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General zia ul haq biography pdf

Continue Zia в качестве президента, около 19856th Президент ПакистанаВ офисе16 сентября 1978 - 17 августа 1988Премьер-министрМухаммад Хан JunejoPreced поfazal Илахи ChaudhrySucceed поГхулам Исhaq KhanChief из штабаﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺿﯿﺎء اﻟﺤﻖПакистанский лидер Мухаммад Зия-уль-Haq армии1 марта 1976 - 17 августа 1988ПрежденоTikka KhanSucceed поМирза Аслам Бег Личные данныеРожденные (1924-08-12)12 Августа 1924Jalandhar, Пенджаб, IndiaDied17 августа 1988(1988-08-17) (в возрасте 64 лет)Бахавалпур, Пенджаб, PakistanCause аварии самолетаairResting местоФайсал мечеть, ИсламабадНациональность Индийский (1924-1947) Пакистанский (1947-1988)Супруга (ы)Бегум Шафик Зия (1950-1988; его смерть) Колледж Стивена, ДелиВое командование армии США и Генеральный штаб CollegeMilitary serviceAllegiance Индия ПакистанБранч/служба индийской армии Пакистана ArmyYears службы1943-1988Великорд GeneralUnit22 кавалерия, Армейский бронетанковый корпус (PA - 1810)Команды2-й независимой бронетанковой бригады1-й бронетанковой дивизииII ударный корпусБаз армейского штабаBattles/warsWorld War IIIndo-Пакистанская война 1965индо-пакистанской войны 1971Совет-афганская война Эта статья является частью серии оМухаммад Зия-уль-Хак Ранняя жизнь Военный переворот Зия администрации Политические взгляды Худуд Указы исламизации Экономическая политика Выборы 1985 Президент Пакистана Нарушения прав человека Референдум в 1984 Восьмая поправка Ojhri Cantt катастрофы Закат Совета 1978 резня в Мултан колонии Textile Mills Death State Funeral Shafi-your-Rehman Commission Case Explosion Mango Gallery: Photo, Sound, Video vte Muhammad zia-ul-Haq (August 12, 1924-August 17, 1988) - Pakistani four-star general became 's sixth president after declaring martial law in 1977. He served as from 1978 until his death in 1988. He remains the longest-reigning head of state. Educated at Delhi University, zia saw action in World War II as an Indian army officer in Burma and Malaya before choosing Pakistan in 1947 and fighting as a tank commander in the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. In 1970, he led a military training mission to , proving his important role in defeating the Black September rebels against King Hussein. In recognition, Prime Minister Sulfikar Ali Bhutto appointed zia as Chief of of the Army in 1976 and awarded him the Hilal-e-Imtiaz Military Medal. After a civil unrest, zia overthrew Bhutto in a military coup and declared martial law on 5 July 1977. Bhutto was controversially tried by the Supreme Court and executed less than two years later on charges that he allowed the assassination of Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasouri, a political opponent. When he assumed the presidency in 1978, she played an important role in the Soviet-Afghan war. against the Soviet occupation during the 1980s. Internationally, zia has strengthened ties with and the and emphasized Pakistan's role in the Islamic world, while relations with have deteriorated amid the conflict in Ziachen and accusations that Pakistan is helping the . Domestically, she adopted sweeping legislation within the Islamization of Pakistan, curbed civil liberties and increased censorship in the press. He also escalated the Pakistan atomic bomb project and introduced industrialization and deregulation, helping Pakistan's economy become the fastest growing in South Asia, overseeing the highest GDP growth in the country's history. After the abolition of martial law and the holding of non-partisan elections in 1985, he appointed Muhammad Khan Junjo as Prime Minister, but amassed more presidential powers as a result of the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. After Junjo signed the in 1988 against the wishes of zia, and called for an investigation into the disaster in the Oichri camp, Zia sacked the Junjoi government and announced new elections in November 1988. Muhammad zia-ul-Haq was killed along with several of his high-ranking military officials and two American diplomats in a mysterious plane crash near on 17 August 1988. To this day, zia remains a polarizing figure in Pakistan's history, credited for preventing wider Soviet invasions of the region as well as economic prosperity, but condemning the weakening of democratic institutions and the enactment of laws that encourage religious intolerance. He is also cited for promoting the early political career of , who will be elected Prime Minister three times. The early life of Muhammad zia-ul-Haq with his father (1929) Muhammad zia-ul-Haq was born into the Punjabi family of Arain in Jalandhar, Punjab Province, British India, on August 12, 1924. Sia-ul-Haq was the second child of Muhammad Akbar, who worked in the administrative corps of the British Armed Forces Command in Delhi and Simla until India gained independence from British colonial rule in 1947. He completed his primary education at Simla and then attended St. Stephen's College Delhi with a degree in History, which he graduated with honors in 1943. He was admitted to the Royal Indian Military Academy in Dehradun, which was accepted in May 1945 among the last group of officers to be commissioned before India gained independence. During his collegiate years, he was honored as an extraordinary talent. In 1950 he married Shafiq Jahan. Begum Shafiq zia died on 6 January 1996. He is survived by his sons, Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq (born 1953), who and became a cabinet minister in the government of Nawaz Sharif, and Anwar-ul-Haq (born in 1960) and his daughters, zain (born 1972) is a child with special needs, Rubin Salim, who is married to a Pakistani banker and has lived in the United States since 1980, and Kuratulin zia, who now lives in London, and is married to a Pakistani doctor. The military service was commissioned by the British Indian Army in the Cavalry Guides on May 12, 1943 after graduating from the Mhou Officers Training School and fought against Japanese troops in Burma during World War II. After Pakistan gained independence as a result of partition in 1947, he joined the newly formed Pakistani army as a captain in the infantry of the Cavalry Frontier Regiment. He also served in the 13th Lancers and 6 Lancers. He studied in the United States from 1962 to 1964 at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He then returned to take over as a leadership staff (DS) at The Command and Staff College, quetta. During the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, he was said to have been an assistant chief of the 101st Infantry Brigade. He was then promoted to lieutenant general and was appointed Commander of the II Strike Corps in Multan in 1975. On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Sulfikar Ali Bhutto confirmed the then Lieutenant-General zia as Chief of Staff of the Army and was promoted to a four-star rank. This increase has outpaced a number of older officers. This promotion was highly controversial, but politically motivated for Bhutto, who considered zia a staunchly religious and apolitical military figure who had an aversion to politics. These were the same motives and move made by the future Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, who promoted based on his politically ambitious position as Army Chief of Staff, but stood the same fate as Bhutto in 1999 (although he was not executed). At the time of his appointment as successor to the outgoing Chief of Staff, General Tikka Khan, the lieutenant generals were Muhammad Shariff, Akbar Khan, Aftab Ahmed, Azmat Baksh Awan, Ibrahim Akram, Abdul Majid Malik, and Muhammad zia-ul-Haq. But Bhutto chose the youngest, having somehow selected seven more senior lieutenants. However, the elder at the time, Lieutenant General Mohammad Shariff, although promoted to general, was appointed Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a constitutional post akin to President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry. Planning a Coup Part series on: Islamism Basics Islam History Culture Economics Economics Secularism Ideology Islamism Salafi Movement International Propaganda of Shiite Islamism Islamic Fundamentalism Concepts Apostasy in Islam Takfir Caliphate Islamic Islamic Islamic Islamic State Islamic Monarchy Islamic Republic Islamization (knowledge) Jihad Islamic Terrorism Jihadism Panislamism Political Islam aspects of post-Islamism Sharia Shura Two Nation Theory Umma affects anti- communism anti-Imperialism Anti-Semitism Islamic Golden Age Islamic Revival MovementSholasty Barelvi Davat I-Islami Hadith Deobandi Madhalism Nurku Sahwa Movement Wahhabism International Propaganda Political Hizb ut-Tahrir Iranian Revolution Jamaat-e-Islami Mille Gure Muslim Tehre-i- Labbaik Pakistan List of Islamic Political Parties Militant Islamism Based in the mena region of South East Asia south-east Asia sub-Saharan Africa Key texts Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Iqbal 1930s) Principles of State and Government (Assad 1961) Maalim fi al-Tariq (Wehi) (Kutb 1965) Islamic Government: Office of Lawyer (Velayat-e-fa (Khomeini 1970) Heads of State Ali Khamenei Omar al-Bashir Muammar Gaddafi Erdogan Ruhollah Khomeini Mohamed Morsi Mohammed Omar House Saud House Thanahya zia-ul-Haq Key ideologues Muhammad Abduh Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Kazi Hussein Ahmad Muhammad Nasiruddin Al-Albani Gunnuti Safwat Nezip Fazil Kesakurek Abul A'la Modudi Taki al-Din al-Nabhani Yusuf al-Karadawi Sayyid Kutb Tariq Ata Abu Rashta Rashid Rida Nawab Safawi Ali Shariati Shariatullah Hassan al-Turabi Ahmed Yasin Muhammad ibn Abd al- Wahhab Criticism of Islamism Criticism Criticism Of Islamic liberal movements in Islam Khaled Abu al-Fadl Farag Foda Abdelwahab Meddeb Maryam Namazi Maazid Navaaz Olivier Roy Related Topics of Islam and Other Religions Islamophobia Reform of the Movements of Modernity (Modernism) Islam portal Politics portalvte Prime Minister Bhutto began to face considerable criticism and growing unpopularity as his term progresses; the democratic union of the Socialists, which was formerly an ally of Bhutto, began to decline over time. It was initially directed against opposition leader Wali Khan and his opposition National People's Party (NAP), also a socialist party. Despite the ideological similarities between the two parties, the ego clash, both inside and outside the National Assembly, has become increasingly bitter, beginning with the federal government's decision to oust the NAP provincial government in Balochistan province for alleged separatist activities, culminating in the party's ban and the arrest of much of its leadership following the death of a close lieutenant, Hayat Sherpao, in a bomb attack in the border city of . Civil unrest against Bhutto Dissidence has also intensified in the Pakistan People's Party (PNP), and the murder of the father of leading dissident Ahmed Raza Kasuri has led to public outrage and intra-party hostility, both was charged with organizing a crime. PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Har openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. Political crisis in the North-West Frontier Province (NWP, and Baluchistan have escalated as civil liberties have remained suspended and some 100,000 troops deployed there have been accused of human rights violations and