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P*=021./0>*!@.(*1!G.(7'6/2! ! &'()*+*(,*!@.+/0,0H.(/!P02/! ! DOUGLAS COUNTY CROSSOVER YOUTH PRACTICE MODEL (CYPM) May 9, 2013

Nebraska Juvenile Justice Association Conference TODAY’S PRESENTATION

2

!! Juvenile Maltreatment and Delinquency

!! Defining Crossover Youth

!! Crossover Youth Practice Model (CYPM)

!! Douglas County CYPM Structure and Implementation

!! CYPM Data Snapshot Juvenile Maltreatment and Delinquency PATHWAYS TO DELINQUENCY

4

!! The average age at which juveniles took their first step toward delinquent behavior was approximately 7.

!! Moderately serious behavior began at about age 9.5.

!! Serious delinquency began at age 12.

!! The average age at which youth first came in contact with the juvenile court was 14.5.

This means that there is a seven year window of opportunity to intervene and interrupt their pathway to delinquency. CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT AS A RISK FACTOR FOR DELINQUENCY 5

!! Increased likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 55% and for a violent crime as a juvenile by 96%

!! Increased likelihood of arrest as an adult by 28% and for a violent crime as an adult by 30%

!! Increased the odds of future delinquency and adult criminality overall by 29%

5 Source: Widom, Tuell, & Wiig, 2003; Update on the Cycle of Violence, 2001. Defining Crossover Youth CROSSOVER YOUTH: DEFINITIONS

7 WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT CROSSOVER YOUTH

!! They are often in the child welfare system for long periods of time.

!! They are more likely to be female as compared to the general delinquency population.

!! Minorities, particularly African Americans, appear to be over represented.

!! Most are placed out of the home and often experience multiple placements.

!! They are often truant and/or performing poorly in school.

!! Over half are detained prior to adjudication. !! Herz & Ryan, 2008b; Halemba, Siegel, Lord, & Zawacki, 2004; Kelley, Thornberry, & Smith, 1997; Saeturn & Swain, 2009 CROSSOVER YOUTH PATHWAYS

9

Pathway 1: Open CW case with subsequent delinquency referral or arrest Child Welfare ! Juvenile Justice Pathway 2: Previous but not current CW case at time of new delinquency referral or arrest

Pathway 3: Upon JJ investigation after delinquency occurs, maltreatment discovered ! referral to CW Juvenile Justice Pathway 4: Term of correctional ! Child Welfare placement ends, but no home/safe home to return to ! referral to CW PREVALENCE

10

!! Studies estimate that between 9 and 29% of child welfare involved youth have contact with the juvenile justice system !! Most maltreated youth do not have official records and do not self report delinquency.

!! Higher proportion of crossover youth as penetration in the juvenile justice system deepens:

42% 7% Placement Probation Cases 1% Cases Diversion Cases

Sources: Smith, Thornberry, Ireland, & Elwyn, 2008; Johnson, Ereth, & Wagner, 2004; Dennison & Waterson, 2002; Halemba 2004. CHARACTERISTICS: MENTAL HEALTH AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROBLEMS 11

Source: Herz, Denise. A Review of the Research and Issues Related to Crossover Youth. June 2009. EXPERIENCES IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM 12

Pre- Adjudication Charging Disposition

System personnel Less likely to receive Inconsistent perceive Dually- probation supervision identification; More Involved Youth as and more likely to likely to be detained higher risk; Less likely receive placement in to receive diversion a group home setting

! ! ! Higher proportion of crossover youth ! ! !

Sources: Conger & Ross, 2010; Morris & Freundlich, 2004; Ryan, Herz, Hernandez, & Marshall, 2007; Halemba, et al., 2004. LONG TERM OUTCOMES

13 •! Higher rates of substance abuse and mental illness

•! Higher recidivism rates

•! Higher rates of criminal involvement as adults

•! Higher rates of child welfare involvement as parents/perpetrators of maltreatment CROSSOVER YOUTH PRACTICE MODEL PRACTICE AREAS

15

Practice Area 1: Arrest, Identification, and Detention

Practice Area 2: Decision-making Regarding Charges

Practice Area 3: Case Assignment, Assessment, and Planning

Practice Area 4: Coordinated Case Supervision and Ongoing Assessment

Practice Area 5: Planning for Youth Permanency, Transition, and Case Closure CYPM PHASES OF IMPLEMENTATION

16

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III

Practice Practice Practice Areas 1 & 2 Area 3 Areas 4 & 5 CYPM GOALS

17

Overarching Goals •! Reduction in: •! Number of youth placed in out-of-home care •! Use of congregate care •! Disproportionate representation of children of color •! Number of youth crossing over and becoming dually involved CYPM GOALS

18

Practice Goals Process Goals

•! Reduction of use of pre- •! Increase use of adjudication detention interagency information- •! Increase use of diversion sharing •! Reduction of number of •! Increase use of “joint” youth reentering child assessment welfare from juvenile •! Increase inclusion of justice placements youth and family voice in •! Improvement in pro- decision-making social bonds •! Reduction in recidivism Crossover Youth Practice Model sites

Ohio •! Cuyahoga Co. •! Franklin Co. •! Hamilton Co. •! Lucas Co. •! Mahoning Co. •! Montgomery Co. •! Stark Co. •! Summit Co. Oregon •! Marion Co. •! Multnomah Co. Pennsylvania •! Philadelphia Arizona South Carolina •! Maricopa Co. •! Berkley Co. California •! Charleston Co. •! Alameda Co. •! Georgetown Co. •! Los Angeles Co. Texas •! San Diego Co. •! Bexar Co. Colorado Florida •! Dallas Co. •! Broomfield Co •! Bartow •! El Paso Co. •! Denver Co. •! Duval Co. •! McLennan Co. Minnesota Nebraska •! Douglas Co. •! Ft. Lauderdale •! Tarrant Co. •! El Paso Co. •! Carver Co. •! Douglas Co. •! Miami-Dade •! Travis Co. •! Jefferson Co. • Hennepin Co. Nevada •! Volusia Co. ! Washington •! Larimer Co. •! Kandiyohi Co. ! Washoe Co. Iowa • •! King Co. •! Morgan Co. •! Woodbury Co. •! Olmsted Co. New York •! San Luis Valley Maryland •! Stearns Co. •! Monroe Co. Wyoming •! Prince George’s Co. Missouri •! Bronx Michigan •! County TBD •! County TBD •! County TBD CYPM INTERIM DATA FINDINGS June 2012 20

CYPM Treatment Youth N % Open Child Welfare Case with Subsequent Delinquency 786 82

Delinquency with previous but not current child welfare case 102 11

Delinquency with no current or previous child welfare case 68 7

Total CYPM Youth 957

Pre-CYPM Youth N % Open Child Welfare Case with Subsequent Delinquency 196 88

Delinquency with previous but not current child welfare case 17 8

Delinquency with no current or previous child welfare case 9 4

Total Pre-CYPM Youth 222 Total N=1,179 IMPROVEMENTS AS A RESULT OF THE CYPM – June 2012

!! ! of CYPM youth were identified at arrest or as a result of a warrant. The majority of the remaining youth were identified at charging, which was a focal point for two CYPM sites.

!! CYPM Youth were most likely to receive some type of interagency meeting or handling in a one judge/one family court. The use of a specialized supervision unit drastically increased in the last nine months of implementation.

!! Only " of CYPM youth were detained and this remained consistent over time (30% decrease in the use).

!! Placement related offenses decreased in the last nine months. IMPROVEMENTS AS A RESULT OF THE CYPM, cont. – June 2012 22

!! CYPM youth were more likely to receive a diversionary option, probation supervision, or have their case dismissed or no action taken by the juvenile justice system.

!! CYPM delinquent youth were more likely to have remain at home (37%) as a permanency goal followed by reunification (26%) and PPLA (23%).

!! 43% of Pre-CYPM youth had a new arrest within 6 months of being identified, while only 32% of CYPM Youth had a new arrest within that same time period.

