( 12 ) Patent Application Publication

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

( 12 ) Patent Application Publication US 20200108071A1VIE INI (19 ) United States (12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub . No .: US 2020/0108071 A1 Chin et al. (43 ) Pub . Date : Apr. 9 , 2020 (54 ) IMIDAZOPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES Publication Classification (51 ) Int. Cl. (71 ) Applicant: Gilead Sciences , Inc., Foster City , CA A61K 31/519 (2006.01 ) (US ) A61K 45/06 (2006.01 ) C07D 519/00 (2006.01 ) ( 72 ) Inventors: Gregory Chin , San Francisco , CA C07D 487/04 (2006.01 ) (US ) ; Michael O'Neil Hanrahan C070 471/04 (2006.01 ) Clarke , Redwood City , CA (US ) ; C070 471/10 (2006.01 ) Xiaochun Han , Santa Clara , CA (US ) ; (52 ) U.S. CI. Tim Hansen , San Francisco , CA ( US ) ; CPC A61K 31/519 (2013.01 ) ; A61K Yunfeng Eric Hu , San Mateo , CA ( 2013.01 ) ; CO7D 471/10 (2013.01 ) ; C07D (US ) ; Dmitry Koltun , Foster City , CA 487/04 (2013.01 ) ; C070 471/04 (2013.01 ) ; (US ) ; Ryan McFadden , Foster City , C07D 519/00 ( 2013.01 ) CA (US ) ; Michael R. Mish , Foster ( 57 ) ABSTRACT City , CA (US ) ; Eric Q. Parkhill , Union The present disclosure provides a compound of Formula ( I ) : City , CA (US ) ; David Sperandio , Palo Alto , CA (US ) ; Lianhong Xu , Palo Alto , CA (US ) ; Hai Yang , San Mateo , CA (US ) R ? ( 21 ) Appl . No.: 16 /591,092 N N B ; ( 22 ) Filed : Oct. 2 , 2019 ZZ2 Related U.S. Application Data or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as described herein . The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical (60 ) Provisional application No. 62 / 857,386 , filed on Jun . compositions comprising a compound of Formula I, pro 5 , 2019, provisional application No. 62 /740,800 , filed cesses for preparing compounds of Formula I , therapeutic on Oct. 3 , 2018 . methods for treating cancers. US 2020/0108071 A1 Apr. 9, 2020 IMIDAZOPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES [ 0007 ] In one aspect, provided is a compound having the structure of formula I : CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001 ] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provi sional application Ser . No.62 / 740,800 filed on Oct. 3 , 2018 R and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/ 857,386 filed on Jun . 5 , 2019. The entire contents of these applications are N incorporated herein by reference in their entirety . N B ; FIELD [0002 ] The present disclosure relates generally to com Z =a 22 pounds that have SHP2 inhibitory action , pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds , and methods of or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein : making and using said compounds and pharmaceutical com A is selected from C6-10aryl , 5-10 membered heteroaryl , positions . C3-12cycloalkyl, and 4-12 membered heterocyclyl; each A is optionally substituted with one to six R4 independently BACKGROUND selected from halo , cyano , hydroxyl, azido , nitro , C1- alkyl , [0003 ] SHP2 (SH2 domain -containing protein tyrosine -NR Ra24" kylene - OH , oxo, = NRal phosphatase - 2 ) also known as PTPN11 ( protein tyrosine SRai, 9 CORC2, CONRalRa2 phosphatase , non -receptor type 11) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine COOR , -N (RC2 ) C ( O )Ra2 , N (R2 ) C ( O )OR2 kinase encoded by the PTPN11 gene . SHP2 can be activated N (R2 ) C (O )-NR2R42 -N (R2 ) SO ,R2 by a wide range of cytokines and growth factors and plays SO ,R2 , S02ORC2, SONRA'Ra2 , OSO , essential roles in development and homeostasis by regulat NRR2. O ( CO ) -N - Ra'ra , Cz.cycloalkyl , 3-8 ing key intracellular signaling pathways such as the RAS membered heterocyclyl, Co- laryl , 5-10 membered het mitogen activated kinase (MAPK ) pathway . eroaryl , Cl- alkylene- C3-2cycloalkyl , C1- alkylene [ 0004 ] The SHP2 protein contains two N - terminal SH2 (3-8 membered heterocyclyl) , C - alkylene- C6-1oaryl , and domains and a C - terminal phosphatase domain . The SH2 C - alkylene- (5-10 membered heteroaryl ); domains act as a conformational