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Cobalt Mineralisation in Cornwall – a New Discovery at Porthtowan

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Cobalt Mineralisation in Cornwall – a New Discovery at Porthtowan G.K. Rollinson, N. Le Boutillier and R. Selly COBALT MINERALISATION IN CORNWALL – A NEW DISCOVERY AT PORTHTOWAN G.K. ROLLINSON 1, N. LE BOUTILLIER AND R. SELLY Rollinson, G.K., Le Boutillier, N. and Selly, R. 2018. Cobalt mineralisation in Cornwall – A new discovery at Porthtowan. Geoscience in South-West England, 14, 176–187. Although cobalt mineralisation has been noted in Cornwall and Devon in the mining literature, there are limited details of its production and paragenesis; detailed mineral studies of cobalt are almost non-existent. This paper describes in detail previously unrecorded cobalt mineralisation discovered at Porthtowan, Cornwall, in the vicinity of old workings which are part of the Wheal Lushington group of mines, immediately west of the village. A small number of massive sulphide/gangue samples (taken from a larger sample suite) were chosen to be as representative as possible. Analysis was carried out using a QEMSCAN® automated mineral SEM-EDS system, which found that samples contained up to 50% cobaltite, along with chalcopyrite, bornite, galena, sphalerite, acanthite, erythrite, matildite, chlorargyite and other primary and secondary mineral species. This assemblage is typical of a sub-type of crosscourse mineralisation, with secondary species a result of significant weathering and supergene alteration, complicated by seawater infiltration due to the coastal location. While the number of samples is limited, the detail of the mineralogical assemblage is significant, as it is the first time such an assemblage has been subjected to this level of scientific scrutiny in Cornwall. 1 Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK. (E-mail: [email protected]) Keywords: cobalt mineralisation, Cornwall, Mining, Porthtowan INTRODUCTION COBALT IN CORNWALL Cobalt, atomic number 27, is a brittle, hard, silvery grey Cobalt is a minor product of the Cornubian Orefield, with a transition metal with an average crustal abundance of 26.6 ppm, total mined production (mostly from the mid-late 18th Century occurring in nature as a series of sulphides and arsenides (and and early 19th Century; records of which are very incomplete) secondary species), in close association with silver, nickel and of a few hundred tons (Dines, 1956). In some cases it was copper. Cobalt was first isolated in 1739 by Georg Brandt mined in conjunction with nickel and bismuth ores and (http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/27/cobalt) and is a Alderton (1993) gives a combined production of 500 tons for dense metal (8.86 g/cm3) with a high melting point (1495°C) these three metals, although the real figure is likely to be and ferromagnetic properties. It is used chiefly in the higher. production of high-strength and heat-resistant alloys as well as Cobalt mineral species were recognised in around thirty in magnets, battery cathodes (with lithium), jewellery (alloyed Cornish mines (Borlase, 1758; Pryce, 1778; Dines, 1956; Collins, with platinum) and medical implants. Its compounds have wide 1912, 1892; Tindle, 2008; Le Boutillier, 1996, 2003). Cobaltite ranging uses as colourants and catalysts. has been confirmed from Fowey Consols, St Blazey and South Cobalt does not occur naturally in native form, although it Terras Mine, St Stephen-in-Brannel. Earlier references to does form the very rare alloy wairauite (CoFe) found at one cobaltite at Dolcoath Mine, Wherry Mine and Botallack Mine, locality in New Zealand. It is known as an essential component now appear to be dubious and are likely describing skutterudite in 59 mineral species (Mindat.org, 2017), the majority of which (Tindle, 2008). Cobaltite was found as a minor constituent in are sulphides, arsenides and secondary arsenates. The most the 3ABC Pegmatite Zone on the 360 fathom level of South common species, including those found in this study, are: Crofty Mine at Pool (Le Boutillier, 2003). Skutterudite is known cobaltite (CoAsS), skutterudite (CoAs3), safflorite (CoAs2) and, from Botallack Mine; Levant Mine; Geevor Mine; Wherry Mine, the secondary arsenate, erythrite (Co3(AsO4).8H2O). Cobalt has Penzance; Hawkes Point Mine, St Ives; Wheal Herland, Gwinear a strong affinity for nickel, silver and arsenic and compounds of (associated, in a crosscourse, with native silver and silver these elements often form in close paragenetic association with sulphides; Hamilton Jenkin, 1963a); Roscrow United Mine, cobalt species. Ponsanooth; Wheal Sparnon and Pednandrea Mine, Redruth; East Pool Mine, Illogan; Dolcoath Mine, Camborne (associated with U, Co, Ni-bearing crosscourses cutting Main Lode close to 176 Cobalt mineralisation in Cornwall – A new discovery at Porthtowan the Great Crosscourse; Dines, 1956); St Austell Consols, Sticker in 1838 (Morrison, 1983), though it is unknown what became of (associated with U, Co, Ni-bearing crosscourses; Hamilton the material. Wheal Unity, near Gwennap, sold 1700lb of cobalt Jenkin, 1964a); Polgooth Mine, St Austell; Wheal