6, 109, 110n2, 116–19, 139 J Newall, Sybil “Queenie,” 19 Jones, Lolo, 23n5, 65n11, 93, 94, 106, 110n3 Joyner-Kersee, Jackie, 11, 31, 44, O 164, 174 Olympic Charter, 16, 18, 77, 78, 84n1, judo, 3, 6, 22, 23n4, 41, 43, 54, 70, 89, 95 137, 174 Olympic flag, 34, 60 Olympic Games. See also specific year participating countries, 161–2 K summer (S)/winter (W), 4, 19, Kerrigan, Nancy, 14, 45 20, 23, 32, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, Korbut, Olga, 11, 40, 165, 172 52, 56n12, 57n18, 81, 95, 101, 104, 106, 110n3, 117, 120, 124, 132, 137, 138 L women's history, 25–58 Latynina, Larisa, 20, 32, 37, 38, 172 Olympics events, 31, 91 Lenskyj, Helen Jefferson, 3, 12, 47, 52, Olympics films and documentaries, 59, 66, 67, 69, 73, 79, 86n11, viii, xi, 107–8 97, 114, 128, 130, 152 Olympics history, 27, 46, 48, 58n27, luge, 6, 13, 38, 39, 43, 45, 46, 48, 58n28, 88, 93 50, 52, 92, 100, 108 Olympic Studies centers, 177–9 Olympic torch, 61, 62, 85n2, 85n3, 96, 170 M Olympism, 22, 27, 59–67, 77, 113, marathon, 13, 16, 28, 32, 42, 44, 114, 150–2 51, 53, 67, 96, 103, 130, 131, 137, 151, 169, 173 Markula, Pirkko, 2, 12 P media, 2, 5–10, 13–16, 20, 21, 35, 43, Paralympians, 1, 20, 114, 135, 51, 53, 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 71, 136, 144n16 73, 75, 76, 85n8, 88, 91–102, pentathlon, 3, 6, 38, 41, 47, 49, 104, 106–9, 123, 128–30, 138, 174 INDEX 219 politics, 7, 12, 20, 23, 59, 60, sport ethics, 22, 61, 152–4 62, 64–79, 83, 154 sport mediatization, 10 sportscasting, 95

R racism, 1, 12–18, 65, 85n6, 110n4, T 113, 141, 145, 149 , 6, 43, 45, 47, 54, 122, Real, Michael, 90, 99, 100, 141 137, 138 religion, 4, 94, 113, 120–2, 126, 141 taekwondo, 5, 6, 23n5, 47, 54, Retton, Mary Lou, 31, 42, 96, 103, 173 70, 121 rhetoric, 1, 3, 13, 59, 92, 102, 110n3, technology, 20, 88, 108–10, 111n9, 116, 141, 148, 149 149 Rosenfeld, Bobbie, 11, 121, 170 tennis, 2, 4–6, 15, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, rowing, 6, 23n5, 40, 41, 43, 51, 54, 80, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 56n15, 82, 137, 146, 163, 165, 172 57n15, 69, 91, 115, 137, 138, 146, Rudolph, Wilma, 16, 32, 38, 108, 148, 170, 173 165, 171 Title 1X, 39, 148 rugby, 40, 70, 137 Torres, Dara, 20, 32, 97, 166, 175 triathlon, 6, 47, 50, 51, 54, 174 Tulu, Derartu, 16, 17, 166, 174 S sailing, 6, 28, 43, 54, 137 Jeffrey Segrave, David H., vii U Semenya, Castor, 20, 71, 75–8, 86n10 uniforms, 4, 59, 68–71, 90, 109, sexism, 1–3, 12–15, 67, 70, 104, 113, 117, 126 117, 118, 141, 145, 149, 152 sex verification, 74, 75, 86n10 shooting, 5, 6, 18, 41, 43, 44, 47–9, V 54, 83, 93, 96, 122, 137, 146, Vincent, John, 13, 88, 102 148, 174 volleyball skating, 2, 6, 14, 18, 19, 32, 35–40, beach volleyball, 5, 50, 54, 57n20, 42–6, 48, 50, 52, 56n12, 69, 96, 68, 69, 71, 103–6, 117–20, 148 100, 103, 108, 116, 148, 163–7, indoor volleyball, 104, 117, 118 169–73, 175 skiing, 6, 11, 35–9, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 55, 100, 109, 116, 137, W 138, 148, 163–6, 171–3 water polo, 3, 5, 6, 41, 47, 49, 51, 53, social media, 15, 93, 106–7, 109, 140 58n26, 148, 175 socio-cultural considerations, 31, 113 weightlifting, 3, 6, 32, 41, 47, 54, Special Olympics (SO), 135 122, 174 sport Whannel, Garry, 52, 64, 66, 78, sport betting 98, 114 220 INDEX

Women and Sport Commission (WSC), Y 4, 55, 66, 81–3 Ye Shiwen, 54 Woodward, Kath, 12, 71, 74, 78, Young, Jessica, 73, 77, 97, 139 89, 138 wrestling, 3, 6, 26, 41, 50, 54, 107, 128, 143n2, 146, 175 Z WSC. See Women and Sport Zaharias, Babe Didrikson, 30, 89 Commission (WSC)