switch controlling the wherein the C3 - cycloalkyl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, activation and sub -cellular localization of SHP2 . In its C6-10aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C - alkylene -Cz . auto - inhibited form , the SH2 domains of SHP2 bind and scycloalkyl , C - alkylene-( 3-8 membered heterocyclyl) , physically occlude the catalytic site . Binding of the SH2 C - alkylene -C6-10aryl , and C -alkylene- ( 5-10 mem domains to phosphoproteins switches SHP2 to an open bered heteroaryl) of R4 are independently optionally substi conformation allowing substrates access to the catalytic site . tuted with one to three groups selected from halo , cyano , Phosphorylation of two tyrosine residues on the C - terminal hydroxyl, C1- alkyl , C - haloalkyl, C - alkoxyl, and tail of SHP2 can recruit proteins important for downstream C1-4alkylene - OH ; and signaling, thus SHP2 has catalytic and scaffolding functions . wherein the 5-10 membered heteroaryl of A , and R4 contains [ 0005 ] Somatic mutations in SHP2 which disrupt auto one to five heteroatoms independently selected from S , N , inhibition have been found in juvenile myelomonocytic and O , and optionally comprises one to three C ( O ) or one leukemia ( JMML) , acute leukemias, and are found rarely in S ( O ) 2 ; neuroblastomas, AML /MDS , CMML , melanoma , and can L is selected from a bond , -S ( O ) ; -N (RI ) cers of the lung , breast , colon and thyroid . Germline muta C (RL2R23 ) — , C (RL2R23 ) -C( R?2R23 ) , C (R2 ) EC tions in SHP2 have been identified in about half of patients (R2 ) , and C ( O ) with Noonan's syndrome and in most patients with LEOP Rlis selected from H , C1- galkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3-6 mem ARD syndrome. SHP2 , therefore , represents a target for bered heterocyclyl, C ( O ) C1- talkyl , (SO2 ) -C1 development of novel therapies for the treatment of various talkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl ; wherein each C3-6cy diseases . cloalkyl, 3-6 membered heterocyclyl , and 5-6 membered heteroaryl of R?l is optionally substituted with one to three SUMMARY groups selected from halo , C - alkyl , and C - haloalkyl; and [ 0006 ] The present disclosure provides compounds that R22 and RL3 are independently selected from H , halo , are SHP2 inhibitors . The disclosure also provides compo hydroxyl, C1- alkyl, Chaloalkyl, Calkylene -OH , and sitions , including pharmaceutical compositions , kits that C3-6cycloalkyl ; wherein each C1- alkylene -OH , and C3-6cy include the compounds, and methods of using ( or adminis cloalkyl of R22 and R23 is optionally substituted with one to tering ) and making the compounds . The compounds pro three halo ; or vided herein are useful in treating diseases, disorders , or R22 and R23 together with the atom to which they are conditions that are associated with SHP2 modulation . The attached form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; disclosure also provides compounds for use in therapy . The wherein the 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is disclosure further provides compounds for use in a method optionally substituted with one to three groups selected from of treating a disease , disorder, or condition that is associated halo , hydroxyl , C1-4alkoxyl , ( SO2) C1- galkyl , oxo , and with SHP2 modulation . Moreover, the disclosure provides nitro ; uses of the compounds in the manufacture of a medicament z and Z are independently selected from N and CR3; for the treatment of a disease , disorder or condition that is wherein R3 is selected from H , halo , hydroxyl, cyano , associated with SHP2 modulation . C -4alkyl, Cl- haloalkyl, Cl- 4alkoxyl , C1-4alkylene- OH , US 2020/0108071 A1 Apr. 9, 2020 2 -NRC RC , C ( O )ORCI , Co- loaryl , and 5-10 membered wherein the ring E is selected from cycloalkyl, hetercyclyl , heteroaryl ; wherein each Co- 10aryl, and 5-10 membered aryl, and heteroaryl; and wherein the ring E is optionally heteroaryl of R3 is independently optionally substituted with