Trugo, St ore in 1820 (Collins, 1912). Columb Major; South Terras Mine; Killifreth Mine, Gwennap The most significant cobalt producer was Wheal Sparnon at and Fowey Consols (Golley and Williams, 1995; Tindle, 2008; Redruth (Hamilton Jenkin, 1962a), which worked a sett Collins, 1892). Safflorite is known from Roscrow United Mine bounded on the north by Raymond Road, and on the west by (Tindle, 2008) and Wheal Sparnon (Golley and Williams, 1995). Falmouth Road. The mine was producing small amounts of Erythrite is the pink-purple to deep rose pink secondary cobalt in 1808 from the NNW-SSE trending ‘Western arsenate and is known from Pengreep Adit, Gwennap; Crosscourse’, which parallels Falmouth Road and lies some 30- Dudnance Mine, Pool (Borlase, 1758; Pryce, 1778); Botallack 40 metres east of it (Hamilton Jenkin, 1962a), later renamed Mine; Roscommon Cliff, St Just; Carrick Du Mine and Wheal Cobalt Lode. Two tons of ore were sold in 1814 for £600 per Trenwith, St Ives; Wheal Alfred, Phillack; Wheal Unity, St Day; ton. In 1817, 80 tons of cobalt ore had been stockpiled; much Dolcoath Mine; East Pool Mine; Wheal Sparnon; Pednandrea of this was roasted to produce cobalt oxides for the pottery Mine; Wheal Buller, Redruth; Wheal Unity and Wheal industry and the mine sold oxides valued at £4000 that year as Huckworthy (Claughton, 2016); Cligga Mine, Perranporth; well as raw cobaltite/skutterudite ores for £240 per ton. By 1819 Polgooth Mine; South Terras Mine; Penberthy Croft Mine and the workings on Cobalt Lode had reached 60 fms below adit Enys Wheal Virgin, St Hilary; St Austell Consols, Great Retallack (eventually reaching 70 fathoms) and the mine was being Mine, St Agnes and Pentireglaze Mine, Wadebridge (Tindle, worked solely for cobalt – the only Cornish mine ever to do so. 2008; Golley & Williams, 1995; Collins, 1892); St Neot and St The mine appeared to be doing well in 1826 with regular sales Cleer Consolidated Mines, Liskeard (Hamilton Jenkin, 1966); of oxide, but it closed in late 1827 after making a loss of £200 Tretoil Mine, Lanivet; Wheal Trewolvas, near St Columb; and a month for a few months (Hamilton Jenkin, 1962a). Although Pelyn Wood Mine, near Lostwithiel (Hamilton Jenkin, 1964b, included in the sett of the neighbouring Pedn An Drea Mine 1966, 1967). In addition powdery coatings of erythrite on that restarted in 1864, no further work was done at Wheal cobalt-rich arsenopyrite (Danaite, (Fe0.90Co0.10)AsS to Sparnon and no further cobalt raised. There is no record of the (Fe0.65Co0.35)AsS) were noted from 340 fathom Dolcoath South total tonnage of cobalt ores raised (Dines, 1956) between 1808 Lode and 360 fathom Roskear Complex of South Crofty Mine and 1827. Gold was reputedly found in the crosscourse (Collins, (Le Boutillier, 1996). Small amounts of erythrite were also found 1892 and 1912) and on the dumps (Hill and MacAlister, 1906), associated with tourmaline-quartz-chalcopyrite veins at but there are no further details. Holman’s Test Mine in the Carnmenellis Granite near Troon, south of Camborne (R. Shail, pers comm. 2015). Cobalt was first noted in Cornwall in 1754 (only 15 years COBALT MINERALISATION WITHIN THE CORNUBIAN after being first identified as an element) in the form of OREFIELD erythrite. At Pengreep, Gwennap, a 3ft wide N-S ‘cobalt lode’ was found in an adit being driven through greenstone The Cornubian Orefield stretches from modern day Exmoor (dolerite). At the time, the lode was dubbed “the richest cobalt and Somerset to the Isles of Scilly (Dines, 1956). Mineralisation found in England” and the landowner, Mr Beauchamp, was within the orefield is chiefly associated with the Lower Permian awarded a £30 prize for the discovery by the Society for Cornubian Granite Batholith that runs down the spine of the Encouraging Useful Arts. Shortly afterwards the adit was SW Peninsula from Dartmoor to Land’s End and continues west abandoned due to water influx (Borlase, 1758; Pryce 1778). In beyond the Scilly Isles (Alderton, 1993; Dines, 1956). However, 1958, A. K. Hamilton Jenkin inspected the adit and found no mineralisation across the orefield can be seen to encompass a trace of any mineralisation (Hamilton Jenkin, 1963b). At Trugo variety of tectonic settings and deposit types that also pre-date Mine, St Columb Major, a 4 to 6 inch wide vein of erythrite was and post-date granite-related (chiefly tin and copper) found in an adit at a point where a crosscourse meets a copper mineralisation and span the period from the Carboniferous to vein (Pryce 1778). In 1798 “a rich vein of cobalt” was Late Triassic, with low-temperature mineralisation and discovered at Wherry Mine (Joseph, 2012) just off Penzance. remobilisation taking place into the Tertiary (Alderton, 1993). Samples of this material are highly prized by collectors, Although present in the main-stage lodes in trace amounts, particularly the erythrite specimens; it is not known if any of rarely forming cobalt sulphides and arsenides (Le Boutillier, this material was sold as the mine closed shortly afterwards 2003), cobalt is mainly associated with structures known as (Joseph, 2012; Dines, 1956; Hamilton Jenkin, 1962b).
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