Notes

1 Introduction 1. Quoted in New York Times (March 1, 2002). 2. Christian Meier, From Athens to Auschwitz, trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 1. 3. L’Express (February 7, 2002). 4. Umberto Eco, “An Uncertain Europe Between Rebirth and Decline,” in Daniel Levy, Max Pensky, and John Torpey (eds.), Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations after the Iraq War (London: Verso, 2005), p. 20. 5. Quoted in Max Berley, “Le Modest Proposal” Foreign Policy (January–February 2003): 80. Bush remark quoted in William Odom and Robert Dujaric, America’s Inadvertent Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 51. 6. Stehpen Haseler, The Super-Rich (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), p. 169. 7. Deutsche Welle (June 23, 2005). 8. Quoted in New York Times (May 2, 2004). 9. Quoted in The Economist (May 31, 2003). 10. Deutsche Welle (June 15, 2005). 11. Laurent Cohen-Tanugi, “The End of Europe?” Foreign Affairs (November/December 2005): 58. 12. Claus Leggewie, Amerikas Welt: Die USA in unseren Köpfen (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 2000), p. 29. 13. Quoted in ibid., p. 26. 14. Jacques Derrida, The Other Heading: Reflections on Today’s Europe, trans. Pascale Anne Brault and Michael Naas (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992). 15. Agnes Heller, “Europe: An Epilogue?” in Brian Nelson, David Roberts, and Walter Veit (eds.), The Idea of Europe: Problems of National and Transnational Identity (New York: Berg, 1992), p. 22. 16. Walter Laqueur, The Last Days of Europe: Epitaph for an Old Continent (New York: St. Martin’s, 2007). 17. The Economist (March 17–23, 2007). 18. Ibid (June 4–10, 2005). 19. Ray Hudson and Allan Williams (eds.), Divided Europe (London: Sage, 1998); John Newhouse, Europe Adrift (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997); Ronald Tiersky (ed.), Euro-Skepticism: A Reader (Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2001); John Redwood, 162 ● Notes

Superpower Struggles: Mighty America, Faltering Europe, Rising Asia (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Claire Berlinski, Menace in Europe: Why the Continent’s Crisis Is America’s, Too (New York: Random House, 2007); Laqueur, Last. 20. Chirac and Prodi both quoted in The Economist (April 26, 2003). 21. Quoted in Foreign Policy (September–October 2004): 16. 22. Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, “Unsere Erneuerung. Nach dem Krieg: Die Wiedergeburt Europas” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (March 31, 2003). The other letters are reprinted in Levy, et al., Old. 23. See, for instance, K.N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); John Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); R. Bin Wong, China Transformed (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1995); and André Gunder Frank, ReOrient (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). 24. Joseph Nye, “Soft Power” Foreign Policy 80 (Fall 1990): 153–71. 25. Victor Lieberman, “Introduction” to Lieberman (ed.), Beyond Binary Histories: Re-Imagining Eurasia to c. 1830 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), p. 5. 26. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978). See the endnote 23 above for other anti-Eurocentrists. 27. See, for instance, Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (New York: Knopf, 2006). 28. See Mathew Melko, “Mainstream Civilizations” Comparative Civilizations Review 44 (Spring 2001): 55–71. 29. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 43. 30. See Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000); or Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and its Predecessors (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 24–77. 31. Max Weber, “ ‘Objectivity’ in Social Science and Social Policy,” in Edward Shils and Henry Finch (eds.), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Glencoe: Free Press, 1949), pp. 72–111; Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. Joan Stambaugh (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996); Hans Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, trans. Garret Barden and John Cumming (New York: Continuum, 1975); and Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Pantheon, 1971). 32. Weber, “ ‘Objectivity,’ ” pp. 72–111. 33. See, for example, Said, Orientalism. 34. See Peter Burke’s thoughtful conceptualization of Europe, which my own under- standing parallels, in “Did Europe Exist before 1700?” History of European Ideas 1 (1980): 21–29. 35. Anthony Pagden, Worlds at War: The 2,500-Year Struggle between East and West (New York: Random House, 2008), pp. 5–6, argues that a sense of Europeanness has existed since the fifth entury BCE. Notes ● 163

36. Walter Russell Mead, God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World (New York: Knopf, 2007) stresses the strong ties binding America and Britain. Though I recognize that Britain’s affinities to America are greater than the Continent’s, I point up salient differences that connect the United Kingdom to Europe more than America. 37. See, for example, Richard Bulliet, The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004). 38. Dante Alighieri, The Inferno, trans. John Ciardi (New York: Mentor, 1982), vol. 4, pp. 145–47. 39. Robert Solomon, History and Human Nature: A Philosophical Review of European Philosophy and Culture, 1750–1850 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), p. xvii. 40. Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (London: Oxford University Press, 1954), vol. 8, pp. 728–29. 41. Montesquieu and Voltaire quoted on p. 65, Rousseau on p. 82 of Derek Heater, The Idea of European Unity (New York: St. Martin’s, 1992); Gibbon on p. 353 of Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium. 42. Edmund Burke, “First Letter on a Regicide Peace,” R.B. McDowell (ed.), in Paul Langford (ed.), The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 9, p. 250. 43. Quoted in Biancamaria Fontana, “The Napoleonic Empire and the Europe of Nations,” in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 127. 44. Quoted in Stefan Elbe, Europe: A Nietzschean Perspective (London: Routledge, 2003), p. 12. 45. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London: Macmillan, 1920), p. 3. 46. Lucien Febvre, L’Europe. Genèse d’une civilization (Paris: Perrin, 1999), p. 44. 47. Hans-Georg Gadamer, “The Diversity of Europe: Inheritance and Future,” in Hans-Georg Gadamer (ed.), Education, Poetry and History: Applied Hermeneutics, trans. Lawrence Schmidt and Monica Reuss (New York: SUNY Press, 1992), p. 224. 48. Derrida, Heading, pp. 82–83. 49. Umberto Eco makes the same point in “Uncertain,” p. 15. 50. See George Holmes, Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt 1320–1450 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 2. 51. See Anne Goldgar, Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters 1680–1750 (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 3. 52. Peter Gay, Schnitzler’s Century (New York: Norton, 2002), p. 5.

2 The Quest for Subjective Eurocentrism 1. Rémi Brague, Eccentric Culture: A Theory of Western Civilization, trans. Samuel Lester (South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press, 2000), pp. 133–34. Etienne Balibar, We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship, trans. James 164 ● Notes

Swenson (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 219 also stresses Europe’s unprecedented interest in other cultures. 2. Leo Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism: An Introduction to the Thought of Leo Strauss, Essays and Lectures by Leo Strauss (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), pp. 72–73. 3. Brague, Eccentric, p. 25. Matthew Arnold labeled them “Hebraism” and “Hellenism.” 4. To this day, Greeks say they are “going to Europe” when they travel to Italy, France, etc. See ibid., p. 19. 5. Ibid., p. 54. 6. Ibid., p. 41. 7. Ibid., p. 55. 8. Ibid., p. 128. 9. Ibid., pp. 35, 43, and 35. 10. Ibid., p. 128–31. 11. Ibid., p. 130. 12. Ibid., p. 99. 13. Ibid., p. 41. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid., pp. 114–16. 16. Ibid., p. 147. 17. Ibid., p. 144. 18. Ibid., pp. 133–34. 19. Ibid., pp. 130–33. 20. See Peter J. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 431–59. 21. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity AD 200–1000 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 301 and 60. 22. Quoted in ibid., p. 56. 23. Patrick J. Geary, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 114–50. 24. Brown, Rise, p. 133. 25. Ibid., p. 219. 26. Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Europe, trans. Janet Lloyd (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), p. 22. 27. Brown, Rise, pp. 255–58. 28. Peter Rietbergen, Europe: A Cultural History (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 98–100; and Brown, Rise, pp. 276–98. 29. Le Goff, Birth, pp. 32–33. 30. Brown, Rise, p. 282. 31. John France, The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000–1714 (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 15. 32. See Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993). 33. R.I. Moore, The First European Revolution, c. 970–1215 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000). Notes ● 165

34. See Dominique Barthélemy, et al., “Debate: The Feudal Revolution” P&P 152 (1996), 155 (1997). 35. See Franco Cardini, Europe and Islam, trans. Caroline Beamish (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), pp. 49–50. 36. As one contemporary quoted in France, Crusades, p. 3 called it. 37. R.W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), p. 13. 38. Le Goff, Birth, p. 150. 39. Charles Homer Haskins, Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927). 40. J.C. Russell, “Population in Europe, 500–1500,” in Carlo M. Cipolla (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe: Volume I, The Middle Ages (London: Collins, 1972), pp. 37–41. 41. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950–1350 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 292. 42. Moore, First, pp. 180–88. 43. P. Stafford, Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries (London: Edward Arnold, 1989). 44. G. Loud, The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest (London: Longman, 2000). 45. D. Lomax, The Reconquest of Spain (London: Longman, 1978). 46. Jean Gimpel, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages (London: Penguin, 1977). 47. Bartlett, Making, p. 107; also see pp. 51–59. 48. Moore, First, p. 31. 49. Bartlett, Making, p. 293. 50. Karl Leyser, Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Gregorian Revolution and Beyond (London: Hambledon & London, 2003). 51. Giles Constable, The Reformation of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 52. Moore, First, p. 11. 53. France, Crusades, pp. 35–36. 54. Rietbergen, Europe, pp. 152–53. 55. Bartlett, Making, p. 250. 56. Ibid., pp. 5–18. 57. Ibid., pp. 255–58. 58. Ibid., pp. 288–91. 59. France, Crusades, p. 3. 60. Rietbergen, Europe, pp. 118–20. 61. Le Goff, Birth, p. 81. 62. Moore, First, p. 172. 63. Ibid., p. 181. It is interesting to note that the word “Europe” begins to appear more frequently in medieval texts in the thirteenth century. See Peter Burke, “Did Europe Exist before 1700?” The History of European Ideas 1(1980): 23. 64. France, Crusades, p. 6. 166 ● Notes

65. Moore, First, p. 291. 66. Bartlett, Making, p. 254. 67. Le Goff, Birth, p. 4. 68. Quoted in Rietbergen, Europe, p. 103. 69. Quoted in Moore, First, pp. 4–5. 70. Quoted in Le Goff, Birth, p. 109. 71. Ibid., p. 150. 72. Moore, First, p. 2. 73. Le Goff, Birth, p. 80. 74. Quoted in Jacques Le Goff, Intellectuals in the Middle Ages, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1993), p. 12. 75. Ibid., p. 199. 76. Charles R. Mack, Looking at the Renaissance: Essays toward a Contextual Appreciation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005), p. 22. 77. Quoted in Enrique Dussel, The Invention of the Americas: Eclipse of “the Other” and the Myth of Modernity, trans. Michael Barber (New York: Continuum, 1995), p. 24. 78. Isaiah Berlin, The Roots of Romanticism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 21 and 23. 79. Quoted in Richard Rorty, “Romantics, Sophists, and Systematic Philosophers,” paper presented at the David Hall Memorial Conference, Trinity University, San Antonio, May 23, 2003, p. 4. 80. Quoted in ibid., p. 3. 81. Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality (New York: Macmillan, 1929), p. 63. 82. Plato, “Timaeus,” in The Dialogues of Plato, trans. B. Jowett (New York: Random House, 1937), pp. 31b, 30a, and 48a. 83. David Hall and Roger Ames, Anticipating China: Thinking through the Narratives of Chinese and Western Culture (Albany: SUNY Press, 1995), p. 12. 84. David Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View (New York: Harmony Books, 1991), pp. 55–68. 85. Hall and Ames, Anticipating China, p. 80. 86. Cicero. De Republica, De Legibus, trans. Clinton Walker Keyes. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), vol. 26, p. 329 (De Legibus, I,x,28–30). 87. Quoted in Joseph Thompson, “Cultural Relativism or Covert Universalism? The Metaethics of Multiculturalism” Comparative Civilizations Review 53 (Fall 2005): 34. 88. Quoted in Rietbergen, Europe, p. 50. 89. See Edwin Hatch, The Influence of Greek Ideas on Christianity (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957). 90. Jerome Murphy-O’Conner, Paul His Story (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 1–6. 91. Tarnas, Passion, p. 103. 92. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1966), p. 3. 93. St. Augustine, The City of God, trans. Marcus Dods (New York: Modern Library, 1950), pp. 247 and 254. Notes ● 167

94. Hall and Ames, Anticipating China, p. 86. 95. Tarnas, Passion, p. 108. 96. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, trans. English Dominican Fathers (London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1924), Book I, ch. 7. 97. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals and What Is Enlightenment?, trans. Lewis Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1976), p. 85. 98. Quoted in Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 323. 99. Ibid., p. 331. 100. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Reason in History, trans. Robert Hartman (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1953), p. 13. 101. Daniel Dubuisson, The Western Construction of Religion: Myths, Knowledge, and Ideology, trans. William Sayers (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), pp. 36–39. 102. Quoted in Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking, 1963), p. 31. 103. David Hume, The Philosophical Works of David Hume, T.H. Green and T.H. Grose (eds.) (London: Longman, Green, 1882), vol. 3, p. 271. 104. Quoted in Peter Gay, The Enlightenment, an Interpretation: The Science of Freedom (New York: Norton, 1969), p. 250. 105. Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau (New York: Modern Library, 1945), vol. 1, pp. 416 and 431. 106. Quoted in Bernard Yack, The Longing for Total Revolution: Philosophic Sources of Social Discontent from Rousseau to Marx and Nietzsche (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 122. 107. Quoted in Robert Solomon, History and Human Nature: A Philosophical Review of European Philosophy and Culture, 1750–1850 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), p. 269. 108. David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Nature, L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), Book I, sect. viii. 109. Quoted in Solomon, History, p. 27. 110. Taylor, Sources, p. 330. On Perpetual Peace is the title of a tract Kant penned in 1795. 111. Quoted in Taylor, Sources, p. 353. 112. Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 359. 113. Solomon, History, p. xii. 114. Quoted in Taylor, Sources, p. 371. 115. Quoted in Solomon, History, p. 299. 116. Quoted in Barzun, Dawn, p. 478. 117. Quoted in Solomon, History, p. 268. 118. This point is developed at length in Leon Chai, Romantic Theory: Forms of Reflexivity in the Revolutionary Era (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006). 119. Quoted in Taylor, Sources, p. 379. 120. Quoted in ibid., p. 378. 168 ● Notes

121. Quoted in Allan Megill, Prophets of Extremity: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Derrida (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 7. 122. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Phenomenology of Mind, trans. J.B. Baillie (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), pp. 81–82. 123. See Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984), p. 117. Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) too resisted universalism. 124. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 181. 125. Friedrich Nietzsche, Daybreak, trans. R.J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). 126. See Nietzsche, Beyond, pp. 48 and 201–39 127. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, trans. R.J. Hollingdale and Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1968), 504. 128. Ibid, p. 226; see p. 397 in particular for praise of Alexander (and Caesar). 129. Nietzsche, Will, p. 512. 130. Berlin, Romanticism, p. 3. 131. Dubuisson, Western Construction, p. 104. 132. Harold James, “Foreign Policy Turned Inside Out,” in Daniel Levy, Max Pensky, and John Torpey (eds.), Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations after the Iraq War (London: Verso, 2005), p. 60. 133. Paul Cartledge, Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past (New York: Overlook, 2004). 134. See Anthony Pagden, Worlds at War: The 2,500-Year Struggle between East and West (New York: Random House, 2008), pp. 61–68. For a more thorough def- inition of universal empire in antiquity, see Fowden, Empire, p. 7. 135. Quoted in Anthony Pagden, Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present (New York: Modern Library, 2001), p. 13. 136. These are the words of Livy, quoted in Pagden, Worlds, p. 103. 137. Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans. David Nicholl (New York: Garland, 1972), I, 16. 138. Quoted in Pagden, Worlds, p. 96. 139. Ibid., p. 137. 140. Quoted in ibid., p. 118. 141. Walter Ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages (London: Methuen, 1965), pp. 2–86. 142. Gerard Delanty, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality (New York: St. Martin’s, 1995), p. 27. 143. R.W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 24. 144. Southern, Western Society, pp. 30–31. 145. See Rietbergen, Europe, p. 151. 146. France, Crusades, p. 59. 147. See Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Volume One: The Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 7–16. Notes ● 169

148. Qouted in Norman Hampson, The Enlightenment (London: Penguin, 1984), p. 71. 149. Delanty, Inventing, p. 71. 150. Quoted in Anthony Pagden, “Introduction,” in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 16. 151. See Denis de Rougemont, The Idea of Europe, trans. Norbert Guterman (New York: Macmillan, 1966). Passages from Condorcet, Bentham, and Hugo can be found respectively on p. 168, 185, and 266. Hegel’s remark comes from Hegel, Reason, p. 24. 152. Pagden, Peoples, p. xii. 153. V.G. Kiernan, The Lords of Human Kind, European Attitudes towards the Outside World in the Imperial Age (London: Trinity Press, 1969), p. 3. 154. See Pagden, Peoples, pp. 82–98. 155. Quoted in ibid., p. 134. 156. Quoted in Solomon, History, p. 219. 157. Quoted in Barzun, Dawn, p. 483. 158. Quoted in Bruce Detwiler, Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), p. 179. Also see pp. 99–103. 159. For details see Sandra Halperin, War and Social Change in Modern Europe: The Great Transformation Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 61–64. 160. Quoted in Hans Kohn, Nationalism: Its Meaning and History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955), p. 81. 161. Derek Heater, The Idea of European Unity (New York: St. Martin’s, 1992), p. 2. 162. Delanty, Inventing, pp. 111–12. 163. Reported in “Weekend Edition,” National Public Radio (May 1, 2004). 164. Rietbergen, Europe, p. 480. 165. Timothy Garton Ash, “Europe’s Endangered Liberal Order,” in A New Europe? (New York: Foreign Affairs, 1998), p. 67.

