Notes 1 Introduction 1. Quoted in New York Times (March 1, 2002). 2. Christian Meier, From Athens to Auschwitz, trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 1. 3. L’Express (February 7, 2002). 4. Umberto Eco, “An Uncertain Europe Between Rebirth and Decline,” in Daniel Levy, Max Pensky, and John Torpey (eds.), Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations after the Iraq War (London: Verso, 2005), p. 20. 5. Quoted in Max Berley, “Le Modest Proposal” Foreign Policy (January–February 2003): 80. Bush remark quoted in William Odom and Robert Dujaric, America’s Inadvertent Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 51. 6. Stehpen Haseler, The Super-Rich (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), p. 169. 7. Deutsche Welle (June 23, 2005). 8. Quoted in New York Times (May 2, 2004). 9. Quoted in The Economist (May 31, 2003). 10. Deutsche Welle (June 15, 2005). 11. Laurent Cohen-Tanugi, “The End of Europe?” Foreign Affairs (November/December 2005): 58. 12. Claus Leggewie, Amerikas Welt: Die USA in unseren Köpfen (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 2000), p. 29. 13. Quoted in ibid., p. 26. 14. Jacques Derrida, The Other Heading: Reflections on Today’s Europe, trans. Pascale Anne Brault and Michael Naas (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992). 15. Agnes Heller, “Europe: An Epilogue?” in Brian Nelson, David Roberts, and Walter Veit (eds.), The Idea of Europe: Problems of National and Transnational Identity (New York: Berg, 1992), p. 22. 16. Walter Laqueur, The Last Days of Europe: Epitaph for an Old Continent (New York: St. Martin’s, 2007). 17. The Economist (March 17–23, 2007). 18. Ibid (June 4–10, 2005). 19. Ray Hudson and Allan Williams (eds.), Divided Europe (London: Sage, 1998); John Newhouse, Europe Adrift (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997); Ronald Tiersky (ed.), Euro-Skepticism: A Reader (Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2001); John Redwood, 162 ● Notes Superpower Struggles: Mighty America, Faltering Europe, Rising Asia (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Claire Berlinski, Menace in Europe: Why the Continent’s Crisis Is America’s, Too (New York: Random House, 2007); Laqueur, Last. 20. Chirac and Prodi both quoted in The Economist (April 26, 2003). 21. Quoted in Foreign Policy (September–October 2004): 16. 22. Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, “Unsere Erneuerung. Nach dem Krieg: Die Wiedergeburt Europas” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (March 31, 2003). The other letters are reprinted in Levy, et al., Old. 23. See, for instance, K.N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); John Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); R. Bin Wong, China Transformed (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1995); and André Gunder Frank, ReOrient (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). 24. Joseph Nye, “Soft Power” Foreign Policy 80 (Fall 1990): 153–71. 25. Victor Lieberman, “Introduction” to Lieberman (ed.), Beyond Binary Histories: Re-Imagining Eurasia to c. 1830 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), p. 5. 26. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978). See the endnote 23 above for other anti-Eurocentrists. 27. See, for instance, Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (New York: Knopf, 2006). 28. See Mathew Melko, “Mainstream Civilizations” Comparative Civilizations Review 44 (Spring 2001): 55–71. 29. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 43. 30. See Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000); or Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and its Predecessors (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 24–77. 31. Max Weber, “ ‘Objectivity’ in Social Science and Social Policy,” in Edward Shils and Henry Finch (eds.), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Glencoe: Free Press, 1949), pp. 72–111; Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. Joan Stambaugh (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996); Hans Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, trans. Garret Barden and John Cumming (New York: Continuum, 1975); and Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Pantheon, 1971). 32. Weber, “ ‘Objectivity,’ ” pp. 72–111. 33. See, for example, Said, Orientalism. 34. See Peter Burke’s thoughtful conceptualization of Europe, which my own under- standing parallels, in “Did Europe Exist before 1700?” History of European Ideas 1 (1980): 21–29. 35. Anthony Pagden, Worlds at War: The 2,500-Year Struggle between East and West (New York: Random House, 2008), pp. 5–6, argues that a sense of Europeanness has existed since the fifth entury BCE. Notes ● 163 36. Walter Russell Mead, God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World (New York: Knopf, 2007) stresses the strong ties binding America and Britain. Though I recognize that Britain’s affinities to America are greater than the Continent’s, I point up salient differences that connect the United Kingdom to Europe more than America. 