the killing of large numbers of civilians. Bhutto called the new elections, and the PNA was fully involved in the elections. They managed to participate in the elections together, despite serious splits in opinion and opinion within the party. The PNA was defeated but did not accept the results, claiming that the elections were rigged. They began boycotting provincial elections. Despite this, voter turnout in national elections was high; however, since the provincial elections were held against the backdrop of low voter turnout and a boycott of the opposition, the PNA declared the newly elected Bhutto Government illegitimate. (quote needed) Coup d'tat Additional information: Soon, all opposition leaders called for the overthrow of the Bhutto regime. Political and civil unrest intensified, leading to more unrest. On 21 April 1977, Bhutto imposed martial law in the cities of , Lahore and Hyderabad. However, a compromise between Bhutto and the opposition was eventually reported. zia carefully planned the coup d'etat as he knew Bhutto was an integral intelligence officer in the Pakistani armed forces, and many officers, including Air Chief of Staff Marshal Sulfikar Ali Khan and Maj. Gen. Tajammul Hussain Malik, GOK 23rd Mountain Division, Maj. Gen. Nasirullah Babar, GD General of the General Directorate of Military Intelligence (DGMI) and Vice Admiral Mohammad Akhsan, were loyal to the General Staff of the General Directorate of Military Intelligence (DGMI) and Vice Admiral Mohammad Akhsan. The coup (called Operation Fair Play) occurred in the small hours of July 5, 1977. Prior to the announcement of any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by members of the military police on the orders of zia. Bhutto tried to call zia, but all the phone lines were disconnected. When he spoke to him later, he reportedly told Bhutto that he was sorry to have been forced to perform such an unpleasant task. He and his military government described the coup as a spontaneous response to a difficult situation, but his response was a complete contradiction. Shortly after the coup, mr. zia told Newsweek's Edward Beru, I'm the only person who made that decision, and I did it on July 4 at 1,700 hours, after hearing a press statement saying that talks between Mr. Bhutto and Down. If an agreement had been reached between them, I would certainly never have done that what did .- General sia-ul-Haq, a statement given to Newsweek, ( ...... He said that I was the one who was the one who was the one who was not He said that I was not Therefore, Arif met with Bhutto on an emergency basis, stressing and urging Bhutto to hurry up negotiations with the opposition. According to Arif and the independent expert, the negotiations were not broken, despite the fact that the coup was very much in the offing. He further claimed that the fair play against Bhutto was caused by the prospect of a civil war planned by Bhutto by handing out weapons to his supporters. However, Arif vehemently rejected zia's remarks about Bhutto and, citing the lack of evidence that weapons were found or found in any of the party's electoral offices, the military junta did not prosecute Bhutto on charges of planning a civil war. Immediately the Chief of Staff of the Navy, Admiral Mohammad Shariff, announced his strong support for zia and his military government. However, the Chief of Air Staff, General Sulfikar Ali Khan, remains unsupported, while the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Muhammad Sharif, remains neutral, while he has silently expressed his support for Prime Minister Sulfiqar Bhutto. In 1978, zia pressured President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry to appoint General as Chief of Air Staff; and Admiral Karamat Rahman Niazi as Chief of Staff of the Navy in 1979. On the recommendation of zia, President Illahi appointed Admiral Mohammad Shariff as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, making the admiral the most senior officer and chief military adviser, overlooking all inter-agency services, including the Chiefs of Staff of the distinguished force. In 1979, the Chiefs of Staff, including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, confirmed that the coup was constitutional and legitimate in conditions without charge, pledging their support for zia. (page needed) United States sponsorship of President Ronald Reagan and Bill Clarke's meeting with President zia-ul-Haq, 1982 The United States, particularly the Reagan administration, was an ardent supporter of the military regime of zia and a close ally of Pakistan's conservative ruling military establishment. Reagan administration declares the regime of zia a front-line ally to combat the threat of communism. The most notable U.S. legislators and high-ranking officials were Mr. Brzezinski, Henry Kissinger, Charlie Wilson, Joan Herring, as well as civil intelligence officers Michael Pillsbury and Gust Avracotos, as well as senior U.S. military officials, Gen. John John Vessey and General Herbert M. Wassom have long been associated with the military regime of zia, where they often visited Pakistan, advising on expanding the idea of establishing a political circle in Pakistan. Nominally American conservatism of the Republican Party of Ronald Reagan influenced the zia, adopting his idea of Islamic conservatism as the main line of his military government, using islamic and other religious practices in the country by force. The socialist orientation greatly alarmed the capitalist forces in Pakistan, and also alarmed the United States, which feared the loss of Pakistan as an ally in the Cold War. Many Pakistani political analysts and historians suspected that the riots and the coup against Sulfiqar Ali Bhutto were organized with the support of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the United States Government, because the United States was increasingly wary of Bhutto's socialist policies, which were seen as sympathetic to the and built a bridge that allowed the Soviet Union to participate in Pakistan. that the United States has not been able to gain access since the founding of Pakistan in 1947. Former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark was widely suspected by the United States of involvement in the killing of the Bhutto government and publicly blamed the United States Government after participating in the trial. On the other hand, the United States renounced any involvement in bhutto's fall and claimed that it was Bhutto who had been estranged for five years. Testifying to Bhutto's dramatic fall, an American diplomat at the American Embassy in Islamabad wrote that: In the five years that Bhutto has been at the helm of Pakistan, Bhutto has retained the emotional support of the poor masses who voted for him overwhelmingly in the 1970 general elections. At the same time, however, Bhutto had many enemies. The socialist economy and the nationalization of large private industries during his first two years in office greatly upset the business community.... An ill-conceived decision to take over wheat mills, rice husks, sugar mills, and cotton-receiving, the industry in July 1976 angered small business owners and traders. And the left - socialists and communists, intellectuals, students and trade unionists - felt betrayed by Bhutto's transition to center-right conservative economic politics and his growing cooperation with powerful feudal lords, traditional Pakistani power brokers. After 1976, Bhutto's aggressive authoritarian style and often high-profile way of dealing with political rivals, dissidents and adversaries also alienated many.... (page is needed) Delaying the election and calling for After taking office The administrator of the military law, zia soon appeared on national television, PTV promises to hold new and neutral parliamentary elections within the next 90 days . Shortly after the elections, power will be handed over to elected representatives of the people. I give a solemn assurance that I will not deviate from this schedule. He also stated that the Constitution of Pakistan had not been repealed but had been temporarily suspended. He did not trust civil institutions and legislators in ensuring the integrity and sovereignty of the country, so in October 1977 he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start the process of accountability of politicians. On television, mr. Sia strongly defended his decision to postpone the election and demanded that the vetting of political leaders who have engaged in negligence in the past be a check. Thus, the PNA adopted its policy of retribution first, elections later. His policy seriously tarnished his credibility, as many considered the broken promise to be malicious. Another motive was that zia was widely suspected that after the power-size Pakistan People's Party rallies would swell and better performance in the election was possible. This led to a request to postpone the elections by right-wing Islamists as well as the left-wing Socialists, formerly allied with Bhutto, who ousted Bhutto in the first place. He dispatched an intelligence unit known as the ISI political wing, sending General Tuffazul Hussain Siddiquiou to bhutto's home province, Sindh, to assess whether the men would accept martial law. The political wing has also contacted with several right-wing Islamists and conservatives, promising elections, with the PNA power-sharing government with Xi. He successfully divided and separated secular forces from right-wing Islamists and conservatives, and later cleared every member of the secular front. A disqualification tribunal was established and several persons who were members of Parliament were charged with negligence and denied the right to participate in political life at any level for the next seven years. A white paper document was issued, which included the decency of the deposed Bhutto government on several counts. Senior officials say that when he first met with federal secretaries as the country's leader after martial law was imposed, he said that he does not have bhutto's charisma, the identity of Ayub Khan or the legitimacy of Lakuat Ali Khan, implying how he could be sold. (page needed) Board as Chief Administrator of Military Law After the overthrow of Prime Minister Bhutto on July 5, 1977, zia-ul-Haq declared martial law, and appointed himself chief administrator of military law, he remained until he became president on 16 September 1978. The main article of the Doctrine of Necessity: the Islamization of zia-ul-Haqa , the wife of the ousted Prime Minister, filed a lawsuit against the military regime of zia, challenging the validity of the military coup in July 1977. The Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, the overthrow of the Bhutto Government in 1954 was legitimate, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time. This decision tightened the power of the general. When Bhutto personally appealed to the Supreme Court, he almost confirmed his opinion with the judges present that he had not let go of the decision without imposing any conditions on the ruling military government. (Clarification) of Sulfikar Ali Bhutto Court former elected Prime Minister Sulfikar Ali Bhutto was arrested during the coup, but was soon released. After his release, Bhutto toured the country among a crowd of PPP supporters. On 3 September 1977, he was re-arrested by the