3 The Discovery of Islamic Superiority (1095–1453) 1. R.W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1962), pp. 3–4. 2. Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (Cambridge: Belknap, 2006), pp. 912–14. 3. John France, The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000–1714 (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 21–25 and 39; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 62–78 makes a similar argument about Urban II’s grandiose ambitions. 4. Thomas Goldstein, Dawn of Modern Science: From the Arabs to Leonardo da Vinci (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980), pp. 113–14. 5. Bertold Spuler, The Mongol Period, trans. F.R.C. Bagley (Princeton: Marcus Wiener, 1994). 170 ● Notes

6. K.N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 7. Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). 8. William McNeill, for instance, speaks of an “equilibrium among civilizations” during the period: A World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. vii. 9. Elizabeth Fowden, “Sharing Holy Places” Common Knowledge 8 (2002): 124–46. 10. Jane Hathaway, “Introduction” to Bertold Spuler, The Age of the Caliphs, trans. F.R.C. Bagley (Princeton: Marcus Wiener, 1995), p. xvi. 11. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity AD 200–1000 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), p. 184. 12. Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 6 and 10. 13. Quoted in Andrew Wheatcroft, Infidels: A History of the Conflict between Christendom and Islam (New York: Random House, 2004), p. 161. 14. See J.A. Brundage, The Crusades: Motives and Achievements (Boston: Heath, 1964). 15. Quoted in Tyerman, God’s War, p. xiv. 16. See ibid., pp. 124–64. Raymond’s quotation comes from p. 31. The cannibalism is reported in Wheatcroft, Infidels, p. 171. 17. Jonathan Phillips, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007). 18. Quoted in Tyerman, God’s War, p. 336. 19. See M.C. Lyons and D.E.P. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of Holy War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). 20. Tyerman, God’s War, p. 374. 21. France, Crusades, p. 161. 22. Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 350–54. 23. See Donald Queller and Thomas Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople 1201–4 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997). 24. Carol Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 26. 25. Sir Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951–54), vol. 3. 26. Hathaway, “Introduction,” p. xix. 27. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York: Scribner, 1995), p. 103. 28. Franco Cardini, Europe and Islam, trans. Caroline Beamish (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 105. 29. Kate Fleet, European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: The Merchants of Genoa and Turkey (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 12. 30. France, Crusades, pp. 226–27. 31. Cardini, Europe, p. 77. 32. Quoted in Tyerman, God’s War, p. xiv. 33. France, Crusades, p. 195. 34. See James Chambers, The Devil’s Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe (London: Phoenix Press, 2001). Notes ● 171

35. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Civilizations (New York: Free Press, 2001), p. 112. 36. France, Crusades, pp. 239–40. 37. See C. Dawson, The Mongol Mission (London: Sheed & Ward, 1955). 38. John Tolan, Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), p. 223. 39. Peter Rietbergen, Europe: A Cultural History (New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 137. 40. Ibid., pp. 108–10. 41. Quoted in Southern, Islam, p. 68. 42. Dorothy Vaughan, Europe and the Turk: A Pattern of Alliances 1350–1700 (Liverpool: University Press Liverpool, 1954), p. 18. 43. Dennis Hupchick, The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism (New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 108. 44. Ibid., p. 104. 45. Vaughan, Europe and Turk, pp. 21–22. 46. Tyerman, God’s War, p. 857. 47. Wheatcroft, Infidels, p. 192. 48. See N. Housley, The Later Crusades: From Lyons to the Alcazar 1274–1580 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). 49. Fleet, Trade, pp. 7–8. 50. Quoted in Cardini, Europe, p. 128 51. Quoted in Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Europe, trans. Janet Lloyd (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), p. 188. 52. Quoted in Palmira Brummett, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (New York: SUNY Press, 1994), p. 26. 53. Quoted in George Holmes, Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt 1320–1450 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 180. 54. Vaughan, Europe and Turk, p. 79. Latin translation is “shield and defense of all Christians.” 55. J.H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement 1450 to 1650 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), p. 24. 56. Hupchick, Balkans, p. 170. 57. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe, p. 102. 58. Robert Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (1453–1517) (New York: St. Martin’s, 1969), pp. 3–18. 59. Hupchick, Balkans, p. 106. 60. Ibid., p. 129. 61. Roderick Conway Morris, “Caliph of All” Times Literary Supplement 5365 (January 27, 2006): 9. 62. Vaughan, Europe and Turk, p. 26. 63. Hupchick, Balkans, p. 105. 64. Abu-Lughod, European Hegemony, pp. 12, 4, and ix. 65. See Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 101–08. 66. Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 2–3. 172 ● Notes

67. See also Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, Vol. III of Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, trans. Sian Reynolds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), p. 93. 68. Abu-Lughod, European Hegemony, p. 12. 69. Parry, Reconnaissance, p. 41. 70. David Abulafia, “The Role of Trade in Muslim-Christian Contact During the Middle Ages,” in Dionisius Agius and Richard Hitchcock (eds.), The Arab Influence in Medieval Europe (Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 1994), p. 1. 71. Robert Kern, The Regions of Spain (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995), p. 21. 72. Paul Freedman, Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 80. 73. Abulafia, “Role of Trade,” p. 1. 74. John Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 103. 75. Rietbergen, Europe, p. 136. 76. See J.H. Kramers, “Geography and Commerce,” in Sir Thomas Arnold and Alfred Guillaume (eds.), The Legacy of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934). 77. Hobson, Eastern, p. 119. 78. Parry, Reconnaissance, p. 44. 79. Hobson, Eastern, p. 42. 80. Quoted in Tolan, Saracens, p. 86. 81. See Maria Rosa Menocal, The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History: A Forgotten Heritage (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987), pp. 39–41. 82. Tyerman, God’s War, p. 847. 83. John Gilcrest, The Church and Economic Activity in the Middle Ages (London: Macmillan, 1969), p. 83. 84. Charles Burnett, “An Islamic Divinatory Technique in Medieval Spain,” in Agius and Hitchcock (eds.), Arab Influence, p. 106. 85. Eva Lapiedra Guitierrez, Como los Musulmanes llamaban a los Cristianos Hispanicos (Alicante, Spain: Institut de Culture “Juan Gil-Albert,” 1997), pp. 189–247. 86. Parry, Reconnaissance, pp. 26–27. 87. Quoted in Tolan, Saracens, p. 86. 88. Ibid., p. 97. 89. Quoted in ibid., p. 160. 90. Ibid., p. 190. 91. Quoted in Linda Darling, “Rethinking Europe and the Islamic World in the Age of Exploration” Journal of Early Modern History 2/3 (1998): 229. 92. Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 206–10. 93. Quoted in Vaughan, Europe and Turk, p. 52. La Broquière story related on p. 51. 94. Hupchick, Balkans, pp. 152–53. 95. Ibid., p. 151. Notes ● 173

96. Cardini, Europe, p. 167. 97. The capture of Saragossa by the Aragonese in 1118 was also important. 98. Josep Fontana, The Distorted Past: A Reinterpretation of Europe, trans. Colin Smith (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), p. 39. 99. Southern, Islam, pp. 8–9. 100. Quoted in Jacques Le Goff, Intellectuals in the Middle Ages, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), p. 19. 101. See Menocal, Arabic Role, pp. 61 and 116–22. 102. Cardini, Europe, p. 88. 103. R.W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), p. 188. 104. Montgomery Watt, A History of Islamic Spain (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1965), p. 172. 105. R.I. Moore, The First European Revolution, c. 970–1215 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 148. 106. M.M. Sharif (ed.), A History of Muslim Philosophy (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1966), p. 1367. 107. S.M. Ghazanfar, “Scholastic Economics and Arab Scholars” Diogenes 39/154 (April–June 1991): 128. 108. Bernard Lewis, Islam and the West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 61. 109. Lynn White, Jr., “Medieval Borrowings from Further Asia” in O.B. Hardison (ed.), Medieval and Renaissance Studies 5 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), p. 4. 110. Ibid., p. 66. 111. See Catherine Wilson, “Modern Western Philosophy,” in Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (eds.), History of Islamic Philosophy Part II (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 1013–15. 112. Dorothee Metlitzki, The Matter of Araby in Medieval England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 11. 113. Quoted in Le Goff, Intellectuals, p. 19. 114. Cardini, Europe, pp. 102–03. 115. Rietbergen, Europe, p. 162. 116. Toby Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres, 1995), p. 208. 117. Ernest Moody, “Galileo and Avempace: Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiments,” in Philip Wiener and A. Nolands (eds.), Roots of Scientific Thought: A Cultural Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1957), pp. 176–206. 118. Ibid., pp. 209–10. 119. Goldstein, Dawn, p. 116. 120. Huff, Rise, p. 243. 121. Eugene Weber, “The Western Tradition,” Program 16 (Santa Barbara, CA: Annenberg/CPB Project, 1989). 122. Goldstein, Dawn, p. 100. 123. Huff, Rise, p. 211. 124. Ibid., pp. 176–77. 174 ● Notes

125. James Spedding, Robert Ellis, and Douglas Heath (eds.), The Works of Francis Bacon, (St. Clair Shores, MI: Scholarly Press, 1976), vol. XI, p. 312. Paracelsus did turn out in the end to be superior to Galen. 126. Huff, Rise, p. 344. 127. Donald Hill, “Arabic Fine Technology and its Influence on European Mechanical Engineering,” in Agius and Hitchcock (eds.), Arab Influence, pp. 29–37. Also see in the same volume Jim Allan, “The Influence of the Metalwork of the Arab Mediterranean on that of Medieval Europe,” pp. 44–62. Keep in mind that I have not even mentioned the enormous Chinese scientific transmission, including such things as paper, gunpowder, and compass, that reached Europe along the Mongol routes. See Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954). 128. Huff, Rise, p. 187. 129. George Makdisi, The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981). 130. Huff, Rise, p. 237. 131. Cardini, Europe, p. 101. 132. Ibid., p. 40. 133. Menocal, Arabic Role, pp. xi-xv, 32–33, 63, and 88. 134. Philip Kennedy, “The Muslim Sources of Dante?” in Agius and Hitchcock (eds.), Arab Influence, pp. 76–77. 135. Metlitzki, Matter of Araby, pp. 98–99. 136. The first presentation of this highly controversial thesis came from Miguel Asín Palacios, Islam and the Divine Comedy, trans. Harold Sunderland (London: J. Murray, 1926). 137. Frances Wood, Did Marco Polo Go to China? (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996). 138. Huff, Rise, p. 99. 139. Cardini, Europe, p. 101. 140. John Tolan, Petrus Alfonsi and the Medieval Reader (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993), p. xiii. 141. Quoted in Metlitzki, Matter of Araby, p. 13. 142. Quoted in Southern, Islam, p. 59. 143. Quoted in Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1948), p. 487. 144. Kennedy, “Muslim Sources,” p. 73. 145. See Southern, Islam, p. 55. 146. See Hichem Djait, Europe and Islam, trans. Peter Heinegg (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 107–30. 147. Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927). 148. For analysis of other factors see Huff, Rise, and Alister McGrath, The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004). 149. Menocal, Arabic Role, p. 147. 150. R.W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 22. Notes ● 175

151. McGrath, Intellectual Origins, pp. 119–23 and 168. 152. Tolan, Saracens, p. 125. 153. For details, see Southern, Islam, pp. 14–33. 154. Tolan, Petrus, pp. xiii–xv. 155. Southern, Islam, pp. 68–73. 156. Quoted in Tolan, Saracens, pp. 225–27. 157. Cardini, Europe, p. 99. 158. Russell, History, pp. 486–87. 159. Quoted in Southern, Islam, p. 62. 160. Cardini, Europe, p. 100. 161. Quoted in Keith Thomson, Before Darwin: Reconciling God and Nature (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 1. 162. Quoted in Le Goff, Intellectuals, p. 19. 163. Quoted in Tolan, Petrus, p. 44. 164. Quoted in Tina Stiefel, The Intellectual Revolution in Twelfth-Century Europe (London: Croom Helm, 1985), pp. 78 and 80. 165. Menocal, Arabic Role, p. 43. 166. Quoted in M.-D. Chenu, Nature, Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 12. 167. Quoted in Tina Stiefel, “Science, Reason and Faith in the Twelfth Century: The Cosmologists’ Attack on Tradition” Journal of European Studies 6 (1976): 7. 168. Raymond Klibansky, “The School of Chartres,” in Marshall Clagett, Gaines Post, and Robert Reynolds (eds.), Twelfth-Century Europe and the Foundations of Modern Science (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1980), p. 8. 169. Le Goff, Intellectuals, pp. 66–71. 170. Oliver Leaman, “Averroës and the West,” in Mourad Wahba and Mona Abousenna (eds.), Averroës and the Enlightenment (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1996), p. 65. 171. Edward Grant, “Science and Theology in the Middle Ages,” in David Lindberg and Ronald Numbers (eds.), God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), p. 52. 172. Quoted in Le Goff, Intellectuals, p. 42. 173. Huff, Rise, pp. 190–91. 174. Quoted in Grant, “Science,” pp. 54–55. 175. Huff, Rise, p. 192. 176. Menocal, Arabic Role, p. 130. 177. Quoted in John Randall, The Making of the Modern Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1940), p. 96. 178. Eugene Myers, Arabic Thought and the Western World in the Golden Age of Islam (New York: Ungar, 1964), p. 16. 179. Menocal, Arabic Role, p. 36. 180. Will Durant, The Story of Civilisation: The Age of Faith (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1950), p. 954. 181. Goldstein, Dawn, p. 125. 176 ● Notes

182. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, trans. English Dominican Fathers (London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1924), Book I, ch. 7. 183. Stiefel, Revolution, pp. 104–05. 184. Tolan, Saracens, pp. 239–45. 185. David Burr, “Anti-Christ and Islam in Medieval Franciscan Exegesis,” in John Tolan (ed.), Medieval Perceptions of Islam (New York: Garland, 1996), p. 147. 186. Quoted in Tolan, Saracens, p. 215. 187. Quoted in ibid., p. xiii. 188. Quoted in ibid., p. 249. See pp. 245–49 for a summary of the Five Letters. 189. See Walter G. Andrews and Mehmet Kalpakli, The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005). 190. See Menocal, Arabic Role, pp. 4–5. 191. Quoted in John R. Hale, Renaissance Europe 1480–1520 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 227. 192. Quoted in Giorgio de Santillana (ed.), The Age of Adventure: The Renaissance Philosophers (New York: Mentor Books, 1956), p. 17.

