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Shattered Hearts (Full Report): the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of American Indian Women and Girls in Minnesota

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Shattered Hearts (Full Report): the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of American Indian Women and Girls in Minnesota University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln First Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking Human Trafficking, 2009 at the University of Nebraska 10-2009 Shattered hearts (full report): The commercial sexual exploitation of American Indian women and girls in Minnesota. Alexandra (Sandi) Pierce Othayonih Research & Evaluations Services LLC, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/humtraffconf Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Sexuality and the Law Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Pierce, Alexandra (Sandi), "Shattered hearts (full report): The ommec rcial sexual exploitation of American Indian women and girls in Minnesota." (2009). First Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking, 2009. 26. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/humtraffconf/26 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking at the University of Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in First Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking, 2009 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Shattered Hearts The Commercial Sexual Exploitation Of American Indian Women And Girls In Minnesota The Minnesota American Indian Women’s Resource Center Table of contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... iii Background ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Organization of the report ...................................................................................................................................... 3 I. The context ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Native women’s experiences during colonization ................................................................................................ 5 Native women’s experiences during national expansion ...................................................................................... 7 Native girls’ boarding school experiences ............................................................................................................ 8 Impact of assimilation policies on Native women .............................................................................................. 10 The damage caused by life in prostitution ......................................................................................................... 14 II. Methods and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 16 III. Prevalence..................................................................................................................................................... 28 Involvement in prostitution ............................................................................................................................... 28 Involvement in the Internet sex trade................................................................................................................ 35 IV. Patterns in entering the sex trade .................................................................................................................. 36 Age of entry ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 Modes of entry ................................................................................................................................................. 39 V. Factors that facilitate entry ............................................................................................................................ 53 Generational trauma ........................................................................................................................................ 53 Runaway, thrown away, and/or homeless ........................................................................................................ 54 Repeated exposure to abuse, exploitation, and violence .................................................................................... 61 Normalization of sexual exploitation and violence............................................................................................. 68 Addiction.......................................................................................................................................................... 73 Risk due to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ..................................................................................................... 78 Involvement with child protection systems ........................................................................................................ 81 Failure to finish high school .............................................................................................................................. 82 Mental and emotional vulnerability .................................................................................................................. 84 VI. Barriers to exiting the sex trade ..................................................................................................................... 89 Inadequate support to ensure safety ................................................................................................................ 89 Limited resources for support and healing ........................................................................................................ 93 Dependency, denial, and distrust of advocates .................................................................................................. 96 Fear, shame, and the “don’t talk” rule .............................................................................................................. 98 Absence of a common, evidence-based approach ............................................................................................. 99 VII. Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................................................. 101 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................................ 122 Minnesota Indian Women’s Resource Center i Shattered Hearts, August 2009 Figures 1. Percent of MIWRC clients reporting involvement in prostitution and pornography ................................ 30 2. Percent of MIWRC clients trafficked into prostitution for another’s benefit ........................................... 30 3. Arrests for prostitution (MIWRC clients reporting involvement only) ..................................................... 31 4. Arrests for prostitution-related offenses in Minneapolis, American Indian females 2004 - 2008 ............ 32 5. Aboriginal representation in Canadian studies with prostituted women ................................................ 34 7. Girls reporting “illegal gang activity is a problem at my school,” statewide............................................ 48 8. Girls reporting that they have been threatened at school during the past 12 months, statewide ........... 49 9. MIWRC clients’ recruitment into prostitution ........................................................................................ 51 10. Girls that ran away in the past 12 months, statewide ............................................................................ 57 11. Poverty-related reasons Native girls and women left stable housing ...................................................... 60 12. Percent of Hennepin County families in poverty by race and Hispanic ethnicity ..................................... 60 13. Child maltreatment by race, statewide .................................................................................................. 63 14. Girls’ reports of physical abuse at home, statewide ............................................................................... 64 15. Girls’ reports of sexual abuse at home, statewide .................................................................................. 64 16. Homeless Native females’ histories of abuse or neglect ......................................................................... 65 17. Lifetime rates of women’s physical and sexual victimization, by race ..................................................... 66 18. Experiences with violent victimization ................................................................................................... 67 19. Girls reporting sexual assault by a date, statewide................................................................................. 68 20. Girls reporting physical assault by a date, statewide .............................................................................. 68 21.
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