army on charges of allowing the assassination of a political opponent in March 1974. The trial began on 24 October 1977 and lasted five months. On 18 March 1978, Bhutto was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. According to Abtab Kazi and , zia hated Bhutto and used inappropriate language and insults to describe Bhutto and his colleagues. The Supreme Court ruled between four and three in favour of the execution of the sentence. The High Court sentenced him to death in the murder of Ahmed Raza Kasuri's father, a dissident PPP politician. Despite numerous appeals by foreign leaders for clemency to commute Bhutto's death sentence, zia rejected appeals and upheld the death sentence. On 4 April 1979, Bhutto was hanged after the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence imposed by the Lahore High Court. The hanging of the elected Prime Minister by a military dictator has been condemned by the international community, lawyers and lawyers across Pakistan. Bhutto's trial was highly controversial. Bhutto's recent personal appearance and statements to the Supreme Court were not merely a long-standing defence of his conduct; he also made some issues clear. He mentioned the words heir for his son, Peace Murtaza Bhutto. He made some remark that indicated that he had Sunni-like views, even though he was a Shia, though not a practitioner. He also effectively questioned the reliability of the star witnesses against him, i.e. Masood Mahmood, who was a British lawyer, not just a police officer and the head of the FSB. In his testimony, he repeatedly mentioned Lahore Ahmedi's association with Masood Mahmoud. He repeatedly the subject of his ill-treatment in the death chamber. Bhutto made it clear, though implicitly, that he wanted either freedom or death, not some thing in between, and appreciated Har and his lawyer Yahya Bakhtiyar. (quote necessary) Appointment of military and legal administrators of martial law judges Main article: The Supreme Court of Pakistan Special appointment of senior judges to the Supreme Court of Pakistan was one of the first and the main steps were taken by the military government under the leadership of General zia-ul-Haq. Since then, Bhutto has had good equations with the governments of the Soviet Union, China and all important Western countries, with the exception of the United States. However, it was a huge array of sovereigns, presidents and prime ministers, and the PPP could be forgiven for massive political miscalculations. Following the call for martial law, he pressured President Fazal Illah to appoint Judge Sheikh Anwarul Haq as Chief Justice of Pakistan on 23 September 1977. Immediately Chief Justice Yacoub Ali was forcibly removed from office after the latter agreed to reheat a petition filed with the Supreme Court by the chairman of the Nusrat Bhutto People's Party on 20 September 1977. Following the dismissal of Judge Yaqub Ali Bhutto, he objected to the inclusion of the new Chief Justice, Sheikh Anwar-ul-Haq, as Chief Justice of the bench on the grounds that, having accepted the post of Acting President during the absence of zia-ul-Haq in the country, he had compromised his impartial status. Bhutto also stated that the Chief Justice had criticized his Government in his public statements in the recent past. The objection was over-considered by Chief Justice Anwarul Haq, and Bhutto's case was re-heard by Chief Justice Anwar ul-Haq as the lead judge of the bench, and presided over the entire case of Sulfikar Ali Bhutto, forcing martial law throughout Pakistan. Shortly after the return of zia, another judge, Mushtaq Ahmad, also received the support of zia and Anwar-ul-Haq and was promoted to special Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court; he was too part of the bench that retained the death sentence of Sulfikar Ali Bhutto, although Bhutto was not found guilty of murdering a political opponent. In 1979, when he left for , Judge Haq was pakistan's interim president. The governors of martial law, zia, representing Hilal-e-Imtiaz Shamima Alam Khan, used the installation of high-ranking military generals to carte blanche the provincial administration under martial law. The cavalry comrade of the zia, Lt. Gen. Fajle Haq, was appointed Administrator of Military Law in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Lieutenant General was considered a strong vocal general and a strong man. officer of the army elements responsible for the war against the Soviet Union. (quote necessary) The second appointment was appointed by Lieutenant General S.M. Abbasi, who was appointed administrator of military law in Sindh; his tenure also saw civil disorder amid student unrest. In contrast, the third martial law administrator appointing Lt. Gen. Ghulam Jilani Khan in Punjab province has made great progress in improving Lahore's expansion of infrastructure, and muted political opposition. Nawaz Sharif's ascension to Punjab's chief minister was largely driven by General Jilani's support. Perhaps the most important and fourth appointment of a martial law administrator was then-Lieutenant General . Lt. Gen. Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to the post of Administrator of Military Law in Baluchistan Province, where the Baluch insurgency was disbanded, the containment of the Afghan , and the construction of nuclear test sites in the Chagai area. During his tenure, there was an influx of heroin, modern weapons and countless refugees from neighbouring . The deterioration of the rule of law has worsened since he appointed Mr. Junjo as Prime Minister in 1985. The Government found no evidence that zia was involved in the heroin trade, but it was considered. He benefited from the highly capable martial law administrators who had previously worked with the military governments of former President Yah ia and Ayub Khan in the 1960s. Both were recognized by Western governments as highly qualified and had extensive experience in the military government of East Pakistan and remained confidential members of General zia. Both Admiral Sharif and General Arif dealt effectively with these issues if zia got out of control. In 1979, he influenced the Naval Promotion Board several times after he first succeeded in appointing Admiral Karamatt Nazi as Chief of Staff of the Navy in 1979 and Admiral Tariq Kamal Khan, also Chief of naval staff, in 1983. At his request, then-President Fazal Illahi approved the appointment of General Anwar Shamim as Chief of Air Staff, and after the resignation of the President, Shamim appointed Shamim as Deputy Chief Administrator of Military Law. In matters of serious national security, General zia took the Chief of Air Staff and the Chief of the Naval Staff to the trust after he discussed these issues with the distinguished Chiefs of Staff. The appointment of zia to the service was extremely important for his military government and a pre-emptive measure to ensure the continued loyalty of the Navy and Air Force to himself his new military government. Reigning as Assumption for The Presidency of Pakistan Despite the dismissal of much of the Bhutto government, President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was persuaded to continue in office as a figure. After the end of his term, and despite the insistence of Xia to accept the extension of the President's powers, Chaudhry resigned, and she assumed the post of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. Political Structural Changes Formation of the Majlis-and-Shor Main Articles: Parliament of Pakistan, Technocracy, and bureaucracy Although supposedly only holding office before free elections can be held, General zia, like previous military governments, did not approve of the lack of discipline and orderliness that often accompanies multiparty parliamentary democracy. He preferred the presidential form of government and the decision-making system by technical experts, or technocracy. His first replacement in Parliament or the National Assembly was the Mejlis-e-Shor, or advisory council. After the banning of all political parties in 1979, he dissolved Parliament and, at the end of 1981, established the Majlis, which was to act as a kind of council of presidential advisers and assist the process of Islamization. The 350 shura members were to be appointed by the President and had only the power to consult with him, and in fact served only to endorse decisions already taken by the Government. Most of the Shura members were intellectuals, scientists, ulema, journalists, economists and professionals in various fields. (quote necessary) The Parliament of Sia and its military government reflect the idea of a military-bureaucratic technocracy (IBN), where professionals, engineers and high-ranking military officers were originally part of his military government. His antipathy to politicians led to the advancement of bureaucratic and technocracy, which was seen as a strong weapon against politicians and their political strongholds. Among the senior statesmen and technocrats were the physicist-turned-diplomat Aga Shahi, lawyer Sharifuddin Perzada, corporate leader Nawaz Sharif, economist Mahbub ul-Haq, as well as senior statesman Aftab Kazi, Rudedad Khan and diplomat-turned-chemist Ghulam Ishak Khan, were among the leading technocratic figures in his military government. During a meeting with senior United States officials of the 1984 Referendum following Bhutto's execution, the momentum for elections began to grow both internationally and within Pakistan. But before handing over power to elected representatives, zia-ul-Haq tried to gain a foothold as head of state. On 19 December 1984, a referendum was held with the possibility of electing or dismissing the general as future President, referendum, as a result of the result According to official data, 97.8% of the votes were cast for Sia, but only 20% of the electorate took part in the referendum. Elections 1985 and constitutional amendments Main Articles: The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and general elections in Pakistan, 1985. Most of the main opposition political parties decided to boycott the elections, but the results of the elections showed that many of the winners belonged to one or the other party. Critics have complained that ethnic and sectarian mobilization fills the void left by banning political parties (or holding non-partisan elections) at the expense of national integration. The General worked to give himself the power to dismiss the Prime Minister, dissolve the National Assembly, appoint provincial governors and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Its prime minister, Muhammad Khan Junjo, was known as a humble and to put it mildly Sindhi. Before handing over power to the new government and abolishing martial law, zia was given a new legislature to retroactively take all of the actions of the zia over the past eight years, including his 1977 coup. He also succeeded in adopting several amendments, most notably the Eighth Amendment, which gave the president reserve powers to dissolve Parliament. However, the amendment significantly reduced the powers he had previously granted himself to dissolve the legislature, at least on paper. The text of the amendment allowed the parliament to be dissolved only if the Government was overthrown by a vote of no confidence, and it was obvious that no one could form a government