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RAPAN LIFEWAYS Society and History on a Polynesian Island

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RAPAN LIFEWAYS Society and History on a Polynesian Island RAPAN LIFEWAYS Society and history on a Polynesian island F. Allan Hanson RAPAN LIFEWAYS Society and History on a Polynesian Island — TROPIC OF CANCER * ^Oahu » Hawaii PACIFIC OCEAN FRENCH POLYNESIA r~ i | MARQUESAS :" v i | ISLANDS ' i 1 TUAto i 1 0Tu i 1 i 1 i i % i Tahiti •:"._., i - s Rurutu ^^-j " •••• -•• ! 1 Rimatara a * Tubl?'' "% TROPIC OF CAPRICORN Ra'ivavae / Pitcaira ^ ^ RAPA y 160" 1 0° RAPAN LIFEWAYS Society and History on a Polynesian Island F ALLAN HANSON The University of Kansas WAVELAND PRESS, INC. Prospect Heights, Illinois For information about this book, write or call: Waveland Press, Inc. P.O. Box 400 Prospect Heights, Illinois 60070 (312)634-0081 This is for Louise Copyright © 1970 by Little, Brown and Company (Inc.) 1983 reissued by Waveland Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88133-029-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Acknowledgments This book owes its existence to the generous support of several institutions and the encouraging assistance of many individuals. Fieldwork in Rapa, extending from December, 1963 to Novem- ber, 1964, was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. A grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH14562-01) made it possible to undertake archival and library research on Rapan history in Paris and Chi- cago in 1967. This, plus grants from the General Research Fund and the Graduate Research Fund of the University of Kansas, allowed me to obtain photocopies of most manuscripts and docu- ments dealing with the island. Free time to write the manuscript was afforded by a Summer Faculty Fellowship from the Uni- versity of Kansas, while other expenses connected with historical research and manuscript preparation were met by a grant from the Kansas City Association of Trusts and Foundations. For the financial support of all these institutions, I am profoundly grateful. Governor Grimald, Administrator Allain, Admiral Thabaud, Captain Bastard, the officers and crew of La Bayonnaise, and many other civilian and military officials of French Polynesia extended every courtesy and assistance. Fellow anthropologists Paul Ottino and Henri Lavondes of the Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer generously contributed much practical assistance and intellectual stimulation. I owe special debts of gratitude to Father Patrick O'Reilly of the Societe des Oceanistes and Rene Bonneau of the Tribunal Supe- rieur d'Appel in Tahiti. The success of my archival research in Paris is due directly to the advice of Father O'Reilly, while M. Bonneau has been quick to lend his support to every facet of my Polynesian research ever since my first visit to Tahiti ten years ago. I am grateful to Fred Eggan and Lloyd Fallers of the Univer- sity of Chicago for their guidance when I first wrote up my material on Rapa as a doctoral dissertation. Much has been derived from the penetrating comments of Jon Cook, Marc Rucker, Martin Silverman, Carlyle Smith, and Murray Wax, who kindly read all or parts of this book in various stages of its preparation. Thanks are due also to Bill Hart, who extracted much valuable information from the microfilmed archives of the London Missionary Society. My wife Louise has been part of this book from the day we set foot on Rapa's shore to the moment we wrote the manuscript's final sentence. No list of services rendered could begin to express my gratitude to her. Suffice it to say that the immensely rewarding experience of coming to know another cul- ture by living in it, pondering over it, and writing about it deep- ened in meaning because it was shared with her. Final thanks belong to the people of Rapa.1 Although few of them understood why we had come so far to learn their lifeways, they welcomed us with warm hospitality and spared no effort to assist our research. No year has been more rewarding and mem- orable than that spent with them. We are especially grateful to our Rapan hosts, the households of Te'ura and Fa'atu. If we have gained any appreciation for life in Rapa, it is due most directly to these good and generous friends who, without thought of payment, shared with us their homes, their food, and their thoughts. 1 To protect their privacy, many Rapans mentioned in this book have been given fictitious names. vi Contents CHAPTER ONE Introduction BODY AND SPIRIT. THE ISLAND AND ITS PEOPLE. RAPANS FROM THEIR OWN POINT OF VIEW. TWO Rapa in History 15 RELICS OF THE PAST. ANCIENT RAPAN SOCIETY. AN- CIENT HISTORY RECONSTRUCTED. 1791-1865: CON- VERSION, COMMERCE, AND DEATH. 