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September 29, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 39 From the Cover 24526 Nanoscale organization of glutamate receptors 24039 Treatment of adolescent mental illness 24117 Causal inferences of genetic data 24127 Ancient floodwater farming 24258 Conformation of proto-oncogene Contents THIS WEEK IN PNAS—This week’s research highlights Cover image: Pictured is 24005 In This Issue a reconstruction of glutamate receptor clusters. Joana S. Ferreira et al. found that in rat hippocampal neurons, the QNAS—Interviews with leading scientific researchers and newsmakers nanoscale organization and lateral 24008 QnAs with Janet Currie diffusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate Tinsley H. Davis receptors (NMDAR) changed in See Inaugural Article on page 24039 a subunit-specific manner along dendritic segments in relation to distance from the soma. The interplay PROFILE—The life and work of NAS members between NMDAR and calcium/ 24010 Profile of Cynthia Friend calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II Farooq Ahmed (CaMKII) shaped synaptic potentiation. The findings suggest that the nanoscale organization of both NMDAR and COMMENTARIES CaMKII may influence the plasticity of synaptic inputs. See the article by 24013 The immune signatures of multiple sclerosis: Lessons from twin studies Ferreira et al. on pages 24526–24533. Pablo Villoslada and Scott S. Zamvil Image credit: Joana S. Ferreira. See companion article on page 21546 in issue 35 of volume 117 24016 Predators and rainfall control spatial biogeochemistry in a landscape of fear Oswald J. Schmitz See companion article on page 22256 in issue 36 of volume 117 24019 Expanding the horizons of genome editing in the fruit fly with Cas12a Ben Ewen-Campen and Norbert Perrimon See companion article on page 22890 in issue 37 of volume 117 PERSPECTIVE 24022 Opportunities and limitations of genetically modified nonhuman primate models for neuroscience research Guoping Feng, Frances E. Jensen, Henry T. Greely, Hideyuki Okano, Stefan Treue, Angela C. Roberts, James G. Fox, Sarah Caddick, Mu-ming Poo, William T. Newsome, and John H. Morrison LETTERS 24032 Using the curriculum vitae to promote gender equity during the COVID-19 pandemic Vineet M. Arora, Charles M. Wray, Avital Y. O’Glasser, Mark Shapiro, and Shikha Jain Free online through the PNAS open access option. PNAS u September 29, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 39 u iii–vii Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 24033 Reply to Arora et al.: Concerns and considerations EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES about using the CV as an equity tool 24082 Modeling the stability of polygonal patterns of vortices at Jessica L. Malisch, Breanna N. Harris, Shanen M. Sherrer, the poles of Jupiter as revealed by the Juno spacecraft Kristy A. Lewis, Stephanie L. Shepherd, Pumtiwitt C. McCarthy, Cheng Li, Andrew P. Ingersoll, Alexandra P. Klipfel, and Harriet Brettle Jessica L. Spott, Elizabeth P. Karam, Naima Moustaid-Moussa, – Jessica McCrory Calarco, Latha Ramalingam, Amelia E. Talley, 24088 The seawater carbon inventory at the Paleocene Jaclyn E. Can˜as-Carrell, Karin Ardon-Dryer, Dana A. Weiser, Eocene Thermal Maximum Ximena E. Bernal, and Jennifer Deitloff Laura L. Haynes and Ba¨rbel Ho¨nisch 24035 Genetic variant rs7820258 regulates the expression ENGINEERING of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 in brain regions 24096 Untethered control of functional origami microrobots Zhijie Han, Dian He, and Yang Zhang with distributed actuation 24037 Reply to Han et al.: On track for an IDO1-based Larissa S. Novelino, Qiji Ze, Shuai Wu, Glaucio H. Paulino, and Ruike Zhao personalized therapy in autoimmunity 24205 Engineered biomimetic nanoparticle for dual targeting Giada Mondanelli, Agostinho Carvalho, Paolo Puccetti, Ursula of the