or a Government could not function constitutionally. Main article of economic policy: Market Corp in Pakistan See also: Pakistan's Fifth Five-Year Plans As a whole, zia has given economic development and politics a fairly low priority (except Islamization) and delegated its governance to technocrats such as Ghulam Ishak Khan, Aftab Kazi and Wasim Jaffrey. However, between 1977 and 1986, the country's average annual GDP growth rate was 6.8 per cent, the highest in the world at the time, largely due to remittances from foreign workers rather than government policies. The first year of the government coincided with a sharp increase in remittances, which amounted to $3.2 billion a year for most of the 1980s, representing 10 per cent of Pakistan's GDP; 45 per cent of current account revenues and 40 per cent of total foreign exchange earnings. By the time General zia initiated the coup against Prime Minister Sulfikar Bhutto, the process the nationalization cycle has been completed. Completed. socialist orientation and the nationalization programme have been slowly changing; President zia-ul-Haq actively advocated the directing of authoritarianism in nationalized industries. One of his well-known and early initiatives was to Islamize the national economy, which had an interest-free economic cycle. President Sia has not ordered any action to privatize industries; only three steel mills were returned to its previous owners. By the end of 1987, the Ministry of Finance had begun to study the process of gradual privatization and economic liberalization. Soviet-Afghan war and strategic initiatives of the Soviet invasion and the Soviet-Afghan war The main article: The Soviet-Afghan war on December 25, 1979, the Soviet Union (USSR) intervened in Afghanistan. After this invasion, zia presided over the meeting, and several cabinet members asked him to refrain from intervening in the war because of the Soviet Union's vastly superior military might, however, zia ideologically opposed the idea that communism was flooding the neighboring country, supported by the fear of Soviet advances in Pakistan, especially baluchistan, in search of warm waters, and made no secret of his intentions to help the Afghan resistance (mujahideen) with a large-scale assistance to the United States. During this meeting, the Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI), then Lt. Gen. Akhtar Abdur Rahman, advocated a covert operation in Afghanistan, arming Islamic extremists after that meeting, and zia authorized the operation under the leadership of General Rahman, and then it was merged with the Cyclone program funded by the United States and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In November 1982, he went to Moscow to attend the funeral of Leonid Brezhnev, the late general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. There, the Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko met with Sia and the new Secretary General of THE SOVIET Andropov expressed indignation at Pakistan's support for The Afghan Resistance to the Soviet Union and its satellite, socialist Afghanistan. He took his hand and assured him, Secretary-General, believe me, Pakistan wants nothing but very good relations with the Soviet Union. According to Gromyko, the sincerity of zia convinced them, but the actions of zia did not grow to his words. He canceled many of Bhutto's foreign policy initiatives, for the first time establishing stronger ties with the United States, Japan and the Western world. The severed relations with the socialist state and state capitalism have become its main economic policy. American politician Charlie Wilson claims he worked with zia and the CIA to direct that Israel had captured militants from the PLO in Lebanon in Afghanistan. Wilson claims that he was spotted by zia: Just don't put David's stars on the boxes. The consolidation of the atomic bomb program One of the first initiatives undertaken by zia in 1977 was the militarization of the integrated atomic energy program, which was founded by Sulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1972. In the early stages, the programme was overseen by Bhutto and the Office of Science, led by science adviser Dr. , who chaired the civilian committee that oversaw the construction of facilities and laboratories. This atomic bomb project had no borders with and Dr. Abdul Kadir Khan, who separately conducted and informed Bhutto and his science adviser, Dr. Hassan, who had little interest in the atomic bomb project. Maj. Gen. Sahid Ali Akbar, an engineer, did not play a major role in the nuclear project; In response, he took military control of the programme and dissolved the civilian administration when he ordered Hassan's arrest. This gigantic nuclear energy project was handed over to Akbar, who was soon handed over to the Lieutenant General and Engineer of the Corps of Engineers to work with the authorities with whom cooperation was required. Akbar consolidated the entire project, putting scientific research under military control, setting boundaries and objectives. Akbar proved to be an extremely capable science and technology officer when he aggressively led the development of nuclear weapons under the leadership of Munir Ahmad Khan and Abdul Kadir Khan for five years. By the time it took control, the research facilities had become fully functional and 90% of the atomic bomb project had been completed. Both the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEK) and the Khan Research Laboratory (CRL) have created an extensive research infrastructure created by Bhutto. Akbar's office was moved to the General Staff of the Army (GHS), and Akbar was in charge of the key nuclear science and atomic bomb production. He became the first engineer to acknowledge the success of this energy project in a fully matured program. On the recommendation of Akbar, zia approved the appointment of Munir Ahmad Khan as scientific director of the Atomic Bomb Project, as Akbar convinced zia that civilian scientists, led by Munir Khan, were in the power of resisting international pressure. This was proved when, on 11 March 1983, the Weapon Testing Laboratory, led by Dr. Isfaq Ahmad, Director of the Arms Testing Laboratory, proved that PAEK had tested the cold division of the device codenamed Kirana-I. Lt. Gen. saheed Akbar went to the GHS and notified zia success of this test. PAEC responded by conducting several cool-tests throughout the 1980s, a policy also continued by in the 1990s. 69 According to a reference in the book, There's Grass, zia was so deeply convinced by the infiltration of Western and American moths and spies into the project that he expanded his role in the atomic bomb, which reflected a very paranoia in both personal and professional life. It virtually separated PAEC and KRL from each other and made important administrative decisions instead of putting scientists at the forefront of aspects of atomic programs. His actions spurred innovation in the atomic bomb project, and an intense culture of secrecy and security permeated PAEC and KRL. Nuclear diplomacy unlike Bhutto, which faced rogue criticism and a heated diplomatic war with the United States throughout the 1970s, zia has taken various diplomatic approaches to counter international pressure. From 1979 to 1983, the country was attacked by an international organization for not signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT); Xia deftly neutralized international pressure by noting Pakistan's nuclear weapons program on the nuclear projects of India's neighboring nuclear program. With the help of Munir Ahmad Khan and Aga Shahi, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, zia made the five-day proposal a practical return to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT; including the renunciation of the use of nuclear weapons. (sic)... Either General zia did not know the facts about the project of the atomic bomb in the country... Or General zia was the most superb and patriotic liar I've ever met... - Vernon Walters, 1981, 72 After the success of Operation Opera, in which the Israeli Air Force struck the destruction of Iraq's nuclear program in 1981 - pakistan has grown suspicion that the Indian Air Force has similar plans for Pakistan. In a private meeting with General Anwar Shamim, then Chief of Air Force Staff, zia notified General Shamim that the Indian Air Force was planning to infiltrate Pakistan's nuclear energy project, citing strong evidence. Shamim felt that the AIR force was unable to deflect such attacks, so he advised Sia to use diplomacy through Munir Ahmad Khan to deflect attacks. In Vienna, Munir Ahmad Khan met with Indian physicist Raja Ramenna and notified him that such an attack would provoke a nuclear war between the two countries. Meanwhile, Shamim decided to launch a program to purchase F-16 Falcon and A-5 Fanton fighter jets for the Pakistan Air Force. Shamim launched Operation Sentinel, a counter-operation that thwarted an attempt by the Israeli Air Force to sabotage Pakistan's nuclear project, forcing Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to hold nuclear talks with Pakistan and sent a high high to Pakistan, where both countries have pledged not to provide assistance or attack each other. In 1985, after the induction of the F-16 Falcons and A-5 Fantons, Shamim assigned the Air Force Strategic Command to defend and fight weapons of mass destruction. In 1977, he eventually adopted a policy of nuclear opacity to deliberately deny the atomic bomb program. This policy of nuclear ambiguity was adopted after witnessing the success of Israel's nuclear programme and was repeatedly broken by its words and promises about the nature of the country's atomic bomb project. On nuclear policy, zia deliberately misled the United States and concealed classified information from the outside world. The United States trusted the sincerity of zia and his promises to the United States; The company gave assurances to the United States not to produce weapons-grade plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU) above the level of 5%. However, the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Vernon Walter, encountered him during his secret visit to Pakistan in October 1981. Faced with the evidence, she conceded that the information should be true but then denied everything, leading Walters to conclude that either zia didn't know the facts or was the most excellent and patriotic liar I've ever met. Nuclear proliferation shortly after the coup, the secret nuclear energy project was no longer a secret to the outside world. Part of his strategy was to promote the proliferation of nuclear weapons in anti-Western states (such as North Korea, and communist China) to help their own nuclear ambitions, divert international attention, which was difficult. In 1981, he contracted with China when he sent weapons-grade uranium to China, and built a centrifuge laboratory that increasingly strengthened China's nuclear program. This act inspired Abdul Kadier Khan, who allegedly tried to help the Libyan nuclear program, but because of the strained relations between Libya and Pakistan, Khan was warned of serious consequences. This policy provided that it would deflect international pressure on those countries, and Pakistan would be spared the wrath of the international community. After the death of his successor, General , as Chief of Staff of the Army, called Abdul Kadier Khan and gave him the freedom to work with some like-minded countries, such as North Korea, Iran and Libya, who also wanted to pursue their nuclear ambitions for various reasons. In 2004, the dismissal of Abdul Khan from the nuclear weapons programme was considered a lifeline by the Pakistani armed forces and the political establishment under the leadership of the then Chief of Staff of the Army and President General Pervez Musharraf. The nuclear proliferation policy of the region has had a profound on the world, especially on anti-Western states, most most North Korea and Iran. In the 2000s (decade), North Korea soon followed suit after the international community became a target for its nuclear programme. In the 2000s (decade), North Korea tried to help the Syrian and Iranian nuclear programs in the 1990s. The expansion, despite the fact that zia removed Bhutto's sentiments in the nuclear energy project, zia did not completely dissolve Bhutto's policy on nuclear weapons. Following the resignation of Ali Akbar, he handed over control of the nuclear weapons programme to a close Bhutto aide, Munir Ahmad Khan, chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. He soon promoted Khan as technical director of the entire program and appointed Khan as his science adviser. With the support of the elected civilian Prime Minister, Muhammad Junijo, zia authorized the launch of a 50 megawatt (MW) heavy water plutonium reactor, known as Khushab-I, in Khushab in 1985. He also launched space projects as a spin-off of the nuclear project. He appointed nuclear engineer Salim Mehmood as Administrator of the Space Research Commission. She also launched work on the country's first Badr-1 satellite, a military satellite. In 1987, he launched the clandestine aerospace project Complex Missile Research Program under the leadership of General Anwar Shamim in 1985 and then under the leadership of Lieutenant General Talat Masood in 1987. The military legacy of the illicit drug trade and its spread through Pakistan to the rest of the world increased significantly during the Soviet-Afghan war. Afghanistan's drug industry began operating after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Desperate to get cash to buy weapons, various elements of the anti-communist resistance turned to the drug trade. This was admitted if not pandered to by their American sponsors such as the CIA. The sharization of Pakistan's main article: the Islamization of Muhammad zia-ul-Haq's primary policy, or central policy of the government of zia, was ballization or Islamization. In 1977, before the coup, the use and sale of wine by Muslims, as well as nightclubs and horse racing, were banned by Prime Minister Bhutto in an attempt to stem the tide of street Islamization. The zia went much further, obliging himself to enforce Nizam-e-Mustafa (the Rule of the Prophet or the Islamic System, i.e. the establishment of the Islamic State and Sharia law), which significantly defoished the predominantly secular law of Pakistan inherited from the British. In his first televised speech The country, as head of State, zia stated that Pakistan, which was created in the name of Islam, would continue to survive only if it adhered to Islam. That is why I consider the introduction of the Islamic system a prerequisite for the country. In the past, he complained, Many rulers did what they liked in the name of Islam. He established Sharia benches in each High Court (later the Federal Sharia Court) to try court cases using the teachings of the Koran and the Sunna, as well as to bring Pakistan's legal statutes in line with Islamic doctrine. zia increased the influence of ulema (Islamic clergy) and Islamic parties. 10,000 activists from the Jamaat-e-Islami party were appointed to public office to ensure that his agenda continued after his death. The Conservative Ulama (Islamic scholars) was added to the Council of Islamic Ideology. Islamization was a dramatic change from Bhutto's original philosophical rationale, depicted in the slogan Food, clothing and shelter. According to zia, the socialist economy and secular-socialist orientation only upset Pakistan's natural order and weaken its moral fiber. General zia defended his policy in a 1979 interview with Ian Stevens, a British journalist, that Islam was the foundation of Pakistan. ... Muslims of the subcontinent are a separate culture. It is on the two nations theory that this part was cut from the subcontinent like Pakistan.... The way Mr. Bhutto thrives in this society has been by undermining his moral fiber. ... by filing students against teachers, children against their parents, landlord versus tenants, workers against mill owners. Pakistan is experiencing economic difficulties because have been forced to believe that they can earn money without working. ... We will return to Islam not by choice, but by the power of circumstances. It is not me or my government that imposes Islam. It was what 99 percent of people wanted; The street violence against Bhutto reflected the desire of the people... - General zia-ul-Haq, 2 page is necessary, how much motivation zia came from piety and how much of political calculations is challenged. One of the authors points out that he was clearly silent about the dispute between the unorthodox Sikri and Ulama in Balochistan, where he needed stability. Secular and left-wing forces have accused zia of manipulating Islam for political purposes. According to Nusrat Bhutto, former first lady of Pakistan: ... horrors of the war of 1971 ... are (still) alive and vivid in the hearts and minds of the people of Pakistan ... So, General zia is insanely ... used Islam ... to ensure the survival of his own regime....- Nusrat Bhutto, how much success zia has used state-sponsored Islamization to strengthen national cohesion, also Religious Religious erupted in 1983 and 1984. Sectarian divisions between Sunnis and Shiites have escalated over the issue of the 1979 decree, but differences in the jurisprudence of fiqh have also arisen in marriage and divorce, inheritance and will and the imposition of severe punishments. There were also disputes among Sunni Muslims in Deobandis and Barelvis. She advocated the Deobandi doctrine, and so the Sufi sindh pirates (who were The Barelvis) joined the movement against zia for the restoration of democracy. The main article of the Hudud Decree: Hudud's decree In one of his first and most controversial measures to Islamize Pakistani society was the replacement of parts of the Criminal Code of Pakistan (CPT) with the Hudud Decree of 1979. (Hudud means restrictions or restrictions as within acceptable behavior in Islamic law.) The decree added to Pakistani law new criminal offences related to adultery and adultery, as well as new penalties for flogging, amputation of limbs and stoning to death. For theft or robbery of CPR, the penalty was imprisonment or fine, or both, was replaced by the amputation of the offender's right hand for theft and amputation of the right hand and left leg for robbery. For zina (extramarital sex) provisions relating to adultery were replaced by a decree with a penalty of whipping 100 lashes for those who are not married and stoning to the death of married offenders. All these punishments depended on the evidence necessary for being. In practice, the demand of Hadd - four Muslim men with a good reputation for testifying as a witness to a crime - was rarely met. In 2014, pakistan's judicial system did not throw stones or amputate limbs. Being found guilty of theft, zina, or drinking alcohol to less stringent tazir standards, where the punishment was flogging and/or imprisonment - was common and there was a lot of flogging. Even more alarming for human rights defenders and women's rights advocates, lawyers and politicians is the imprisonment of thousands of rape victims on charges of zin. The woman is the main part of the evidence in the rape case. Unconfirmed testimony of women was inadmissible in the crimes of hudud. If the victim/prosecutor could not prove his claim, bringing the case to trial was considered to be tantamount to admitting to sexual intercourse outside of a legal marriage. Despite this, the decree remained in force until the adoption of the Women's Protection Bill in 2006. Although sharia punishments were imposed, due process of prosecution, witnesses, the law of evidence and the prosecution system remained Anglo-Saxon. The hybridization of Pakistan's penal code with Islamic laws has been hampered by differences in the fundamental logic of the two legal systems. The CPT was a royal law, Haddood is a religious and community law. Other laws according to the zia, the order for women to cover cover leaders while in public was implemented in public schools, colleges and state television. Women's participation in sports and performing arts is strictly limited. According to critics, under Sharia law, women's legal testimony was half that of men. In 1980, the Sunset and Uhra Decree was adopted, 1980. The measure called for an annual deduction of 2.5 percent from personal bank accounts on the first day of Ramadan, with the measure saying the proceeds would be used to fight poverty. Sunset committees have been set up to oversee the distribution of funds. In 1981, interest payments were replaced with profit and loss accounts (although it was thought that profit was simply interest under a different name). The textbooks were revised to remove non-Islamic material, and non-Islamic books were removed from libraries. Food and drink during Ramadan were outlawed, and attempts were made to make them pray for salad five times a day. Blasphemy ordinances prohibiting blasphemy, the Criminal Code of Pakistan (CPT) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) were amended by decrees of 1980, 1982 and 1986. The 1980 Act prohibits derogatory statements against Islamic persons and provides for a penalty of three years' imprisonment. In 1982, a small religious minority, Ahmadiyya, was forbidden to say or imply that they were Muslims. In 1986, by declaring anything that implied disrespect for the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, Ahl al-Bayt (members of the Muhammad family), Sahaba (associates of Muhammad) or Shaar-e-Islam (Islamic symbols) were committed as an educational crime punishable by imprisonment or fine, or both. Madrassa's expansion of the Traditional Religious Madrassah in Pakistan received state support for the first time, under the leadership of General zia-ul-Haq, their number increased from 893 to 2801. Most were Deobandi in doctrinal orientation, while a quarter of them were Barelvi. They received funding from Sunset Councils and provided free religious training, room and rule to poor Pakistanis. Schools, banning televisions and radios, have been criticized by the authors for inciting sectarian hatred between both Muslim sects and non-Muslims. The main article on cultural policy: The New Wave of Rock Music in Pakistan (1980-1989) In an address to the nation in 1979, zia condemned Western culture and music in the country. Soon after, PTV, the national television network stopped playing music videos and only patriotic songs were broadcast. New taxes were levied on the film industry and most cinemas in Lahore were closed. New tax rates were introduced, further reducing cinema attendance. It was with