!! 31% of Pre-CYPM youth had a sustained petition at 6 months after arrest/referral, while only 15% of CYPM had a sustained petition after they were identified as dually-involved. DOUGLAS COUNTY CYPM HOW IT BEGAN

!! January 2012

!! Agreement between Nebraska Supreme Court, Department of Health and Human Services and Douglas County

!! Crossover Youth Practice Model is situated within the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative to create efficiency utilize existing resources and infrastructure to move the work of the initiative

!! Co-Chaired by Juvenile Court Judge Doug Johnson and Nick Juliano PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

!! Boys Town, Douglas County Juvenile County Attorney, Douglas County Juvenile Probation, Juvenile Assessment Center, NDHHS, NFC, Nebraska Family Support Network, Project Harmony !! Many other collaborating organizations !! Utilizes MOU and 1184 Sub-Protocol !! Resource Sharing !! Guided by Steering Committee and CYPM Subcommittee CYPM Goals in Douglas County:

!! Reduce the “crossover”

!! Reduce recidivism

!! Reduce out of home placement and group/ congregate care

!! Reduce entry into detention

!! Reduce disproportionate representation of youth of color, particularly dually involved youth Douglas County CYPM Target Population

A youth;

1.) Referred to the County Attorney’s office for a delinquency, truancy, or status offense AND

2.) Has a Child Welfare case as the victim that is open or closed, within the last 12 months. The case can be voluntary or court involved. 60% of referrals received by the Juvenile County Attorney’s office in May 2012 were for law enforcement contact

Types of Referral n=569 250 224

200 163 150 138

100

50 29 6 7 1 1 0 Intake Juv. Intake Law Referred by Referral by Truancy Status Truancy County Crt. Enforcement City County Petition Triage Transfer Arrest/Street Prosecutor Attorney Release Race/Ethnicity of the Referrals

N=503 unduplicated youth 250 214 200 187

150

100 71

50 12 12 2 5 0 Caucausian Black/African Hispanic Asian Native Other Unknown American American Gender….unduplicated

N=503

220; 44% Male 283; 56% Female 25 Referrals met the “Target Population”….this equates to 23 youth.

20 18 18 White, Black Males vs. Justice Open vs. Hispanic, Females vs. Closed in 16 Truancy 16 Unk 15 12 mo. 14 13 12 10 10 8 7 7 6 5 4 2 2 1 0 Race Gender Referral Type CW Status

Staffing/Team Meetings

!! Facilitated by Jackie Simmons of Project Harmony

!! Every Thursday beginning at 1:30

!! Protocol (30 Minutes): !! Introduction/ Purpose/ Identification Info !! Current Law Enforcement/ School Referral Information !! Previous Justice !! Current Services Status !! Child Welfare Background !! NFC-Current Services Status !! Parent !! Youth !! School/Education !! Mental Health !! Team Discussion !! Team Recommendation "! Form completed "! signed by all "! approved by CA "! copied and provided to family CYPM DATA SNAPSHOT

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#!=" QUESTIONS? References

!! Center for Juvenile Justice Reform http://cjjr.georgetown.edu/pm/practicemodel.html

!! Addressing the Needs of Multi-System Youth: Strengthening the Connection between Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice http://cjjr.georgetown.edu/resources.html

!! Models for Change http://www.modelsforchange.net/publications/332

!! Breakthrough Series Collaborative http://www.modelsforchange.net/publications/332 CYPM Contact Information

Juvenile Assessment Center Dept. of Health and Human Services 1111 South 41st Street 1313 Farnam Street Omaha, NE, 68105 Omaha, NE, 68102 Contact: Tim Leahy Contact: Jennifer Potterf Ph: 402-444-6464 Ph: 402-595-3250 Fax: 402-444-6475 [email protected] [email protected]

Nebraska Families Collaborative Juvenile Probation 2110 Papillion Parkway Drive 319 South 17th Street, 4th Floor Omaha, NE, 68164 Omaha, NE 68183 Contact: Theresa Goley Contact: Grady Porter Ph: 402-312.0072 Ph: 402-444-7835 Fax: 402-492-2525 [email protected] [email protected] General CYPM Information

Crystal Rhoades 4102 Woolworth Avenue Omaha, NE, 68105 (402) 444-1700 [email protected]

Nick Juliano 13603 Flanagan Blvd Boys Town, NE 68010 (402) 350-3971 [email protected] 4/16/2013

Training Objectives

 Gain skills to increase effective communication with high risk youth  Experience how to effectively respond to resistant youth  Enhance active listening techniques  Achieve success by listening more and talking less

Communication

1 4/16/2013

Improved Communication BETTER BETTER BETTER Skills INFORMATION DECISIONS OUTCOMES

YOUTH MORE OPEN LESS COMMUNICATION TO EXPLORING BETTER DEFENSIVE THEIR SKILLS YOUTH OUTCOMES AMBIVALENCE TO CHANGE

LESS PROFESSIONALS BURNOUT BETTER FEEL MORE AND EFFECTIVE OUTCOMES TURNOVER

Communication- Latin “Communis” or To Share

 Exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior.  Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication  The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender.

Wikipedia

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Verbal Communication Oral OR Written ORAL COMMUNICATION

Use of sounds and language to communicate a message

7% of what you say 93% of HOW you say it!

Voice Inflection Voice Tone Rhythm Loudness

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

WRITTEN  E­mails  Texts  Chat lines  Instant Message  Facebook  Twitter

Nonverbal Communication Skills Think about what you are communicating using…  Facial expressions­ smile, frown  Eye contact—generally mixed is best.  Body position—  Open versus closed ways of sitting/standing.  Angled may be less intimidating than head­on.  Distance—  Farther away can communicate emotional distance.  Close can communicate intimacy or intimidation.

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Nonverbal Communication Skills

Nonverbal communication—  Sets the stage for your interaction with the other person.  Varies a lot depending on culture.

Does your nonverbal communication fit with or contradict what you are trying to communicate verbally?

Communication in the 21st Century

 Going “Green”  Face to Face Communication is Rare  No body language or tone in e­mails or texts  2.5 billion text messages sent/received daily (41.5 per user on average)  160 billion emails are sent daily (112 emails sent/received daily by average corporate user)  On demand and always accessible  The world is at your fingertips  Expect instant response

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Communication breakdown

What the What the listener youth means thinks the speaker means 1 What the 4 listener hears 2 3 What the speaker says YOUTH LISTENER

RECOGNIZE AND RESPOND TO RESISTSANCE IN COMMUNICATION

What You Will Hear­ IF You LISTEN

1. Resistance Talk  I don’t want to…  You will never understand… 2. Sustain Talk  All of my friends…  I’m not going to stop… 3. Lack of Conversation  Huh?  Silence

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Research on Behavior Change

ADULTS YOUTH

Increase Change Talk Less Sustain Talk

Commitment Commitment language language

STOP – DROP- ROLL

 Recognize the tension STOP

 Step back and monitor your own behavior DROP

 Roll with resistance, don’t bite ROLL

Dealing with Resistance in Youth: Reflective & Strategic Responses

1. Simple reflection 2. Omission reflection 3. Amplified reflection

4. Shifting focus 5. Agreement with a twist 6. Emphasizing personal choice 7. Pros and Cons

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Simple Reflection

 Acknowledgement of youth’s disagreement, feeling or perception  Focus on resistance  Shift in emphasis – reflect on the emotions

 Example: “You are working hard on changes you feel you need to make.”

Omission Reflection

 Use to respond to nonverbal resistance  Lack of communication  Point out message nonverbal behavior suggests

 Example: “You’re not sure if you want to talk to me about this.”

Amplified Reflection

 Listen to resistance

 Reflect back in an exaggerated form ◦ Creates way for youth to hear own logic as they state it

 Can elicit other side of ambivalence  Emphasize Sustain Talk

 Must be used empathically ◦ NO sarcasm, irony or impatience ◦ If used improperly can lead to hostility and increased resistance.

EXAMPLE: “There is no reason to stop or slow down your drinking alcohol.”

7 4/16/2013

Shifting Focus

 Going around barriers rather than trying to climb over them  Refocus youths attention from a stumbling block to a more workable issue

 Example: “It doesn’t make sense for me to tell you to do something when I don’t know the whole story. Why don’t you tell me more about what is going on at home.”

Agreeing with a Twist

 Basically a reflection followed by a reframe  Offer initial agreement but with slight twist or change of direction  Allows you to continuing influencing the direction and momentum of change  Respond to Sustain talk by first reflecting youth’s perspective  Follow up by reframing the statement with new meaning

 EXAMPLE: “Your parents are really driving you crazy. I wonder if there is some way we can make all this attention they give you more supportive.”

Emphasizing Personal Choice and Control

 Resistance can develop when youth perceive their freedom of choice is being challenged, and they react by asserting their liberty  “I’ll show you; nobody tells me what to do!”  Assure person of the truth:  The client is the person who determines what happens.