4 Lingering Asian Superiority (1453–1776) 1. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York: Scribner, 1995), p. 13. 2. Also see David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: Norton, 1999), p. 31. 3. William McNeill, The Rise of the West (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963). 4. Angus Maddison, Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 69. 5. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974). 6. E.L. Jones, The European Miracle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). 7. John Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 137–40. 8. K.N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 99. 9. R. Bin Wong, China Transformed (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997). 10. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). 11. André Gunder Frank, ReOrient (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). C.A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780–1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), strikes a prudent balance between the vying schools. Notes ● 177

12. See, for instance, William H. McNeill, “The Rise of the West after Twenty-Five Years” Journal of World History 1 (1990): 1–21; or Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 87–310. 13. See Charles King, The Black Sea: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 11–34. 14. See Palmira Brummett, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (New York: SUNY Press, 1994). 15. G.R. Elton. Reformation Europe 1517–1559 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), pp. 112–13. 16. Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern World Society 1815–1830 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 287. 17. Andrew Wheatcroft, Infidels: A History of the Conflict between Christendom and Islam (New York: Random House, 2004), p. 20. 18. Ibid., pp. 32–35. 19. Johnson, Birth, p. 140. 20. For details, see Wheatcroft, Infidels, pp. 29–31. 21. Molly Greene, “The Ottomans in the Mediterranean,” in Virginia Aksan and Daniel Goffman (eds.), The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 110–11. 22. Quoted in J.H. Elliot, Europe Divided 1559–1598 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 31; Khevenhu˝ller mentioned on p. 128. 23. Ibid., pp. 30–35. 24. Quoted in Lucette Valensi, The Birth of the Despot: Venice and the Sublime Porte, trans. Arthur Denner (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), p. 28. 25. Ibid., pp. 29, 51, and 14–15. 26. John R. Hale, Renaissance Europe 1480–1520 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 72 27. Quoted in Franco Cardini, Europe and Islam, trans. Caroline Beamish (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 144. 28. Hale, Renaissance, p. 62 29. Brummett, Seapower, p. 10. 30. Gerard Delanty, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality (New York: St. Martin’s, 1995), p. 37. 31. Cardini, Europe, p. 154. 32. Valensi, Birth, pp. 49–50. 33. See R. Murphy, Ottoman Warfare 1500–1700 (London: UCL Press, 1999). 34. John France, The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom 1000–1714 (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 306. 35. Elton, Reformation, pp. 51, 89, 92, and 119. 36. Elliot, Europe Divided, p. 118. 37. Anthony Pagden, Worlds at War: The 2,500-Year Struggle between East and West (New York: Random House, 2008), p. 279. 38. Quoted in ibid., pp. 28–29. 39. Quoted in Pagden, Worlds, p. 280. 40. Delanty, Europe, p. 37. 178 ● Notes

41. Valensi, Birth, pp. 50–51. 42. Quoted in Pagden, Worlds, p. 275. 43. France, Crusades, p. 324. 44. Christine Woodhead, “ ‘The Present Terrour of the World’? Contemporary Views of the Ottoman Empire c. 1600” History 72 (1987): 20. 45. Quoted in P.J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams, The Great Map of Mankind: Perceptions of New Worlds in the Age of Enlightenment (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 16. 46. Molly Greene, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 40. “Miniature continent” is Fernand Braudel’s expression. 47. Quoted in A.J.P. Taylor, The Hapsburg Empire 1815–1918 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1942), p. 9. 48. Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 230. 49. Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, Vol. III of Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, trans. Sian Reynolds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), ch. 5. 50. Quoted in Valensi, Birth, p. 52; also see pp. 24–25. 51. Elton, Reformation, p. 99. 52. Daniel Goffman, “Negotiating with the Renaissance State: The Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy,” in Aksan and Goffman, Ottomans, pp. 61–74. 53. Valensi, Birth, p. 26. 54. Quoted in ibid., pp. 36 and 26. 55. V.G. Kiernan, The Lords of Human Kind, European Attitudes towards the Outside World in the Imperial Age (London: Trinity Press, 1969), p. 12. 56. Cardini, Europe, p. 157. 57. Quoted in Valensi, Birth, p. 64. 58. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince and the Discourses (New York: Modern Library, 1950), p. 192 (Discourses, I, 30). 59. Valensi, Birth, pp. 55–56. 60. Norman Davies, Europe: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 560. 61. Cardini, Europe, pp. 190–91. 62. Peter Burke, The European Renaissance: Centers and Peripheries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), p. 4. 63. Islamische Sammlung des Pergamon Museums zu Berlin. 64. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Venice and the Islamic World 828–1797 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006). 65. David Bindman, Ape to Apollo: Aesthetics and the Idea of Race in the 18th Century (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 12. 66. John Stoye, Europe Unfolding: 1648–1688 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 242 and 296. 67. Victor Segesvary, L’Islam et la Reforme: Etude sur l’Attitude des Reformatueurs Zurichois Envers l’Islam 1510–1550 (San Francisco: International Scholars Publications, 1998), p. 287. Notes ● 179

68. Burke, Renaissance, p. 215. 69. Cardini, Europe, pp. 168–72. 70. All quoted in Marshall and Williams, Great Map, p. 14. 71. Marracci quoted in Cardini, Europe, p. 172; Reland, p. 101; Boulainvilliers, pp. 116–17; Ockley, p. 15; and Gibbon, pp. 71–72. 72. Quoted in Paul Hazard, The European Mind, 1680–1715 (Cleveland: Meridian Books, 1967), p. 17. 73. Kiernan, Lords, p. 10. 74. J.H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement 1450 to 1650 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 115 and 141–43. 75. Quoted in Anthony Pagden, Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present (New York: Modern Library, 2001), p. 51. Also see Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Improvising Empire: Portuguese Trade and Settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1700 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990). 76. Josep Fontana, The Distorted Past: A Reinterpretation of Europe, trans. Colin Smith (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), p. 135. 77. Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium, p. 315. 78. Quoted in ibid., p. 367. 79. Quoted in Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), p. 494. 80. André Gunder Frank, “The Modern World System Revisited,” in Stephen K. Sanderson (ed.), Civilizations and World Systems: Studying World-Historical Change (Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 1995), p. 172. 81. Sidney Pollard, “The Europeanization of the International Economy 1800–1870,” in Derek Aldcroft and Anthony Sutcliffe (eds.), Europe in the International Economy 1500 to 2000 (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999), p. 86. 82. For details see Hobson, Eastern, p. 61. 83. Howard Lentner, International Politics (Minneapolis: West, 1993), p. 158. 84. Donald Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), vol. I, p. xii. 85. Robert Temple, The Genius of China (London: Prion Books, 1999), p. 186. 86. Marshall and Williams, Great Map, p. 45. 87. Parry, Reconnaissance, p. 194. 88. Marshall and Williams, Great Map, pp. 24–25. 89. Quoted in ibid., p. 185. 90. Stoye, Europe Unfolding, p. 253. 91. William Dalrymple, “The Truth about Muslims” New York Review of Books 51/17 (November 4, 2004), p. 34. 92. James Winders, European Culture since 1848 (New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 33. 93. Burke, Renaissance, pp. 211–12. 94. Quoted in Donald Lach, China in the Eyes of Europe: The Sixteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 755. 95. T.C. Price Zimmermann, Paolo Giovio: The Historian and the Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 120–21. 180 ● Notes

96. Quoted in Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), p. 17. 97. Quoted in Marshall and Williams, Great Map, p. 23. 98. Adas, Machines, p. 43. 99. Donald Lach and Edwin Van Kley, Asia in the Making of Europe, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), vol. III, p. 1890. 100. Adas, Machines, pp. 79–81. Also see Lionel Jensen, Manufacturing Confucianism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), p. 8. 101. David Porter, Ideographia: The Chinese Cipher in Early Modern Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), p. 6. 102. Hobson, Eastern, p. 195. 103. Manfred Osten, “Dialogue with Others” Deutschland (October-November 2003): 61. 104. Peter Rietbergen, Europe: A Cultural History (New York: Routledge, 2006, p. 309). 105. Quoted in Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium, p. 315. 106. Quoted in Frank, ReOrient, p. 11. 107. Quoted in ibid., p. 13. 108. Louis Dermigny, La Chine et l’Occident: Le commerce a Canton au xviiie Siecle (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1964). 109. Adas, Machines, 23. Frank, ReOrient, p. 11, contends the view did not change until the nineteenth century. 110. Quoted in Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium, p. 315. 111. Lach, Asia in the Making, p. xv. 112. Adas, Machines, p. 47. 113. Parry, Reconnaissance, p. 323. 114. Quoted in R.W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 100. Southern offers a lengthy description of the letter on pp. 98–103. 115. Parry, Reconnaissance, pp. 244–55. 116. Marshall and Williams, Great Map, p. 98. 117. Quoted in ibid., p. 121. 118. Bayly, Birth, p. 345. 119. Marshall and William, Great Map, p. 121. 120. Barbara Fuchs, Mimesis and Empire: The New World, Islam, and European Identities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 49–50. 121. L.P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain 1500 to 1614 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), pp. 217–37. 122. Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis 1598–1648 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979), p. 150. The reviewer of Harvey, Muslims, points out that some Muslims did voluntarily convert to Christianity. See Trevor Dadson, “Moors of La Mancha,” Times Literary Supplement (February 10, 2006). 123. Wheatcroft, Infidels, p. 144. 124. Hale, Renaissance, p. 172. Notes ● 181

125. Dennis Hupchick, The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism (New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 156. 126. Anthony Grafton, Bring Out Your Dead, The Past as Revelation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 12. 127. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Volume One: The Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 110–11. 128. Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 93. 129. France, Crusades, p. 317. 130. On the ambitions of Charles V and Suleiman (and their aides) see Gábor Ágoston, “Information, Ideology, and Limits of Imperial Policy: Ottoman Grand Strategy in the Context of Ottoman-Hapsburg Rivalry,” in Aksan and Goffman, Ottomans, pp, 97–100. 131. Barzun, Dawn, pp. 98 and 125. 132. Elton, Reformation, pp. 13–27. 133. Hale, Renaissance, p. 82. 134. Erasmus quoted in Hale, Renaissance, pp. 64 and 72; Commines, p. 64; Henry VIII, p. 73; and Bayezid, p. 72. 135. Elton, Reformation, p. 136. 136. France, Crusades, p. 326. 137. Davies, Europe, pp. 502–06. 138. Elliot, Europe Divided, p. 253. 139. Quoted in ibid., p. 248. 140. Quoted in Hazard, European Mind, p. 270. 141. Quoted in Elliot, Europe Dvided, p. 263. 142. Ibid., pp. 265–67. 143. Hazard, European Mind, pp. 217–38. 144. Stoye, Europe Unfolding, pp. 277–78. 145. Parker, Crisis, p. 293. 146. Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis (New York: Free Press, 1990), pp. 18–19. 147. Quoted in Marshall and Williams, Great Map, p. 13. 148. See Olwen Hufton, Europe: Privilege and Protest: 1730–1789 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 107–13 for details. 149. Voltaire, The Age of Louis XIV, trans. M.P. Pollock (London: Dent, 1926), p. 231. 150. Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, trans. T. Besterman (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971), pp. 231–2. 151. Barzun, Dawn, p. 108. 152. Harald Kleinschmidt, The Nemesis of Power: A History of International Relations Theories (London: Reaktion Books, 2000), p. 89. 153. Quoted in Parker, Crisis, p. 14. 154. See Reinhart Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society (Oxford: Berg, 1988). 155. Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind (New York: Harmony Books, 1991), p. 284. 156. Delanty, Europe, p. 73. 182 ● Notes

5 The Real American Revolution (1776–1820) 1. James W. Ceaser, Reconstructing America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997). 2. See Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 39. 3. “Over and over, America was called [by Europeans] the Land of the Future, more often than not with a shudder.” C. Vann Woodward, The Old World’s New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. viii. 4. An indignant Johann Gottfried Herder underscored this very point. See Isaiah Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (London: Chatto & Windus, 1976), p. 161. Also consult Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 5. Quoted in Daniel Boorstin, The Genius of American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), p. 59. 6. Quoted in Daniel Bell, The Winding Passage (Cambridge, MA: ABT Books, 1980), p. 248. 7. Howard Fast (ed.), The Selected Work of Tom Pain & Citizen Tom Paine (New York: Modern Library, 1946), p. 31. 8. Fast, Tom Paine, p. 206. 9. Philip Foner (ed.), The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York: Citadel Press, 1945), I, p. 123. 10. Peter Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2000), p. 5. 11. Quoted in Ceaser, Reconstructing America, pp. 24–26. 12. Patrice Higonnet, Sister Republics: The Origins of French and American Republicanism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 13. 13. John Demos, “Introduction,” in John Demos (ed.), Remarkable Providences 1600–1760 (New York: George Braziller, 1972), p. 10. 14. Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), pp. 94–95. Propertyless comparison in Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998), p. 11. 15. Quoted in David Potter, People of Plenty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), p. 78. 16. Quoted in David Jordan (ed.), “Maryland Hoggs and Hyde Park Duchesses: A Brief Account of Maryland in 1697” Maryland Historical Magazine 73 (1978): 90. 17. Quoted in Donald White, The American Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 5. 18. Quoted in Potter, Plenty, pp. 78–79. 19. Foner, America Freedom, pp. 10 and 48. 20. Quoted in A. Gregg Roeber, “‘Through a Glass Darkly’: Changing German Ideas of American Freedom, 1776–1806,” in David Barclay and Elisabeth Glaser- Schmidt (eds.), Transatlantic Images and Perceptions: Germany and America since 1776 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 25. Notes ● 183

21. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1992), p. 125. 22. Higonnet, Sister Republics, p. 171. 23. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire, p. 5; also see Jack Greene, “Political Mimesis” American Historical Review 75 (1969): 337–60. 24. Higonnet, Sister Republics, p. 99. 25. Morton Keller, America’s Three Regimes: A New Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 20. 26. Quoted in Johnson, History, p. 173; see pp. 105–06 regarding the greater auton- omy achieved by state legislatures. Higonnet, Sister Republics, p. 117 makes a similar claim. 27. Catherine Albanese, America: Religions and Religion (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1981), pp. 256–57. 28. Duran Echeverria, Mirage in the West: A History of the French Image of American Society to 1815 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), pp. 17–18. 29. Quoted in Wood, Radicalism, p. 171. 30. Quoted in Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking, 1963), p. 113. 31. Quoted in Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America’s Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 80. 32. Quoted in Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1967), p. 84. 33. Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, Historie Philosophique et Politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes, (Amsterdam: s.n.,1770), vol. 6, p. 426. 34. Quoted in Peter Rietbergen, Europe: A Cultural History (New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 397. 35. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 7. 36. Quoted in Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (New York: Knopf, 2006), p. 38. 37. Quoted in ibid., p. 4. 38. Arthur Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History (New York: Free Press, 1997), p. 27. Gibbon quoted in Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: The Science of Freedom (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 369. 39. Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), p. 265. 40. Woodward, Old World’s, p. xvi. 41. Robert Wiebe, The Opening of American Society: From the Adoption of the Constitution to the Eve of Disunion (New York: Knopf, 1984), p. 191. 42. Paul Langford, Englishness Identified: Manners and Character 1650–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 3. 43. See Stanley Weintraub, Iron Tears: America’s Battle for Freedom, Britain’s Quagmire: 1775–1783 (New York: Free Press, 2005). 44. P.J. Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America ca. 1750–1783 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 353. 45. Quoted in W.R. Brock, “The Effect of the Loss of the American Colonies upon British Policy,” in Esmond Wright (ed.), Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966), p. 306. 184 ● Notes