the economic prosperity of his era, The middle and lower middle classes of the country have expanded and western 1980s fashion wear and hairstyles have spread in popularity, and rock rock The group gained momentum, according to left-wing cultural critic Nadim F. Parac. Welfare of people with disabilities during his tenure, he oversaw the adoption of an ordinance for the benefit of people with disabilities. The decree is called the Decree on Persons with Disabilities (Employment and Rehabilitation) 1981 and was adopted on 29 December 1981. It provides for measures to employ, rehabilitate and well-find people with disabilities. The sacking of the Junjo government and the call for new elections eventually the legislature wanted more freedom and power, and by early 1988 there were rumours of disagreements between Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junjo and zia. Some say that the split of Ziya Junjo was inspired by the late Mahboob-ul-Haq and Junjo's insistence on signing the Geneva pact without deciding on the composition of Afghanistan's next government before the withdrawal of Soviet troops. Junjo also gave Benazir a seat next to him in negotiations before that. Junjo did not reinforce the desire for Islamization, but weakened it. His era led to serious unrest in Karachi, and Karachi eventually came under the secular control of the DM from the clutches of the Sunni Jamaat-e-Islami. The explosion in the Oyhri camp has irreversibly weakened the country. Junjo was set to investigate the crash at the Oyhri camp. This cannot be digested by the President, as it will expose the participation of isi and zia co-staff generals. After the defeat of the Soviet army, America wanted to audit the ammunition and missiles supplied to Pakistan by the mujahideen, most of which were stored by Pakistan for future purposes against India or other enemies. So zia planned this event in a very cruel way, sacrificing the lives of the people of Pakistan to carry out their own agenda. On 29 May 1988, he dissolved the National Assembly and removed the Prime Minister from office under article 58 (2)b of the amended Constitution. In addition to many other reasons, one of the main factors responsible for his expulsion was Prime Minister Junjo's decision to sign the Geneva agreement against the wishes of zia and his open statements on the removal of any military personnel found responsible for the explosion at the Akhrie camp on the outskirts of the army headquarters in . He promised to hold elections in 1988 after the resignation of the Junjo government. He said he would hold elections within the next 90 days. The daughter of the late Sulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto, returned from exile in early 1986 and announced that she would contest the elections. With bhutto's growing popularity and the decline in international aid following the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, zia is in an increasingly difficult political situation. Main article of death: Death and state funeral of Muhammad She was killed in a plane crash on August 17, 1988. After witnessing the demonstration of the American M1 Abrams tank in Bahawalpur, he left a small town in Punjab province on a C-130B Hercules aircraft. The plane took off from Bahawalpur Airport and was due to reach Islamabad International Airport. Shortly after the smooth take-off, the control tower lost contact with the plane. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air then claim it was flying erratically and then nosedived and exploded on impact. In addition to the crash, 31 other people were killed in the plane crash, including The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Akhtar Abdur Rahman, a close ally of Sia, Brigadier General Siddique Salik, the American Ambassador to Pakistan, Arnold Lewis Rafel, and Gen. Herbert M. Wassom, head of the U.S. military assistance mission to Pakistan. Ghulam Ishak Khan, the president of the Senate, announced the death of zia on radio and television. The conditions surrounding his death have spawned many conspiracy theories. There is an assumption that the United States, India, the Soviet Union (in retaliation for Pakistani support of the mujahideen in Afghanistan) or their alliance and internal groups comprising the military of zia were behind this incident. A commission of inquiry has been set up to investigate the crash. She concluded that the most likely cause of the crash was a criminal act of sabotage committed on the plane. It also suggested that poisonous gases had been released that had disabled passengers and crew, which explains why the Mayday signal was not given. There was also speculation about other facts related to the details of the investigation. The flight recorder (black box) was not found after the crash, although previous C-130 aircraft did install them. The main suspect in the incident is considered to be Maj. Gen. Mahmoud Ali Durrani, who was suspected by many in Pakistan, as well as the then United States Ambassador to India, John Gunter Dean, who was extremely persistent with President Sia to attend the demonstration. He later stated that reports of Israeli and Indian involvement in the zia plane crash were only speculation, and rejected former President Ghulam Ishak Khan's claim that the presidential plane had been blown up in mid-air. Durrani said the plane was destroyed on landing. Lt. Gen. , head of Pakistan's intelligence service at the time, suggested that the United States might be responsible, even though the U.S. ambassador and military attache were also killed. He told The Times that the Pakistani president was killed in a plot involving a foreign power. Tomb of the Legacy of zia in Islamabad Funeral and after Well, it was a great loss ... He's a martyr, and he was a great man. Schultz, 1988, His funeral took place on 19 August 1988 near Islamabad. As the 21-gun light artillery salute sounded from the lush hills of Margacle, nearly one million mourners joined the chants of zia ul-Haq, you will live as long as the sun and moon remain higher. His remains were buried in a 4 by 10-foot mud grave in front of the vast modern Faisal Mosque, which zia built as a symbol of Pakistani-Saudi friendship. Also present were his successor, President Ghulam Ishak Khan, Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces, Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and other high- ranking military and civilian officials. Former U.S. Secretary of State George. Schultz also laid a floral wreath at the tomb of zia. Public image Even after his death, zia-ul-Haq remained a highly polarizing and widely discussed figure in the intellectual and political circles of the country. Of the country's short history, the legacy of the country remains the most toxic, enduring and invulnerable legacy, according to an editorial written in Dawn. Historians and political scientists have extensively discussed and studied his policy-making skills, with some authors tagging him as Ringmaster, Master of Illusion and Master Of Tactics. However, his most remembered and enduring legacy was his indirect involvement and military strategy, by proxy supporting the mujahideen, against the Soviet war in Afghanistan. His rule also helped the Conservatives rise to the national stand against Benazir Bhutto. He is also a graduate of Pakistan as one of Pakistan's most successful generals, assigning responsibility to the armed forces for the country's affairs. During his regime, Western styles in hair, clothing and music flooded the country. In the 1980s, music was born, expressing Pakistani nationalism in the country. The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan With the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (2010), the executive powers of General zia were legally removed from the Constitution of Pakistan. (126) Jordan's Foreign Honors: Order of the Star of Jordan Thailand: Knight of the Order of Rajamytrabhorn (128) Jordan: Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali in popular culture, zia was repeatedly portrayed in popular culture, including: in the comic Strip Shattered Visage, it is implied that the death of Sia was organized by the same intelligence service that organized The Village. Sia was portrayed by Indian actor Om Puri in the 2007 film Charlie Wilson's War. Sia is caricatured as one of the main characters in The 2008 satirical novel by Mohammed Hanif The Case of Bang Mango, which is loosely based on the events of his death. She is the basis for General Haider's character in Salman Rushdie's novel Shame (1983), which describes the long-term relationship of zia Sulfikar Ali Bhutto (here known as Iskander Harrapa), a president whom he would later overthrow and salute to death. The capture of Pakistan by Muhammad zia-ul-Haq and the circumstances of his death were mentioned in Star Trek's Rise and Fall of Khan Nunein Singh, volume one. In the prelude to the fictional Eugenics War, it is implied that genetically modified superman Khan Nunen Singh orchestrated the accident. The repressive regime of zia-ul-Haq and the execution of Sulfikar Ali Bhutto were mentioned in the book Songs of Blood and Sword, a non-fiction memoir by Murtaza Bhutto's daughter Fatima Bhutto. See also the Pakistan portal Biography portal Islam portal Joan Herring human rights portal in Pakistan according to General zia-ul-Haq Politics of Pakistan Line of Succession of the President of Pakistan List of Presidents of Pakistan Military Dictatorship under the regime of General zia-ul-Haq Corporate Capitalization Links - //www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page%3D2008%5C%5C05%5C%5C30%5C%5Cstory_30-5- 2008_pg7_56&date=2009-09-04. Archive from the original on February 15, 2017. Received on February 12, 2017. Missing or empty name (help) - b c d e f h i j k l n o p r s Haqqani, Hussain (2005). Pakistan: between the mosque and the military; From the Islamic Republic to the Islamic State. United States: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005). 395 pages. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1. Amin, Abdul Hafeez. Remembering our warriors: Babar the Great. Interview with Major General Baber. Pakistan's Defence Journal. Archive from the original on April 28, 2016. Rafik Dossani (2005). Prospects for peace in South Asia. Stanford University press. 46-50. ISBN 978-0-8047-5085-1. a b c History of Pakistan. Uster Sulfigar Ali Bhutto (PHP). Received on November 7, 2006. Vinbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Facts in the file. page 216. In his first address to the people, he promised that the Government would work to create a genuine Islamic society. Haqqani 2010, p. 131: zia ul-Haq is often identified as the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into the global center of political Islam. Undoubtedly, he went further than anything in defining Pakistan as an Islamic state, and he cherished jihadist ideology. Pakistan, modern history. NY: St. Martin's Press. page 245. Pakistan between 1977-1988 ... I wanted to be an ideological state... The Islamic State's goal was considered to be its main base. Hannah, Sushil Hannah. Crisis in Pakistan's economy. Hanna was drying. Received on November 16, 2011. Setting the record straight: Not all dictators are equal, nor are all Democrats incompetent. Express Tribune. May 20, 2012. Received on March 24, 2016. a b c d e f The government of Pakistan. Eight amendments. Pakistan's constitution. Received on November 16, 2011. Pakistan abused Ahmadis. Economist. London. January 13, 2010. Received on November 13, 2011. In order to fulfil its potential, Pakistan must return to its original intention of the Lahore Resolution. HuffPost. March 21, 2016. Nawaz should apologize. Dawn (editorial). Received on May 17, 2018. Alam, Imtiaz. Nawaz is a product of martial law. Geo TV. Jang Group. Received on May 17, 2018. Haqqani 2010, page 112 - b c /K Natwar Singh (1997). Master of the game: zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan. Special Reff. Received on September 28, 2013. Dennis Hevesi, The Inflexible Commander of the Atomic and Islam Era and Khalid Hassan (March 16, 2008). POSTCARD USA: Pakistani flying carpet. The Daily Times. Lahore. Archive from the original on October 20, 2012. Received on November 13, 2011. Gone, but not forgotten. News. Archive from the original on November 19, 2011. Received on November 13, 2011. 