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Bretton Woods II and the Emerging Economies: Lazarus, Phoenix, Or Humpty Dumpty?
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Working Paper Bretton Woods II and the Emerging Economies: Lazarus, Phoenix, or Humpty Dumpty? by Arslan Razmi Working Paper 2009-02 Revised version, April 2009 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Bretton Woods II and the Emerging Economies: Lazarus, Phoenix, or Humpty Dumpty? Arslan Razmi 824 Thompson Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 April 8, 2009 Abstract Several studies have commented on the emergence of a new inter- national monetary system in the post-Asian crisis years. The current international …nancial crisis has, however, put Bretton Woods II under considerable strain. This paper analyzes the sustainability of the pre- crisis order from an emerging country perspective. A simple framework in which agents have a choice between …nancial and real assets is constructed in order to explore possible consequences of the shocks that emerging economies are currently experiencing. Stock and ‡ow implications are analyzed. Assuming that recent events would have reinforced monetary authorities’desire to maintain an adequate cushion of reserves while pre- venting exchange rate volatility, we …nd that the response to most shocks would involve running continuous current account surpluses, that is, a continuation of a crucial aspect of Bretton Woods II. Given political and economic constraints, is such a continuation feasible? A preliminary ex- ploration raises serious doubts and skims alternatives. JEL Codes: F02, F32, G01, F55 Keywords: Bretton Woods II, emerging economies, reserve accumulation, precautionary motives, mercantilism. 1 Bretton Woods II and the Emerging Economies: Lazarus, Phoenix, or Humpty Dumpty? 1 Introduction The ongoing …nancial - and now increasingly, real - sector crisis that originated in the United States is presently the center of much academic and policy discussion. -
Section 3.4 Biological Resources 3.4- Biological Resources
SECTION 3.4 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 3.4- BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 3.4 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES This section discusses the existing sensitive biological resources of the San Francisco Bay Estuary (the Estuary) that could be affected by project-related construction and locally increased levels of boating use, identifies potential impacts to those resources, and recommends mitigation strategies to reduce or eliminate those impacts. The Initial Study for this project identified potentially significant impacts on shorebirds and rafting waterbirds, marine mammals (harbor seals), and wetlands habitats and species. The potential for spread of invasive species also was identified as a possible impact. 3.4.1 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES SETTING HABITATS WITHIN AND AROUND SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY The vegetation and wildlife of bayland environments varies among geographic subregions in the bay (Figure 3.4-1), and also with the predominant land uses: urban (commercial, residential, industrial/port), urban/wildland interface, rural, and agricultural. For the purposes of discussion of biological resources, the Estuary is divided into Suisun Bay, San Pablo Bay, Central San Francisco Bay, and South San Francisco Bay (See Figure 3.4-2). The general landscape structure of the Estuary’s vegetation and habitats within the geographic scope of the WT is described below. URBAN SHORELINES Urban shorelines in the San Francisco Estuary are generally formed by artificial fill and structures armored with revetments, seawalls, rip-rap, pilings, and other structures. Waterways and embayments adjacent to urban shores are often dredged. With some important exceptions, tidal wetland vegetation and habitats adjacent to urban shores are often formed on steep slopes, and are relatively recently formed (historic infilled sediment) in narrow strips. -
Late Holocene Anthropogenic Depression of Sturgeon in San Francisco Bay, California
Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 35, No. 1 (2015) | pp. 3–27 Late Holocene Anthropogenic Depression of Sturgeon in San Francisco Bay, California JACK M. BROUGHTON Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 ERIK P. MARTIN Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 BRIAN MCENEANEY McEaneaney Construction Inc, 10182 Worchester Cir., Truckee, CA 96161 THOMAS WAKE Zooarchaeology Laboratory, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles DWIGHT D. SIMONS Consulting Archaeologist, 2334 Tiffany Way, Chico, CA Prehistoric resource depression has been widely documented in many late Holocene contexts characterized by expanding human population densities, and has been causally linked to a wide range of other significant changes in human behavior and biology. Some of the more detailed records of this phenomenon have been derived from the San Francisco Bay area