37. See, for example, Richard Bulliet, The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004). 38. Dante Alighieri, The Inferno, trans. John Ciardi (New York: Mentor, 1982), vol. 4, pp. 145–47. 39. Robert Solomon, History and Human Nature: A Philosophical Review of European Philosophy and Culture, 1750–1850 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), p. xvii. 40. Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (London: Oxford University Press, 1954), vol. 8, pp. 728–29. 41. Montesquieu and Voltaire quoted on p. 65, Rousseau on p. 82 of Derek Heater, The Idea of European Unity (New York: St. Martin’s, 1992); Gibbon on p. 353 of Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium. 42. Edmund Burke, “First Letter on a Regicide Peace,” R.B. McDowell (ed.), in Paul Langford (ed.), The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 9, p. 250. 43. Quoted in Biancamaria Fontana, “The Napoleonic Empire and the Europe of Nations,” in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 127. 44. Quoted in Stefan Elbe, Europe: A Nietzschean Perspective (London: Routledge, 2003), p. 12. 45. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London: Macmillan, 1920), p. 3. 46. Lucien Febvre, L’Europe. Genèse d’une civilization (Paris: Perrin, 1999), p. 44. 47. Hans-Georg Gadamer, “The Diversity of Europe: Inheritance and Future,” in Hans-Georg Gadamer (ed.), Education, Poetry and History: Applied Hermeneutics, trans. Lawrence Schmidt and Monica Reuss (New York: SUNY Press, 1992), p. 224. 48. Derrida, Heading, pp. 82–83. 49. Umberto Eco makes the same point in “Uncertain,” p. 15. 50. See George Holmes, Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt 1320–1450 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 2. 51. See Anne Goldgar, Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters 1680–1750 (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 3. 52. Peter Gay, Schnitzler’s Century (New York: Norton, 2002), p. 5. 2 The Quest for Subjective Eurocentrism 1. Rémi Brague, Eccentric Culture: A Theory of Western Civilization, trans. Samuel Lester (South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press, 2000), pp. 133–34. Etienne Balibar, We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship, trans. James 164 ● Notes Swenson (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 219 also stresses Europe’s unprecedented interest in other cultures. 2. Leo Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism: An Introduction to the Thought of Leo Strauss, Essays and Lectures by Leo Strauss (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), pp. 72–73. 3. Brague, Eccentric, p. 25. Matthew Arnold labeled them “Hebraism” and “Hellenism.” 4. To this day, Greeks say they are “going to Europe” when they travel to Italy, France, etc. See ibid., p. 19. 5. Ibid., p. 54. 6. Ibid., p. 41. 7. Ibid., p. 55. 8. Ibid., p. 128. 9. Ibid., pp. 35, 43, and 35. 10. Ibid., p. 128–31. 11. Ibid., p. 130. 12. Ibid., p. 99. 13. Ibid., p. 41. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid., pp. 114–16. 16. Ibid., p. 147. 17. Ibid., p. 144. 18. Ibid., pp. 133–34. 19. Ibid., pp. 130–33. 20. See Peter J. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 431–59. 21. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity AD 200–1000 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 301 and 60. 22. Quoted in ibid., p. 56. 23. Patrick J. Geary, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 114–50. 24. Brown, Rise, p. 133. 25. Ibid., p. 219. 26. Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Europe, trans. Janet Lloyd (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), p. 22. 27. Brown, Rise, pp. 255–58. 28. Peter Rietbergen, Europe: A Cultural History (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 98–100; and Brown, Rise, pp. 276–98. 29. Le Goff, Birth, pp. 32–33. 30. Brown, Rise, p. 282. 31. John France, The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000–1714 (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 15. 32. See Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993). 33. R.I. Moore, The First European Revolution, c. 970–1215 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000). Notes ● 165 34. See Dominique Barthélemy, et al., “Debate: The Feudal Revolution” P&P 152 (1996), 155 (1997). 35. See Franco Cardini, Europe and Islam, trans. Caroline Beamish (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), pp. 49–50. 36. As one contemporary quoted in France, Crusades, p. 3 called it. 37. R.W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), p. 13. 38. Le Goff, Birth, p. 150. 39. Charles Homer Haskins, Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927).