2011, page 275 - Book: President of Pakistan, General Mohammad zia-ul-Haq: January-December 1985 - Funeral of zia ul-Haq. Storyofpakistan.com june 1, 2003. Archive from the original on December 18, 2011. Received on November 13, 2011. The daughter of zia is here. Tribune. Chandigarh. Received on November 13, 2011. Shatlugan recalls his connections to Zia. Tribune. Chandigarh. March 21, 2006. Received on November 13, 2011. Umeda-e-Noor's efforts for special children were praised. Paktribune.com. received on November 13, 2011. In Mumbai, she sends a prayer for peace. Cities.expressindia.com archive from the original on November 19, 2011. Received on November 13, 2011. Sia through the eyes of her daughter. Khalidhasan.net. 28 March 2004. Archive from the original on September 28, 2011. Received on November 13, 2011. General Muhammad zia-ul-Haq. Ijazulhaq.com archive from the original dated July 13, 2011. Received on November 13, 2011. GENERAL MUHAMMAD ZIA UL HAZ. A.H. Amin. Interview with Brig (retired) Shamim Yasin Manto Defence Journal, February 2002 - Leonard, Thomas M (2005). Encyclopedia of the developing world. ISBN 9781579583880. Received on March 24, 2016. In the summer of 1976, General zia, who had started seven senior lieutenants, told Prime Minister Ali Bhutto: Sir, I am very grateful to you for ingingle of me as Chief of Staff of the Army. Not only me, but future generations will be eternally grateful to you for naming me for such a great honor, and it is a favor I will never forget. Herald, July 1992 - Haqqani 2010, page 111, Kauasji, Ardeshir (June 29, 1995). Generals. DAWN Wire Service (editorial). Archive from the original on April 27, 2013. A.H. Amin Remembering Our Warriors: Major General (Ret.) Tajammal Hussain Malik Defense Journal, September 2001 - Militarism and State of Pakistan: Military Eqbal Ahmed (Le Monde Diplomatique, October 1977) Archive February 23, 2006 on Wayback Machine - b c U.S. Country Research. Sulfikar Ali Bhutto (PHP). Received on November 7, 2006. Mazar, Sherbaz (2000) Journey to Disappointment and, Gayur and Kaushik 1989, page 23 -, Gayur and Kaushik 1989, p. 29 - Haiman, Gayur and Kaushik 1989, page 30 - Haqqani 2010, p. 126 - b b d f h h Sea dictatorship. Strategic analysis. 4. 1980. a b c d e Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Press. 695 pages. ISBN 978-1-59420-007-6. ghost wars of the secret history of the CIA of Afghanistan and bin Laden from the Soviet invasion until September 10, 2001. Vavrault, Jeffrey (2010). Carter Doctrine (Google book). Fast sand. New York, United States: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-101-19768-4. Received on July 9, 2012. a b Panhwar, member of the Sindh Provincial Assembly, Sani H. (April 5, 1979). The CIA sent Bhutto to Galloway. The New York Times. Archive from the original on January 14, 2012. Received on August 23, 2011 - through sixhour.com. I (Ramsey Clark) do not believe in conspiracy theories in general, but the similarities in the organization of the riots in Chile (where the CIA allegedly helped overthrow President Salvador Allende) and in Pakistan too close, Bhutto was removed from power in Pakistan by force on July 5, after the usual party of the 4th at the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad , with the approval of the U.S., if not more, zia. Bhutto was falsely accused and ill-treated for months during a trial that corrupted Pakistan's judiciary before being killed and then hanged. As Americans, we must ask ourselves: is it possible that a rational military leader in Pakistan could overthrow a constitutional government without at least tacit approval from the United States?. Talbot, Jan (1998). Pakistan, modern history. NY: St. Martin's Press. page 256. a b c d e PML. . Public Press PML. Pakistan Muslim League. Archive from the original on February 9, 2012. Received on December 29, 2011. , Gayur and Kaushik 1989, page 38, 40: In the first week of October 1977, the general abruptly postponed the elections... Perhaps now some political leaders felt that the general's game was different... Many people now believe that the general was ready for his plan when he took the reins, and was shrewd to follow the plan when he announced the postponement of the election.Pakistan - the dream went sour. Athar Hussain Ansari, PAF. Roedad Khan. Received on November 16, 2011. What is the constitution? This is a booklet with twelve or ten pages. I can tear them off and say that tomorrow we will live by a different system. people will follow wherever I lead. All politicians, including the once mighty Mr. Bhutto and his friends, will follow me with their tails wagging... General Sia-ul-Haq in 1977 - zia, describing Bhutto. Saudi Press Agency. Received on November 16, 2011. I hate anyone projecting as a leader... if you want to serve the Islamic umma and humanity, do it as a humble man. Among Muslims we are all Muslim brothers ... Not leaders... The attitude of zia to Bhutto and his friends. It's either his neck or mine! ... I didn't judge him or his friend (Mubashir Hassan), and if they find him guilty, my God, I'm not going to let him go! Missing or empty (help) - b c d e Lyon, Peter Lyon (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: encyclopedia. California: Library of Congress, USA. page 276. ISBN 978-1-57607-713-9. a b c d e f g h i j Mohammad Asghar Khan. Six o'clock. Six o'clock, Bhutto. Archive from the original on September 4, 2012. Received on December 7, 2012. Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: history. New York: Griffin St. Martin. 290-292. ISBN 978-0-312-20667-3. Burki, Shahid Javed (1999). Pakistan: Fifty years of the nation. Publishers Westview. page 68. ISBN 9780786752102. Khan, Roedad (1997). Pakistan - The dream has gone sour. Oxford University Press. page 263. ISBN 978-0-19-577776-5. a b c d Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan, modern history. NY: St. Martin's Press. 260-1. Many Islamists noted that although the Koran does not mention elections, parliaments, etc., the Koran did call on Muhammad - the first Muslim ruler and one whom Muslims should emulate - to consult with his comrades. (see Muhammad Haq's Need for Consultation) on 9 December 2014 in Storback (January 3, 2013) - Al-Mushir 24, n.2 (1982), p.85, Talbot, Jan (1998). NY: St. Martin's Press. 284-5. Elections without parties encourage sectarian and ethnic mobilization at the expense of national integration. K. Rakisitz points out that '.... Ethnic identity is increasingly replacing the Pakistani nation as a symbol of emotional loyalty. Pakistan, modern history. NY: St. Martin's Press. page 246, 7. ... the period of rapid economic growth in the 1980s also eased the threats to the power of the zia, although it was based more on the generosity of remittances from foreign workers than on economic policy. ... per capita income increased by 34%, but the economy also benefited from foreign remittances of $25 billion in foreign remittances. Pakistan: A Handbook on Global Studies. ABC-CLIO. page 110. ISBN 9781851098019. Received on December 4, 2014. The sharp increase in remittances coincided with the first year of the government of zia and is considered to be the most significant economic in his era. These remittances totaling $3.2 billion a year for most of the 1980s have been significant, particularly in terms of the size of the economy. They account for 10 per cent of GDP; 45 per cent of current account revenues and 40 per cent of total foreign exchange earnings are Hussein, Ishrat (1999). Pakistan: The economy is elitism. Karachi: Oxford University Publishing House. a b c d e Yousaf, Pennsylvania, Brigadier General (retired) Mohammad (1991). Silent : The man behind the Afghan jehad, General Akhtar Abdur Rahman. Karachi, Sindh: Jang Publishing House, 1991. 106 pages. a b, Gayur and Kaushik 1989, p. 35-36 - b c Editorial (July 31, 2003). Tricky diplomacy. Economist. Received on January 4, 2012. b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Rahman, Shahidur (1999). The long road to Chagaya General and atomic toys. Oxford, Islamabad, and New York: Printwise Publications. 135-144. ISBN 978-969-8500-00-9. a b c Khan, Feroz Hassan (November 7, 2012). Trials of enrichment, adversity and success. Eating grass: Making a Pakistani bomb. Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press. 150-151. ISBN 978-0804776011. Received on January 8, 2013 - through Google Books. Mia, zia. South Asian bomb cultures: the atomic public and the state in India and Pakistan. New York: Oxford Press University. a b c d e f Wikileaks. Administrator Reagan swallowed General zia's lie about nuclear weapons. April 27, 2012 - Declassified Information Archive, 1981. First post. Received on April 28, 2012. a b c d e Shamim, Anwar (2010). Cutting Edge PAF: Memories of the former Air Force Commander about the developing Air Force: intelligence and deception. Islamabad, the territory of the capital Islamabad: Vanguard Books. 320-351. ISBN 978-969-402-540-7. Shbir, Usman. Munir Ahmad Khan: Pakistan's nuclear supremo. Pakistani military consortium. Missing or empty (help) - Gaurav Campania (February 23, 2004). Spread unbound: Nuclear tales from Pakistan. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Research. Middlebury Institute of International Studies in Monterey. Archive from the original on April 1, 2004. The man who sold the bomb Time.com Sunday, February 6, 2005 - b Mehmoud, Ph.D. Salim (nuclear engineering). Pakistan and Earth Observation System (EOS). Missing or empty (assistance) (full quote is needed) - Lodi, Lieutenant General Safdar F.S. (May 1998). Pakistan missile technology. Head of the Integrated Missile Research and Development Program (IMRDP). Pakistan's Defence Journal. Richard McGill Murphy (October 16, 1997) Drug trafficking in Afghanistan, Forbes.com and b Jones, Owen Bennett (2002). Pakistan : Storm eye. New Haven and London: Yale University Press Office. 