1865—1887: RAPA AND THE GREAT POWERS. RAPA VS. TAHITI. THREE Land and the Ramage 40 ORDERS OF PROPERTY. LAND. TIME, SPACE, AND THE ANCESTORS. DESCENT GROUPS. COFFEE THE CASH CROP. FOUR Food and the Household 61 THE MEANING OF FOOD. THE HOUSEHOLD. FIREWOOD. TARO AGRICULTURE. OTHER CROPS. FISHING. CASH. THE COOPERATIVE. FIVE The Map of Social Relations 90 CATEGORIES AND THE SOCIAL ORDER. STRANGERS. FRIENDS. KINSMEN. KIN BY MARRIAGE. FREEDOM AND CONFORMITY. VII six Courtship and Marriage 116 PRELUDE TO MARRIAGE. THE FIRST STEP. MAKING THE DECISION. THE WEDDING. THE MARRIAGE CON- TRACT. SECONDARY UNIONS. SEVEN Social Dynamics of the Household 134 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION. FISSION AND FUSION. FOS- TERAGE. RELATIONS BETWEEN HOUSEHOLDS. EIGHT The Village and the Island Community 157 VILLAGE RIVALRY, JULY 14, AND THE YOUTH CLUBS. ISLAND UNITY, NEW YEAR'S, AND THE CHURCH. THE DISTRICT COUNCIL AND POLITICS. NINE The Changing Society 183 ADAPTATION AND HISTORY. THE HISTORY OF CHANGE. CONTINUITY IN CHANGE. DISASTER AND READAPTA- TION. APPENDIX The Descent System: Further Details 207 SOME RAMACE AFFILIATIONS. THE PROBLEM OF OVERLAPPING. Bibliography 219 Index 225 vni List of Figures and Tables Figures MAP OF FRENCH POLYNESIA ii MAP OF RAPA Xiv 1. SEGMENTATION OF PRE-EUROPEAN RAMACES 24 2. ORDER OF SUCCESSION TO THE OFFICE OF MANAGER 52 3. THE TARO PLANT 69 4. SOME EXTENDED FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS 136 5. HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS 141 6. GENEALOGY OF THE NATIKI AND NARl'l SIBLING GROUPS 208 Tables 1. POPULATION OF RAPA, 1791-1964 30 2. ESTIMATED ANNUAL BUDGETS 86 3. CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY 100 4. AFFINAL KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY 108 5. RAMAGE AFFILIATIONS 213 RAPAN LIFEWAYS Society and History on a Polynesian Island 20-W 3 V 0 B. onifflBB11 1 ,- / ft , l / \" j i / •w /> \ El 650m . \ / \ C -O^AkatJn u. Bay / ) itV. Bay >=^ Anania { Tapui Island L -y {L /^ N y ^Area •( ) \ i A" i / \ IT )7'S- \ Hs'u ''tr "yHin B.y / /I v.- ' 1 /——~Bay ? Ana tat--r V V. 1 1st -~-—°\ 1 / Mail Bay J / // J AnaUk.^ J— ^ "~\ B \^ > —• RAP j 0 2 Km I 1 > 3000 6000 hi 0 CHAPTER ONE Introduction BODY AND SPIRIT "In Rapa we divide life in two sides: the food side and the belief side." The violent hurricane had prevented Fa'atu from fishing or farming for several days, and I took advantage of his forced leisure to engage him in long conversations about life on this Polynesian island. Fa'atu's statement about the two "'sides'' re- minded me of an incident that occurred several months before, when we were living in another household. One evening I at- tended the caucus of a Rapan political party. Talk turned to that meeting at lunch the next day as we sat on the straw floor of the cookhouse. I happened to mention that the caucus began with a prayer. Te'ura Vahine rapidly spoke up in criticism. "Those idiots should not pray at political gatherings," she said. "Meetings like that are work of the body, not of the spirit." Work of the body is opposed to work of the spirit, the food side to the belief side. These are different ways of expressing a fundamental division in life and the world as these are perceived by the Rapans. Essentially this is the distinction between the J secular and the sacred. Approximating it another way, on the "food side" or "body side" (pae ma a, pae tino)1 Rapans class those elements of life which we would term economic, social and political. On the "spirit side" or "belief side" (pae varua, pae fa'aro'o) they place the religious and the moral. This book is about the "body side" of life in Rapa. One of its aims is to describe Rapan economic, social and political life as I found it during a year's residence in 1964. While casting the description in a form coherent to Western readers, whenever possible I will attempt to show how the various customs, beliefs and organizations which compose the "body side" are significant to the Rapans themselves. Here we adopt the goal of the ethnog- rapher as enunciated by Bronislaw Malinowski. "This goal is, briefly, to grasp the native's point of view, his relation to life, to realize his vision of his world" (Malinowski 1922:25, Malinowski's italics). The anthropologist is seldom content with simple description. He aims to analyze his data: to explain why people behave as they do, and to relate his findings to general problems and theory. Shreds and patches of explanation will be found scattered through- out this book, although it is of course impossible to pursue the theoretical implications of everything described. However, Rapa is particularly relevant to two problems in social scientific theory, and for these more detailed analyses will be offered. One of these problems is in our understanding of kinship and social organiza- tion.
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