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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-18695-7 - 21st Century: Guidebook to Fungi David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P. J. Trinci Index More information INDEX Absidia corymbifera, 431 La France disease, 196 alcoholic fermentations, 474–7 Acaulospora spp., 52, 340, 441 mycoparasite problems, 443–4 Aleuria spp., 60, 228 Acaulosporaceae, 52, 340 wet bubble disease, 443 alkaloids produced by endophytes, 360 acervulae, 198, 223 white mould disease, 443 allergic aspergillosis, 430 acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), 47, 252, Agaricus bitorquis, 195 allergic reactions, 433 477 Agaricus brunnescens, 195 Allomyces macrogynus, 48, 199 acetylenes, 264 Agaricus spp. Allomyces spp., 47–8 achlorophyllous orchids use of protein, 246 Allotropa spp., 343 obligate mycoheterotrophs, 346 agaritine, 263 a-amanitin, 264 Achlya bisexualis, 138, 199 Agaromycotina a-tubulin, 25 growth mechanism, 160 AFTOL classification, 66–9 Alternaria brassicicola, 383 pheromones, 77 agglutinins, 168 aluminium in soil minerals, 6 Achlya spp., 31, 75, 85 agonomycetes, 198 Amanita muscaria, 78, 263, 338, acostromata, 60 agricultural myocides, 529 347, 354 Acrasiales, 77 agricultural soil toxins, 328–30 Acrasiomycota, 77 area on the Earth, 5 Amanita pantherina, 329 Acrasis spp., 77 agricultural waste Amanita phalloides, 264 Acremonium spp., 442 breakdown by fungi, 238 Amanita spp., 78, 347 Acromyrmex spp., 396 cultivation of Pleurotus spp., 278 accumulation of metal ion, 327 actin, 126 lignocellulose biodegradation, 497–9 amatoxins, 433–4 actin-binding proteins (ABPs), 126 remediation by fungi, 334–6 mycorrhizal fungi, 337, 338 actin filaments, 126 agriculture phallotoxin, 433–4 actin gene mutations, 126 affluent diet requirement, 5 poisoning, 433–4 actin-associated myosins, 127–33 agricultural fungi, 15 toxins, 264 actins, 25 amount of land used to supply food, 5 Amanita virosa,62 activator-inhibitor model, 293 human dependence on fungi, 15 amatoxins, 433–4 active transport across a membrane, 249 losses to fungal diseases, 4 amber plasma membrane, 133 losses to pests and diseases, 368–70 fungal fossils, 32–3 actomyosin ring mycorrhizal fungi in crop plants, 4 ambrosia beetles, 62 assembly during cell division, 145 origins of, 10–15 and fungi, 399–400 adhesins, 168–70 role of fungi in herbivore digestion, 4 Ambrosiella spp., 399, 400 affluent diet ruminants and anaerobic chytrids, 400–5 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), land required per person, 5 strobilurin fungicides, 4 562 aflatoxicosis, 330, 435–6 subsistence diet requirement, 5 Amoebidiales, 29, 52, 77 aflatoxins, 56, 262, 330, 435–6 Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Amoebidium parasiticum, 415 African histoplasmosis, 428 transformation (AMT), 389, 551 amorphous cellulose, 239 AFTOL study, 35, 45, 50, 51, 55, 56, 61 agroclavine, 54 amphibians Agaricaceae, 66 AIDS patients cutaneous chytridiomycosis, 43, 422–4 Agaricales, 63–5, 66, 394 candidiasis, 429 amphipathic structure of hydrophobins, Agaricomycetes, 66 cryptococcosis, 428 170 Agaricomycetidae, 63, 66 opportunistic fungal infections, 429 amphotericin B, 431, 515–16 Agaricomycotina, 62, 63–71 susceptibility to fungal infections, 429 amphotericin B liposomes (AmBisomes), Agaricus bisporus, 71, 117, 195, 200, 245, See also immunocompromised patients 517 247, 252, 254, 263, 311 Ajellomyces capsulatus, 428 amylases, 241, 242 brown spot disease, 443 Albugo candida, 379 amyloglucosidases, 241 commercial cultivation technique, 276–8 Albugo spp., 31, 75 amylopectins, 241 dry bubble disease, 443 alcohol, 4 amylose, 241 genome, 546 alcohol production anaerobic chytrids, 29, 45–6 hymenia development, 295 fermentation research, 105–6 and ruminants, 400–5 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-18695-7 - 21st Century: Guidebook to Fungi David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P. J. Trinci Index More information 606 Index anaerobic early eukaryotes, 23 arbutoid endomycorrhizas, 337, 343 Aspergillus flavus, 189 Anaeromyces spp., 401 Arbutus spp., 343 Aspergillus fumigatus, 262 analogous organs, 63 Archaea, 24 chitin synthase genes, 160 anamorph (asexual stage), 42 Archaeospora spp., 340 genome, 544 anamorphic fungi, 198–9 Archaeosporales, 340 Aspergillus giganteus, 484 anastomosis. See hyphal fusion archiascomycetes, 56 Aspergillus lentulus, 431 ang-kak, 274, 506 Arctostaphylos spp., 343 Aspergillus nidulans, 42, 126, 127, 460, anidulafungin, 521 Armillaria bulbosa, 195 467–8 animal pathogens Armillaria gallica,71 conidiophores, 220–3 comparison with plant pathogens, 436–9 Armillaria mellea, 227, 246, 251, 335, 344, duplication cycle, 92–3 Anisolpidiales, 75 346 genome, 544 Anisolpidium spp., 75 Armillaria spp., 117, 195, 246, 370–2, 444 het genes, 186 ant agriculture genomes, 