substituted with one to three groups selected from halo , one to three groups independently selected from halo , cyano , hydroxyl, azido , nitro , Cl- alkyl , C1-6haloalkyl, hydroxyl, cyano , C1- alkyl, C - haloalkyl, C- alkoxyl , C1- alkoxyl , C - alkylene -OH , oxo , NR SRI -N (R1 ) SORCI , and SO , RCI; Oral, -NRalRa2 , CORa2, CONRalRa2 R ' is selected from H , halo , - NRC RC2 , C - alkyl, and C.4 COOR2 N ( R ^ 2 ) C ( O ) R22, N ( Ra2) C ( O ) ORa2 haloalkyl; -N (R2 ) C ( O ) -NR2RaRa2, -N (Ra2SO , Ra2 B is selected from SO , Ra2, SO , OR2 SO , NRIR2, 0 - S02 NR Ra2 , O (CO ) NRIR 2, C3.gcycloalkyl , 3-8 mem bered heterocyclyl, Co- loaryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C alkylene -C3 - cycloalkyl, C. alkylene-( 3-8 mem bered heterocyclyl) , C1- alkylene -C6-10aryl , and Cl N 4alkylene-( 5-10 membered heteroaryl) ; ( R22) ?, and Ral is selected from H , C1- alkyl, C1- haloalkyl, C1-4alky Yol 11 lene- OH , C - alkylene- COOR (2 , C1- alkylene- C . (R2 ) m - X2 4alkoxyl, and -C( O ) -NH2; Ra2 is selected from H ,Calkyl , C - haloalkyl, C - alky (R2 ) m lene- OH , C3- cycloalkyl , 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, Co- loaryl , and 5-10 membered heteroaryl; wherein the C -4alkyl, C1- haloalkyl , C1- alkylene -OH , C3-8 cycloalkyl, * (R22 ) heteroaryl3-8 membered of Ra2 heterocyclyl are independently , Co- loaryl optionally, and 5-6 memberedsubstituted with one to three groups selected from halo , cyano , Xl is selected from CRPZ CHR ?, CH2- , hydroxyl, COORa3, C alkyl, C - haloalkyl, C. alky NR2— , and S (O ) — ; lene -OH , and C1-4alkoxyl1 ; wherein Ra3 is selected from H , X2 is selected from CR -22 CHR22 CH Calkyl , and C -haloalkyl; O 9 NH , -NR22 COM , and S ( O ) ; X is selected from CH and N ; Rel and Rº2 are independently selected from H , C1- alkyl, each R ’ is independently selected from halo , cyano , nitro , and C1-
Recommended publications
  • Clinical Protocol
    OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Demcizumab CLINICAL PROTOCOL Protocol No. M18-006 Title: YOSEMITE: A 3-Arm Phase 2 Double-Blind Randomized StudY of Gemcitabine, Abraxane® Plus PlacebO versuS GEMcitabIne, Abraxane® plus 1 or 2 TruncatEd Courses of Demcizumab in Subjects with 1st-Line Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Version: 23 October 2014 Amendment 1: 24 November 2014 Amendment 2: 10 February 2015 Amendment 3: 28 May 2015 Amendment 4: 31 March 2016 Amendment 5: 19 December 2016 EudraCT Number: 2014‐003355‐56 Sponsor: OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 800 Chesapeake Drive Redwood City, CA 94063 Phone: 650-995-8200 CONFIDENTIAL This document contains proprietary and confidential information of OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Acceptance of this document constitutes agreement by the recipient that no previously unpublished information contained herein will be published or disclosed without the prior written approval of OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. with the exception that this document may be disclosed to study personnel under your supervision who need to know the contents for conducting the study and appropriate Institutional Review Boards/Ethics Committees under the condition that the personnel have agreed to keep this information confidential. The foregoing shall not apply to disclosure required by governmental regulations or laws; however, OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. shall be promptly notified of any such disclosure. Protocol M18-006, Amendment 5 Page 1 of 130 CONFIDENTIAL 19 December 2016 OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Demcizumab SPONSOR CONTACTS Medical Monitor: ___________________ (Primary) ___________________________ Email: ___________________ Phone: ____________________ Medical Monitor: ___________________ (Secondary) ___________________ Email: ___________________ Phone: ___________________ Safety Reporting: Europe, Australia Phone: ___________________ Fax: ___________________ United States Phone: ___________________ Fax: ___________________ Protocol M18-006, Amendment 5 Page 2 of 130 CONFIDENTIAL 19 December 2016 OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • HER2 Inhibition in Gastro-Oesophageal Cancer: a Review Drawing on Lessons Learned from Breast Cancer
