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Frankofonie V Tunisku JIHOČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUDĚJOVICÍCH FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV ROMANISTIKY BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE FRANKOFONIE V TUNISKU Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Ondřej Pešek, Ph.D. Autor práce: Josef Máša Studijní obor: FJL Ročník: 1. 2012 Prohlašuji, ţe svoji bakalářskou práci jsem vypracoval samostatně pouze s pouţitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, ţe v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své bakalářské práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéţ elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněţ souhlasím s provozováním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů. České Budějovice 5. 5. 2012 ............................................. PODĚKOVÁNÍ Rád bych poděkoval vedoucímu bakalářské práce PhDr. Ondřeji Peškovi, Ph.D., za všestrannou podporu při řešení této práce, za jeho cenné rady, připomínky a trpělivost. Zároveň bych chtěl poděkovat tuniskému ministrovi zahraničí Mohamedu Mouldimu Kefi za pomoc s překlady arabských textů a konzultace v oblasti tuniské kultury, vzdělávání aj. ANOTACE Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na problematiku frankofonie v Tunisku. Je zkoumán francouzský jazyk od implantace do země aţ po současnost, postavení tohoto jazyka mezi ostatními jazyky uţívanými v této arabské zemi, a s tím spojený vztah tamních obyvatel k jazyku bývalých kolonizátorů. Jedná se o sociolingvistickou studii, kdy je v teoretické části nastíněna situace v oblasti geografie, historie, kultury a politiky, v lingvisticko-teoretické části je francouzský jazyk zkoumán v různých oblastech společenského ţivota a nakonec posouzením konkrétních příkladů uţití francouzštiny v praktické části práce. V rámci teoretické části je zhodnocena angaţovanost Mezinárodní organizace frankofonie v Tunisku. ANOTTATION The thesis deals with the issue of French speech in Tunisia. It focuses on the French language since its introduction in the country until the present day, on the status of this language among other languages used in this Arab country and on the relationship of the locals to the language of the former colonizers. It is a sociolinguistic study, with the theoretical part showing the situation of the geography, history, culture and politics. As for the linguistic-theoretical part, it studies the French language in various areas of the social life and finally there is an assessment of specific examples of the use of French in the practical part. Within the theoretical part, we are evaluating the involvement of the International Francophone Organization in Tunisia. OBSAH ÚVOD ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Teoretická část ......................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Seznámení s Tuniskem ................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Reliéf a klima ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.2. Ekonomická situace ................................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Historie ....................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1. Historie Tuniska od počátku do poloviny sedmého století ................................................ 13 1.3.2. Historie Tuniska od poloviny sedmého století do roku 1881 ............................................. 14 1.3.3. Historie Tuniska po roce 1881 ........................................................................................... 15 1.4. Sociopolitická situace................................................................................................................. 18 1.5. Populace ..................................................................................................................................... 20 1.5.1. Demografické údaje ........................................................................................................... 20 1.5.2. Etnická a náboţenská situace v Tunisku ............................................................................ 21 1.6. Kultura ....................................................................................................................................... 21 1.6.1. „ModerníŖ kultura .............................................................................................................. 21 1.6.2. Tradiční kultura .................................................................................................................. 23 1.7. Frankofonie ................................................................................................................................ 24 1.7.1. Historie vzniku Mezinárodní organizace Frankofonie ....................................................... 24 1.7.2. Mezinárodní organizace Frankofonie v Tunisku ............................................................... 25 2. Lingvisticko-teoretická část ........................................................................................................... 26 2.1. Rozloţení frankofonní populace v Africe .................................................................................. 26 2.2. Klasifikace jazyků v severní Africe ........................................................................................... 27 2.3. Klasifikace jazyků pouţívaných v Tunisku ............................................................................... 28 2.3.1. Historický vývoj jazyků v Tunisku .................................................................................... 28 2.3.2. Současná jazyková situace v Tunisku ................................................................................ 29 2.3.3. Oblasti a funkce jazyků v Tunisku ..................................................................................... 32 2.3.4. Bilingvismus a diglosie v Tunisku ..................................................................................... 33 2.3.4.1. Bilingvismus .................................................................................................................. 33 2.3.4.2. Diglosie .......................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.4.3. Místo pro porovnání fenoménů bilingvismu a diglosie.................................................. 38 2.4. Pozice francouzského jazyka v Tunisku .................................................................................... 39 2.4.1. Frankofonní populace v Tunisku ....................................................................................... 40 2.4.2. Statut francouzského jazyka v Tunisku .............................................................................. 42 2.4.3. Skutečné pouţití francouzského jazyka v Tunisku ............................................................ 44 6 2.4.4. Francouzština a fenomén akulturace .................................................................................. 45 2.4.5. Fenomén akulturace a školství ........................................................................................... 48 2.4.6. Vzdělávání.......................................................................................................................... 49 2.4.6.1. Tradiční vzdělání ............................................................................................................ 51 2.4.6.2. Francouzské školy v Tunisku ......................................................................................... 53 2.4.6.3. Problémy se vzděláním v Tunisku ................................................................................. 55 2.4.7. Francouzský jazyk v kaţdodenním ţivotě ......................................................................... 56 2.4.8. Státní správa ....................................................................................................................... 58 2.4.9. Literatura ............................................................................................................................ 60 2.4.10. Hudba ................................................................................................................................. 67 2.4.11. Média ................................................................................................................................. 68 2.5. Budoucnost francouzského jazyka v Tunisku ............................................................................ 73 Praktická část ......................................................................................................................................... 76 3. Lingvisticko-praktická část ...........................................................................................................
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