cancer stem-like cell population in sonic Grohmann, and Claudia Volpi hedgehog medulloblastoma Jinhwan Kim, Abhinav Dey, Anshu Malhotra, Jingbo Liu, Song Ih Ahn, Yoshitaka J. Sei, Anna M. Kenney, Tobey J. MacDonald, and YongTae Kim INAUGURAL ARTICLE PHYSICS 24039 Treatment of mental illness in American adolescents varies widely within and across areas 24102 Geodesic fibrations for packing diabolic domains Randall D. Kamien and Thomas Machon Emily Cuddy and Janet Currie See QnAs on page 24008 24110 Emergence of anomalous dynamics in soft matter probed at the European XFEL Felix Lehmku¨hler, Francesco Dallari, Avni Jain, Marcin Sikorski, BRIEF REPORT Johannes Mo¨ller, Lara Frenzel, Irina Lokteva, Grant Mills, Michael 24047 Early preference for face-like stimuli in solitary Walther, Harald Sinn, Florian Schulz, Michael Dartsch, Verena Markmann, Richard Bean, Yoonhee Kim, Patrik Vagovic, Anders species as revealed by tortoise hatchlings Madsen, Adrian P. Mancuso, and Gerhard Gru¨bel Elisabetta Versace, Silvia Damini, and Gionata Stancher STATISTICS 24117 Causal inference in genetic trio studies PHYSICAL SCIENCES Stephen Bates, Matteo Sesia, Chiara Sabatti, and Emmanuel Cande`s APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES 24173 National population mapping from sparse survey data: A hierarchical Bayesian modeling framework 24050 Near-zero-index media as electromagnetic ideal fluids to account for uncertainty In˜igo Liberal, Michae¨l Lobet, Yue Li, and Nader Engheta Douglas R. Leasure, Warren C. Jochem, Eric M. Weber, Vincent 24055 Shear-assisted grain coarsening in Seaman, and Andrew J. Tatem colloidal polycrystals Wei Li, Yi Peng, Yongjun Zhang, Tim Still, A. G. Yodh, SOCIAL SCIENCES and Yilong Han 24336 Functional advantages of Lévy walks emerging near ANTHROPOLOGY a critical point 24127 El Niño resilience farming on the north coast of Peru Masato S. Abe Ari Caramanica, Luis Huaman Mesia, Claudia R. Morales, Gary Huckleberry, Luis Jaime Castillo B., and Jeffrey Quilter BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY ECONOMIC SCIENCES 24224 Interfacial plasticity facilitates high reaction rate of 24039 Treatment of mental illness in American adolescents E. coli FAS malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase, FabD varies widely within and across areas Laetitia E. Misson, Jeffrey T. Mindrebo, Tony D. Davis, Ashay Emily Cuddy and Janet Currie Patel, J. Andrew McCammon, Joseph P. Noel, and Michael D. Burkart See QnAs on page 24008 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CHEMISTRY 24138 Holocene coastal evolution preceded the expansion 24061 Exploring the landscape of model representations of paddy field rice farming Thomas T. Foley, Katherine M. Kidder, M. Scott Shell, Ting Ma, Barry V. Rolett, Zhuo Zheng, and Yongqiang Zong and W. G. Noid 24345 Synchrony matters more than species richness in 24069 Visualizing conical intersection passages via vibronic plant community stability at a global scale coherence maps generated by stimulated ultrafast Enrique Valencia, Francesco de Bello, Thomas Galland, Peter B. X-ray Raman signals Adler, Jan Leps, Anna E-Vojtko´, Roel van Klink, Carlos P. Daniel Keefer, Thomas Schnappinger, Regina de Vivie-Riedle, Carmona, Jirı´ Danihelka, Ju¨rgen Dengler, David J. Eldridge, and Shaul Mukamel Marc Estiarte, Ricardo Garcı´a-Gonza´lez, Eric Garnier, Daniel 24076 Polyamorphism of vapor-deposited amorphous Go´mez‐Garcı´a, Susan P. Harrison, Toma´sHerben,Ricardo selenium in response to light Iba´n˜ez, Anke Jentsch, Norbert Juergens, Miklo´s Kerte´sz, Katja Aixi Zhang, Yi Jin, Tianyi Liu, Richard B. Stephens, Klumpp, Fre´de´rique Louault, Rob H. Marrs, Roma`Ogaya,Ga´bor ´ and Zahra Fakhraai Onodi, Robin J. Pakeman, Iker Pardo, Meelis Pa¨rtel, Begon˜aPeco, Josep Pen˜uelas, Richard F. Pywell, Marta Rueda, Wolfgang 24251 Thermodynamic and kinetic design principles for Schmidt, Ute Schmiedel, Martin Schuetz, Hana