    Submit a Manuscript: http://www.f6publishing.com World J Gastrointest Oncol 2018 July 15; 10(7): 159-171 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v10.i7.159 ISSN 1948-5204 (online) REVIEW HER2 inhibition in gastro-oesophageal cancer: A review drawing on lessons learned from breast cancer Hazel Lote, Nicola Valeri, Ian Chau Hazel Lote, Nicola Valeri, Centre for Molecular Pathology, Accepted: May 30, 2018 Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, United Kingdom Article in press: May 30, 2018 Published online: July 15, 2018 Hazel Lote, Nicola Valeri, Ian Chau, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton SM2 5PT, United Kingdom ORCID number: Hazel Lote (0000-0003-1172-0372); Nicola Valeri (0000-0002-5426-5683); Ian Chau (0000-0003-0286-8703). Abstract Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)- Author contributions: Lote H wrote the original manuscript and revised it following peer review comments; Valeri N reviewed inhibition is an important therapeutic strategy in HER2- the manuscript; Chau I reviewed and contributed to the content of amplified gastro-oesophageal cancer (GOC). A significant the manuscript. proportion of GOC patients display HER2 amplification, yet HER2 inhibition in these patients has not displayed Supported by National Health Service funding to the National the success seen in HER2 amplified breast cancer. Mu- Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at ch of the current evidence surrounding HER2 has been the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of obtained from studies in breast cancer, and we are only re- Cancer Research, No. A62, No. A100, No. A101 and No. A159; Cancer Research UK funding, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Precision Medicine for Human Cancers with Notch Signaling Dysregulation (Review)
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOleCular meDICine 45: 279-297, 2020 Precision medicine for human cancers with Notch signaling dysregulation (Review) MASUKO KATOH1 and MASARU KATOH2 1M & M PrecMed, Tokyo 113-0033; 2Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan Received September 16, 2019; Accepted November 20, 2019 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4418 Abstract. NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 are conjugate (ADC) Rova-T, and DLL3-targeting chimeric antigen transmembrane receptors that transduce juxtacrine signals of receptor‑modified T cells (CAR‑Ts), AMG 119, are promising the delta-like canonical Notch ligand (DLL)1, DLL3, DLL4, anti-cancer therapeutics, as are other ADCs or CAR-Ts targeting jagged canonical Notch ligand (JAG)1 and JAG2. Canonical tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17, Notch signaling activates the transcription of BMI1 proto-onco- CD19, CD22, CD30, CD79B, CD205, Claudin 18.2, fibro- gene polycomb ring finger, cyclin D1, CD44, cyclin dependent blast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2, FGFR3, receptor-type kinase inhibitor 1A, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3, HER2, hepatocyte growth factor hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW receptor, NECTIN4, inactive tyrosine-protein kinase 7, inac- motif 1, MYC, NOTCH3, RE1 silencing transcription factor and tive tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR1 transcription factor 7 in a cellular context-dependent manner, and tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2. ADCs and while non-canonical Notch signaling activates NF-κB and Rac CAR-Ts could alter the therapeutic framework for refractory family small GTPase 1. Notch signaling is aberrantly activated cancers, especially diffuse-type gastric cancer, ovarian cancer in breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and hematological and pancreatic cancer with peritoneal dissemination.