 Example: “It is really your choice about whether or not you are going to go to school. We can try to force you, but ultimately it has to be your decision.”

8 4/16/2013

Pros and Cons Double Sided Reflection

 Captures both sides of ambivalence  Acknowledges what youth has said and adds the other side of his or her own ambivalence (not yours).  First respond to sustain talk  Focus on pros and cons of adapting new behavior

 Example: “Tell me more about the things you like about using marijuana.”  After Rapport is established: “On the other side, what are some things you don’t like about using marijuana?”

RESPONDING TO RESISTANCE DO’S DON’TS

 STOP, DROP, ROLL  Convince, persist, or advise  Use different types of reflections to respond  Argue against sustain to resistance or sustain talk, attempt to correct it, or fall into persuasion talk  Ignore or avoid the  Respond strategically youth’s perspective by emphasizing (expressed by personal control, resistance or sustain agreeing with a twist, talk) eliciting pros/cons, and  Continue to reflect shifting focus when conversation remains stuck

Resources:

 Motivational Interviewing with Adolescents and Young Adults by Sylvie Naar­King and Mariann Suarez  Motivational Interviewing, 3rd Edition William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick  Motivate2communicate.com Brenda K. Jennings, Communication Consultant MI Training Implementation and Curriculum Design

9 4/16/2013

TRAINING OBJECTIVES

 Gain a deeper rapport and trust with youth  Discover the true spirit of Motivational Interviewing  Convey compassion, collaboration, acceptance and evocation  Guide youth toward long term behavior change

“Your job is not to take responsibility for change, but rather to support and guide while seeking to elicit the young person’s own ideas for change within a constrained environment”

~Sylvie Naar­King Mariann Suarez Motivational Interviewing with Adolescents and Young Adults

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Partnership

Acceptance SPIRIT Worth Compassion Empathy OF Support Affirm MI

Evocation

Partnership

 People (even youth) are undisputed experts of themselves  Dance NOT wrestle  Goal is to activate the youth’s own motivation and resources for change  Let go of the assumption you are suppose to have and provide all the right answers  Only half the picture is how you perceive someone

Acceptance

1. Absolute Worth 2. Accurate Empathy 3. Autonomy Support 4. Affirmation

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1) Absolute Worth

 Necessary Condition for Change  When youth feel unacceptable they are immobilized  When youth experience acceptance they are free to change  Self-fulfilling prophecy “Whether you think you can or think you can’t – you’re right”

2) Accurate Empathy

 See the world through their eyes  Not sympathy  Active interest and effort to understand the youth’s internal perspective

3) Autonomy Support

 Let go of the idea you have to or even can make people change, relinquishing the power you never really had in the first place  Responsibility lies in the other person to make a change, if desired  Honor and respect each others autonomy  Directly acknowledge a youth’s freedom of choice

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4) Affirmation

 Seek and acknowledge a youth’s strengths and efforts  An intentional way of being and communicating  Enhance internal motivations for youth

Compassion

 Actively promote youth’s welfare  Give priority to the youth’s needs  Deliberately commit to pursuing the welfare and best interest of the youth not your own  Have your HEART in the right place

Evocation

 Humans are not cars, you cannot “fix” them  Internal motivation resides within us  People ambivalent about change, already have both arguments  Youth’s own arguments for change are much more persuasive than yours

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Key Principles of MI

Four key principles of MI—

 EE—Express Empathy  DD—Develop Discrepancy  RR—Roll with Resistance (Avoid Argumentation)  SS—Support Self­Efficacy

Key Principles of MI Four key principles— EE—Express Empathy.  Empathy is communicating understanding of the youth’s point of view.  Empathy is not having had the same experience.  Empathy builds the working alliance.  Skillful reflective listening is essential.

Key Principles of MI Four key principles—  DD—Develop Discrepancy. Between where youth is now and where she would like to be. Point out contradictions without pressing given our desire to…

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Key Principles of MI

 Roll with resistance—  Righting reflex: it is human nature to want to fix a problem when you see someone struggling, but…  …it is also human nature to resist others’ efforts to control you (psychological reactance).  Direct confrontation of resistance tends to generate more resistance.  So…when faced with resistance, don’t bite, deflect. Avoids arguing for change and allows client the opportunity to explore his/her own solutions. Martino, 2007

Key Principles of MI

 SS: Support Self­Efficacy—  Belief in the possibility of change is an important motivator.  The youth is responsible for choosing and carrying out personal change.  Emphasize youth’s strengths/ability to choose. Miller and Rollnick (1991), “Motivational Interviewing”, Guilford Press.

THE SPIRIT OF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING WITH YOUTH

DO’S DON’TS

 Support Autonomy  Take responsibility or take  Guide control  Evoke intrinsic motivation  Prescribe and confidence  Tell them why and how to  Create an atmosphere of change acceptance  Focus on behavior change  Elicit discrepancy between goals/values and behavior at the expense of empathy  Actively listen  Emphasize external demands or your reasons for change  Promote behavior specific optimism and hope  Convince or interpret  Collaborate and show  Undermine self­efficacy compassion  “Fix” the problem

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Person Centered Guiding Skills

 Open­ended Questions  Affirmations  Reflections  Summaries

Open Ended Questions Tips to Avoid:

 Avoid asking too many questions  Don’t ask more than 2 questions in a row  Challenge yourself to turn closed questions to open  Challenge yourself to turn questions into reflections

Open Ended Questions Tips to Pursue:

 Facilitate behavior recognition  Respond to shocking statements  Consider multiple choice questions  Balance questions with reflections

REFLECTION – QUESTION ­ REFLECTION

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Affirmations Tips to Avoid:

 Don’t use generic affirmations  Don’t use sarcasm  Don’t be overly enthusiastic about change  Avoid “I” statements

Affirmations Tips to Pursue:

 Validate or confirm something said  Be specific  Be honest  Timing is everything  Focus on response

Reflections Tips to Avoid:

 Don’t turn reflections into questions  Don’t always say, “So…”  Don’t overly reflect on despair and helplessness  Don’t always fill the silence  Don’t focus on sustain talk  Don’t parrot exact words verbatim  Don’t stop with simple reflections

8 4/16/2013

Reflections Tips to Pursue:

 Use more reflections than questions  Use metaphors and similes  Use complex reflections  Reflect emotion  Amplified reflections  Double­sided reflections  Focus on specific behavior change  Focus on change talk

Summaries Tips to Avoid:

 Don’t miss the boat  Don’t pick the surface talk  Don’t focus on irrelevant information  Don’t forget to ask more

Summaries Tips to Pursue:

 Present as a bouquet  Select most important focus areas  Connect the dots of core statements  Use for transitioning  Stay connected

9 4/16/2013

YOUTH­CENTERED GUIDING SKILLS DO’S DON’TS

 Collaborate with youth  Assume to have the best regarding goals and tasks ideas or how to fix the  Vary types of reflections problem  Balance open­ended and  Reflect only one side of the multiple choice questions ambivalence with reflections  Be pressured into the  Affirm specific strengths and question­answer­question abilities to support self­ trap efficacy  Use generic affirmations or  Summarize periodically to be overenthusiastic for present a collections of change reflections to link or transition  Stray too far from person’s statements

Resources:

 Motivational Interviewing with Adolescents and Young Adults by Sylvie Naar­King and Mariann Suarez  Motivational Interviewing, 2nd & 3rd Edition William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick  Motivate2communicate.com Brenda K. Jennings, Communication Consultant MI Training Implementation and Curriculum Design

10

QQUICKGUIDEUICKGUIDE TTOO GGANGSANGS

NNationalational AllianceAlliance ofof GGangang Investigators’Investigators’ AAssociationsssociations

wwww.nagia.orgww.nagia.org DDISCLAIMERISCLAIMER

This QuickGuide to Gangs is designed to give the fi eld offi cer a basic overview of symbols and identifi ers of some of the major street gangs across North America. It is not inclusive of every street gang in North America and should be used to enhance the understanding of local gangs encountered on a daily basis.

This QuickGuide to Gangs is a collective effort from the National Alliance of Gang Investigators’ Associations and is provided by your state or regional Gang Investigator’s Association. Questions or concerns about gangs in your area should be directed to the local Gang Investigator’s Association. Contact information is listed in the Member Associations section of this guide.

Photos provided in this guide were included with the express permission of the submitting Gang Investigators Association.

AACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The NAGIA Board of Directors would like to thank all of the member associations and advisory board members for their participation in this cooperative effort to produce this QuickGuide for Gangs. The QuickGuide for Gangs will be provided to criminal justice professionals around the world. We would like to give special recognition to the team that worked on this project:

QuickGuide Committee:

Team: Mayna Santiago, ECGIA Keith Applewhite, VGIA Mindy Gizzard, VGIA Anne Schum, MAGLOCLEN

Revised 04/10 WWHOHO ISIS NAGIA?NAGIA?

The National Alliance of Gang Investigators’ Associations (NAGIA) is a cooperative non-profi t organization composed of criminal justice and professional organizations that represent gang investigators’ associations with a membership of approximately 20,000 gang investigators across North America. NAGIA also has advisory representation from federal agencies and other entities involved in gang prevention, intelligence, enforcement and suppression initiatives.

NAGIA provides international leadership in developing and recommending strategies to prevent and control gang crime, establishing standards for professional anti- gang training, establishing uniform gang defi nitions, and assisting criminal justice professionals and the public in identifying emerging gang problems and gang crimes, and also provides input to policymakers and program administrators throughout the United States and abroad. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS MMEMBEREMBER AASSOCIATIONSSSOCIATIONS

Arizona Gang Investigators www.arizonagia.com Association California Gang Investigators’ www.cgiaonline.org Association Connecticut Gang www.ctgia.org Investigators’ Association East Coast Gang www.ecgia.org Investigators’ Association Florida Gang Investigators’ www.fgia.com Association Georgia Gang Investigators’ www.ggia.net Association International Outlaw Motorcycle Gang www.iomgia.net Investigators Association Mid-Atlantic Regional Gang www.margingangs.org Investigators Network Midwest Gang Investigators’ www.mgia.org Association National Major Gang www.nmgtf.org Task Force New Jersey Gang www.njgia.org Investigators’ Association New York Gang www.nygia.org Investigators’ Association North Carolina Gang www.ncgangcops.org Investigators’ Association Northern California Gang www.ncgia.com Investigators’ Association Northwest Gang www.nwgia.com Investigators’ Association Oklahoma Gang www.ogia.org Investigators’ Association Ontario Gang Investigators’ www.ongia.org Association RISS www.iir.com/riss/ South Carolina Gang Investigators www.scgia.com Association Tennessee Gang Investigators’ www.tn-gia.org Association Virginia Gang Investigators’ www.vgia.org Association

MEMBER ASSOCIATIONS TTABLEABLE OFOF CONTENTSCONTENTS Bloods...... 1

Crips...... 3

MS13...... 5

Latin King...... 7

18th Street...... 9

Surenos...... 11~

Trinitarios...... 13 ~ Neta...... 15

Nortenos...... 17~

OMG...... 19

White Supremacist...... 23

Native American...... 25

Folk Nation...... 27

Asian Gangs...... 29

People Nation...... 31

Advisory Board...... 33 BBLOODSLOODS 1. Also known as: United Blood Nation (UBN).

History: “Bloods”, a universal term used to identify both the West Coast Bloods and the United Blood Nation (UBN). While these groups are traditionally distinct entities, as they both identify themselves as “Blood,” it is often hard for law enforcement to distinguish between them. The original Bloods were formed in the early 1970’s to provide protection from the Crips street gang in Los Angeles, CA. The United Blood Nation (UBN) is an East Coast entity which started in 1993 in Rikers Island GMDC (George Mochen Detention Center) in NY.

Membership/Hierarchy: Each set of the Bloods has its own leadership, although some Blood sets have been known to coordinate criminal activities for different sets across states.

Location: Blood sets have been identifi ed in all 50 states.

Criminal Activity: The Bloods main source of income is from the distribution of drugs. However, gang members have been known to be involved in robberies, auto theft, prostitution, homicide, drive-bys, and money laundering.

Gang Identifi ers: • The fi ve-pointed star in tattoos or graffi ti showing affi liation to the People Nation • “Damu” meaning ‘Blood’ in Swahili in graffi ti, tattoos and other forms of communication • Burn marks in the shape of a dog paw • Colors: Red, and wearing apparel of professional teams such as the Philadelphia Phillies, San Francisco 49ers, and the Chicago Bulls BBLOODSLOODS 2. CCRIPSRIPS 3. Organization Structure: The Crips is an association of numerous structured and unstructured gangs, also known as sets that have adopted a common gang culture. In the early days of the Crips growth those in prison adopted names such as Consolidated Crips Organization (CCO) or the Blue Note Organization, both names are now seldom used in the traditional gang world. A set may have from three to several hundred members. There is no known national leader or national charter. Local sets vary in their structure from no formal leadership to a hierarchy, which consists of a leader, lieutenants, drug coordinators, soldiers, and drug couriers. The Crips street gang is primarily comprised of African-American males in their early 30s, although membership age can range from 10 to 40 years old.

Active Locations: The Crips street gang was established in Los Angeles, CA in the early 1960s. Every state except West Virginia and Vermont has reported the presence of Crips in their jurisdiction. The states with the highest estimated number of Crips sets are California, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Criminal Activities: The Crips primary source of income is from narcotics distribution. Crips are also involved in drive-by shootings, theft, prostitution, and violent bank robberies. Crips sets launder their drug proceeds by investing in real estate, prostitution, and various cash-based businesses including barber shops, concert promotion companies, and music stores. Crips sets also use drug proceeds to fund recording companies and music groups.

Gang Identifi ers: • Blue, sometimes, purple or no color at all. • Hoover Gangsters, large multiple sets of African American gangs formed in Los Angeles, formerly known as Hoover Crips who took their name from Hoover Street, have disassociated themselves from the Crips, and use the name Gangsters now. They identify with the color orange. • Gang members on the West Coast do not represent either left or right and use a variety of colors, however colors are down played and not routinely displayed unless the gang is gathered for a purpose. Those Crips that have migrated to the Midwest or East Coast and have joined forces with the Folk Nation will represent to the right and will use the six pointed star in tattoos and graffi ti. • Crips refer to themselves as ‘Blood Killas’ and will use the symbol BK many times in their tattoos and graffi ti. CCRIPSRIPS 4. MMS-13S-13 5.

Mara Salvatrucha 13 Also known as: La Mara Salvatrucha, MS-13

History: Salvadoran nationals came from war-torn El Salvador in the 1970s and 1980s and settled in the Rampart area of Los Angeles, CA, where they integrated with other Hispanic immigrants. These Salvadoran immigrants established the gang in the early 1980s in response to continued persecution by other Hispanic gangs. The “13” in MS-13 was adopted after MS aligned under the “Sureño” (meaning southern in Spanish) umbrella to demonstrate its allegiance to the Mexican Mafi a (also known as La EME). “Eme” (the letter “M” in Spanish) is the 13th letter of the alphabet. Gangs such as MS- 13 aligned with La EME in southern California correctional facilities primarily for protection purposes.

Membership/Hierarchy: MS-13 gangs consist of numerous “cliques.” Some cliques are highly structured and organized; however, most have little formal structure. Although MS-13 cliques generally function independently of each other, they are well-networked and pose a serious threat to communities in the United States and abroad. Each clique has a leader or set of leaders, commonly referred to as “shot callers,” “leaders,” or “ranfl eros.” These individuals set the rules for their respective cliques and oversee daily operations. MS-13 has expanded its membership from primarily Salvadoran nationals to include individuals of other ethnic origins. MS-13 members can also include origins in Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Mexico.

Location: While active in 42 states and the District of Columbia, the MS-13 threat is highest in the Western and Northeastern regions of the United States. MS-13 cliques exist in El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama.

Criminal Activity: MS-13 engages in a wide range of criminal activities, including drug distribution, prostitution, immigration offenses, theft, and vandalism. MS-13 perpetrates violence ranging from assaults to homicides, using fi rearms, machetes, or blunt objects to intimidate rival gangs, law enforcement personnel, and the general public.

Gang Identifi ers: • Devil’s Pitchfork • Graffi ti: Devil’s Pitchfork, Clique initials, MS-13, Mara Salvatrucha • Blue, white, black colors MMS-13S-13 6. LLATINATIN KINGSKINGS 7.

Also known as: Almighty Latin King Nation (ALKN), Almighty Latin Charter Nation (ALCN), Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation (ALKQN)

History: The Latin Kings formed in Chicago in the mid-1960’s with the goal of helping Puerto Rican immigrants overcome racial prejudice by forming an organization of “Kings.”