16-7. Isbn ... He rewarded the only political party that offered him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat Jamaat women were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other public institutions. These appointments meant that the Islamic agenda of zia lived long after his death. a b c d e f h Michael Heng Siam-Heng; Ten Chin Liu (2010). State and secularism: perspectives from Asian General zia-ul-Haq and Patronization of Islamism. Singapore: World Scientific. page 360. ISBN 9789814282383. a b c Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (2006 - I.B. Taui. page 100-101. ISBN 9781845112578. Received on December 5, 2014. Talbot, Jan (1998). Pakistan, modern history. NY: St. Martin's Press. page 251. Speech on 2 December 1978 to mark the first day of Hijri and a b c d Haqqani, His Excellency and The Ambassador of Pakistan to the United States of America, Dr. Hussein (2005). Pakistan: between the mosque and the military. Washington, D.C.: United Book Press. page 400. ISBN 9780870032851. a b Double Danger: Police abuse against women in Pakistan. Human Rights Watch. 1992. 19. ISBN 9781564320636. Received on December 3, 2014. a b c d e Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Facts in the file. 216-7. ISBN 9780816061846. a brief history of Pakistan zia strengthen ulama. Talbot, Jan (1998). Pakistan, modern history. NY: St. Martin's Press. page 252. The need for stability in the strategic region of Baluchistan during the Afghan war has forced zia to distance itself from the sectarian conflict between the unorthodox community of Sikri and the streets. ... Significantly on the sidelines of the issue, mr. zia echoed the critics' assertion that his call for Islamization was merely a cover for his undemocratic regime, not a genuine desire. b c Talbot, Jan (1998). Pakistan, modern history. NY: St. Martin's Press. page 251. The state-sponsored process of Islamization has sharply exacerbated sectarian divisions not only between Sunnis and Shiites over the 1979 Sunset Ordinance, but also between Deobandi and Barelvis. Talbot, Jan (1998). Pakistan, modern history. NY: St. Martin's Press. page 271. Talbot, Jan. 7 Religion and violence. In Hinnells, Richard King, John (South Asia Religion and Violence: Theory and Practice. books.google.com/books?id=DRMTO7mn7hIC&pg=PR17&dq=Muhammad+Zia-ul- Haq+military&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z3adUKcW0b7RAcLkgIgK&ved=0CC0Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Muhammad zia-ul-Haq Military False Pakistan: Country Exploration edited by Peter R. Blood and Lau, Martin (September 1, 2007). Twenty-five years of Hudud Decrees-Review. Washington and Lee Law Review. 64 (4): 1292, 1296. Received on November 18, 2014. a b Haqqani 2010, p. 144 - Rape Act. Newslinemagazine.com. 5 October 2003. Archive from the original on October 9, 2011. November 13, 2011. Sunset Decree 1980 (PDF). cdcpakistan.com. Archive of the original (PDF) on the April 2015. Received on November 21, 2014. a b c Jones, Owen Bennett (2002). Pakistan : Storm eye. New Haven and London: Yale University Press Office. 16-7. ISBN 0300101473. zia gives him the freedom to ignore internationally accepted human rights norms. What are Pakistan's blasphemy laws?. Bbc News. November 6, 2014. Received on November 21, 2014. Jahangir, Asma. Human rights in Pakistan, the system in creation. In Samantha Power, 20 November 2014, the transition from inspiration to the impact of Palgrave Macmillan. a b Front Line Pakistan: Fighting Militant Islam, edited by zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press Office, 2006, p.81, b Apocalyptic Sphere: Jihadists in South Asia, Dilip Hiro, Yale University Press Office, 2012, p.162, b Frontline Pakistan: Fighting Militant Islam , edited by Sahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2006, p.78 - Branigan, Tanya (February 13, 2004). My film is part of the peace process. London: Guardian Unlimited. Received on July 3, 2008. and b Lollywood goes pop. In the media. Archive from the original on April 26, 2011. Received on July 3, 2008. a b c Nadeem F. Paracha (March 28, 2013). Times are a vital sign. Dawn News, by Nadeem F. Paracha. Archive from the original on April 2, 2013. Received on April 3, 2013. It was a time when the cunning General ziaul-haq reigned supreme ... Although the country at the time was covered ... facade of strict conservatism and ... moralistic pretense,... Ironically, it's... also contributed to the gradual expansion of the country's urban middle and lower middle classes. And it was the youth cultures that came out of these classes that started the first shots of the kind of pop culture, scene and music we now call modern Pakistani pop music. The Punjab government. December 29, 1981. Received on March 24, 2016. Harro Ranter (August 17, 1988). Asn Lockheed C-130B Hercules 23494 Bahawalpur Airport (BHV) crash. aviation-safety.net. received on March 24, 2016. Pakistan's foreign affairs are Pakistan's. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (MOFA, 1988) - A request in court for the reopening of the case of the C-130 Business Recorder, April 22, 1996 Archive May 30, 2005 in the Road Machine - Editorial: another clue about the death of General zia. The Daily Times. Lahore. December 4, 2005. Archive from the original on June 6, 2011. Received on November 13, 2011. The bone, James; Hussain, saheed (August 16, 2008). As Pakistan enters the full circle, the lights are lit after the death of zia ul-Haq. Times. London. page 40. Received on November 13, 2011. (subscription required) - Hamilton, Dwight; Rimsa, Costas (2007). Terrorist threat: international and homegrown terrorists and their threat to Canada. Dandurn. page 83. Isbn Received on July 3, 2015 - through the Internet archive. Sia al-Haq. ^ ^ The history and culture of Pakistan by Nigel Kelly. ISBN 1-901458-67-9 - Engines explored in a plane crash. Deseret News. Ap. April 16, 1982. Received on September 6, 2018. John Gunter Dean. An archival copy. Archive from the original june 1, 2009. Received 10 January 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as the title (link) Oral history on jimmycarterlibrary and Durrani, Mahmoud Ali (14 September 2009). Pakistan began a war with India in 1965. The Daily Times. Archive from the original on February 6, 2012. Received on November 3, 2011. Ghosh, Palaszczuk. The politics that killed General zia of Pakistan? Perhaps Israelis, THE United States, Moscow; He implemented Sharia law and his murder remains unsolved for 25 years he was buried in the premises of the Faisal Mosque, Islamabad. Chowk near the Faisal Mosque is popularly known as GABRA CHOWK after discovering only teeth in the accident incident. Later. International Business Times. IBT Media Inc. was received on November 22, 2014. - Feinman, Mark (August 21, 1988). A million mourns at the funeral for zia Pakistan. Los Angeles Times. Received on December 2, 2012. The Faisal Mosque is named after the late King Faisal of Saudi Arabia and was partly built on Saudi funds - b Nasir, Abbas (July 7, 2012). It's a long shadow of zia. Dawn newspaper. Dawn newspaper. Received on December 2, 2012. , Gayur and Kaushik 1989, p. 35 and Rehman, I A (September 1988). Siaul Haq: Master of Illusion. Islamabad: Dawn Newspapers, Rehman. Dawn newspaper. Received on August 18, 2016. Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997). Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Ethnic Impact on Diplomacy, 1971-1994. London: Taurus. ISBN 978-1-86064-169-5. b Electoral Commission of Pakistan on zia-ul-Haq. Pakistan's Electoral Commission on zia-ul-Haq. Archive from the original on March 16, 2013. Received on December 2, 2012. Kapoor, Ashok (1991). The legacy of zia ul-Haq. Pakistan in crisis (1. London: Routledge p. 146- 190. ISBN 978-0-415-00062-8. Received on December 2, 2012. The 18th Amendment Bill, Pakistan. Council on Foreign Relations. Archive from the original on April 6, 2016. Received on March 24, 2016. GeoTV Geo News Latest News Latest News Pakistan Live Video. geo.tv archive from the original dated September 24, 2015. Received on March 24, 2016. - th 2005%201987%2C%20Jordan%20Times%2C%20%233594%2C%20Jordan%20%28en%29 Mohammed Hanif (May 2008). A case of mango explosion. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26807-5. Greg Cox (July 2001). The rise and fall of Khan Nunein Singh, volume one. Pocket books. ISBN 978-0-671-02127-6. Haqqani Bibliography, Hussein (2010), Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military, Carnegie Foundation, ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1, Anthony; Gayur, Muhammad; Kaushik, Naresh (1989), Pakistan, zia and --, Delhi: Abhinav Saif, Abdul Salam (2011), My Life with the , Hirst, ISBN 978-1-84-904152-2 Further reading of books about the period of time Hak Ali, Tariq (2007). Leopard and fox: Pakistan tragedy. Seagull Books. ISBN 978-1-905422-29-6. Arif, Khalid Mahmood (1995). Working with zia: Pakistan's power policy 1977-1988. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577570-8. Arif, Khalid Mahmood (2001). Haki Shadows: Pakistan 1947-1997. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-579396-X. Bhutto, Fatima (2000). Songs of blood and sword. : University Press Llc ISBN 978-0-670-08280-3. Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-59420-007-6. Creel, George (2002). Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of How the Wildest Man in Congress and a CIA Agent-Outing changed the story of our time. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113- 854-5. Emma Duncan (1989). Breaking curfew: a political journey through Pakistan. Michael Joseph. ISBN 978-0-7181-2989-7. Hussein, Mushahid (1990). Politics of Pakistan: the years of zia. Lahore: Progressive publishers. OCLC 22854226. Hussein, Syedi (2000). Ayub, Bhutto and zia: How they became victims of their own plans. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 9789693510805. Lamb, Christina (1992). Waiting for Allah: Pakistan's struggle for democracy. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-014334-8. Mazar, Sherbaz (1999). A journey to disappointment. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579769-5. Sardar, Siauddin (2004). Desperate for paradise: Travel skeptical Muslims. London: Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-86207-650-1. Wasim, Mohammad (1987). Pakistan under martial law, 1977-1985. Vanguard Books. ISBN 9789694023670. Yousaf, Mohammad; Mark Adkin (1992). Bear Trap: The Untold Story of Afghanistan. London: L. Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-267-6. Ayub, Muhammad (2005). Army, its role and rule: The history of the Pakistani army from independence to Kargil 1947-1999. Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books. ISBN 0-8059-9594-3. Wikiquote's external link has quotes related to: Muhammad zia-ul-Haq Biography video 'Shahid e Islam Annotated bibliography for Muhammad zia-ul-Haq from also digital library on nuclear issues Who killed zia? Edward J. Epstein for Vanity Fair, September 1989 Official profile on the website of the Pakistani Army Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan General zia-ul-Haq in a plane crash due to a mechanical problem (Times London) Mohammad zia-ul-Haq President of Pakistan at the encyclopedia Britannica Military Offices Preceded by Sulfikar Ali Bhutto Colonel Commandant of the Army Armor The Corps1974-1978 Years replaced Ali Jan Mehsud Previous Tikka Khan Chief of Staff Army1976-1988 ReplacedMirza Aslam Running Political Offices Precededzulfikar Ali Bhutto Minister of Defense1978 Replaced Ali Ahmed Khan Talpur Previous Ali Talpur Defense Minister1985 replaced Muhammad Khan Junjo preceded fazal Ilahi Chaudhry President of Pakistan1978-1988 replaced extracted from the

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