46. Echeverria, Mirage, p. viii. 47. Marie-Jeanne Rossignol, The Nationalist Ferment, trans. Lillian Parrott (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2004), p. xiv. 48. George Raudzens, Empires: Europe and Globalization 1492–1788 (Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1999), p. 137. 49. Sigmund Skard, The American Myth and the European Mind (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961), p. 17. 50. Quoted in R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964), p. 242. 51. Quoted in ibid., p. 239. 52. Quoted in Skard, American Myth, p. 17. 53. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, pp. 17–18. 54. Though this line was written by Goethe in 1827, the same idea was hinted at much earlier in Wilhelm Meister (1796). See Palmer, Age, p. 257. 55. Quoted in Fast, Tom Paine, p. 201. 56. Donald W. Livingstone, “Hume, English Barbarism and American Independence,” in Richard B. Sher and Jeffrey R. Smitten (eds.), Scotland and America in the Age of Enlightenment (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990), pp. 133–47. 57. For details, see Norman Davies, Europe: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 690–92. 58. John Murrin, “Benificiaries of Catastrophe: The English Colonies in America,” in Eric Foner (ed.), The New American History (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997), p. 4. 59. Gordon Wood, “Review of A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America by Stacey Schiff” The New York Review of Books (July 14, 2005): 35. 60. Quoted in Denis de Rougemont, The Idea of Europe, trans. Norbert Guterman (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 173. 61. Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 183. 62. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 16. 63. Quoted in ibid., p. 17. 64. Quoted in Baker, Inventing, p. 215. 65. See Joyce Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 232–40; or Louis Gottschalk, “The Place of the American Revolution in the Causal Pattern of the French Revolution,” in Wright, Causes, p. 300. 66. Gottschalk, “American Revolution,” pp. 300–01. 67. Quoted in Wood, “Review,” p. 35. 68. Gottschalk, “American Revolution,” p. 300. 69. Raynal, Historie. Notes ● 185

70. Appleby, Liberalism, p. 235. 71. Palmer, Age, p. 239; and Gay, Enlightenment: Science, p. 555. America was the most prominent but hardly the lone concrete inspiration. The Corsican republic of Pascal Paoli (1755–69) was much discussed and celebrated. See John Ralston Saul, Voltaire’s Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West (New York: Vintage, 1992), pp. 54–61. 72. Quoted in Gay, Enlightenment: Science, p. 558. 73. Friedrich von Schlegel, The Philosophy of History, trans. James Burton Robertson (London: Henry Bohn, 1859), p. 453. 74. Quoted in Gottschalk, “American Revolution,” pp. 303–04. 75. Quoted in Ceaser, Reconstructing America, p. 28. 76. Quoted in Johnson, History, p. 163. 77. Quoted in ibid., p. 145. 78. Peter Gay describes the Enlightenment as “the recovery of nerve” in Enlightenment: Science, p. 6. 79. Quoted in Davies, Europe, 675. 80. Quoted in Arendt, Revolution, p. 62. 81. Article Three of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen claims “all sovereignty rests essentially in the nation.” 82. Baker, Inventing, p. 251. 83. Arendt, Revolution. pp. 252–305. On the differences between France and America also see Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 20–44. 84. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (London: Penguin, 1968), p. 313. 85. Fritz Jonas (ed.), Schillers Briefe (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1892–96), vol. 1, p. 333. 86. Georg W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), pp. 357–58. 87. Quoted in Biancamaria Fontana, Benjamin Constant and the Post-Revolutionary Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), p. 90. 88. Arendt, Revolution, p. 74. 89. Quoted in J.L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (London: Secker & Warburg, 1955), p. 16. 90. Quoted in Arendt, Revolution, p. 55. 91. Quoted in ibid., p. 62. 92. See ibid., pp. 68–69 and 121. 93. Peter Fritzsche, Stranded in the Present: Modern Time and the Melancholy of History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 24. 94. Quoted in Fontana, Benjamin, p. 90. 95. Quoted in Herman, Decline, 39. 96. Quoted in Fritzsche, Stranded, p. 29. 97. First sentence quoted in ibid., p. 30; the second in Rougemont, Idea, p. 195. 186 ● Notes

98. Wordsworth quoted in Fritzsche, Stranded, p. 88; Chateaubriand, p. 58; de Staël, p. 30; Schlegel, p. 112. 99. Burke, Reflections. 100. Arendt, Revolution, p. 198. 101. Charles Tilly, Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 212. 102. Frederick B. Artz, Reaction and Revolution, 1814–1832 (New York: Harper Torchbook, 1974), p. 10. 103. Ibid., p. 215. 104. Sandra Halperin, War and Social Change in Modern Europe: The Great Transformation Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 176–77. 105. Peter Gay, Schnitzler’s Century: The Making of Middle-Class Culture 1815–1914 (New York: Norton, 2002), p. 16. 106. Quoted in Arendt, Revolution, p. 224. 107. Ibid., p. 217. 108. Hans-J¬rgen Grabbe, “Weary of Germany—Weary of America: Perceptions of the United States in Nineteenth-Century Germany,” in Barclay and Glaser- Schmidt, Transatlantic, p. 25. 109. C.A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780–1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), p. 143. 110. Thomas Pinney (ed.), The Letters of Thomas Babbington Macaulay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), vol. 6, p. 94. 111. See Appleby, Inheriting, p. 262; or Wood, Radicalism, pp. 180–82. 112. Edmund S. Morgan, “The Great Political Fiction” New York Review of Books 25 (March 9, 1978): 13–18. 113. Appleby, Inheriting, p. 6. 114. Wood, Radicalism, p. 329. 115. Jefferson is an immensely complicated figure with strains of both elitism and egalitarianism in his thought and action. 116. Wiebe, Opening, p. 155. 117. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 37. 118. Quoted in Wood, Radicalism, p. 295. 119. Quoted in August Nimitz, Jr., Marx, Tocqueville, and Race in America (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2003), p. 16. 120. Keller, Three, p. 70. 121. Sellers, Market Revolution, p. 37. 122. Bayly, Birth, p. 6. 123. Quoted in Wood, Radicalism, p. 251. 124. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Delba Winthrop and Harvey Mansfield (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 352–53. 125. Quoted in Dan Diner, “Between Sovereignty and Human Rights: Juxtaposing American and European Tradition,” in Daniel Levy, Max Pensky, and John Notes ● 187

Torpey (eds.), Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations after the Iraq War (London: Verso, 2005), p. 92. 126. Wood, Radicalism, p. 332. Also see Nathan Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989). 127. Quoted in Philippe Roger, The American Enemy: A Story of French Anti- Americanism, trans. Sharon Bowman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 40. 128. Bayly, Birth, pp. 102–03. 129. Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York: New York University Press, 1984), p. 69. 130. Liah Greenfield, The Spirit of Capitalism: Nationalism and Economic Growth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 365. 131. Wood, Radicalism, p. 233. 132. On the campaigns against doctors by the likes of Samuel Thomason, see Wiebe, Opening, p. 162; on crusades against lawyers by the likes of Benjamin Austin, Jr., see Richard Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971). 133. See Peter Lindert, Growing Public, Volume I: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). 134. Wood, Radicalism, p. 276. 135. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 110. 136. Gay, Enlightenment: Science, pp. 31–36 and 47. 137. Greenfield, Spirit, p. 384; also Sellers, Market Revolution, pp. 23–28. 138. Appleby, Inheriting, p. 253. 139. Quoted in Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 5. 140. Historians have more recently discovered commercial culture in Europe as far back as the eighteenth century: Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J.H. Plumb, The Birth of Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (London: Europa Publications, 1982), and even the sixteenth century: Chandra Mukerji, From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983). But these revisions do not change the fact that America reigned in the European psyche of that time as the most commercialized society and culture. 141. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 19. 142. Benjamin Saint-Victor, Lettres sur les États-Unis d’Amérique (Paris: Perisse Frères, 1835), pp. 26–27. 143. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 52. 144. Quoted in René Rémond, Les États-Unis devant l’opinion française, 1815–1852 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1962), pp. 763–64. 145. Appleby, Inheriting, p. 22. 146. Wood, Radicalism, p. 347. 147. Ceaser, Reconstructing America, p. 72. 148. Writer in the Edinburgh Review of June 1818 quoted in Kagan, Dangerous, p. 180. He was not alone. At roughly the same time, the foreign secretaries of 188 ● Notes

Austria, France, and Britain, Klemens von Metternich, François Chateaubriand, and George Canning respectively, each warned their governments of the geopo- litical threat America would likely pose, especially if in the vanguard of a league of republics in the Western Hemisphere. (See Kagan, Dangerous, pp. 174–79.) Their American counterpart, John Quincy Adams, wrote from Europe: “The universal feeling of Europe in witnessing the gigantic growth of our population and power is that we shall, if united, become a very dangerous member of the society of nations.”(Quoted in Kagan, Dangerous, p. 159.) 149. It is perhaps important to reiterate that this book deals with how Europeans viewed America. I do not claim that America was, in fact, the leader of the mod- ern world. For that argument see, Jay Winik, The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788–1800 (New York: HaperCollins, 2007); or Joseph J. Ellis, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic (New York: Knopf, 2007). 150. See Aurellian Craiutu and Jeremy Jennings, “The Third Democracy: Tocqueville’s Views of America after 1840” American Political Science Review 98/3 (August 2004): 393–96. 151. Quoted in Fritzsche, Stranded, p. 45. 152. Quoted in Anthony Pagden, Peoples and Empires; A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present (New York: Modern Library, 2001), p. 133. 153. Quoted in Rougemont, Idea, p. 294. 154. Quoted in Richard Rorty, Achieving Our Country (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 21. 155. “American continents, by the free and independent position which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by European powers.” (Quoted in Sellers, Market Revolution, p. 184.) Metternich reacted to the declaration by complaining that the Americans had “suddenly left a sphere too narrow for their ambition and have astonished Europe by a new act of revolt, more unprovoked, fully as audacious, and no less dangerous than the former.” (Quoted in Kagan, Dangerous, p. 174.) 156. Quoted in Kagan, Dangerous, p. 170. 157. See Appleby, Inheriting, p. 265.

6 America Ascendant (1820–1914) 1. Alfredo Valladao, The Twenty-First Century Will Be American, trans. John Howe (London: Verso, 1996), pp. xv–xvi. 2. Quoted in Philippe Roger, The American Enemy: A Story of French Anti- Americanism, trans. Sharon Bowman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), pp. 118 and 231. 3. Robert Wiebe, The Opening of American Society (New York: Knopf, 1984), p. 146. 4. Novalis, “Christendom or Europe,” in Hymns to the Night and Other Selected Writings, trans. Charles E. Passage (New York: Liberal Press, 1960), p. 48. Notes ● 189

5. Quoted in Catherine Albanese, America: Religions and Religion (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1981), p. 258. 6. Quoted in Andrei Markovits, Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 57. 7. Quoted in Peter Fritzsche, Stranded in the Present: Modern Times and the Melancholy of History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 86. 8. J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer (New York: Penguin, 1981), pp. 69–70. 9. Quoted in Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1992), p. 190. 10. Harold Laski, The American Democracy (New York: Viking, 1948), p. 35. 11. Crèvecoeur quoted in Rietbergen, Europe: A Cultural History (New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 397. 12. André Siegfried, America Comes of Age: A French Analysis, trans. H.H. Hemming and Doris Hemming (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1927), p. 18. 13. See Jean Baudrillard, America, trans. Chris Turner (London: Verso, 1988), pp. 75–105. 14. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 23. 15. Quoted in Jean-François Revel, Anti-Americanism, trans. Diarmid Cammell (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000), p. 146. 16. Quoted in Richard Wolin, The Terms of Cultural Criticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), p. xvi. 17. Quoted in August Nimitz, Jr., Marx, Tocqueville, and Race in America (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2003), p. 7. 18. Quoted in James Ceaser, Reconstructing America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 173. 19. Laski, American, p. 15. 20. Hans-J¬rgen Grabbe, “Weary of Germany—Weary of America: Perceptions of the United States in Nineteenth-Century Germany,” in David Barclay and Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt (eds.), Transatlantic Images and Perceptions: Germany and America since 1776 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 71–72. 21. Quoted in Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Knopf, 2001), p. vii. 22. Quoted in Dan Diner, America in the Eyes of the Germans, trans. Allison Brown (Princeton: Markus Reiner, 1996), p. 23. 23. Charles Tilly, Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 217. 24. Sandra Halperin, War and Social Change in Modern Europe: The Great Transformation Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 178. 25. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 71. 26. “The more things change, the more they stay the same.” Alphonse Karr, Les guêpes (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1891), vol. 6, p. 305. 27. Quoted in Rietbergen, Europe, p. 382. 28. Arno Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York: Pantheon, 1981), pp. 135–53; quotation from p. 146. 190 ● Notes

29. Ibid., pp. 152–63. 30. Ibid., pp. 176–87. 31. Quoted in Peter Gay, Schnitzler’s Century: The Making of Middle-Class Culture, 1815–1914 (New York: Norton, 1992), p. 21. 32. L. Montagu, More Equal Than Others: The Changing Fortunes of the British and European Aristocracies (London: Michael Joseph, 1970), p. 170. 33. M.S. Anderson, The Ascendancy of Europe 1815–1914 (London: Longman, 1985), p. 187. 34. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire, 1871–1918, trans. Kim Traynor (Leamington Spa, UK: Berg, 1985). See Halperin, War, p. 179 for details on Europe beyond Germany. 35. Halperin, War, p. 199. 36. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1944), p. 226. 37. Gay, Schnitzler’s, p. 6. 38. Mayer, Persistence, pp. 82–127; quotation from p. 86. 39. Quoted in Gay, Schnitzler’s, p. 4. 40. Mayer, Persistence, pp. 157–76; Bismarck’s remark from Gay, Schnitzler’s, p. 17. 41. Robert Tombs, “Politics,” in T.C.W. Blanning (ed.), The Nineteenth Century: Europe 1789–1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 18 and 31. 42. Mayer, Persistence, p. 296; and Albert O. Hirschman, The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1991), pp. 51–60. 43. Halperin, War, p. 20. 44. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (New York: Knopf, 1945), p. 3. Needless to say, inequalities hardly disappeared completely. See Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997). 45. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America 1815–1846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 200–01. Also see Morton Keller, America’s Three Regimes: A New Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 78–87. 46. Quoted in Sellers, Market Revolution, pp. 312 and 331. 47. Quoted in Wiebe, Opening, p. 251. 48. Keller, Three, p. 91. 49. David Grimsted, “Introduction,” to David Grimsted (ed.), The Notions of the Americans 1820–1860 (New York: George Braziller, 1970), pp. 14–15. 50. Quoted in Walter Kamphoefner, “ ‘Auch unser Deutschland muss einmal frei werden’: The Immigrant Civil War Experience as a Mirror on Political Conditions in Germany,” in Barclay and Glaser-Schmidt, Transatlantic, p. 90. 51. See, for instance, Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 52. Wiebe, Opening, p. 293. 53. Quoted in C. Vann Woodward, The Old World’s New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 110. Notes ● 191

54. Quoted in Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815–1830 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 3. 55. Quoted in Sellers, Market Revolution, p. 281. 56. Quoted in Diner, America in the Eyes, p. 38. 57. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York: Scribner’s, 1995), p. 359. 58. Quoted in Wood, Radicalism, p. 348. 59. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 35. 60. Sellers, Market Revolution, p. 20. 61. Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 107. 62. Quoted in Liah Greenfield, The Spirit of Capitalism: Nationalism and Economic Growth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 426; Lowell is treated on pp. 405–10. 63. Sellers, Market Revolution, pp. 20–21; Wiebe, Opening, summarizes his own sim- ilar argument on p. xiv. 64. Quoted in Sellers, Market Revolution, p. 156. 65. The quotations from Tocqueville, Trollope, Dickens, and Marryat can be found in Woodward, Old World’s, pp. 44, 40, 41, and 43, respectively; Heine’s remark stems from Diner, America in the Eyes, p. 39. 66. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 77. 67. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, pp. 136 and 109. 68. Sean Wilentz, “Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815–1848,” in Eric Foner (ed.), The New American History (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997), p. 62. 69. Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 13–15. 70. Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States 1877–1919 (New York: Norton, 1987), p. xvii. 71. Gary Cross, An All-Consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 21. 72. Painter, Armageddon, p. xix; figures reckoned in 1987 prices. 73. 6.1 percent for the USA compared to 3.7 percent for Europe (between 1890 and 1913). On Europe see Anderson, Ascendancy, p. 129. 74. Barry Eichengreen, The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 23. 75. Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), p. 47. 76. R.H. Williams, Dream Worlds: Mass Consumption in Late Nineteenth-Century France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 3. 77. Fuller descriptions of consumerism appear in Warren Susman, Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (New York: Pantheon, 1984); T.J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920 192 ● Notes