Ska´lova´, Petr amyloid-aggregation inhibitors Smilauer, Marie Smilauerova´, Christian Smit, MingHua Song, Thomas C. T. Michaels, Andela Saric, Georg Meisl, Gabriella Martin Stock, James Val, Vigdis Vandvik, David Ward, Karsten T. Heller, Samo Curk, Paolo Arosio, Sara Linse, Christopher Wesche, Susan K. Wiser, Ben A. Woodcock, Truman P. Young, M. Dobson, Michele Vendruscolo, and Tuomas P. J. Knowles Fei-Hai Yu, Martin Zobel, and Lars Go¨tzenberger iv u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 POLITICAL SCIENCES BIOCHEMISTRY 24144 Political partisanship influences behavioral responses 24224 Interfacial plasticity facilitates high reaction rate of to governors’ recommendations for COVID-19 E. coli FAS malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase, FabD prevention in the United States Laetitia E. Misson, Jeffrey T. Mindrebo, Tony D. Davis, Ashay Guy Grossman, Soojong Kim, Jonah M. Rexer, Patel, J. Andrew McCammon, Joseph P. Noel, and Harsha Thirumurthy and Michael D. Burkart 24234 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES activates O2 by electron transfer 24154 Open science, communal culture, and women’s Camille Bathellier, Li-Juan Yu, Graham D. Farquhar, participation in the movement to improve science Michelle L. Coote, George H. Lorimer, Mary C. Murphy, Amanda F. Mejia, Jorge Mejia, Xiaoran Yan, and Guillaume Tcherkez Sapna Cheryan, Nilanjana Dasgupta, Mesmin Destin, Stephanie A. 24243 Victorin, the host-selective cyclic peptide toxin from Fryberg, Julie A. Garcia, Elizabeth L. Haines, Judith M. Harackiewicz, the oat pathogen Cochliobolus victoriae,is Alison Ledgerwood, Corinne A. Moss-Racusin, Lora E. Park, ribosomally encoded Sylvia P. Perry, Kate A. Ratliff, Aneeta Rattan, Diana T. Sanchez, Simon C. Kessler, Xianghui Zhang, Megan C. Krishna Savani, Denise Sekaquaptewa, Jessi L. Smith, Valerie McDonald, Cameron L. M. Gilchrist, Zeran Lin, Adriana Jones Taylor, Dustin B. Thoman, Daryl A. Wout, Patricia L. Rightmyer, Peter S. Solomon, B. Gillian Turgeon,
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  • On Possible Dardic and Burushaski Influence on Some Northwestern Tibetan Dialects

    On Possible Dardic and Burushaski Influence on Some Northwestern Tibetan Dialects

    Anton Kogan Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; [email protected] On possible Dardic and Burushaski influence on some Northwestern Tibetan dialects The Northwestern fringe of the Tibetan-speaking area, now forming a part of the Jammu and Kashmir state of India and of Pakistani-controlled Northern Areas, was in the past an area of intensive ethnic and language contact. This contact resulted in the linguistic assimilation of the local pre-Tibetan population by the Tibetans. More than a century ago it was hypothe- sized that this pre-Tibetan population may have spoken a certain Dardic language. The arti- cle attempts to check this hypothesis through the etymological analysis of the vocabulary of Northwestern Tibetan dialects. The results of this analysis suggest the existence of a signifi- cant Indo-Iranian, probably Dardic, lexical stratum, as well as of numerous lexemes bor- rowed from some early form of Burushaski. The author seeks to define the dialectal distribu- tion of Indo-Iranian and Burushaski loanwords in the area under study. Keywords: language contact; linguistic substratum; Tibetan dialects; Ladakhi language; Balti language; Purik language; Dardic languages; Burushaski language. Introduction It is well known that the now vast and extensive Tibetan-speaking area came into being at a comparatively recent date, i.e. in the 7th–9th centuries. Its formation was the result of the ex- pansion of the Tibetan Empire and of the subsequent spread of the Tibetan language into originally non-Tibetan territories. This fact suggests that the existence of pre-Tibetan substrata in different groups of Tibetan dialects may be hypothesized.