Membership/Hierarchy: The Latin Kings are highly organized and gang leadership exists at the national, regional, and local levels. Membership is governed by a manifesto and constitution with established rules and by-laws. The gang originally consisted of predominantly Puerto Rican males, but currently have members of various nationalities. Some Latin King chapters also have female associates, commonly referred to as Latin Queens.

Location: While active in 34 states, the Latin Kings can be found primarily in Illinois, New York, Texas and Florida. Latin King chapters also exist in Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Italy, Peru, and Spain.

Criminal Activity: Latin King members are particularly ruthless and are involved in a myriad of criminal activity, including the distribution and sale of drugs, weapons traffi cking, murder, assault, armed robbery, kidnapping, burglary, auto theft, money laundering, extortion, racketeering, public corruption and intimidation, and alien smuggling. The gang is also known to order “hits” on correctional offi cers, rival gang members, and members who fail to follow orders.

Gang Identifi ers: • 5-pointed crown • Graffi ti: a lion wearing a crown; 5-pointed crown accompanied by the initials “LK”; Amor de Rey or “ADR,” “1- 4-18”, Amor de Corona, or “ADC” • Colors: Black and Gold (yellow), red, and green LLATINATIN KINGSKINGS 8. 1188TTHH STREETSTREET 9.

Also known as: Calle 18, Mara 18, M-18, Barrio 18, La 18

History: The 18th Street Gang was founded by undocumented Mexican immigrants and youths of mixed Mexican ancestry in the 1960s near 18th Street and Union Avenue in the Rampart area of Los Angeles, CA.

Membership/Hierarchy: This gang networks via personal contacts throughout the United States, Mexico, and Central America, and cliques are semi-autonomous groups that do not answer to a central authority. Although Mexican immigrants primarily account for the gang’s current numbers, membership is open to individuals of other ethnicities. The racial and ethnic makeup of a particular gang is typically infl uenced by the demographics of the region in which the gang operates. This inclusive practice allows 18th Street to recruit successfully both in the United States and internationally.

Location: 18th Street has been identifi ed in 36 states and the District of Columbia, as well as Mexico, and Central America.

Criminal Activity: Members of the 18th Street Gang are involved various crimes including: narcotics sales, homicide, rape, assault, automobile theft, document fraud, burglary, robbery, illegal possession of fi rearms, extortion, prostitution, vandalism, and illegal immigration. Members of the gang are also very opportunistic and participate in other criminal activities as they arise.

Gang Identifi ers: • BEST (Barrio Eighteen Street) • Graffi ti: Mayan numerology for the number 18, XVIII, XV3, Dieciocho, 666 • Colors: Black, silver, blue, and occasionally red TTHH 1188 STREETSTREET 10. ~ SSURENOSURENOS 1313 11. Also known as: Sur Trece, Sur 13, History: The term Sureño (meaning southerner) originated in the 1960’s in the California prison system after a Hispanic inmate from northern California was killed by a member of the California Mexican Mafi a (La Eme). This incident, known as “The War of the Shoes”, led to the formation of La Nuestra Familia (NF) and the birth of Sureños and Norteños. On the formation of NF, Hispanic gang members entering the California prison system were expected to set aside their individual street names and rivalries and align as either Sureños under La Eme or as Norteños under NF, which is a practice that still exists.

Membership/Hierarchy: Sureños have no national structure or hierarchy; each Sureño gang is an independent entity most often led by a “shotcaller” who delegates responsibilities, organizes criminal activities, oversees meetings, and is the person in direct communication with La Eme. Sureños who prove their worth as soldiers may eventually be recruited and inducted into the elite organization of La Eme.

Criminal Activity: Both on the street and in prison, Sureños act as foot soldiers for La Eme by collecting taxes on drug profi ts, carrying out orders, and otherwise participating in all activities that sustain La Eme’s criminal enterprise. Sureños are involved in a host of criminal activities that include but are not limited to: drugs, weapons, and human traffi cking, murder, theft, assault, vandalism, carjacking; extortion, theft, document fraud, illegal gaming, prostitution, home invasions, and robbery.

Location: Sureños exist nationwide and, though California-based Sureños answer unequivocally to La Eme, most Sureño gangs outside of California are loyal but not subordinate to La Eme. Due largely to their ties to Mexican Drug Traffi cking Organizations (MDTOs) and to the illegal status held by many, Sureños are known to have presence south of the border. Sureños have also been documented in Canada.

Gang Identifi ers: • Mainly blue, but may also be seen wearing gray, black, white, and brown colors. • 13, X3, XIII; the Mayan symbol for 13; and trece, the Spanish word for 13. • 3 dots for mi vida loca, Spanish for my crazy life; the cholo; laugh now/cry later theater faces; Mexican pride themes; the Aztec war shield and Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec Sun God. SURENOS 13

~ SSURENOSURENOS 1313 12. TTRINITARIOSRINITARIOS 13.

Also Known As: “Trini”, La Trinitaria, and 3NI

History: The Trinitarios started in the late 1980’s in the New York correctional system where Dominican inmates banded together for protection from other ethnic groups. They were fi rst identifi ed on Rikers Island and then expanded into the New York State prison system. The gang is believed to have been created by ‘El Caballon’ who is currently serving a 25 years to life sentence in New York. The creation of the Trinitarios is based on an old secret society that was called ‘La Trinitaria’ and formed in 1884 for the purpose of helping make the Dominican Republic independent. The word “Trinitario” means “the Trinity” (Dios, Patria, Libertad)

Membership/Hierarchy: Inside correctional facilities, the Trinitarios consist of members from various Dominican gangs, as well as non-gang members from other ethnic groups. Each facility has three supreme leaders that control what happens inside and outside of the facility. Not all members desire to return to their original gang, some individuals choose to remain Trinitarios outside of the prison. This is the cause for the rivalries between the Trinitarios and other Dominican gangs.

Location: The Trinitarios are currently found in Delaware, Maryland, Rhode Island, North Carolina, Alaska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Virginia, Illinois, New York, as well as South America, the Caribbean, and Europe.

Criminal Activity: Trinitario members use a machete as a weapon of choice. Their crimes include drug traffi cking, assault, armed robbery, home invasions, kidnapping, auto theft, and murder. The gang members are also known for rival gang retaliation over drug territory.

Gang Identifi ers:

• 3NI (three fi ngers hand sign) • Trini • 7 Poppin' all Droppin' Nation • DPL: Dios Patria Libertad (God, Country, Freedom) • OT (Original Trinitario) / 16 red beads, 16 blue beads, 5 or 7 white beads, 2 green • Colors: Green • Dominican Republic Flag TTRINITARIOSRINITARIOS 14. ~ NNETASETAS 15.

Also known as: Asociación Ñeta, Asociación Pro-Derecho Confi nados

History: Ñeta is a prison gang that formed in Puerto Rico in the 1970’s to address inmate rights and issues in the local prison system.

Membership/Hierarchy: Ñeta is one of the largest prison gangs in Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rican chapter of Ñeta is solely prison- based while mainland US chapters exist both inside and outside prisons. Mainland chapters are organized by state and are independent of one another. In Puerto Rico, all prison chapters report to a single centralized governing authority. Most Ñeta members are Puerto Rican males between the ages of 17 and 35; however, some chapters accept Caucasian and Black members.

Location: In Puerto Rico, Ñeta chapters exist in at least half of the territory’s 51 prisons. In the mainland, they exist throughout the Mid-Atlantic, New England, New York/New Jersey, Southeast, and Great Lakes region.

Criminal Activity: Ñeta is one of the most violent prison gangs and receives its income primarily through drug traffi cking. Other criminal activities include assault, auto theft, burglary, violent crime, extortion, fi rearms traffi cking, money laundering, witness intimidation, and prison disturbance.

Gang Identifi ers: • Tattoos: machetes, praying hands, handcuffs with chains, rosaries, phrases (“Perdon Madre Mia” and variations with the word “Ñeta”) • Colors (US): white, red, blue, or black • Jewelry: beaded, rosary-like necklaces • Hand sign: extended and crossed middle and index fi ngers with others curled toward palm (also seen in graffi ti and tattoos, wrapped in the Puerto Rican fl ag) NETAS

~ NNETASETAS 16. NNORTEÑOSORTEÑOS 17. Also known as: Norte 14

History: The term Norteño (meaning Northerner) originated in the 1960’s in the California prison system after a Hispanic inmate from northern California was killed by a member of the California Mexican Mafi a (La Eme). This incident, known as “The War of the Shoes,” led to the formation of La Nuestra Familia (NF) and the birth of Sureños and Norteños. NF formed not only in reaction to the killing, but also because northern California Hispanic inmates were tired of suffering abuse at the hands of La Eme. On the formation of NF, all Hispanic gang members entering the California prison system were expected to set aside their individual street names and rivalries and align as either Sureños under La Eme or as Norteños under NF, which is a practice that still exists today.