(New York: Pantheon, 1981); and William Leach, Land of Desire (New York: Pantheon, 1993). 78. See Daniel Miller, “Consumption as the Vanguard of History,” in Daniel Miller (ed.), Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 1–57. 79. Thomas Richards, The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851–1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 1. 80. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), vol. 2, book 4, ch. 8, p. 179. 81. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Viking, 1912), p. xiii. 82. See Greenfield, Spirit, pp. 363–65. 83. Gareth Shaw, “The European Scene: Britain and Germany,” in John Benson and Gareth Shaw (eds.), The Evolution of Retail Systems c. 1800–1914 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992), p. 29. 84. See Roy Rosenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). 85. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking, 1963), p. 136. 86. Lendol Calder, Financing the American Dream (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 168. 87. Leach, Desire, p. 16. 88. Cross, All-Consuming, p. 17. 89. Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press), 1989. 90. Leach, Desire, pp. 114–15. 91. Cross, All-Consuming, p. 28. 92. Stuart and Elizabeth Ewen, Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the Shaping of American Consciousness (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), p. 41. 93. Cross, All-Consuming, p. 28. 94. Leach, Desire, p. 300. 95. Klein, Genesis, p. 195. 96. Daniel Horowitz, The Morality of Spending: Attitudes toward the Consumer Society in America, 1875–1940 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), p. xxvii. 97. Leach, Desire, pp. 294–95. 98. Leigh Eric Schmidt, Consumer Rites: The Buying & Selling of American Holidays (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995). 99. Horowitz, Morality, p. xxvii. 100. Leach, Desire, pp. 294–95. 101. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and John Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialisation of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985). 102. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York: Knopf, 1987). 103. See, for example, Maxine Berg and Helen Clifford, Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe, 1650–1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Notes ● 193

Press, 1999); or Chandra Mukerji, From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983). 104. Susan Mosher Stuard, Gilding the Market: Luxury and Fashion in Fourteenth- Century Italy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006). 105. Richards, Commodity, p. 3. 106. Karl Marx, Capital, vol., sec. 4 I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 42–50. 107. See especially Daniel Miller, The Bon Marché: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869–1920 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981). 108. Numbers gathered from Victoria de Grazia, “Changing Consumption Regimes in Europe, 1930–1970,” in Susan Strasser, Charles McGovern, and Matthias Judt (eds.), Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 69; and Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth- Century Europe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 170. 109. Anderson, Ascendancy, p. 193. 110. de Grazia, “Changing,” p. 59. 111. Niall Ferguson, “The European Economy, 1815–1914,” in Blanning, Nineteenth, p. 93. 112. de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 209. 113. de Grazia, “Changing,” pp. 65–69. 114. See Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982), pp. 230–31; and Leach, Desire, pp. 358–72. 115. Leach, Desire, p. 343. 116. de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 213. 117. See Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990). 118. Klein, Genesis, p. 24. 119. Geoffrey Crossick and Heinz Gerhard-Haupt, The Petite Bourgeoisie in Europe, 1780–1914: Enterprise, Family and Independence (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 155–65. 120. John Brewer and Roy Porter, “Introduction,” in John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds.), Consumption and the World of Goods (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 3–20; also see Walter Adamson, Embattled Avant-Gardes: Modernism’s Resistance to Commodity Culture in Europe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). 121. de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 106. 122. Cross, All-Consuming, pp. 17–26. 123. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 241. 124. Cross, All-Consuming, pp. 17–26. The point about immigration comes from de Grazia, “Changing,” p. 68. 125. de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 95. 126. Ibid., p. 249. 127. Ibid., pp. 184–283; quotation from p. 243. 128. Ibid., pp. 150–51. 194 ● Notes

129. Ibid., pp. 36–75; quotation from p. 37. 130. Quoted in Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (New York: Knopf, 2006), p. 413. 131. Quoted in Leach, Desire, p. 266. 132. See Sigmund Skard, The American Myth and the European Mind (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961), p. 36. 133. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 50. 134. Lary May, Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 177. 135. Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), p. 161. 136. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, vol. 1 (New York: Putnam Capicorn Books, 1959), p. viii. 137. Michael Barone, The New Americans: How the Melting Pot Can Work Again (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2001), p. 4. 138. Quoted in Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 398. 139. Schlegel, quoted in Anderson, Ascendancy, p. 212; Flaubert, p. 333. Also see Michel Foucault, The Order of Things (New York: Vintage, 1973), pp. 217–21. 140. Quoted in Tony Judt, “Europe vs. America” New York Review of Books (February 10, 2005):41. 141. See Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1962). 142. Indeed, an entire cadre of consumerist intellectuals dedicated to the effective marketing of all kinds of products eventually emerged to shoulder the older gen- teel intelligentsia even further onto the margins. See, for instance, Klein, Genesis, pp. 19–27; Lears, Fables, pp. 230–319; Leach, Desire, pp. 48–52. 143. Quoted in Robert Rydell and Rob Kroes, Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869–1922 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 156. 144. Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt (New York: New American Library, 1961), p. 81. 145. Woodward, Old World’s, p. 48. 146. Quoted in Seth D. Armus, French Anti-Americanism (1930–1948): Critical Moments in a Complex History (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), p. 35. 147. Quoted in Diner, America in the Eyes, p. 23 and p. 49. 148. Quoted in Rydell and Kroes, Buffalo Bill, pp. 151–52. 149. Quoted in Lears, Fables, p. 271. 150. George Bernard Shaw, The Political Madhouse in America and Nearer Home (London: Constable & Co., 1933), p. 14. 151. Quoted in James Kloppenberg, “The Reciprocal Vision of German and American Perceptions of Imperial Germany, 1870–1914,” in Barclay and Glaser-Schmidt, Transatlantic, p. 156. 152. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, pp. 77–78. 153. Roger, American Enemy, p. 100. 154. Quotations of Spencer and Bryce are in Woodward, Old World’s, pp. 77–79; Marx is quoted in Diner, America in the Eyes, p. 46. Notes ● 195

155. Quoted in Richard Heindel, The American Impact on Great Britain 1898–1914 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1940), p. 182. 156. Skard, American Myth, p. 37. 157. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 108 and p. 58. 158. Philip Jenkins, A History of the United States (New York: St. Martin’s, 1997), p. 174. 159. Quoted in Heindel, American Impact, p. 346. 160. Quoted in Richard Heindel, American Impact, p. 153. 161. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 41. 162. Quoted in Rolf Engelsing, “Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten im 19. Jahrhundert” Die Welt als Geschichte 2/3 (1958): 147. 163. Bennet and Chesterton quotations in Walter LaFeber and Richard Polenberg, The American Century: A History of the United States since the 1890s (New York: Knopf, 1979), pp. 45–46. 164. Quoted in Johnson, History, p. 576. 165. Quoted in Martin Walker, America Reborn (New York: Knopf, 2000), p. 56. On Engels and Liebnecht see Woodward, Old World’s, p. 32. 166. Engelsing, “Deutschland,” p. 155. 167. Alfred Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 52. 168. Heindel, American Impact, p. 180. 169. May, Screening, p. 23. 170. Painter, Armageddon, pp. xvii–xviii. 171. LaFeber and Polenberg, American Century, p. 19. 172. Quoted in Greenfield, Spirit, pp. 428–29. 173. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 279. 174. Heindel, American Impact, pp. 139–40 and 170. 175. LaFeber and Polenberg, American Century, p. 41. Sizable numbers of European immigrants did return home; see Edward J. Davies II, The United States in World History (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 101. 176. Quoted in Michael Kammen, In the Past Lane (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 171. 177. See Skard, American Myth, pp. 23–28. 178. Woodward, Old World’s, p. 27. 179. Quoted in ibid., p. 225. 180. Quoted in Arendt, On Revolution, p. 143. 181. Quoted in Heindel, American Impact, p. 127. 182. Quoted in Donald White, The American Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 3. 183. Quoted in Skard, American Myth, p. 40. 184. Bryce, American, p. 1. 185. Robert Sklar, Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), p. 46. 186. Philippe Soupault, The American Influence in France, trans. Babette and Glenn Hughes (Seattle: University of Washington Book Store, 1930), p. 13. 187. Shaw, Madhouse, p. 21. 196 ● Notes

188. Quoted in Rydell and Kroes, Buffalo Bill, p. 156. 189. Quoted in Geir Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 24–25. 190. Quoted in de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 313. 191. Peter Decherney, Hollywood and the Culture Elite: How the Movies Became American (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), pp. 7–10. 192. Geoffrey Crossick and Serge Jaumain, “The World of the Department Store: Distribution, Culture and Social Change,” in Geoffrey Crossick and Serge Jaumain (eds.), Cathedrals of Consumption: The European Department Store, 1850–1939 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), p. 15. 193. de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 166. 194. See Soupault, American, p. 19. 195. Sklar, Movie-Made, p. 227. 196. de Grazia, Irresistible, pp. 157–58. 197. Quoted in Rydell and Kroes, Buffalo Bill, p. 154. 198. Quoted in Pascal Ory, “From Baudelaire to Duhamel: An Unlikely Antipathy,” in Denis Lacorne, Jacques Rupnik, and Marie-France Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French Perception, trans. Gerry Turner (New York: St. Martin’s, 1986), p. 42. “Americanomania” remark was made in 1875. 199. Quoted in Rydell and Kroes, Buffalo Bill, p. 149. 200. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, pp. 127, 137, and 132. 201. Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of Germanic Ideology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), p. 241. 202. Nietzsche quoted in Ceaser, Reconstructing America, p. 173; Reymond, p. 163. 203. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 77. 204. de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 65. 205. Sander Gilman, “Introduction” to Diner, America in the Eyes, p. xiv. 206. Quoted in Diner, America in the Eyes, p. 20. 207. Quoted in Woodward, Old World’s, p. 81. 208. Quoted in Rydell and Kroes, Buffalo Bill, p. 154. 209. Quoted in Peter Berg, Deutschland und Amerika 1918–1929 (L¬beck: Matthiesen Verlag, 1963), p. 133. 210. W.T. Stead, The Americanization of the World; or, The Trend of the Twentieth Century (New York: Horace Markley, 1901), p. 1. 211. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 174. 212. Quoted in Diner, America in the Eyes, p. 44. 213. Quoted in Gerard Delanty, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality (New York: St. Martin’s, 1995), p. 110. 214. Though he did not publish Civilization and its Discontents (New York: Norton, 1961) until 1930. 215. Émile Durkheim, Suicide (Glencoe: Free Press, 1951), originally published in 1897. 216. See Max Weber, Economy and Society (much of which he penned before World War I, though first published in 1920) reprinted in H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946). Notes ● 197

217. Quoted in Georg Kamphausen, Die Erfindung Amerikas in der Kulturkritik der Generation von 1890 (Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft, 2002), p. 48. 218. Roger, American Enemy, p. 284. 219. Quoted in Mayer, Persistence, p. 316. 220. Ibid., p. 317. 221. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1988), p. 4. 222. For details on America’s growing geopolitical power in the nineteenth century, see Kagan, Dangerous, pp. 131–41 and 224–416. 223. Kamphausen, Erfindung, p. 22. 224. Skard, American Myth, p. 59.

7 World America (1918–Present) 1. Ignazio Silone, Fontamara, trans. Eric Mosbacher (London: Dent, 1985), p. 35. 2. José Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1932), p. 181. 3. Quoted in Joachim Fest, Speer: The Final Verdict, trans. Ewald Osers and Alexandra Dring (New York: Hartcourt, 1999), p. 76. 4. See Peter O’Brien, Beyond the Swastika (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 23–26. 5. Quoted in Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 75. 6. See the treatment of the wide-ranging discussion about the relationship between anti-Americanism and fascism in Seth D. Armus, French Anti-Americanism (1930–1948): Critical Moments in a Complex History (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007). 7. See Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan (eds.), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). 8. See Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 143–284. 9. Quoted in Martin Walker, America Reborn (New York: Knopf, 2000), p. 104. 10. See, for instance, Richard Rosecrance, America as an Ordinary Power: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Future (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976). 11. Quoted in Michael Nelson (ed.), The Evolving Presidency (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1999), pp. 222–23. 12. Joseph Nye, “Soft Power” Foreign Policy 80 (Fall 1990): 153–71. 13. Quoted in Robert Isaac, Managing World Economic Change (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000), p. 240. 14. See David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 38 and 73. 15. Ibid., p. 6. 16. Geir Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945: From “Empire” by Invitation to Transatlantic Drift (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). 17. Maier, Empires, p. 238. 18. de Grazia, Irresistible. 198 ● Notes

19. Quoted in Paul Hollander, Anti-Americanism: Critiques at Home and Abroad 1965–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 407. 20. Quoted in Michel Winock, “The Cold War,” in Denis Lacorne, Jacques Rupnik, and Marie-France Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French Perception (London: Macmillan, 1990), p. 74. 21. For instance, Emmanuel Todd, Après l’Empire: Essai sur la decomposition du systeme americain (Paris: Gallimard, 2002). Also see the study of Andrei Markovits, Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007). Markovits contends that anti-Americanism appeals beyond purely intellectual circles and represents “a key mobilizing agent” (p. 201) for the architects of the EU as well. 22. See the immensely influential study by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963). 23. See Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997). 24. de Grazia, Irresistible, pp. 336–479. 25. Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995). 26. Jean Baudrillard, America, trans. Chris Turner (London: Verso, 1988), p. 29. 27. Umberto Eco, Travels in Hyperreality (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1983). 28. Ibid., p. 8. 29. Jean Baudrillard, The Perfect Crime, trans. Chris Turner (London: Verso, 1996), pp. 92 and 97. 30. Ibid., p. i. 31. Quoted in Stephen Fox, The Mirror Makers (New York: William Morrow, 1984), p. 79. 32. Quoted in Anthony Grafton, “The Ways of Genius” New York Review of Books (December 2, 2004), p. 40. 33. Douglas Kellner, Media Spectacle and the Crisis of Democracy: Terrorism, War, and Election Battles (Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2005), p. 219. 34. Reported in the New York Times (May 11, 2001). 35. John Ralston Saul, Voltaire’s Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West (New York: Vintage, 1993), pp. 528 and 532. 36. All Things Considered, National Public Radio (June 22, 2005). 37. Playboy (September, 2004). 38. http://secondlife.com. 39. David Mindich, Tuned Out: Why Americans under 40 Don’t Follow the News (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 3. 40. Kellner, Media, p. 229. 41. Saul, Voltaire’s Bastards, p. 428. 42. Baudrillard, Crime, pp. 85 and 27. 43. Interview on 60 Minutes (August 13, 2006). 44. Baudrillard, America, p. 75. 45. Baudrillard, Crime, pp. 30 and 5. See Eco, Hyperreality, pp. 36–46 for a similar argument regarding the power of illusion. Notes ● 199

46. Baudrillard, America, pp. 77, 55, and 95. 47. Ibid., pp. 77–79. 48. Ibid., p. 29. 49. Baudrillard, Crime, pp. 109–10. 50. Baudrillard, America, p. 55. 51. Bernard-Henri Lévy, American Vertigo: Traveling America in the Footsteps of Tocqueville (New York: Random House, 2006), p. 252. 52. Baudrillard, America, p. 76. 53. Eco, Hyperreality, pp. 7–19. 54. Baudrillard, America, p. 57. 55. Isaiah Berlin, “A Letter on Human Nature,” republished in New York Review of Books (September 23, 2004): 26–27. 56. Susan Jacoby, The Age of American Unreason (New York: Pantheon, 2008) updates the classic of Richard Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage, 1962). 57. Baudrillard, America, pp. 103, 78, 97, 87, and 123. 58. See Saul, Voltaire’s Bastards, pp. 499–535. 59. Timothy Garton Ash, “The Peril of Too Much Power” New York Times (April 9, 2002). 60. Robert Rydell and Rob Kroes, Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869–1922 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 2. 61. Edward D. Davies II, The United States in World History (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 152–54. 62. New York Times (October 5, 2000). 63. Ibid (August 30, 2000). 64. Ibid (January 19, 1999). 65. www.mcdonalds.com. 66. Davies, United States, p. 146. 67. Nancy Snow, Propaganda Inc.: Selling America’s Culture to the World (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998), p. 27. 68. Anthony Giddens, Runaway World: How Globalization Is Reshaping Our Lives (New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 22. 69. Barber, McWorld, p. 17. 70. William Odom and Robert Dujaric, America’s Inadvertent Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 3. 71. Pew Global Attitudes Project, American Character Gets Mixed Reviews: U.S. Image Up Slightly, but Still Negative (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2005). 72. Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane (eds.), Anti-Americanisms in World Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007). 73. Quoted in New York Times (February 1, 2002). 74. John Ikenberry (ed.), America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002); Andrew Bacevish, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Robert Lieber, The American Era (Cambridge: 200 ● Notes