    [Show full text]
  • Combined Treatment with Epigenetic, Differentiating, and Chemotherapeutic
    Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on January 19, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1619 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Combined treatment with epigenetic, differentiating, and chemotherapeutic agents cooperatively targets tumor-initiating cells in triple negative breast cancer. Vanessa F. Merino1,7, Nguyen Nguyen1,7, Kideok Jin1, Helen Sadik1, Soonweng Cho1, Preethi Korangath1, Liangfeng Han1, Yolanda M. N. Foster1, Xian C. Zhou1, Zhe Zhang1, Roisin M. Connolly1, Vered Stearns1, Syed Z. Ali2, Christina Adams2, Qian Chen3, Duojia Pan3, David L. Huso4, Peter Ordentlich5, Angela Brodie6, Saraswati Sukumar1*. 1Department of Oncology, 2Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, 3Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 4Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, 5Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Department of Translational Medicine, Waltham, MA, USA, 6Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. 7These authors contributed equally. *Correspondence: Saraswati Sukumar, PhD, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, Ph. 410-614-2479, [email protected] and Vanessa F. Merino, PhD, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, Ph. 410-614-4075, [email protected]. Key words: Breast, cancer, entinostat, RAR-beta, epigenetic Grant Support: This work was funded by the DOD BCRP Center of Excellence Grant W81XWH-04-1-0595 to S.S, and DOD BCRP, W81XWH-09-1-0499 to V.M. Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 27, 2021. © 2016 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on January 19, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1619 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extracellular Matrix: an Accomplice in Gastric Cancer Development and Progression
    cells Review The Extracellular Matrix: An Accomplice in Gastric Cancer Development and Progression Ana Margarida Moreira 1,2,3, Joana Pereira 1,2,4, Soraia Melo 1,2,4 , Maria Sofia Fernandes 1,2, Patrícia Carneiro 1,2 , Raquel Seruca 1,2,4 and Joana Figueiredo 1,2,* 1 Epithelial Interactions in Cancer Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (A.M.M.); [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (M.S.F.); [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (R.S.) 2 Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal 3 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal 4 Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: jfi[email protected]; Tel.: +351-220408800; Fax: +351-225570799 Received: 15 January 2020; Accepted: 6 February 2020; Published: 8 February 2020 Abstract: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and highly organized tissue structure, providing support and maintaining normal epithelial architecture. In the last decade, increasing evidence has emerged demonstrating that alterations in ECM composition and assembly strongly affect cellular function and behavior. Even though the detailed mechanisms underlying cell-ECM crosstalk are yet to unravel, it is well established that ECM deregulation accompanies the development of many pathological conditions, such as gastric cancer. Notably, gastric cancer remains a worldwide concern, representing the third most frequent cause of cancer-associated deaths. Despite increased surveillance protocols, patients are usually diagnosed at advanced disease stages, urging the identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers and efficient therapeutic strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Cancer Drugs in the Pipeline
    HemOnc today | JANUARY 10, 2016 | Healio.com/HemOnc 5 Lung Cancer Drugs in the Pipeline HEMONC TODAY presents this guide to drugs in phase 2 or phase 3 development for lung cancer-related indications. Clinicians can use this chart as a quick reference to learn about the status of those drugs that may be clinically significant to their practice. Generic name (Brand name, Manufacturer) Indication(s) Development status abemaciclib (Eli Lilly) non–small cell lung cancer phase 3 ABP 215 (Allergan/Amgen) non–small cell lung cancer (advanced disease) phase 3 ACP-196 (Acerta Pharma) non–small cell lung cancer (advanced disease) phase 2 ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, Genentech) non–small cell lung cancer (HER-2–positive disease) phase 2 afatinib (Gilotrif, Boehringer Ingelheim) lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) phase 3 aldoxorubicin (CytRx) small cell lung cancer phase 2 alectinib (Alecensa, Genentech) non–small cell lung cancer (second-line treatment of ALK-positive disease) phase 2 non–small cell lung cancer (first-line treatment of ALK-positive disease); phase 3 alisertib (Takeda) malignant mesothelioma, small cell lung cancer phase 2 avelumab (EMD Serono/Pfizer) non–small cell lung cancer phase 3 AZD9291 (AstraZeneca) non–small cell lung cancer (first-line treatment of advancedEGFR -positive disease; phase 3 second-line treatment of advanced EGFR-positive, T790M-positive disease) bavituximab (Peregrine Pharmaceuticals) non–small cell lung cancer (previously treated advanced/metastatic disease) phase 3 belinostat (Beleodaq, Spectrum
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer: from the Basics to Novel Clinical Trials