Membership/Hierarchy: The gang is well organized and has a written constitution stating that the leadership resides in California’s Pelican Bay State Prison. All gang members are accountable to this leadership, though a small minority follows the Norteños’ previous leadership, which is imprisoned in Colorado.

Location: Norteños are most prevalent in northern California but are found throughout the Western United States, as well as in Texas, the Midwest, and New York.

Criminal Activity: Norteños are involved in a host of criminal activities that include but are not limited to: drugs and weapons crimes, murder, theft, assault, sexual assault, vandalism, carjacking, extortion, theft, document fraud, illegal gaming, prostitution, home invasions, and robbery. A Norteño gangster rap group produced and released two CDs entitled “Gun” and “Quete” to raise funds for the gang.

Gang Identifi ers: • Colors: red (red shoes with white shoelaces, white shoes with red shoelaces, bandanas, jerseys, caps, long canvas belt that is looped and hanging to the front or side) • Number 14 and variations of 14 (X4, XIV, Mayan symbol for 14) • Letter N • 4 dots (sometimes with a single dot to the side) • Northern star • Huelga bird (symbol of the United Farm Workers’ Association) NORTEÑOS

NNORTEÑOSORTEÑOS 18. OOMGMG 19. OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANGS One Percenters: Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMG’S) are also commonly known as “One Percenters.” This refers to an incident in Hollister, California in 1947 where a motorcycle rally turned violent. After the rally the American Motorcycle Association issued a statement saying essentially that 99% of people who ride motorcycles are good law abiding citizens, that the remaining 1% are the outlaws who give everyone a bad name. Some clubs then adopted the 1% symbol as their own. OMG’s will wear a 1% Diamond on their colors usually over the left breast. You will also see the 1% symbol used on jewelry, clothing and tattoos.

There are numerous 1% clubs around the country below are listed some of the major ones.

Bandidos MC Hells Angels MC Outlaws MC Pagans MC

Wheels of Mongols MC Sons of Vagos MC Soul MC Silence MC Identifi ers: The jackets or vests that members of OMG’s wear are called “colors”. They are also referred to as “rags” and “cuts.” These vests are sleeveless and collarless leather or denim. They are considered sacred to the members. The “colors” are the property of the club not the individual member. • Top Rocker – bearing the clubs name, Hells Angels, Outlaws etc. • Center Patch – the clubs logo, Death Head, Sutar, Charlie etc.

• Bottom Patch – the chapter location, usually a state or city or country. An exception to this is the Pagans who have an MC for motorcycle club. Some clubs have Nomad chapters.

Members of law enforcement should also be aware of patches on a member’s “colors”, they can show a persons status in the club, length of time in the club, and rivalries with other clubs. Most clubs will wear some type of “memory patch” to honor a member who has died. The member wearing the patch must have been a member of the club when the person died in order to wear the patch. Based on this you can get a good idea how long someone has been in the club.

The Pagans are bitter rivals of the Hells Angels and show it with patches.

Kills Hells Angels No 81 Sergeant On Sight at Arms

The following two patches are of special interest the Filthy Few patch and the Dequiallo patch both worn by the Hells Angels. At one time it was thought that to wear a Filthy Few patch a member had killed someone for the club, it is now thought that the member has done some type of extraordinary act for the club (usually violent). And probably the patch that should concern law enforcement the most is the Dequiallo patch; this means that a club member has assaulted a member of law enforcement.

OOMGMG 20. OOMGMG 21. Tattoos are also something to be aware of. Many OMG members are tattooed with both club tattoos and other biker related tats. Tattoos should be documented and photographed when possible. Clubs have rules on tattoos, types of tats, time frames as to when a member may get a certain tattoo. Acronyms are also a common tattoo with the 1%’ers, GFPD – God Forgives Pagan’s Don’t, AFFA – Angel Forever Forever Angel are examples.

Most OMG clubs have rules about the type of motorcycle that can be driven. Harley Davidson is the most common bike used but other American made motorcycles or special construction bikes are used. Pay attention to their bikes, they will hide weapons on them. You will also see club identifi ers on some of their motorcycles.

Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs are male only; women cannot be members of the club. The clubs have rules about the status of females. Wives and steady girlfriends will wear “Property of…” colors. Most will be Property of an individual member; the Outlaws women wear Property of Outlaws, indicating they are the property of the club. These “old ladies” will perform duties for the club. They also frequently will carry weapons and narcotics for the members.

Membership / Structure: Most of these clubs have national offi cers, consisting of President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer and Sergeant at Arms. Some clubs have national enforcers as well. They also have essentially the same structure for local chapters of the club. The 1% clubs have by-laws or constitutions spelling out the clubs rules. Membership in an OMG varies among the different clubs. The clubs have a prospect period or a probationary period. The prospect period varies from club to club, the Warlocks in Philadelphia have a 12 week period, and the Hells Angels can be over a year. There are also “hangarounds”, males who have no offi cial status with the club but will associate with them, run errands, attend parties etc.

The OMG’s will have what are called “duck clubs” they could be compared to a minor league team. Many members of these “duck clubs” aspire to join the 1% club that they are affi liated with. There are also support clubs, these support clubs will usually associate with the dominant 1% club in a particular area.

Criminal Activity: There are no limits to the type of criminal activity OMG members may be or have been involved with. Murder, assault, kidnapping, arson, rape, narcotics traffi cking, robbery, extortion, vehicle theft, fi rearms, explosives and prostitution are just some of the crimes that they have and are involved with.

Offi cer Safety: Many of the members of these clubs have had some type of military training thus they are experienced with fi rearms and explosives as well as self defense. They pass this training on to other members of the club. Besides fi rearms, knives etc. many members will carry some type of everyday item to use as a weapon. The Hells Angels like to carry ball peen hammers, the Pagan’s like carved walking sticks (axe handles). Some clubs carry claw hammers and Maglites. Offi cers should also be aware of trucks or vans following these clubs on their runs. These are commonly called “crash trucks.” They are used to carry tools and parts for the cycles, but they also are used to stash weapons and drugs. At different events like Toy Runs, clubs will also send members not wearing “colors” into the crowds to conduct surveillance and counter surveillance.

OOMGMG 22. WWHITEHITE SUPREMACISTSUPREMACIST23.

Also known as (separately): Skinheads, Neo-Nazis

History: White Supremacist groups emerged early on in Ameri- can history as proponents of white racial superiority but became notorious in the 1960s with the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the South and the Aryan Brotherhood in San Quentin Prison in Cali fornia.

Membership/Hierarchy: While there is no single organization- al grouping of all of the white supremacist groups, the most prominent include the Aryan Nation, Aryan Brotherhood, American Nazi Party, Ku Klux Klan, Skinheads, Nazi Low Riders, White Aryan Resistance, Aryan Warriors, and Public Enemy Number One. Membership in white supremacy gangs is very fl uid and belonging to multiple gangs is not uncommon. Most white supremacists are Caucasian males but there is a growing Caucasian female population.

Location: The largest concentration of white supremacist gangs is in prison populations in California and the western United States; however, white supremacist gangs exist nationwide as both prison and street gangs.

Criminal Activity: White supremacist gangs are very violent and involved in a number of criminal activities, including violent crime, property crime, fraud, extortion, auto theft, burglary, identi- ty theft, weapons and drug traffi cking. White suprema cist groups emphasize internal discipline and will target members who break code. Public Enemy Number One has compiled a “hit list” of law enforcement offi cers and a gang prosecutor.

Gang Identifiers: · Celtic cross · Ku Klux Klan blood drop · Nazi swastika · Shaved heads · Tattoos of the words “Skins,” “Aryans,” “AB”, lightening blots, or other variations of gang names

WHITE SUPREMACIST WHITE SUPREMACIST

WWHITEHITE SUPREMACISTSUPREMACIST24. NNATIVEATIVE AMERICANAMERICAN25.

History: Gang activity in most parts of Indian Country began emerging in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, but has increased signifi cantly in many tribal communities, as well as within many state and federal correctional facilities, over the last 5-10 years.