Cambridge University Press, 2005); Alfredo Valladao, The Twenty-First Century Will Be American, trans. John Howe (London: Verso, 1996). 75. Anatol Lieven, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). 76. See, for instance, Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker, “Modernization’s Challenge to Traditional Values: Who’s Afraid of Ronald McDonald” The Futurist 35 (2001): 16–21. 77. See de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 476. 78. Quoted in Markovits, Uncouth, p. 25. 79. Eliseo Álvarez-Arenas, “La Europa Americana,” El Pais (March 3, 1992). 80. Quoted in Der Spiegel (July 14, 2003). 81. Matthias Politycki, “The American Dead End of German Literature,” in Agnes Mueller (ed.), German Pop Culture: How “American” Is It? (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), pp. 133–40. 82. Jean-Pierre Chevènement, “Pour l’indépendance nationale,” Le Monde (May 11, 1983). 83. Mel van Elteren, “GATT and Beyond: World Trade, the Arts and American Popular Culture in Western Europe” Journal of American Culture 19 (Fall 1996): 59–60. 84. Quoted in Hollander, Anti-Americanism, p. 385. 85. New York Times (October 21, 2005). 86. Ibid (October 12, 1999). 87. See the collection of editorials led by J¬rgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida in Daniel Levy, Max Pensky, and John Torpey (eds.), Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations After the Iraq War (London: Verso, 2005). 88. See Paula Izquierdo, “Pierre Bourdieu, ‘Europa está dominada por Estados Unidos’ ” El Mundo (July 4, 2000). 89. Brian Viner, “Cowardice, Promiscuity and American Presidents” Independent (March 2, 2004). 90. Valenti Puig, “ ‘Americanización:’ entrada y salida del Guiñol” ABC (July 14, 2003). Quoted in Markovits, Uncouth, p. 83. 91. Carlos Lage, “Cultura, cidadania e União Europeia” Journal de Noticias (July 17, 1996). Quoted in Markovits, Uncouth, p. 88. 92. Politycki, “American,” p. 135. 93. On Grass see The Week in Germany (August 5, 2005); on the Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. see Markovits, Uncouth, p. 92. 94. Financial Times (August 21, 2003). 95. de Grazia, Irresistible, pp. 467–68. 96. Davies, United States, p. 145. 97. New York Times (October 12, 1999). 98. Reinhold Wagenleitner, Coca-colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War, trans. Diana Wolf (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994). 99. Davies, United States, p. 147. 100. Quoted in Jean-François Revel, Anti-Americanism, trans. Diarmid Cammell (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000), p. 110. Notes ● 201

101. The extraordinary uproar over this decision and its allegedly earth-shattering consequences are treated in Markovits, Uncouth, pp. 96–104. 102. Quoted in Markovits, Uncouth, p. 112. 103. Weekend Edition Sunday, National Public Radio (February 4, 2007). 104. Quoted in Markovits, Uncouth, p. 95. 105. On Germany see Deutsche Welle (August 26, 2002); on France New York Times (April 10, 2002); on Britain New York Times (June 18, 1998). 106. On the campaign against Halloween see New York Times (November 1, 2000); against Santa Claus All Things Considered, National Public Radio (December 18, 2002). 107. Markovits, Uncouth, p. 116. 108. Sunday Mercury (December 15, 2002); on prisons see Markovits, Uncouth, p. 122. 109. David Barthick, “Cinematic Americanization of the Holocaust in Germany,” in Alexander Stephan (ed.), Americanization and Anti-Americanism: The German Encounter with American Culture after 1945 (New York: Berghahn, 2005), pp. 129–47. 110. Markovits, Uncouth, p. 126. 111. Observer (January 23, 2000). 112. Baudrillard, America, p. 116. 113. Wim Wenders, “Giving Europe a Soul?” at http://www.signandsight.com/ features/1098.html. 114. Stuart Hall, “On Postmodernism and Articulation” Journal of Communication Inquiry 10/2 (1986): 46. 115. Baudrillard, America, pp. 78–79. 116. Georges Bernanos, “France before the World of Tomorrow,” in The Last Essays of Bernanos, trans. Joan and Barry Ulanov (Chicago: Regnery, 1955), p. 44. 117. Quoted in Armus, French, p. 61. 118. Quoted in ibid., p. 46. 119. Adolf Halfeld, Amerika und der Amerikanismus: Kritische Betrachtungen eines Deutschen und Europäers (Jena: E. Diederichs, 1927), p. 37. 120. See, for instance, Johan Huizinga’s work originally published in 1926 trans- lated as America: A Dutch Historian’s Vision from Afar and Near, trans. Herbert Rowman (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp. 89–118; or Georges Duhamel, “Entretien sur l’espirit européen” Cahiers libres (1928): 50. 121. The scandalized remark is excised from published versions of the lecture. The original statement is quoted in Tom Rockmore, Heidegger and French Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 150. 122. Quoted in Philippe Roger, The American Enemy: A Story of French Anti- Americanism, trans. Sharon Bowman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 376. 123. Fernando Savater, “Europe, both Needed and in Need,” in Levy, Pensky, and Torpey, Old Europe, p. 43. 124. Bernanos, “France,” p. 44. 202 ● Notes

125. Robert Aron and Arnaud Dandieu, Décadence de la nation française (Paris: Rieder, 1931), p. 208. 126. Éveline Garnier in 1933 quoted in Armus, French, p. 67. 127. Pierre Seghers, “Chewing Gum” Esprit (November 1946): 732–33. 128. André Siegfried in 1935 quoted in de Grazia, Irresistible, p. 15. 129. André Breton from 1949 quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 408. 130. René Magniez quoted in Armus, French, p. 34. 131. Lucien Romier quoted in Armus, French, p. 26. 132. Georges Duhamel, America the Menace: Scenes from the Life of the Future, trans. Charles Miner Thompson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), p. 214. 133. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Avon Books, 1965, original 1941), p. 282. 134. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, The Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 2002), p. 133. Originally published in 1944. 135. Emmanuel Mournier writing in Esprit (November 1946): 740. 136. Quoted in Hollander, Anti-Americanism, pp. 407 and 376. 137. Simone de Beauvoir, America Day by Day, trans. Carol Cosman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999, original 1948), p. 171. 138. Jacques Duclos quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 408. 139. Robert Aron and Arnaud Dandieu, Le Cancer américain (Paris: Rieder, 1931), p. 235. 140. Georges Bernanos quoted in Armus, French, p. 146. 141. Etienne Gilson, “Une aristocratie de l’homme moyen” Esprit (November 1946): 655–56; quoted in Armus, French, p. 78. 142. Michel Grinberg-Vinavart in “La manière américaine” Esprit (November 1946): 624–25. Quoted in Armus, French, p. 77. 143. Gianni Vattimo, “The European Union Faces the Major Points of Its Development,” in Levy, Pensky, and Torpey, Old Europe, p. 32. 144. See Mary Nolan, “Anti-Americanization in Germany,” in Andrew and Kristin Ross (eds.), Anti-Americanism (New York: New York University Press, 2004), p. 128. 145. Quoted in Armus, French, p. 81. This theme continues today. Jörg Friedrich, in his massively popular book, Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg, 1940–1945 (Munich: Propylaen Verlag, 2002) depicts the American firebomb- ing of Dresden at the close of World War II as a wanton act of barbarism on par with the Holocaust itself. 146. Quoted in Hollander, Anti-Americanism, p. 381. 147. Le Monde (November 3, 2001). 148. Quoted in Markovits, Uncouth, p. 130. Fo made the comment shortly after the attacks when the number of casualties was feared to be as high as 20,000. 149. Huizinga, America, p. 312. 150. José Bové quoted in Armus, French, pp. 159–60. 151. Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals, trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Norton, 1962), pp. 224–25. Notes ● 203

152. Markovits, Uncouth. The quotation comes from an essay by the author based on the book, “Western Europe’s America Problem.” The Chronicle Review (January 19, 2007): B9. 153. This is not to deny that some insightful Europeans, like Rousseau for instance, discerned lurking barbarism without the aid of the American example. See Pierre Saint-Amand, The Laws of Hostility: Politics, Violence, and the Enlightenment, trans. Jennifer Curtiss Gage (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), p. 5. Saint-Amand’s main argument, though, is that the philosophes in general blinded themselves to the barbaric potential in their own civilization. 154. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 290. 155. Bernanos quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 374. 156. Louis Pauwels in Esprit (1946); quoted in Armus, French, p. 80. 157. Jacques Thibau, La France colonisée (Paris: Flammarion, 1980), p. 267. 158. Nicole Schley and Sabine Busse, Die Kriege der USA: Chronik einer aggressiven Nation (Kreulingen: Hugendubel Verlag, 2003). 159. See Richard Herzinger, “German Self-Definition against the US” Internationale Politik Transatlantic Edition (Fall 2005): 39–42. 160. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, pp. 296 and 297. 161. Quoted in Rydell and Kroes, Buffalo Bill, p. 157. 162. Quoted in Roger, American Enemy, p. 452. 163. This quotation stemmed from the Communist journal La Nouvelle Critique of 1951 and is treated in Roger, American Enemy, p. 432. 164. Jean-Paul Sartre, “Les Animaux maladies de la Rage” Libération (June 22, 1953). 165. Quoted in Winock, “Cold War,” p. 70. 166. Quoted in Markovits, Uncouth, p. 24. 167. I refer to the same optimists I mentioned in the first chapter: Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire (New York: Penguin, 2004); and Jeremy Rifkin, The European Dream: How Europe’s Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream (New York: Penguin, 2004). 168. Buadrillard’s America is a good example. Also see Lévy, American Vertigo, pp. 245–46. 169. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought Volume One: The Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. xi–xiv. 170. Victor Lieberman, “Introduction” to Lieberman (ed.), Beyond Binary Histories: Re-Imagining Eurasia to c. 1830 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), p. 5. 171. For instance, Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York: Scribner’s, 1995); John Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); K.N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Andre´ Gunder Frank, ReOrient (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). 172. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). 204 ● Notes

173. See Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, trans. Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale (New York: Vintage, 1967), p. 10. 174. Quoted in Bruce Detwiler, Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), p. 99. 175. Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays (New York: Harper Perennial, 1982), p. 3. 176. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1966). Bibliography

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Abbasids, the 48, 49 Allégre, Claude 3 Abd al-Rahman 56 Allgemeiner deutscher Handwerkerbund 125 Abélard, Peter 65 al Ma’mun 59 Abravanel, Isaac 74 al Qaeda 143 Absolute, the (as perceived by Europeans) 21, al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din 61 23, 30–8, 59, 63, 66, 141, 156 Alvarus, Paul 57 Abu-Lughod, Janet 47, 55 Ambroise 50 Acre 50, 64 American Civil War, the 113 Adams, Brooks 132 American Constitution, the 103, 107 Adams, John 106 Americanization Adas, Michael 82 in Europe 112, 127, 130–6, 140, 141–2, Adelard of Bath 60, 62, 65 147 Adrianople 52, 75 opposition to (in Europe) 135–6, 147, Aeneas 50 150–5 Afghanistan 153 in the world 113, 129, 134, 140, 141–2, Africa 49, 51, 84 145–7, 159 Africans 22 American military power 113, 137, 140 Age of Discovery 47, 79 American Revolution, the 99, 102, 106, Agra 81 111, 112 Aix-la-Chapelle 24 American War of Independence 99, 132 Alamo, the 145 Ames, Roger 31, 33 Al-Andalus 63 Anatolia 52 Alaric the Visigoth 23 ancien régime 115 Albania 54, 58 Andalusia 57 Albert I 127 Anglo-Saxons 25 Albert the Great, Saint 62 Ankara 53 Albumasar (Abu Ma’shar) 60 anti-Americanism 139, 146, 147, 150–5 Alcazarquivir 73 Anti-Federalists, the 106 Aleppo 50 Antioch 49 Alexander the Great 7, 39, 40, 43 Antiquity 5, 7, 49 Alexandria 43 Greek 19 al-Farabi 60 Judiac 19 Alfonsi, Petrus 62, 63 pagan 19 Alfonso VI 59 Roman 19 Alfonso X (the Wise) 57, 61, 62 Aquinas, Thomas 34, 62, 66, 67 al-Ghazzali 60 Aquitaine 24 Algiers 73 Arabian Peninsula 48 “alienation from history,” the 112, 127–8, Arabophilia 59, 65–6, 79 141, 144–5 Arabs 13, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 65 Ali Pasha 73 Arbella, the 94 al-Khwa–rizmı– Musa 60 Arc de Triomphe 137 220 ● Index

Arendt, Hannah 103, 105, 112 Bayezid I 53 Aristotle 32, 34, 39, 60, 61, 66, 67 Bayezid II 86 Armenians 12 Bayle, Pierre 82 Arnold, Mathew 129 Bayly, C.A. 107 Aron, Robert 154 Beaumont, Henri de 132, 150 Ash, Timothy Garton 43, 146 Beauvoir, Simone de 151, 152 assimilation in America 112, 128 Bebel, August 136 Association nationale de la petite Beethoven, Ludwig von 104 bourgeoisie 125 Beijing 146 atheism 35 Bektas¸i (Sufi orders) 58 Athens Belgium 125, 126 ancient 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 33, 36, 48, 95, Belgrade 75 141, 149, 150 Bellini, Gentile 78 modern 54 Benedictine (monks and monasteries) 27 Atlantic civilization 71 Bennet, Arnold 131 Augsburg, Peace of (1555) 87 Bentham, Jeremy 42 Augustine, (of Hippo) 23, 33, 63, 65 Berkeley, George 94 Augustus, Caesar 40 Berlin 114, 124, 125 Au Printemps 134 Berlin, Isaiah 31, 39 Aurelius, Marcus 32 Bernanos, Georges 153 Auschwitz 153 Bernard of Chartes 29 Austria 104, 114, 116, 117 Bible, the 20, 33, 34, 41, 49, 57, 59, 63, authoritarianism in Europe 114, 115 64, 65, 66 Auvergne, Piere d’ 62 Bibliander, Theodor 78 Avars, the 24 Biddle, Nicholas 118 Averoës (Ibn Rushd) 60, 62, 65, 66, 67 Bilbao 146 Averoism, Latin 65 Bismarck, Otto von 89, 113, 117 Aversa 27 Biyuds, the 49 Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 60, 61, 62, 65 Blair, Tony 4 Avicennism, Latin 65 Blake, Robert 37 “Axis of Evil” 144 Bleustein-Blanchet, Marcel 126 Aztecs, the 79 Boccaccio, Giovanni 69 Bodin, Jean 77, 87, 88 Babylonian-Assyrian Empire 74 Bohemia 26 Bach, Johann Sebastian 78 Bologna, University of 28, 65 Bacon, Francis 39, 61, 68, 88 Bombay 146 Bacon, Roger 60, 61, 62, 64, 65 Bon Marché 124, 134 Baden 114 Borneil, Guiraut de 62 Baghdad 48, 51, 55 Bosnia 52, 58 Balat, battle of (1119) 50 Boston 120 Balkans 7, 52, 53, 54, 58, 76, 84 Boulainvillers, Henri de 79 Baptists 107 Bourdieu, Pierre 147 barbarity (as perceived by Europeans) 21–2, Bové, José 147 23, 103, 129, 141, 151, 153–5, 159 Brague, Rémi 19, 141, 149 Barbarossa, Frederick 50, 73 Brendano 74 Barbier, Émile 135 Britain 80, 96, 99, 105, 107, 114, 115, Barroso, José Manuel Durão 4, 5 116, 117, 121, 123, 124, 126, 131, Barry, Iris 134 132, 140, 146 Bartlett, Robert 28 British Empire, the 8, 84, 89, 95–9 Barzun, Jacques 37, 85 British Isles 25 Basil 78 Brown, Elijah 135 Bastille, the 101 Brown, Peter 23, 25 Baudelaire, Charles 135 Bruni 69 Baudrillard, Jean 112, 142, 143, 144, 145, 153 Bryce, James 128, 130, 131, 133 Index ● 221