of California, including a possible case of anthropogenic sturgeon depression, but evidence for the latter was derived from limited fish-bone samples. We synthesize and analyze a massive ichthyoarchaeological data set here, including over 83,000 identified fish specimens from 30 site components in the central San Francisco Bay, to further test this hypothesis. Allometric live weight relationships from selected elements are established to reconstruct size change in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) through time, and—collectively—the data show significant linear declines over the last 3,000 years in the relative abundance of sturgeon compared to all other identified fishes, as well as declines in the maximum and mean weights of the harvested fish. Both these patterns are consistent with resource depression and do not appear to be related to changes in the estuarine paleoenvironment. -
Goga Wrfr.Pdf
The National Park Service Water Resources Division is responsible for providing water resources management policy and guidelines, planning, technical assistance, training, and operational support to units of the National Park System. Program areas include water rights, water resources planning, regulatory guidance and review, hydrology, water quality, watershed management, watershed studies, and aquatic ecology. Technical Reports The National Park Service disseminates the results of biological, physical, and social research through the Natural Resources Technical Report Series. Natural resources inventories and monitoring activities, scientific literature reviews, bibliographies, and proceedings of technical workshops and conferences are also disseminated through this series. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Copies of this report are available from the following: National Park Service (970) 225-3500 Water Resources Division 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 250 Fort Collins, CO 80525 National Park Service (303) 969-2130 Technical Information Center Denver Service Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225-0287 Cover photos: Top: Golden Gate Bridge, Don Weeks Middle: Rodeo Lagoon, Joel Wagner Bottom: Crissy Field, Joel Wagner ii CONTENTS Contents, iii List of Figures, iv Executive Summary, 1 Introduction, 7 Water Resources Planning, 9 Location and Demography, 11 Description of Natural Resources, 12 Climate, 12 Physiography, 12 Geology, 13 Soils, 13 -
50K Course Guide
50K COURSE GUIDE IMPORTANT UPDATES (11/02/2017) • NEW COURSE MODIFICATION - Old Inn to Muir Beach • New 2017 Start & Finish Locations • On-Course Nutrition Information • UPDATED Crew and spectator information RACE DAY CHECKLIST PRE-RACE PREPARATION • Review the shuttle and parking information on the website and make a plan for your transportation to the start area. Allow extra time if you are required or planning to take a shuttle. • Locate crew- and spectator-accessible Aid Stations on the course map and inform your family/friends where they can see you on-course. Review the crew and spectator information section of this guide for crew rules and transportation options. • If your distance allows, make a plan with your pacer to meet you at a designated pacer aid station. Review the pacer information section of this guide for pacer rules and transportation options. • Locate the designated drop bag aid stations and prepare a gear bag for the specific drop bag location(s). Review the drop bag information section of this guide for more information regarding on-course drop bag processes and policies. • Pick up your bib and timing device at a designated packet pickup location. • Attend the Pre-Race Panel Discussion for last-minute questions and advice from TNF Athletes and the Race Director. • Check the weather forecast and plan clothing and extra supplies accordingly for both you and your friends/family attending the race and Finish Festival. It is typically colder at the Start/Finish area than it is in the city. • Make sure to have a hydration and fuel plan in place to ensure you are properly nourished throughout your race. -
Biogeochemical Processes in an Urban, Restored Wetland of San
In Cooperation with the National Park Service Water Quality Program Biogeochemical Processes in an Urban, Restored Wetland of San Francisco Bay, California, 2007– 2009: Methods and Data for Plant, Sediment, and Water Parameters By Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Mark C. Marvin-DiPasquale, Jennifer L. Agee, Le H. Kieu, Evangelos Kakouros, Li Erikson, and Kristen Ward Open-File Report 2010-1299 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2010 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Windham-Myers, L., Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., Agee, J.L., Kieu, L.H., Kakouros, E., Erikson, L., and Ward, K., 2010, Biogeochemical processes in an urban, restored wetland of San Francisco Bay, California, 2007–2009; methods and data for plant, sediment, and water parameters: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1299, 28 p. and spreadsheets [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1299/]. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. -
