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Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Iftikhar H. Malik, 'Pakistan's Security Imperatives and Relations with the United States' in K. Matinuddin and L. Rose (eds), Beyond Afghanistan: The Emerging U.S.-Pakistan Relations, Berkeley, 1989, pp. 60--93. 2. Louis D. Hayes, The Struggle for Pakistan, Lahore, 1982, p. 3. 3. Zbigniew Brzenzinski, representing a section of opinion in the West in 1988, stated that: 'The Pakistanis should not be pressured by outsiders to move precipitously toward "democracy", for that could actually intensify domestic tensions given the ethnic and political hatreds inherent in Pakistan ... If the younger surviving senior officers should move to create a transi­ tional regime, Pakistan deserves the West's sympathetic encouragement, not strident lectures.' The Times (London), 26 August 1988. British conserva­ tive opinion was equally sceptical of the PPP, as was observed in a leading comment: 'It is to be hoped that Pakistan's new economic well-being will rally support behind conservatives Iike Mr. Junejo. There is, however, a risk that General Zia's political excesses will deli ver victory to Miss Benazir Bhutto.' The Daily Telegraph (London), 19 August 1988. 4. Christi na Lamb, a British journalist in Islamabad, reported an attempted military coup which was denied by Benazir Bhutto, General Beg and Pakistan's foreign office. See The Financial Times (London), 8 September 1989; The Daily Jang (London) 9, 10, 11 and 12 September 1989. But Christi na Lamb insists that her report was not based on hearsay as she had been informed by a very reliable source. See Christina Lamb, Waiting For Allah: Pakistan 's Struggle for Democracy, London, 1991, pp. 16-17. 5. For instance, see G. W. Choudhury, Constitutional Developments in Pakistan, New York, 1959. 6. Many prominent studies, several referred to in the subsequent chapters, have dealt in detail with political developments in Pakistan. In addition to quite a few research papers in scholarly journals, see Khalid B. Sayeed, The Political System of Pakistan, Boston, 1967; Lawrence Ziring, The Enigma of Political Development, Durharn, 1980; K. K. Aziz, Party Polities in Pakistan, 1947-58, Islamabad, 1976; M. Rafique Afzal, Political Parties in Pakistan, 1958-1969, Islamabad, 1987; S. 1. Burki, Pakistan Under Bhutto, 1971-1977, London, 1988 (reprint); Omar Noman, Pakistan: Politieal and Eeonomic History sinee 1947, London, 1990 (reprint); Craig Baxter, et al. (eds), Pakistan Under the Military: Eleven Years of Zia-ul-Haq, Boulder, 1991. 7. See A. H. Syed,lslam, Politics and National Solidarity, New York, 1983. 8. Asaf Hussain, Elite Politics in an 1deological State, London, 1979. 9. For an early useful study, see Lawrence Ziring, The Ayub Khan Era, New York, 1971; and Herbert Feldman, Revolution in Pakistan, London, 1967. For an official perspective, see M. Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters, 262 Notes 263 London, 1967; and Altaf Gauhar, Ayub Khan: Pakistan's First Military Ru/er, Lahore, 1993. 10. See Rounaq Jahan, Pakistan: Failure in Nationa/lntegration, New York, 1972; G. W. Choudhury, Last Days oJ United Pakistan, London, 1974; and Ayesha Jalal, Demoeraey and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspeetive, Cambridge, 1995. 11. From a host of writings, referred to throughout this book, see G. W. Choudhury, Pakistan: Transition Jrom Military to Civilian Rule, London, 1988; and Paula R. Newberg, Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Polities in Pakistan, Cambridge, 1995. 12. Ralph Braibanti, Research on the Bureaucracy oJ Pakistan, Durharn, 1966; and Charles H, Kennedy, Bureaucracy in Pakistan, Karachi, 1987. 13. Stephen Cohen, The Pakistan Army, Berkeley, 1984. For a useful study on the military's role vis-a-vis politics in the country, see Hasan-Askari Rizvi, The Military and Polities in Pakistan, 1947-86, Lahore, 1988. 14. Leo E. Rose and Richard Sisson, War and Secession. Pakistan, India, and the Creation oJ Bangladesh, Berkeley, 1990; and Hasan Zaheer, The Separation oJ East Pakistan, Karachi, 1994. 