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Biogeochemical Processes in an Urban, Restored Wetland of San In Cooperation with the National Park Service Water Quality Program Biogeochemical Processes in an Urban, Restored Wetland of San Francisco Bay, California, 2007– 2009: Methods and Data for Plant, Sediment, and Water Parameters By Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Mark C. Marvin-DiPasquale, Jennifer L. Agee, Le H. Kieu, Evangelos Kakouros, Li Erikson, and Kristen Ward Open-File Report 2010-1299 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2010 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Windham-Myers, L., Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., Agee, J.L., Kieu, L.H., Kakouros, E., Erikson, L., and Ward, K., 2010, Biogeochemical processes in an urban, restored wetland of San Francisco Bay, California, 2007–2009; methods and data for plant, sediment, and water parameters: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1299, 28 p. and spreadsheets [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1299/]. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Cover: At the foot of San Francisco's historic Presidio, the restored Crissy marsh comprises subtidal, intertidal, and upland habitats. Jennifer Agee kneels in high intertidal habitat dominated by pickleweed (Sarcocornia pacifica). Photo by L. Windham-Myers. Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................1 Background .........................................................................................................................................1 Site Description ..................................................................................................................................4 Methods ...............................................................................................................................................8 Field Sampling.................................................................................................................................8 Surface Water.............................................................................................................................8 Sediment Pore Water.................................................................................................................8 Sediment.......................................................................................................................................9 Plant Structure and Physiology................................................................................................9 Continuous Water Level and Water Quality Status ..............................................................9 Hydrologic Flux..........................................................................................................................10 Model Grid, Bathymetry, and General Setup ...................................................................10 Comparison of Measured and Modeled Currents and Water Levels within the Inlet11 Model-estimated Volumetric Water Flux during August 4–5, 2008 ..............................13 Sensitivity of Volumetric Water Flux/Tidal Flushing to Stage of Tide Cycle ...............13 Sensitivity of Volumetric Flux\Tidal Flushing to Channel Configuration ......................13 Laboratory Analyses—Surface Water .....................................................................................14 Point-based Water Quality Measurements..........................................................................14 Aqueous Concentrations of Total Mercury and Methylmercury......................................15 Laboratory Analyses—Sediment...............................................................................................16 Mercury Speciation..................................................................................................................16 Total Mercury ........................................................................................................................16 Methylmercury ......................................................................................................................16 Additional Ancillary Sediment Geochemical Measures ....................................................17 Total Reduced Sulfur............................................................................................................17 Dry Weight, Porosity, Bulk Density, and Organic Content .............................................17 Oxidation-reduction Potential.............................................................................................17 pH.............................................................................................................................................18 Pore Water Sulfide ...............................................................................................................18 Pore Water Sulfate and Chloride .......................................................................................18 Laboratory Analyses—Plant.......................................................................................................18 Plant Biomass Distribution and Tissue Quality....................................................................18 Data Reporting ..............................................................................................................................19 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................19 References Cited ..............................................................................................................................19 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................................21 iii List of Figures Figure 1. Calendar Year 2008 record of water level at tidal inlet in Crissy marsh vs. San Francisco Bay, California..................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. California state map indicating the location of Crissy marsh (star) within San Francisco Bay, California..................................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3. Map of study sampling locations and National Park Service water quality monitoring stations (WQ#), Crissy marsh, San Francisco Bay, California. ................................................... 5 Figure 4. Grid and bathymetry used in model simulations of Crissy marsh, San Francsico Bay, California............................................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 5. Comparison of measured and modeled water levels and currents within Crissy marsh inlet, San Francisco Bay, California........................................................................................................ 12 Figure 6. Water depth and instantaneous discharge through the inlet channel estimated by the numerical model, Crissy marsh, San Francisco Bay, California............................................... 13 Figure 7. Volumetric water flows through Crissy marsh inlet, San Francisco Bay, California, for August 4–5, 2008, and corresponding spring and neap tides. .................................................. 14 Figure 8. Comparison of volumetric water flux for different channel configurations, Crissy marsh, San Francisco Bay, California........................................................................................................ 14 List of Tables Table 1. Sediment sampling locations and codes, Crissy marsh, San Francisco Bay, California. Sampling dates from February 2007–October 2008..................................................... 6 Table 2. Surface water sampling locations, schedule, and data collected from Crissy marsh, San Francisco Bay, California. Sampling dates from February 2007– October 2008. ........................................................................................................................................ 7 iv Conversion Factors SI to Inch/Pound Multiply By To obtain Length centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.) meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi) meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) Area square meter (m2) 0.0002471 acre square kilometer (km2) 247.1 Acre square centimeter (cm2) 0.001076 square foot (ft2) square meter (m2) 10.76 square foot (ft2) square centimeter (cm2) 0.1550 square inch (ft2) square kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile (mi2) Volume liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal) cubic meter (m3) 264.2 gallon (gal) cubic centimeter (cm3) 0.06102 cubic inch (in3) cubic meter (m3) 0.0008107 acre-foot (acre-ft) Mass gram (g) 0.03527 ounce, avoirdupois (oz) kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound avoirdupois (lb) Density gram per cubic centimeter
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