Responses to Agrarian Transition in Central Asia Reaktionen Auf Die Agrartransformation in Zentralasien
Responses to Agrarian Transition in Central Asia Reaktionen auf die Agrartransformation in Zentralasien Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät III Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Geowissenschaften und Informatik der Martin Luther Universität Halle Wittenberg vorgelegt von Frau Nozilakhon Mukhamedova Geb. am 05.08.1982 in Moskau (Russland) Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Martin Petrick Prof. Dr. Kristof Van Assche Eröffnung: 25.03.2019 Verteidigung: 15.07.2019 Halle 2019 Abstract For nearly three decades, the Central Asian countries have been undergoing transition. The common goal of diversion from the Soviet political and economic system has been less prominent recently. The new challenge is how to build further a development path which depends not only on decisions of speed or content of reforms, but also on how these reforms were accepted and responded to by rural actors, what were the consequences and how they interacted with other socio- economic, historical and cultural factors. It is important to consider not only whether reforms reached their direct recipients, but also how other actors, institutions or contexts influenced, interacted and produced changes. The motivation of the dissertation is driven by various responses of rural societies to agrarian transition, which we find carry common institutional patterns. The research presented in this dissertation aims at understanding whether agrarian reforms rely on formal institutions or were adversely/positively affected by informal ones or rule of power. We address this question through describing and comparing cases of institutional changes in the agrarian sector of three economies in transition: Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. We assume that historical experiences, policy and power legacies can frame agrarian institutions and actions as well as behaviors of rural dwellers. -
Hong Kong Magazine
SPECIAL EDITION I FEBRUARY 2021 CHINA US FOCUS DIGEST THE WAY FORWARD CHINA US FOCUS CONTENTS Tung Chee Hwa Tung Chee-hwa Chairman P. 5 China-United States Exchange Foundation ACKNOWLEDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY P. 6 Editors Zhang Ping Hong Chang International Voices Special Advisor Zhu Yinghuang AT A CRITICAL CROSSROADS P. 10 Zeng Peiyan Assistant Editor Peng Hui TALKING ALONG THE PATH P. 15 China-US Focus Digest is a bi-monthly AHEAD magazine of exclusive commentaries on Jean Chretien China-US relations. The articles express views of influential opinion leaders and scholars in China and the US on the issues faced by the two nations. HOPEFUL RETURN TO P. 17 c China-United States GLOBAL DIALOGUE Romano Prodi Exchange Foundation, 2021 For comments, please send to [email protected] CHINA HAS BEEN EFFECTIVE P. 20 AS WORLD STRUGGLES Yasuo Fukuda www.chinausfocus.com TIME TO RENEW FRIENDSHIP P. 23 Follow us on Facebook and Twitter: @ChinaUSFocus Carlos Gutierrez With special thanks to Chatham Strategies and Shanghai Institutes for International Studies GOOD NEWS IN UNITED P. 26 for their supports to www.chinausfocus.com STATES and China-US Focus Digest Carla Hills 2 A TIME TO HEAL TIME TO SAY FAREWELL P. 29 P.61 TO NEGATIVES Chen Wenling Tung Chee-hwa NOTES FROM AMERICA’S P. 63 HEARTLAND Bob Holden Trade and the Economy HOPE, BUT NOT HASTE P. 65 DON’T EXPECT HIGH-SPEED P. 32 Wang Yiming CHANGE Michael Spence SUPPORT FOR A GOOD IDEA P. 67 Zhu Guangyao LOOKING AHEAD IN 2021 P. 36 Zhang Xiaoqiang Technology and Global Challenges WHAT TO DO FIRST P. -
A Century of Delta Salt Water Barriers
A Century of Salt Water Barriers in the Delta By Tim Stroshane Policy Analyst Restore the Delta June 5, 2015 edition Since the late 19th century, California’s basic plan for water resource development has been to export water from the Sacramento River and the Delta to the San Joaquin Valley and southern California. Unfortunately, this basic plan ignores the reality that the Delta is the very definition of an estuary: it is where fresh water from the Central Valley’s rivers meets salt water from tidal flow to the Delta from San Francisco Bay. Productive ecosystems have thrived in the Delta for millenia prior to California statehood. But for nearly a century now, engineers and others have frequently referred to the Delta as posing a “salt menace,” a “salinity problem” with just two solutions: either maintain a predetermined stream flow from the Delta to Suisun Bay to hydraulically wall out the tide, or use physical barriers to separate saline from fresh water into the Delta. While readily admitting that the “salt menace” results from reduced inflows from the Delta’s major tributary rivers, the state of California uses salt water barriers as a technological fix to address the symptoms of the salinity problem, rather than the root causes. Given complex Delta geography, these two main solutions led to many proposals to dam up parts of San Francisco Bay, Carquinez Strait, or the waterway between Chipps Island in eastern Suisun Bay and the City of Antioch, or to use large amounts of water—referred to as “carriage water”— to hold the tide literally at bay. -