15. For useful works on Z. A. Bhutto, see Salman Taseer, Bhutto: A Political Biography, London, 1979: Stanley Wolpert, Zulfi Bhutto oJ Pakistan. His Life and Times, Karachi, 1993; and Anwar H. Syed, The Discourse and Politics oJZulfikar Ali Bhutto, London, 1992. 16. For an overview, see S. J. Burki, 'Economic Policy after Zia ul-Haq', in Charles H. Kennedy, Pakistan 1992, Boulder, 1993. Also S. 1. Burki and Robert LaPorte Jr. (eds), Pakistan's Development Priorities: Choices Jor the Future, Karachi, 1985. 17. See Hasan-Askari Rizvi, Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment, London, 1993; and Hafeez Malik (ed.), Dilemmas oJ National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan, New York, 1993. 18. Pakistan's defence policy is a comparatively new subject. See, P. I. Cheema, Pakistan's DeJence Policy, 1947-58, London, 1990. 19. S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis, Karachi, 1990. The Afghanistan issue in the 1980s generated quite a lot of academic interest in Pakistan-related subjects. See Noor A. Hussein and Leo E. Rose (eds), Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Berkeley, 1988; and Rasul B. Rais 'Afghanistan and the Regional Powers', Asian Survey, XXXIII (9), 1993, pp. 902-22. 20. See Iftikhar H. Malik, Continuing Conjlict in Kashmir: Regional Detente in Jeopardy, London, 1993; Robert G. Wirsing, India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Boundary Dispute. The SearchJor Settlement, New York, 1993. For a pertinent study, see Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846-1990, Hertingfordbury, 1991. 21. T. Ali, Can Pakistan Survive? The Death oJ aState, Harmondsworth, 1983. 22. Without underrating Harrison's aeademic work, it may be suggested that his specific interpretation evolved during a specific time-frame characterised by the cold war, presuming a powerful external faetor from the northwest. Selig Harrison, In AJghanistan's Shadow: Baloch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, New York, 1981. 23. lnayatullah Baloeh, Greater Baloehistan: A sludy oJ Ba/och nationalism, Stuttgart, 1987. 264 Notes 24. Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan: The Enigma of Politieal Development, Folkstone, 1980. 25. Hamza Alavi, 'Nationhood and Nationalities in Pakistan', Eeonomie and Politieal Weekly, XXIV, 8 July 1989. 26. Anwar H. Syed, 'Political Parties and the Nationality Question in Pakistan', Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, XII (I), Fall 1988, pp. 42-75. 27. Akbar S. Ahmed, Pakistan Society: Islam, Ethnicity, and Leadership in South Asia, Karachi, 1986. 28. Tahir Amin, Ethno-National Movements of Pakistan: Domestie and International Faetors, Islamabad, 1988. 29. Mumtaz Ahmad, 'Class, Religion and Power: Some Aspects of Islamic Revivalism in Pakistan', Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1990. 30. There is a huge amount of literature available dealing with the historical and theoretical dimensions of state, its evolution and policies vis-a-vis national institution-building. In the case of Pakistan, one finds a growing collection of useful works on the subject. For instance, see M. Asghar Khan (ed.), Islam, Polities and the State: The Pakistan Experienee, London, 1985; William Richter, 'Persistent Praetorianism: Pakistan's Third Military Regime', Paeifie Affairs, 51 (3), 1978, pp. 406-26; Ayesha Jalal, The State ofMartial Rule in Pakistan: The Origins of Pakistan 's Politieal Economy ofDefenee, Cambridge, 1990; and Zamir Niazi, The Press in Chains, Karachi, 1987 (reprint). 31. More recently, there has been an interest in investigating the kind of system and traditions that Pakistan inherited so as to understand its present predica­ ment. For a noteworthy study, see D. A. Low (ed.), The Politieal Inheritanee of Pakistan, London, 1991. 32. In recent years, a few revealing works that do not speeifically fall into the realm of serious research but are exposes by nature, have tried to record issues such as monopolisation of power by the military, trans-regional feu­ dalism and criminalisation of state-Ied institutions like intelligence agen­ eies. See Benazir Bhutto, Daughter of the East, London, 1988; Emma Duncan, Breaking the Curfew. A Politieal Journey Through Pakistan, London, 1989; Tehmina Durrani, My Feudal Lord, Lahore, 1991; Lamb, Waiting for Allah; Wakeel Anjum, Siyasat Kay Firoan (Pharaohs of Politics), Urdu, Lahore, 1992; and Muneer Ahmed, Pakistan Mein Intelligenee Agencion Ka Siyasi Kirdar (The Political Role of Intelligence Ageneies in Pakistan), Urdu, Lahore, 1993. 