Membership/Hierarchy: Most Indian Country gangs tend to be small, loose knit, autonomous and leaderless. However, in recent years a trend has developed refl ecting a stronger organizational base within certain Native American gangs, both on the street (i.e. Native Mob) and in prison (i.e. Warrior Society and Indian Brotherhood). The majority of gang-involved individuals in tribal communities are males between the ages of 12 and 19, although female activity involvement is increasing as well.

Location: The majority of gang activity in Indian Country is occurring on reservations in the Southwest, although the Northwest and Midwest regions of Indian Country have seen dramatic increases in gang activity over the past 5-10 years. Native American gang activity is also increasing in both state and federal correctional facilities in these regions of the country as well.

Criminal Activity: The majority of criminal activity among Native American gangs involves property crime, alcohol and drug offenses and threatening/intimidating behavior. However, violent criminal activity is increasing, mainly within reservation communities that are in close proximity to urban areas, but also in certain rural tribal communities. Illegal drug activity tends to remain localized, with usage and low-level distribution activity occurring within certain Native American gangs. However, intelligence and investigative information point to increasing activity among organized drug traffi cking organizations targeting Indian Country for the facilitation of drug distribution activity, both within and outside of Indian Country.

Gang Identifi ers: Most gangs in Indian Country are of a “hybrid” form, and tend to take on the representing characteristics (names/ symbols/colors) of large urban gangs. Some gangs in Indian Country, however, will identify with unique names and markings, including using traditional cultural markings to mask gang behavior, or using burning and branding as a means to prove their worthiness to be “gangster warriors.” NNATIVEATIVE AMERICANAMERICAN26. FFOLKOLK NATIONNATION 27.

Also known as: Folk

History: Folk Nation began as an affi liation of Chicago street gangs in the 1980s. The increased number of gang members entering the Chicago prison population created a need for immediate means of identifying allies from rivals.

Membership/Hierarchy: Folk Nation is not a gang itself; rather, it is one of the nation’s two major alliances of street gangs. Major Folk gangs include La Raza, Spanish Cobras, Spanish Gangsters, Latin Eagles, Two Sixers, International Posse, Simon City Royals, and the various factions of the Disciples Nation. Folk Nation maintains a charter and a strict code of conduct driven by the “All for One and One for All” philosophy. Though not considered a traditional Folk Nation gang, some Crips sets may show alliance to Folk Nation Gangs.

Location: While most concentrated in Chicago and the Midwest, Folk Nation gangs exist nationwide.

Criminal Activity: Folk Nation gangs are cumulatively involved in a myriad of criminal activity, including violent crime, auto theft, fraud, money laundering, weapons traffi cking, home invasion, burglary, extortion, and drug traffi cking.

Gang Identifi ers: Within Folk Nation, individual gangs maintain their own identifi ers but use some common symbols to identify their affi liation with the alliance. • 6 pointed star • Pitchfork • Heart (alone or with wings, devil’s tail, and/or horns) • Number 6 • “BOS” or “BOSS” • Wear everything to the right (caps, bandannas, belt buckles, rolled pants leg, jewelry)/communicate with right hand FFOLKOLK NATIONNATION 28. AASIANSIAN GANGSGANGS 29.

Also Known As: TRG (Tiny Rascal Gang)

BIS (Boys In Style)

ABZ (Asian Boyz)

History: Through research, it has been determined that Asian Street Gangs were formed due to social, economic and racial issues. Law enforcement in America has struggled to recognize the differences in Asian Street Gangs in the same manner that Black and Hispanic Street Gangs have been recognized. This has caused confusion with identifi cation and prosecution. The most recognizable Asian Gangs in America are defi ned as Tiny Rascal Gang, Boys In Style and Asian Boyz. Asian Gangs are not turf orientated like most Black, Mexican and Hispanic Gangs. The most problematic Asian gang is the Tiny Rascal Gang (TRG). They are represented by the wearing of blue and grey rags/bandanas. The Asian versions of the Crips are not aligned with the Traditional or Non-Traditional Crips from the West Coast or East Coast. However, members of the Tiny Rascal Gang are aligned with similar Asian Gangs on both coasts.

Membership/Hierarchy: Asian Gangs are not structured like mid-west or east coast gangs. Asian Gangs leadership is linear by design, to assist in insulation of members for reasons of prosecution.

Location: Asian Gangs are organized in cities and communities where there are large Asian speaking communities. Asians as a grouping will include but not be limited to Laotian, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Koreans and Phillipiano. Asian Gangs have been recorded operating in Massachusetts, New York, Washington DC, Maryland, Connecticut, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Texas, Oregon and California.

Criminal Activity: Asian Gang members are involved in home invasions, robberies of commercial businesses, murder, extortion and drugs.

Gang Identifi ers: Asian Gang Member’s tattoos vary from coast to coast consisting of dragons, panthers, tigers, fl ying eagles and sailing ships. Burn marks are also used as gang identifi ers by this group. AASIANSIAN GANGSGANGS 30. PPEOPLEEOPLE NATIONNATION 31.

Also known as: People

History: People Nation began as an affi liation of Chicago street gangs in the 1980s. People Nation consists of gangs that originally aligned with the Black P Stone Nation. As with the Folk Nation alliance, many of these groups formed as a method of protection within the prison system.

Membership/Hierarchy: People Nation is one of the two major Chicago-based street gang alliances. People Nation gangs include Latin Kings, Vice Lords, Spanish Lords, El Rukns, Bishops, Gaylords, Latin Counts, and Kents. People Nation maintains a charter and a strict code of conduct driven by the “All is All” and “All is Well” philosophies.

Location: People Nation gangs are concentrated in Chicago and the Midwest, but exist nationwide.

Criminal Activity: People Nation gangs are cumulatively involved in a myriad of criminal activity, including violent crime, auto theft, fraud, money laundering, weapons traffi cking, home invasion, burglary, extortion, and drug traffi cking.

Gang Identifi ers: Each gang maintains their own identifi ers but as with the Folk Nation, the gangs also use symbols to identify their affi liation with the alliance.

• 5 pointed star and the number 5 • Crown • Crescent • Pyramid • Dice • Bunny head • Wear everything to the left (caps, bandanas, belt buckles, rolled pants leg, jewelry)/communicate with left hand PPEOPLEEOPLE NATIONNATION 32. AADVISORYDVISORY BOARDBOARD 33.

National Youth Gang Center www.iir.com/nygc/

Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms www.atf.gov/

Department Of Justice www.usdoj.gov/

Federal Bureau of Investigation www.fbi.gov/

Housing and Urban Development www.hud.gov/

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement www.ice.gov/

Offi ce of National Drug Control Policy www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/

National Drug Intelligence Center www.usdoj.gov/ndic/

Bureau of Prisons www.bop/gov/

Offi ce of Justice Programs www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ Special thanks to the National Gang Intelligence Center for their contributions and production assistance.

E-mail: [email protected]

Telephone: (703) 414-8600 NJJA Legislative Panel LB: 265, 530, 269, 216, 44, 464 and 561

Kim Hawekotte: Foster Care Review Office • LB 265 allows foster children to access kinship and relative foster care more easily. It accomplishes this by: o Defining kinship homes as homes where the caretaker has lived with the child(ren) or has had significant contact with the child(ren); o Defining relative homes as homes where caretaker is related to the child(ren); o And exempting kinship and relative homes from licensure. However, such homes must be approved by the Department via a background check and a home visit. In addition, such homes may volunatarily pursue licensure and would have the assistance of the Department to do so. o For relative homes pursuing licensure, non-safety requirements may be waived. A relative home that meets all other licensing requirements would be considered fully-licensed for the purposes of drawing federal funding from the Fostering Connections Act. • LB 530: Add, change, and eliminate provisions relating to foster car reimbursements o To adopt the Foster Care Reimbursement Rate Committee's recommended rates for foster care reimbursement. o Directs the Division of Children and Family Services, of the Department of Health and Human Services, to create a pilot program implementing the standardized level of care assessment tools recommended by the Foster Care Reimbursement Rate Committee. o Continues the Foster Care Reimbursement Rate Committee, directs it to meet and make recommendations to the Legislature every four years starting in 2016. • LB 269: Change provisions relating to children and families o The intent of LB 269 is to address child welfare issues revealed by reports and studies completed as a result of child welfare legislation enacted last session and the LR 37 study conducted by the Health and Human Services Committee. Changes under the bill include adding the Director of the Foster Care Review Office and the Inspector General of Child Welfare as members of the Nebraska Children's Commission; employing a child welfare policy researcher to support the Commission's work; and relocating the Children's Commission's office. Additionally, the bill aligns requirements for court reports, foster care maintenance costs, case manager training and foster care licensing to increase Nebraska's Title IV- E funding opportunities. Finally, LB 269 initiates policies regarding child welfare contractors to strengthen financial stability and increase options for services to children and families. • LB 216: Adopt the Young Adult Voluntary Services and Support Act o Approximately 300 older youth leave the custody of the state each year in Nebraska, either because they reach the age of majority or because they are discharged from the care of the state and left to live independently. Nebraska has some programs and services in place to help these young people in this time of transition, but there are significant gaps. A more comprehensive program is allowed under the federal Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008. This act extends Title IV-E eligibility for foster youth up to age 21 and would allow Nebraska to take advantage of federal matching funds intended to incentivize states to provide extended services. LB 216 would allow eligible young people to enter into a voluntary agreement with the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services and under this agreement the Department could provide Medicaid, housing, education assistance and other services.