Public Comments January 16, 2014 to January 28, 2014
Public Comments January 16, 2014 to January 28, 2014 I am writing as a citizen of the bay area. I feel that I am entitled to my constitutional right to express my opinion to the board of trustees regarding the usage of national parks land, as I visit and I donate to the national parks frequently. I strongly urge the Trust to select the sustainability museum or the Presidio Exchange, which are in keeping with the charter to serve the public interest. Before you consider financial self-sustainability as a strength, please consider how capitalism works--- capital is used to gain revenues and profits. The more capital someone has, the more they can earn based on that capital. The trust should not be subsidizing the rich, but should be helping to provide resources for the public good, for the 99% that lack capital to create wealth, and which lack access to the true "riches" of a strong community and clean environment, and a commercial-free, marketing-free existence. The board should fulfill its charter to provide land for the public interest that enriches the soul of the public, and should not bow to serve financial interests of capitalists or powerful politicians who just want to raise money for their re-election. I realize a grave concern is job creation. Please consider the facts and conduct research into the working conditions and the turnover among your applicants who would be "job- creators." Consider the fiscal motivations for storing so-called "museum" items on public land which are indivisible form a marketing franchise, charging admission to admire them, and utilizing vacant offices in Marin which used to be filled with employees before they were sold to disney and down-sized. -
State of the Estuary 2002
STATE OF THE ESTUARY 2002 SCIENCE & STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION San Francisco Bay Sacramento- San Joaquin River Delta Estuary San Francisco Estuary Project & CALFED OPENING REMARKS his Report describes the migrating along the Pacific Flyway tive state-federal effort, of which currentT state of the San Francisco pass through the Bay and Delta. Many U.S. EPA is a part, to balance Bay-Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta government, business, environmental efforts to provide water supplies Estuary's environment -- waters, and community interests now agree and restore the ecosystem in the wetlands, wildlife, watersheds and that beneficial use of the Estuary's Bay-Delta watershed. the aquatic ecosystem. It also high- resources cannot be sustained without lights new restoration research, large-scale environmental restora- explores outstanding science ques- tion. tions, and offers management cues for those working to protect This 2002 State of the Estuary Report, California's water supplies and and its Posterbook appendix, summa- endangered species. rize restoration and rehabilita- tion recommendations drawn San Francisco Bay and the Delta from the 48 presentations and CONTENTS combine to form the West Coast's 132 posters of the October largest estuary, where fresh water 2001 State of the Estuary from the Sacramento and San Conference and on related Joaquin rivers and watersheds flows research. The report also pro- Executive Summary . 2 out through the Bay and into the vides some vital statistics about STATE OF THE ESTUARY Pacific Ocean. In early the 1800s, the changes in the Estuary's fish Bay covered almost 700 square miles and wildlife populations, pol- Vital Statistics . -
Vi. Identifying Target Industries
MMaarriinn CCoouunnttyy TTaarrggeetteedd IInndduussttrriieess SSttuuddyy FINAL REPORT January 6, 2004 Prepared for: The Marin Economic Commission & The Community Development Agency Prepared by: Economic Competitiveness Group, Inc. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................................... 1 I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................... 8 II. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................................................................ 9 DEVELOP CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9 CONDUCT RESEARCH USING PRIMARY & SECONDARY DATA SOURCES ............................................................................................. 12 IDENTIFY LINKAGES BETWEEN CLUSTERS ........................................................................................................................................... 13 IDENTIFY TARGET INDUSTRIES............................................................................................................................................................ 14 III. ECONOMIC BASE ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................................