33. Keith Tester, Civil Society, London, 1992, p. 5. 34. John Locke, Two Treatises ofCivil Government, London, 1924. 35. Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History ofCivil Society, New Brunswick, 1980 (reprint). 36. Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Con/raet, trans. Maurice Cranston, Harmondsworth, 1968. 37. Lewis White Beck (ed.), Kant. Seleetions, New York, 1988. 38. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie (eds), The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Oxford, 1976. 39. Kar! Marx, Early Texts, trans. by David McLellan, Oxford, 1971. 40. Antonio Gramsei, Seleetions /rom the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans, by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey N. Smith, London, 1971, pp. 208-9. Notes 265 41. Tester, op. eit., p. 8. 42. For further discussion, see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, London, 1990 (reprint). 43. 'The South Asian disciples of Gramsci need urgently to be Iiberated from the historical context of the Prison Notebooks and look at the state-society dialectic from within the historical and cultural traditions of South Asia.' Subrata K. Mitra and Gowher Rizvi, 'The State and Civil Society in South Asia', a paper presented ai South Asia Conference, Nuffield College, Oxford, 27-8 June, 1992, p. 6. 44. In fact, all the major theories of social change since the nineteenth century considered the 'Indian' model to be irrelevant. Following Marx, Weber and Tawney, the inter-war constitutionaIism and post-war models of develop­ ment have been based on specific environments, not particularly germane to South Asia. 45. Subrata K. Mitra and Gowher Rizvi, 'The State and Civil Society', p. 3. 46. See Harold D. LasweIl and Abraham Kaplan, Power and Society: A Frameworkfor Political Inquiry, New Haven, 1950. 47.
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  • Internal Situation in Pakistan

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    REPORT PREPARED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PROJECT EXPANSION OF THE LIBRARY OF COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION UNIT, CO-FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN REFUGEE FUND INTERNAL SITUATION IN PAKISTAN SYLWIA GIL June 2012 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION UNIT OFFICE FOR FOREIGNERS, POLAND May 2013 REPORT PREPARED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PROJECT EXPANSION OF THE LIBRARY OF COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION UNIT, CO-FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN REFUGEE FUND INTERNAL SITUATION IN PAKISTAN SYLWIA GIL June 2012 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION UNIT OFFICE FOR FOREIGNERS, POLAND May 2013 DISCLAIMER The present report is a public document, and it has been developed as part of the “Extension of the Library of the Division for Country of Origin Information Unit”, project no. 1/7/2009/ EFU, co-financed by the European Refugee Fund. Under the above-mentioned project, the Country of Origin Information Unit in the Office for Foreigners commissions external experts to prepare studies presenting detailed analyses of selected problems and issues arising during the refugee/asylum procedure. The information presented in such thematic reports is based mostly on commonly available resources, such as: studies developed by international organisations, both governmental and non-governmental, press articles and/or online resources. At times they also include own observations, experience and field studies conducted by the authors. All the information included in this report has been collected and elaborated with the highest diligence. However, it cannot be excluded that some data, or even the overall picture of the situation presented in the report, are out-of-date, incomplete or inaccurate. Therefore, this report must not be treated as the exclusive and indisputable reference in relation to decisions on awarding or refusing the refugee status or other forms of international protection.