Sarah Forrest: Voices for Children in Nebraska • LB 44: LB 44 was introduced to bring Nebraska into compliance with the 2012 US Supreme Court ruling of Miller v. Alabama, which prohibited as a violation of the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, the sentencing of juveniles to a mandatory sentence of life without the possibility of parole. LB 44 would add a minimum term of years so that a minimum and maximum range will exist and a mandatory life without parole sentence will not be the only sentencing option. • LB 464: Nebraska is one of the few states that allows prosecutors broad authority in deciding whether or not to file charges in adult or juvenile court. Prosecutors currently decide where to file all felony offenses and all cases for 16 and 17 year olds. In 2010 in Nebraska, 45 percent of filings against youth were in adult court, despite the fact that nearly 90 percent of charges against youth in adult court were misdemeanors. Requiring more cases to originate in juvenile court will give more youth a chance at rehabilitation and reduce their chance of having a criminal record. o Legislative Bill 464 would require that a petition against any alleged law violator under the age of 18 be filed in juvenile court. Cases could be transferred to adult court upon a motion by the prosecutor and a hearing before the juvenile court if the alleged law violation is a felony or if the alleged law violation is a misdemeanor and the juvenile was 16 or 17 years old at the time the act was committed. The motion to transfer must be filed with the petition unless otherwise permitted for good cause shown. A hearing on the transfer motion must be scheduled within 15 days. The juvenile court shall retain the case unless a sound basis exists for transferring it to adult court.

Corey Steel, Probation Administration and Liz Neeley, Objective Advantage, LLC LB 561 • Expansion of the Nebraska Juvenile Services Delivery Project – The Project would be expanded statewide in a three-step process starting July 1, 2013 and ending July 1, 2014. The Project would be expanded to include community supervision, evaluations and the reentry function for kids leaving the YRTCs. The Office of Juvenile Services budget used for community supervision, evaluations and parole would be transferred to the Office of Probation Administration to fund the expansion. ! Intensive Supervised Probation is created for cases in which all levels of probation supervision and options for community-based services have been exhausted and the commitment of the juvenile to OJS for placement at a YRTC is necessary for the protection of the juvenile and the public. ! Strikes OJS authority for community supervision, parole and evaluations after July 1, 2014. • Limitation on sending juveniles to secure detention or YRTC – a juvenile cannot be sent unless it is a matter of immediate and urgent necessity for the protection of the juvenile or the person or property of another or the juvenile is likely to flee the jurisdiction of the court. • Changes to the juvenile evaluation requirements – evaluations must be completed and the juvenile returned to the court within 21 days. As the Project expands, the OJS evaluations will no longer be required and more single-focus evaluations will be utilized when appropriate. Such single focus evaluations will be less time consuming and less expensive. • Add $10 million to the County Juvenile Services Aid Program yearly and rename it the Community-based Juvenile Services Aid Program to promote the development of community based care across the state. The grants would remain in the Crime Commission and a Director position would be created to oversee meaningful, effective management and disbursement of aid dollars to expand and encourage the use of diversion and community-based services to treat youth on the front end of the system. • Create the position of the Director of Juvenile Diversion Programs in the Crime Commission to assist in the creation and maintenance of juvenile pre-trial diversion programs to keep more kids out of the judicial system and in community-based services. • Require additional recommendations from the Children's Commission OJS Sub- Committee regarding the role of the YRTCs in juvenile justice system and the need for mental and behavioral health services for juvenile in Nebraska. Provide for appropriation for reimbursement of expenses and a consultant. • Create a Community and Family Reentry Process for juveniles leaving a YRTC to more effectively reenter their communities with the involvement of their families. The program will be implemented by the Office of Probation Administration in cooperation with the Office of Juvenile Services. • LB 463 (Ashford) - Add a juvenile judge to Douglas County Juvenile Court. • LB 471 (Coash) - Would provide that a juvenile committed by the court to the Office of Juvenile Services does not need to be evaluated prior to commitment if the court finds that a substantially equivalent evaluation has been done in the previous 12 months or if an addendum to a previous evaluation would be appropriate. • LB 86 (McGill) - Would provide that staff secure juvenile detention facilities be placed under the general oversight of the Jail Standards Board. • Provision of LB 562 (Ashford)–Would provide Probation officers with more access to information to make decisions regarding cross-over youth. • Social Impact Bond language – Would amend the New Markets Job Growth Investment Act and other sections of statute to authorize social-impact projects related to the juvenile justice system.

Description of Legislative Process

Bill Introduction: A senator brings his or her idea for a new law to a bill drafter, who works with the senator to transform the idea into the proper legal form for a bill. Unlike some states, bills introduced in Nebraska may contain only one subject. Bills must be introduced during the first 10 days of the legislative session, which begins each January. In order to introduce a bill, a senator files it with the Clerk of the Legislature. The clerk reads the title of the bill into the record, assigns it a number and prints copies of it for public and legislative use. The Legislative Fiscal Office prepares budget statements estimating the anticipated change in state or political subdivision expenses or revenue under the provisions of each bill. This statement is called a fiscal note. In addition, the fiscal office prepares appropriations bills (“A” bills), which accompany bills that have a fiscal impact.

Bill Referral: The nine member Reference Committee assigns each bill to the appropriate standing committee.

Public Hearing: Unlike some states, the standing committees of the Nebraska Legislature conduct a public hearing for every bill introduced.

Committee Action/Inaction: A standing committee may act to (i) advance a bill to General File (with or without committee amendments), (ii) indefinitely postpone (kill) the bill, or (iii) take no action and hold the bill in committee.

General File (Round One): Committee amendments and other amendments, if any, are considered prior to a vote to advance to Enrollment and Review Initial. A bill on General File has three chances, or attempts, to advance before it is indefinitely postponed.

Enrollment and Review Initial (E&R): Bills advanced from General File move to E&R Initial, a stage of the legislative process in which all amendments adopted are engrossed into the bill. The bill is reviewed for technical flaws. If any such flaws exist, E&R amendments are filed to be adopted on Select File.

Select File (Round Two): Enrollment and Review amendments, if any, are considered prior to consideration of other amendments, if any, and then the bill is considered for advancement to Enrollment and Review Final. A bill on Select File has two chances, or attempts, to advance before it is indefinitely postponed.

Enrollment and Review Final (E&R): Bills advanced from Select File move to E&R Final, a stage of the legislative process in which amendments adopted are engrossed into the bill. The bill is reviewed for technical flaws and a Final Reading version of the bill is printed.

Final Reading (Round Three): Prior to a final vote, every bill is read in its entirety to the legislative body. As in all stages of the process, a bill must receive a majority vote (25) to pass on Final Reading, or two-thirds vote (33) to pass if the bill contains an emergency clause.

Consideration by Governor: If a bill passes on Final Reading, it is sent to the governor for consideration. The governor may sign or veto the bill within five days, excluding Sundays. If a bill is not signed or vetoed within five days, it automatically becomes law. Bills with emergency clauses become law one day after signed. Bills without such clauses become law on the stated effective date in the bill. If no such effective date exists, the bill becomes effective three months after the end of the session. The Legislature may override vetoed bills with a three-fifths (30) vote. Constitutional amendments approved by the Legislature do not require the governor’s signature.

Codification: If the bill becomes law, it is codified in the Nebraska Revised Statutes

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