    cancers Review The Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer: From the Basics to Novel Clinical Trials Céline Hervieu 1 , Niki Christou 1,2 , Serge Battu 1 and Muriel Mathonnet 1,2,* 1 EA 3842 CAPTuR “Control of Cell Activation in Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Resistance”, Faculty of Medicine, Genomics, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapeutics (GEIST) Institute, University of Limoges, 87025 Limoges CEDEX, France; [email protected] (C.H.); [email protected] (N.C.); [email protected] (S.B.) 2 Department of General, Endocrine and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital of Limoges, 87025 Limoges CEDEX, France * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) fuel tumor growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). These cells therefore represent a promising target for the treatment of CRC but are difficult to study because of the complexity of their isolation. This review presents the methods currently used to isolate colorectal CSCs as well as the techniques for characterizing these cells with their advantages and limitations. The aim of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art on the clinical relevance of CSCs in CRC by outlining current treatments for CRC, the resistance mechanisms developed by CSCs to overcome them, and ongoing clinical trials of drugs targeting CSCs in CRC. Overall, this review addresses the complexity of studying CSCs in CRC research and developing clinically effective treatments to enable CRC patients to achieve a short and long-term therapeutic response. Citation: Hervieu, C.; Christou, N.; Battu, S.; Mathonnet, M. The Role of Abstract: The treatment options available for colorectal cancer (CRC) have increased over the years Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal and have significantly improved the overall survival of CRC patients.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the Role of Hdacs in Cancer Immunotherapy
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Immunoepigenetics Combination Therapies: An Overview of the Role of HDACs in Cancer Immunotherapy Debarati Banik, Sara Moufarrij and Alejandro Villagra * Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Suite 8880, Washington, DC 20052, USA; [email protected] (D.B.); [email protected] (S.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +(202)-994-9547 Received: 22 March 2019; Accepted: 28 April 2019; Published: 7 May 2019 Abstract: Long-standing efforts to identify the multifaceted roles of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have positioned these agents as promising drug candidates in combatting cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases. The same has also encouraged the evaluation of multiple HDACi candidates in preclinical studies in cancer and other diseases as well as the FDA-approval towards clinical use for specific agents. In this review, we have discussed how the efficacy of immunotherapy can be leveraged by combining it with HDACis. We have also included a brief overview of the classification of HDACis as well as their various roles in physiological and pathophysiological scenarios to target key cellular processes promoting the initiation, establishment, and progression of cancer. Given the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) towards the outcome of anticancer therapies, we have also discussed the effect of HDACis on different components of the TME. We then have gradually progressed into examples of specific pan-HDACis, class I HDACi, and selective HDACis that either have been incorporated into clinical trials or show promising preclinical effects for future consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Predictive QSAR Tools to Aid in Early Process Development of Monoclonal Antibodies
    Predictive QSAR tools to aid in early process development of monoclonal antibodies John Micael Andreas Karlberg Published work submitted to Newcastle University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Engineering November 2019 Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the fastest growing markets for diagnostic and therapeutic treatments over the last 30 years with a global sales revenue around $89 billion reported in 2017. A popular framework widely used in pharmaceutical industries for designing manufacturing processes for mAbs is Quality by Design (QbD) due to providing a structured and systematic approach in investigation and screening process parameters that might influence the product quality. However, due to the large number of product quality attributes (CQAs) and process parameters that exist in an mAb process platform, extensive investigation is needed to characterise their impact on the product quality which makes the process development costly and time consuming. There is thus an urgent need for methods and tools that can be used for early risk-based selection of critical product properties and process factors to reduce the number of potential factors that have to be investigated, thereby aiding in speeding up the process development and reduce costs. In this study, a framework for predictive model development based on Quantitative Structure- Activity Relationship (QSAR) modelling was developed to link structural features and properties of mAbs to Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) retention times and expressed mAb yield from HEK cells. Model development was based on a structured approach for incremental model refinement and evaluation that aided in increasing model performance until becoming acceptable in accordance to the OECD guidelines for QSAR models.