Buda 75 Christendom 12, 23, 28, 41, 47, 48, 49, Buddhism 52 52, 54, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72, 74, 75, Bude, Guillaume 85 79, 86, 87 Buffalo Bill 133 Christian conversions to Islam 57–9, 76, Buffon, Comte de 95, 99, 101 81, 83, 84 Bulgaria 52, 84 Christianity 19, 21, 22, 23, 28, 34, 41, 66, Bulghars, the 49 76, 79, 83 Burckhardt, Jacob 112, 115 Christianization 23, 26 Burke, Edmund 15, 97, 103, 104 Christina of Lorraine 64 Burnaby, Andrew 97 Cicero 32, 41, 81 Bursa 52 Cistercian (monks and monasteries) 27 Bush, George Herbert Walker 142 Citroën, André 126 Bush, George W. 3, 17, 142, 143 “city on a hill” 94 Busse, Sabine 154 civilization, definition of 11 “Butcher of Baghdad” 144 Clemenceau, Georges 129 Byzantine, Empire 19, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29, 48, Clement III (pope) 50 49, 58, 69 Clement IV (pope) 64 Clement V (pope) 40 Cable News Network (CNN) 146 Clement VII (pope) 74 Cairo 48, 55 Clinton, Bill 142, 143 Calcutta 80 Cluniac (monks and monasteries) 27–8, 59, 64 Calvin, John 86 Cobden, Richard 131 Cambridge University 133 “Coca-colonization” 148 Canada 137 Colbert, Stephen 143 Cape of Good Hope 71 Cold War, the 140 Carlyle, Thomas 126 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 38 Carolingian Empire 20, 25, 26, 41 Cologne 55 Carpaccio, Vittore 78 colonial America 94–8 Carter, Jimmy 140, 143 Colt, Samuel 120 Castile 57 Columbus, Christopher 47, 52, 71 Catherine the Great 40 commercialism in America 113, 127–30 Catholic League, the 73 Commines 86 Ceaser, James W. 93 communism 116 Celts 21 Comte, Auguste 42 Cernomen, battle of (1371) 52 Condorcet, Marquis de 36, 42, 100, 101 Cervantes, Miguel de 73 Confucianism 13 Chapman, George 96 Constant, Benjamin 15, 103 Chardin, Teilhard de 84 Constantine 7, 22, 24, 28, 41, 54 Charlemagne 12, 20, 24–5, 26, 41, 43 Constantinople 7, 23, 29, 41, 50, 52, Charles V 39, 84–6 54, 55, 86 Charon, Pierre 77 “New Jerusalem” 53 Chartist Movement, the 104, 114 consumerism Chastellux, François Jean 100 in America 111, 113, 120, 121–4, 141, 150 Chateaubriand, François-Rene 104 in Europe 124–7 Chaudhuri, K.N. 47, 72 Coolidge, Calvin 125 Chesterton, G.K. 131 Copernicus, Nicolaus 61, 68 Chevalier, Michel 107, 131 Copts 12 Child, Josiah 80 Córdoba 48, 55 China 3, 8, 13, 22, 48, 49, 51, 55, 62, 72, Corinth, Gulf of 73 80–3, 122, 140, 146 cottonocracy 121 Ch’ing 80–3 Council of Trent 87 Ming 13, 80–3 Council of Vienna 60 Chinoiserie 82 Covenant, the 19 Chirac, Jacques 4, 5, 147 Crete 76 222 ● Index

Crévecoeur, Michel Guillaume Jean 96, Dome of the Rock 49 97, 100, 112 Dominican (monks and monasteries) Crockett, Davy 107 28, 67 Crusades, the 7, 44, 47, 49–51, 53, 140 Dominic de Guzmán 67 First 5, 7, 41, 47, 49, 149 Donation of Constantine, the 41 Second 50 Don Juan of Austria 73, 84 Third 50 Drabble, Margaret 147 Fourth 29, 50 Dubuisson, Daniel 39 Crystal Palace Industrial Exhibition, Dumas, Alexandre 100 the 120, 124 Duport, Adrien 100 Ctesiphon 48 Durant, Will 67 cuius region eius religio 87–8 Durkheim, émile 136 Cyprus 73 Economist (magazine) 4, 5 D’Alembert, A. 129 Eco, Umberto 5, 142, 145 Damascus 33, 48, 50, 56 Edessa 49, 50 Dandieu, Arnaud 154 Edict of Nantes, the 87 Daniel, Arnaut 62 Edison, Thomas 125 Daniel of Morley 59, 60, 65 Edward VII 115 Dante 13, 39, 40, 50, 53, 62, 66, 84 Egypt 74 Danube, the 24 Elliot, T.S. 137 “Dark Ages” the 22–3, 47, 55, 71, 86, 156 empire, definition of 11 Darwin, Charles 128, 133 enfranchisement David, Jacques-Louis 5 in America 97 Davies, Norman 78 in Europe 97 d’Azeglio, Massimo 117 Engels, Friedrich 116, 131 Debray, Régis 3, 154 England 26, 28, 53, 60, 76, 86, 95, 97, Decembrist Revolt 132 99, 134 Declaration of Independence 100 English Exchequer 60 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Enlightenment, the (European) 9, 12, 21, 29, Citizen 102 35, 37, 38, 82, 89, 95, 101, 102, 105, 140, degeneracy thesis, the 95 150, 158, 159 deism 35 Entente Powers, the 137 Delacroix, Eugéne 37 Erasmus, Desiderius 39, 69, 85, 88 Delanty, Gerard 41 Errizo, Antonio 77 Democratic-Republican Party, the 106 Essen 117 democratization étiemble 148 in America 105–9, 111, 113, 118–21, Euclid 60, 65 141, 150 Eugenius III (pope) 50 in Europe 104–5, 114–18 Eulogius of Córdoba 56 Demolins, Edmond 136, 151 Eurocentrism 6, 17, 19, 20, 22, 71, denier, the 24 93, 155–9 denominationalism (in America) 97, 107 anti 10, 16, 72, 156 Derrida, Jacques 4, 5, 16, 154, 158 objective 6, 155–9 Descartes, Réne 68 paradigmatic 6, 8, 10, 14, 20, 47, 71–2, devs¸irme 54 93–4, 155–9 Dickens, Charles 120, 121 reformed 72 Diderot, Denis 35, 36, 37, 40, 82, 106, 150 subjective 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20, Dilthey, Wilhelm 136 30–44, 48, 54, 69, 83, 89, 93–4, 99, Diocletian 24 109, 137, 140, 141, 149, 155–9 Disciples of Christ 107 European Union 4, 5, 6, 16, 41, 43, 44, 89 Disney World Euroskepticism 3–5 Hong Kong 146 “Evil Empire” 144 Orlando 146 “exaltation of the ordinary” the 112, 127–8, Tokyo 146 134, 141, 144 Index ● 223 fascism General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in America 154 (GATT) 147 in Europe 9, 43, 126, 139–40 Geneva 86 Fatimids, the 49 Genoese, the 51 Febvre, Lucien 16 Genty, Louis 100 Federalists, the 106 Gentz, Friedrich von 104 Fédération Internationale de Football George III 99 Association (FIFA) 148 Gerba 85 Ferdinand I 75, 85 German Language Association 148 Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe 71 Germany 20, 25, 26, 28, 53, 99, 116, 117, “First European Revolution” the (of twelfth and 119, 121, 123, 124, 131, 134, 135 thirteenth century, CE) 25–30 Ghent, Treaty of 98 Firzgerald, F. Scott 142 Gibbon, Edward 15, 79, 98 Flanders 27 Gibraltar, Straits of 24 Flaubert, Gustave 128 Giovio, Paulo 77, 81 Florence 55, 124 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 3 Fo, Dario 153 Gladstone, William 132, 150 Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de 82 globalization 146 Ford, Gerald R. 143 Godfrey of Bouillon 49 Ford, Henry, 112 126 Goethe, Wolfgang von 37, 42, 150 Foucault, Michel 11 Gohier, Urbain 126 founding fathers, the American 112 Goldberger, Ludwig Max 131 Fourth Lateran Council (1215) 27 Goncourt, Edmond de 135 Fowden, Garth 49 Goncourt, Jules de 135 fragile ego (Europe’s) 6, 10, 149, 159 Gorbachev, Mikhail 140 France 20, 26, 28, 29, 53, 60, 75, 80, 82, 86, Gordian knot 40 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 114, 116, Goths, the 23 117, 123, 124, 126, 132, 135, 147 Gramsci, Antonio 154 France, John 28 Granada 26 Francis of Assisi 67 grand vizier 77 Franciscan (monks and monasteries) 27–8, 67 Grant, Edward 65 Frank, André Gunder 72 Grass, Günther 148, 153 Franklin, Benjamin 99, 100, 101, 110 Greco-Arab philosophy 64, 66 Frederick II 59, 62 Greece Frederick the Great 40 ancient 12, 29, 49, 69, 71, 74, 133, 136 Frederick William IV 114 modern 104, 110 Freising, Otto von 28 Greek Orthodoxy 28, 54 French Revolution, the 9, 100, 102–4, 109, Greene, Graham 152 112, 114 Greenfield, Liah 108 French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) 87 Gregorian calendar 87 Freud, Sigmund 130, 136 “Gregorian Revolution” the 27 Fröbel, J. 130 Gregory VII (pope) 27 Gregory XIII (pope) 87 Gadamer, Hans-Georg 11, 16 Griffin, Sir Lepel 127 Gaeta 114 Grosseteste, Robert 61 Gaillardet, Frédéric 111, 121, 135 Grotius, Hugo 87 Galileo, Galilei 61, 64, 68 Grund, Francis 130 Gallaecia 23 Gulf War (1991), the 142 Galland, Antione 79 Gallipoli 52 Habermas, Jürgen 5, 154 Gama, Vasco da 8, 13, 71, 80 Habsburg Empire 75, 84–6, 114, 115 Garzoni, Constantino 74 Hailes, Daniel 100 Gattinara, Mercurino 85 Hall, David 31, 33 Gaul 23 Halley’s Comet (1682) 76 Gay, Peter 16, 105 Hall, Stuart 149 224 ● Index

Halperin, Sandra 117 Iberian Peninsula 7, 24, 25, 26, 48, 49, Hamburg 27 64, 71, 73 Hamilton, Alexander 101 Ibn al-Haytham 61 Hanseatic League 26 Ibn al-Quff 61 Harrod’s 124 Ibn al-Shatir 61 Harvard University 125 Ibn Bajja 61 Harvengt, Philippe de 29 Ibn Ma-jid, Shiha-b al-Din Ahmad 71 Haseler, Stephen 4 immigration (to America from Europe) 97, Hector 50 111, 126, 128, 132, 133 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 30, imperialism (European) 63, 79, 84, 94, 99 35, 38, 42, 43, 103, 107, 109, Incas, the 79 110, 128 Independence (American) 5, 8, 93, 94, Heidegger, Martin 11, 31, 126, 151, 158 98–102, 109 Heine, Heinrich 42, 103, 119, 121, 150 Independence Hall 145 Hellenism 19, 20, 21 India 8, 49, 79, 80, 83 Heller, Agnes 4 Mughal 13, 80–1, 83 Hellinization 40 industrialization Héloïse 65 in America 111, 113, 121 Helvétius, Claude Adrien 106 in Europe 116, 121 Henry VII 40 Industrial Revolution, the 12, 29, 89, 122, 158 Henry VIII 86 Ingres, Dominique 36 Herder, Johann Gottfried von 37 Innocent IV (pope) 52 Herrenhaus, the Prussian 116 intelligentsia, European 14 Herzegovina 54 Iran 146 Heym, George 136 “iron law of oligarchy” the 117 historicism 112, 128 “Islamofascism” 144 Hitler, Adolf 43, 89, 139 Israel, ancient 12, 13, 20 Hobbes, Thomas 41 Istanbul 74, 76 Hohenzollern Empire 115 Italy 20, 25, 26, 28, 43, 60, 71, 74, 114, 115, Holbach, Paul-Henri Dietrich 36 117, 124, 134 Holbein carpets 78 Ivan III 71 Holland 99, 124 Iznik 49 Hollywood 4, 134, 142 Holocaust, the 9, 149 Jackson, Andrew 99, 118–19 Holy Roman Empire, the 12, 20, 26, 28, Jaffa 50 41, 59, 86 James I 97 Homer 36 James, Harold 39 Hopkins, Claude 126 Jamestown 96 Houellebecq, Michel 147 Janissaries 54–5, 58, 73 House of Lords, the 115 Japan 121, 123 Hugo, Victor 42 Jazz 134 Huizinja, Johan 129, 134, 153 Jefferson, Thomas 8, 95, 101, 102, humanism 35–8 106, 118 Hume, David 36, 42, 51, 99, 106 Jerusalem 7, 20, 49, 73, 85 Hundred Years War 53 ancient 19, 21, 22, 29, 33, 48, 141, Hungary 26, 75, 85, 114 149, 150 Huns, the 23 British occupation of (1917) 7 Huntington, Samuel 11 Christian capture of (1099) 49 Hupchick, Dennis 52, 54 Muslim conquest of (638) 49 Hus, Jan 68 Muslim repossession of (1187) 50 Hussein, Saddam 143, 146 Jesuits, the, 73 82 Huxley, T.H. 131 Jews 64 Hydatius (bishop of Chaves) 23 jihad 52 Hyde, Thomas 79 Jingiz Khan 51 Index ● 225

John XII (pope) 41 Leo II (pope) 24 John, J. Hector Saint 96 Leo XIII (pope) 135 Julius Caesar 40, 50, 89 León 57 Lepanto 73, 74 Kadmi-Cohen, Isaac 154 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 36 Kamphausen, Georg 137 Lévy, Bernard-Henri 144 Kandinsky, Wassily 136 Lewinsky affair, the 142 Kant, Immanuel 35, 42, 106, 150 Lewis, Bernard 60 Karr, Alphonse 114 Lewis, Sinclair 129 Kemble, Fanny 119 Lexington 8 Kennedy, John F. 140 Liebnecht, Karl 131 Kentucky 107 Liége 64 Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) 146 Ligue syndicale de travail, de l’industrie et du Kepler, Johannes 61, 68 commerce 125 Keynes, John Maynard 15, 136 Lisbon 80, 99 Khazars, the 49 List, Friedrich 105 Kheven huller, hans 73 Lithuania 75 Kipling, Rudyard 135, 151 Livy 40 Klee, Paul 136 Locke, John 106 Knights Templar 51 Lombard, Peter 63 Knolles, Richard 76 Lombards, the 23, 24 Koestler, Arthur 140, 152 Lombardy 114 koine 40 London 36, 99, 100, 115, 120, 124, 131, 141 Koizumi, Junichiro 146 Lopez, Jennifer 146 Kokoschka, Oskar 136 Los Angeles 145 Kosovo, battle of (1389) 52, 53 Lotto carpets 78 Kossuth, Louis 114 Louis, Pierre 100 Krupp, Alfred 116, 117 Louis IX 52 Kubin, Alfred 136 Louis XIV 88, 104 kufic 61 Louis XV 82 Kuhn, Thomas 156 Louis XVI 100, 109 Lowell, Francis Cabot 120 Laboulaye, Édouard-René Lefébvre de 130 Loyola 73 La Broquiére 58 Lüddecke, Theodor 136 Lach, Donald 82 Luke 33 Lafayette, Marie-Joseph 100, 101, 150 Lull, Ramón 52, 60, 62, 64 La Mennais, Jean-Marie-Robert de 109 Luther, Martin 42, 68, 74, 78, 86 Lameth, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor 100 Landendorf, Otto 135 Macartney, Lord 82 Lang, Jack 147 Macaulay, Thomas 81, 105, 116 Laqueur, Walter 4 McDonald’s 146, 147, 148 La Rochelle, Pierre Drieu 137 Macedonia 52 Laski, Harold 113 Machiavelli, Niccoló 36, 39, 74, 77 Lassale, Ferdinand 113 McKenzie, Fred 132 Latin Americans 22 “McWorld” 146 Latrobe, Benjamin 107 Macy’s 123, 124 Lawrence, Sir Thomas 96 Madison, James 101 Le Bon, Gustave 136, 151 Magellan, Fernando de 71 Leggewie, Claus 4 Maghreb, the 23 Le Goff, Jacques 23, 29 Magnus, Albertus 62, 66 Leibniz, Wilhelm Gottfried 42, 78, 82, 88 Maimonides 60 Lenau, Nikolaus 113 Malplaquet, Battle of 88 Lenin, Vladimir 131 Mamluks, the 50 Leo I (pope) 41 “manifest destiny” 121 226 ● Index