547 heterokaryon formation, 186 coral fungus agriculture, 396 Armillariella spp., 444 mitosis, 116, 117 demand for leaf material, 395–6 aromatic hydrocarbon pesticides, 334 mitotic gene segregation, 189, 192–4 Escovopsis fungal parasite, 397 Arthoniomycetes, 60, 61 mutations, 116 gardening ants, 393–8 Arthrinium sphaerosperma, 522 negative autotropism, 96 generalised higher agriculture, 396 Arthrobotrys oligospora, 406, 439 nuclear migration, 132 leaf-cutter agriculture, 396 arthropod endosymbiont fungi, 53 nutritional selection for diploid strains, lower agriculture, 396 arthropod pathogens 189, 192–4 molecular phylogenies of attine ants, Laboulbeniales, 416–17 parasynchronous nuclear division, 148 396–7 arthropod pests Aspergillus niger, 92, 189, 468, 474, 477 obligate symbiosis with the fungus, 396 biological control, 421–2 Aspergillus oryzae, 189, 474, 484, 505, 506 symbiotic Streptomyces, 397–8 chemical pesticides, 421 Aspergillus sojae, 505 yeast agriculture, 396 integrated pest management (IPM), 422 Aspergillus spp., 56, 60, 228, 262, 274 antheridiol, 199 microbial control agents, 422 aflatoxins, 330, 435–6 antibiotic resistance, 108 use of transgenic plants, 422 aspergillosis, 429–30, 430–1 antibiotics, 4, 55, 473, 512 arthrospores, 208 in the home, 432 antibiotics production, 353 Artiodactyla, 403 proteinases, 246 antifeedants, 328 and anaerobic chytrids, 400–5 Aspergillus sydowii antifungal agents aryl alcohol oxidase, 245 infection of sea fans, 424 azoles, 517–21 asci, 55, 228 Aspergillus terreus, 55, 262, 431, 473 cell wall as a target, 171–2 Pezizomycotina, 60–1 Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life project. fungal cell wall as target, 157 Ascobolus heterothallicus, 186 See AFTOL study polyenes, 514–17 Ascobolus stercorarius, 186 Asterodon ferruginosus, 301 protective agents, 512 ascochlorins, 263 Asterostroma spp., 332 systemic agents, 512–13 ascolichens, 358 asthmatic reactions targeting the cell wall, 521–2 ascoma morphologies allergic aspergillosis, 430 targeting the membrane, 512–21 Pezizomycotina, 59–60 astral microtubules, 118, 146 types of, 512 ascomata, 228 asynchronous division of nuclei, 146–8 antigens, 437 Ascomycetes, 23, 29, 55 Atheliales, 66 antiporters, 249 Ascomycota, 29, 30, 35, 55–61, 78, 346, athlete’s foot, 425 antitumour agents, 473 351, 438, 442 atmospheric pollution Antrodia vaillantii, 332 asexual fungi, 56 chlorohydrocarbon release by wood- Antrodia xantha, 332 endophytes, 360 decay fungi, 336 ants and fungi, 279 important species, 55–6 sensitivity of lichens to, 358 Aphelenchoides composticola, 270 lichens, 79 sources of chloromethane, 336 apical growth of the hypha, 100 meiosis, 118 ATP, 121, 122 Apodachlyella spp., 75 morphology, 55 ATP synthesis apoptosis, 185, 315–16, 465 septal pores, 99 primary metabolism, 251, 253 apothecia, 59, 228 Woronin bodies, 99 ATPase genes apple blotch, 370 Ascomycotina, 50 phylogenetic studies, 24–5 appressorium, 379 ascospores, 55, 228 Atta spp., 396 Apterostigma spp., 396 ascostromata, 59 attine ants aquatic fungi, 78 Asellaria ligiae, 415 molecular phylogenies, 396–7 arabanases, 241 Asellariales, 52, 53, 415 Aureobasidium spp., 60 arabans, 240 asexual fungi, 180 Auricularia polytricha (wood ear fungus) Arabidopsis thaliana, 376 Ashbya gossypii trade, 273 arachidonic acid biotechnology, 482–3 asynchronous nuclear division, 147 Auriculariales, 67 arbuscular endomycorrhizas, 337, 338–42 aspartic proteinases, 247 aurora australis, 22 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 32, 50–2, 78, aspergillosis, 429–30, 430–1, 524 aurora borealis, 22 171, 441 aspergillosis disease of coral, 424 autotropism, 96–7 arbuscules, 51, 338 Aspergillus awamori, 502 mycelium growth, 87–8 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-18695-7 - 21st Century: Guidebook to Fungi David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P. J. Trinci Index More information Index 607 auxotrophs, 181 definition, 213 Boletus elegans, 78, 338, 347 avirulence gene, 437 biofilms, 28–9, 170 Boletus parasiticus, 442 avoidance mechanism in hyphae, 96 biogeochemical transformations Boletus spp., 78, 344, 347, 353 azoles, 514, 517–21 role of fungi, 9–10 mycorrhizal fungi, 337, 338 bioinformatics, 531 Bombardia spp., 60 Bacillus thuringiensis, 422 analysis of large survey data sets, 563 bootlace fungus. See Armillaria spp. bacteria, 326 definition, 557 Bordeaux mixture, 512 and soil health, 7 effects of climate change on fungi, 563 Botrytis cinerea, 183, 382, 383–4, 385, 493 numbers in soil, 7 genomic data mining, 562 Botrytis elliptica, 384 oldest known fossils, 23 genomics research data, 557 Botrytis fabae, 384 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), 532 mathematical modelling of hyphal Botrytis spp., 384 bakanae disease of rice, 379 growth, 566 bovine spongiform
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