    [Show full text]
  • IGF2 Mediates Resistance to Isoform-Selective-Inhibitors of the PI3K in HPV Positive Head and Neck Cancer
    cancers Article IGF2 Mediates Resistance to Isoform-Selective-Inhibitors of the PI3K in HPV Positive Head and Neck Cancer Mai Badarni 1,2, Manu Prasad 1,2 , Artemiy Golden 3, Baisali Bhattacharya 1,2, Liron Levin 4,5, Ksenia M. Yegodayev 1,2, Orr Dimitstein 2,6, Ben-Zion Joshua 2,7, Limor Cohen 1,2, Ekaterina Khrameeva 3, Dexin Kong 8 , Angel Porgador 1,2, Alex Braiman 1,2, Jennifer R. Grandis 9, Barak Rotblat 5,10,* and Moshe Elkabets 1,2,* 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (B.B.); [email protected] (K.M.Y.); [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; [email protected] (O.D.); [email protected] (B.-Z.J.) 3 Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (E.K.) 4 Bioinformatics Core Facility, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; [email protected] 5 The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel 6 Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel 7 Citation: Badarni, M.; Prasad, M.; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Barzilay Medical Center, Ashkelon 7830604, Israel Golden, A.; Bhattacharya, B.; Levin, 8 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; [email protected] L.; Yegodayev, K.M.; Dimitstein, O.; 9 Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Joshua, B.-Z.; Cohen, L.; Khrameeva, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; [email protected] E.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Vorinostat—An Overview Aditya Kumar Bubna
    E-IJD RESIDENTS' PAGE Vorinostat—An Overview Aditya Kumar Bubna Abstract From the Consultant Vorinostat is a new drug used in the management of cutaneous T cell lymphoma when the Dermatologist, Kedar Hospital, disease persists, gets worse or comes back during or after treatment with other medicines. It is Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India an efficacious and well tolerated drug and has been considered a novel drug in the treatment of this condition. Currently apart from cutaneous T cell lymphoma the role of Vorinostat for Address for correspondence: other types of cancers is being investigated both as mono-therapy and combination therapy. Dr. Aditya Kumar Bubna, Kedar Hospital, Mugalivakkam Key Words: Cutaneous T cell lymphoma, histone deacytelase inhibitor, Vorinostat Main Road, Porur, Chennai - 600 125, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] What was known? • Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor. • It is an FDA approved drug for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Introduction of Vorinostat is approximately 9. Vorinostat is slightly Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, soluble in water, alcohol, isopropanol and acetone and is structurally belonging to the hydroxymate group. Other completely soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide. drugs in this group include Givinostat, Abexinostat, Mechanism of action Panobinostat, Belinostat and Trichostatin A. These Vorinostat is a broad inhibitor of HDAC activity and inhibits are an emergency class of drugs with potential anti- class I and class II HDAC enzymes.[2,3] However, Vorinostat neoplastic activity. These drugs were developed with the does not inhibit HDACs belonging to class III. Based on realization that apart from genetic mutation, alteration crystallographic studies, it has been seen that Vorinostat of HDAC enzymes affected the phenotypic and genotypic binds to the zinc atom of the catalytic site of the HDAC expression in cells, which in turn lead to disturbed enzyme with the phenyl ring of Vorinostat projecting out of homeostasis and neoplastic growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeted and Novel Therapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer Julie H
    Selim et al. Exp Hematol Oncol (2019) 8:25 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-019-0149-6 Experimental Hematology & Oncology REVIEW Open Access Targeted and novel therapy in advanced gastric cancer Julie H. Selim1 , Shagufta Shaheen2 , Wei‑Chun Sheu3 and Chung‑Tsen Hsueh4* Abstract The systemic treatment options for advanced gastric cancer (GC) have evolved rapidly in recent years. We have reviewed the recent data of clinical trial incorporating targeted agents, including inhibitors of angiogenesis, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), mesenchymal–epithelial transition, epidermal growth factor receptor, mammalian target of rapamycin, claudin‑18.2, programmed death‑1 and DNA. Addition of trastuzumab to platinum‑ based chemotherapy has become standard of care as front‑line therapy in advanced GC overexpressing HER2. In the second‑line setting, ramucirumab with paclitaxel signifcantly improves overall survival compared to paclitaxel alone. For patients with refractory disease, apatinib, nivolumab, ramucirumab and TAS‑102 have demonstrated single‑agent activity with improved overall survival compared to placebo alone. Pembrolizumab has demonstrated more than 50% response rate in microsatellite instability‑high tumors, 15% response rate in tumors expressing programmed death ligand 1, and non‑inferior outcome in frst‑line treatment compared to chemotherapy. This review summarizes the current state and progress of research on targeted therapy for advanced GC. Keywords: Gastric cancer, Targeted therapy, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Programmed death‑1, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 Background GC mortality which is consistent with overall decrease in Gastric cancer (GC), including adenocarcinoma of the GC-related deaths [4]. gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and stomach, is the ffth Tere have been several eforts to perform large-scale most common cancer and the third leading cause of can- molecular profling and classifcation of GC.
    [Show full text]