Mann, Thomas 42, 137 monotheism 13, 35, 60, 64, 79 Manuel (Byzantine Emperor) 53 Monroe Doctrine 99, 110, 121, 137 Manzikert, Battle of (1071) 49 Monroe, James 110 Marâgha observatory 61 Montaigne, Michel de 77, 87 Marcabru 62 Montecroce, Riccoldo da 67–8, 78 Marcartney, Lord George 82 Montesquieu, Charles Louis 15, 42, 88 Markovits, Andrei 153 Moody, Ernest 61 Marlowe, Christopher 51 Moore, R.I. 25, 28 Marracci, Ludovo 79 Moors, the 12, 26, 57 Marryat, Frederick 121 More, Sir Thomas 39 Marselio of Padua 68 Morea, the 54 Marshall Field’s 124 Moriscos, the 84 Martel, Charles 24 Mormons 107 Martí, Ramon 67 Morocco 73, 80 Martineau, Harriet 120, 130 Mosca, Gaetona 117 Marx, Karl 111, 124, 126, 128, 130, 150 Mosul 56 Mary Queen of Scots 86 Mounier, Emmanuel 151, 153 Massis, Henri 151 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 73 materialism (in America) 108–9, 120–1, Muhammad 48, 52, 62, 68, 78, 88 135, 152 Murad I 52–3 Mauriac, François 140 Muslim immigrants in postwar Europe 16, 17 Maximilian I 84 Mussolini, Benito 43 Maximilian II 75 Myers, Eugene 66 Mazzei, Philip 107 Mecca 146 Naples 114 Medici, Cosimo de 53 Napoleon, (I) Bonaparte 42, 43, 82, 89, 102, Medici, Lorenzo de 39 103, 109, 110 Mehmed II, the Conqueror 54, 83 “civilizing mission” 43 Meier, Christian 3 Napoleon (III), Louis 114 Meister Eckhart 68 Napoleonic Wars, the 89, 102, 104 Melaka 80 National Assembly, the 101, 102, 103, 114 Mendelssohn, Moses 36 National Bank, the 118 Mendoza, Juan González de 81 nationalism (European) 37, 43, 72, 88 Methodism Nazis 151 in America 107 Negroponte 54 in Britain 108 neoclassicism 84 Metlitzki, Dorothee 60 Nestorians, the 51 Metternich, Klemens von 104 New Orleans 99 Mexico 137, 147 New Rome Michels, Robert 117 Aachen 24 Mickey Mouse 133 Berlin 139 Mill, John Stuart 130 Constantinople 22, 41 Milvian Bridge 22 New Testament, the 20 Minio, Marco 77 Newton, Isaac 35, 68 Minorca 85 New World, the 71, 75, 79, 93, 95, 135 Mirabeau, Honoré 100, 102 New York City 120, 125, 131, 132, 141, 153 miraj literature 62, 66 Nicholas I 132 Mises, Ludwig von 116 Nicholas of Cusa 53, 78 modern trendsetter (America), the 111, Nicopolis 51, 53 122, 123, 133 Nietzsche, Friedrich 15, 33, 38–9, 42, 43, Mohacs 75 113, 135, 136, 151, 158 Möngke Khan 52 Nike 143 Mongols 13, 51–2, 57 Noailles, Vicomte de 100 Monnet, Jean 89 Noël, Octave 132 Index ● 227

Normans, the 26 Peterloo, massacre 105 Norman Vikings 25 Petrarch, Francesco 69 Norway 99 Petrini, Carl 148 Novalis 37, 42, 112 Pew Research Center 146 Nur al-Din 50 Philadelphia 95, 109, 145 Nye, Joseph 140 Philip II 85, 87 Philippines, the 137 Ockley, Simon 79 Phillip II 50 Odacer 23 Philoctetes 36 Old World, the 95, 111, 131, 133, 135 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio (Pius II) 53–4 Olympic Games Pickford, Mary 133 Athens (1896) 131 Piedmont 104, 114 Berlin (1936) 43 Pietism 108 Orange, Raimbaut d’ 62 Pinto, Fernão Mendes 80 Oresme, Nicholas 68 Pippin III 24 Orhan 52 Pius II (pope) 53 Orientalism 10 Pius IX (pope) 114 Ortega y Gasset, José 42, 134, 139 plague, the bubonic 88 Osman 52 Plassey, Battle of (1757) 72 Ostend 126 Plato 31–2, 33, 39, 60 Other, the 11, 93, 157 Platonism 13, 33, 34 Otranto 54, 74 Plutarch 40 Otto the Great 41 Poitiers 24 Ottoman conquest of (1453) 53–4, 86 Poland 26, 39, 76, 99 Ottoman Empire 52–6, 72–9, 110 Polanyi, Karl 116 toleration of Jews and Christians 58–9 Polo, Marco 62, 81 Ottoman siege of Vienna polytheism 13 (1529) 75 Pomeranz, Kenneth 72 (1683) 5, 8, 72, 76, 88 Pommer, Erich 134 Oxford University 65 Portugal 74, 86, 148 Postel, Guilaume 75, 78 paganism 66 postmodernism 9, 10, 142, 145, Paglia, Camille 4 149, 158–9 Paine, Thomas 95, 97, 100, 112 Prague 27 Palestine 50 Prester John 51 papacy, the 12, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 41, 49, 53, Prideaux, Humphrey 88 54, 57, 58, 63, 67, 68, 114 Prodi, Romano 4, 5 Pareto, Vilfredo 117 Prophesy of Daniel 73, 77 Paris 29, 36, 99, 124, 125, 133, 141 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 42, 129 Paris, University of 28, 65, 66, 78 Prussia 26, 114, 117, 119 Paul (of Tarsus) 33 Ptolemaic astronomy 61 Pauw, Cornelius de 95, 99 Puerto Rico 137 Pax Mongolica 55 Pecham 61 quadrivium 60 Pegu 81 Quesnay, François 82 Pelenz, Wilhelm von 129 Quran, the 58, 64, 68, 78, 79, 84 Pennsylvania 97 Penn, William 42, 110 Racine 78 “Peoples of the Books” (zimmis)58 Raymond of Aguilers 49 Pershing, John 137 Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas abbé Persian Empire (ancient) 74 de 97, 100, 101, 113 Persians, the 13, 74 Reagan, Ronald 140, 142 Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny 57, “real revolution in America” the 105–9, 59, 62, 64 111, 122, 150 228 ● Index

Reformation, the (Protestant) 3, 5, 7, Salerno 61 12, 21, 41, 68, 69, 72, 84, 86–8, San Antonio 145 108, 140, 150, 158 Sartre, Jean-Paul 9, 154 “Reformation of the Twelfth Century” the 27 Sasanian Empire 48 Reland, Adrien 79 Savater, Fermando 5, 152 “relaxation of self-criticism” the 112, 127, Saxons, the 24, 25 129–30, 141, 145, 152 Saxony 114 Renaissance Scandinavia 25, 26 Italian 3, 5, 7, 12, 21, 35, 48, 63, 69, 71, Scandinavians, the 21 84, 140, 150, 158 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 42 of the Twelfth Century 7, 55, 63 Schiller, Friedrich 36, 103, 104 revivalism 107 schism (between Greek and Latin Church Reymond, Emil Dubois 135 in 1054) 28, 86 Rhine, the 24 Schlegel, Friedrich 101, 104, 128 Rhode Island 94 Schleiermacher, Friedrich 38 Rhodes 73 Schley, Nicole 154 Richard I (the Lionhearted) 50 Schmalkaldic League 86, 87 Rilke, Rainer Maria 128 Schwarzenegger, Arnold 143 “Rise of the West” the 71 Scientific Revolution, the 7, 12, 35, 63, 68, Robert of Ketton 64 69, 89, 150, 158 Robespierre, Maximilien 102, 103 scientism 37 Rochefoucauld, Duc de la 100, 108 Sears, Richard 123 Roederer, Comte de 100 Seattle 146 Roger of Antioch 50 Sebastian, Dom 74 Roman Catholic Church 5, 12, 20, 23, 27, secondarity (European) 41, 58, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 86, 87, 125 modern 149–55 Roman Empire, the 7, 12, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, postmodern 159 24, 29, 36, 40, 41, 48, 60, 74, 77, 84, 98, pre-modern 19–22, 69, 141, 149–55 103, 121, 133, 136, 146 Second Awarkening, the 107 Romanov Empire, the 115 Seguer, Comte de 100, 101 Romans, Humbert de 64 Selim I 74 Romanticism 37–8, 104 Selim II 75 Rome Seljuks, the 49 ancient 22, 23, 29, 36, 41, 49, 69, 71, Senate of Calamata, the 110 136, 141 September, 11, 2001 153, 159 modern 43, 54, 55, 73, 114, 141 Serbia 52, 54 Romulus Augustulus 23 Serbs, the 52 Roosevelt Corollary 137 Seven Years’ War 8, 89, 98 Rorty, Richard 31 Shakespeare, William 87 Rossini, Gioachino 42, 73 Shaw, George Bernard 113, 129, 134, Rotary Club 126 136, 151 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 15, 36, 39, 42, 82, Shelley, Percy 38 103, 106 Sicily 25 Russia 7, 72, 76, 110, 131, 132 “sick man of Europe” (Ottoman Empire) 76 Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph 100, 103 Said, Edward 10 Sieyés, Emmanuel Joseph 103 Saint Bartholomew Massacre (1572) 87 Sigismund (Hungarian King) 53 Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin de 114 Silk Road, the 55 Saint Peter’s Basilica (Rome) 24, 53 Silone, Ignazio 139 St. Petersburg 99 Skinner, Quentin 156 Saint Simon, Henri 42, 100 Slavs, the 51 Saint-Victor, Benjamin 108 Slow Food movement, the 148 Saladin 7, 50 Smith, Adam 82, 96, 98, 122, 123 Saladin Tithe 50 Smith, Thomas 79 Index ● 229 socialism 116, 117, 126 Thessaloniki 53 Socrates 33 Thévenot, Jean de 79 Sofia 52 Thibau, Jacque 153 “Soft Power” 140 Thierry of Chartres 65 Solomon, Robert 14, 37 Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) 8, 87 Sombart, Werner 131 Thomism 67 Sophocles 36 Thou, Jacques-Auguste de 87 Soupault, Philippe 133 Thuringia 24 Southern, Sir Richard 26, 47, 59 Thyssen, August 116 Soviet Bloc 122, 140, 141, 142 Tiananmen Square 132 Soviet Union, the 151, 153 Tilly, Charles 104, 114 Spain 60, 61, 62, 73, 84, 86, 104, 134, Timur (Tamerlane) 51, 53 137, 147 Titian 74, 77 Spanish-American War, the 127, 137 Tocqueville, Alexis de 10, 103, 105, 107, 108, Spanish Reconquest of Iberian Peninsula from 112, 113, 118, 120, 129, 130, 150 the Arabs (complete in 1492) 73 Tokyo 146 Speer, Albert 139 Toledo 26, 27, 59, 60, 64 Spencer, Herbert 116, 121, 130 Tours 24 Spengler, Oswald 136 Toynbee, Arnold 15 Spuler, Bertold 47 translatio imperii 28, 94–5, 137 Staël, Madame de 42, 104, 120 Treaty of Küçük Kainardji (1774) 76 Stanford University 125 Tripoli 50, 73 Starbucks’ 146 trivium 60 Stead, William T. 127, 136, 151 Trollope, Anthony 121 Stendhal, Henri Beyle 43, 109, 113 Trollope, Fanny 119, 121, 150 Stephen II (pope) 24 Troyes, Chrétien de 29 Stern, Fritz 135 Tunis 73 Straus Brothers (Macy’s), the 123 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques 100 Strauss, Leo 19 Turin 104 Strauss, Richard 42 Türkenfurcht 76 Suarés, André 153 Turkey 16, 146 Sublime Porte 54, 73, 76 Turks 12, 13, 52–6, 58, 72–80, 85, 86 Sufism 58 Tuscany 114 Suleiman I, the Magnificent 75, 77, 85 Sumner, William Graham 116 Ukraine 75, 76 Swan, Joseph 125 Umayyads, the 48 Swedish Civil War (1598–1604) 87 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Switzerland 86, 99 Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 147 Syria 74 universal empire (European understanding) 40, 48, 51, 69, 74, 77, 84–5, 89 Tafur, Pero 58 universalism (as construed by Europeans) Talleyrand, Charles de 100, 107, 120 political 30, 38–44, 69–70, 89, 141, Tamburlaine the Great (Tamerlane) 51, 53 149, 156 Target, Guy Jean 100 spiritual 30–8, 59, 63, 67, 69–70, 87, 141, Tarnas, David 34 149, 156 Tartars, the 52, 71 Urban II (pope) 7, 8, 41, 47, 49 Tavernier, Bertrand 148 Urban III (pope) 50 Tawney, R.H. 126 Utrecht 79 Tempier, Etienne 66 Temple, Robert 80 Valensi, Lucette 77 Temple, Sir William 76, 81 Valéry, Paul 136 Thatcher, Margaret 146 Valladao, Alfredo 111 Theodoric of Freiburg 61 Vandals, the 23 Thessalonica, region of 56 Van Kley, Edwin 82 230 ● Index

Varigny, Charles Crosnier de 121 Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 87, 88 Vattimo, Gianni 5, 152 Whitehead, Alfred North 31 Veblen, Thorstein 122 White House, the 120, 142, 143 Védrine, Hubert 154 White, Lynn 60 Venice 55, 73, 74, 76, 99 white man’s burden 42 Ventura, Jesse 143 Whitley, John Robinson 130 Vico, Giambattista 42 Wilde, Oscar 129 Victoria, Queen 84 William of Aquitaine 62 Vidal, Piere 62 William of Conches 65 Vienna 2, 5, 8, 75, 76, 104 William the Conqueror 26 Congress of (1815) 88 Williamson, Andrew 132 Vinci, Leonardo da 61 William of Tripoli 64 Virginia 96 Willkomm, Ernst 118 “virtual revolution” the 142, 145 Winthrop, John 94 Vitry, Jacques de 67 Wittenberg 86 Voltaire 15, 40, 42, 51, 82, 88, 97, 98, 106 Wong, R. Bin 72 Vossius, Isaac 81 Woolworth, F.W. 123, 134 Wordsworth, William 104 Wagner, Richard 125 “World America” 111, 139, 149 Walpole, Horace 98 World’s Fair (Paris, 1867), the 135 Wanamaker, John 123 World War Wanamaker’s 124 I 12, 136, 137, 151 Ward, Montgomery 123 II 12, 151 Warhol, Andy 142 Worms 86 War of Spanish Succession Württemberg 105 (1702–1714) 88 Wycliffe, John 68 Washington, DC 132, 141 Washington, George 99, 101, 110, 129 Yorktown 99 Waterloo 43, 102 Watt, Montgomery 60 Zadek, Peter 147 Weber, Max 11, 117, 131, 134, 136, 151 Zapolyai, John 75 Wells, H.G. 136 Zengi 50 Wenders, Wim 149 Zola, Emile 124, 125 Wertheim 124 Zwingli, Ulrich 86