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Earthly Lives and Life Everlasting: Secular and Religious Values in Two Convents and a Village in Western Greece

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Earthly Lives and Life Everlasting: Secular and Religious Values in Two Convents and a Village in Western Greece Earthly lives and life everlasting: secular and religious values in two convents and a village in Western Greece. Thesis Submitted for Ph.D. Anna Marina Iossifides London School of Economics and Political Sciences 1 UMI Number: U615756 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615756 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 666.ST ABSTRACT This thesis is the result of eighteen months fieldwork in western Greece. The study compares the interaction between a village community and two Greek Orthodox convents. This in­ teraction however, is not examined along the lines of economic exchange but along the lines of symbolic interac­ tion. Attention is centered on kinship, commensality, the symbolism of food, and on exchange and hospitality. It is seen that the nuns, by using images, relationships and sym­ bols that have great significance within the secular world in order to create and portray their relationship with the divine, are able to posit their world as both an alternative to and superior from the lay world. The laity thus find themselves on the lowest rung of the religious hierarchy. They have to either reject the nuns' claims to spiritual su­ periority or accept their subordinate position. Most, as we shall see, do both, in an attempt to reconcile their beliefs as Orthodox and their need to justify their lives and world views. Underlying, then, the distinction between the convent and the lay world are two opposing world views. For the villagers, the supreme purpose of human life is marriage and procreation. It is through the birth of legitimate children that the house, the family and the individual may achieve a type of continuity. In contrast, for the nuns, the main aim in life is the achievement of eternal unity with the divine upon death. By willingly "sacrificing their youth" the nuns believe that salvation and eternal life after death may be assured. It is these two opposing world views which underlie the comparisons drawn and the understanding gained of the village and the convents. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.......................................................2 List of Diagrams and Tables ............................... 6 Acknowledgements............................................. 7 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Introduction................................................... 10 Continuity, sexuality, and fertility........................17 The early Church and Byzantium...............................23 Monasticism in the East.......................................27 The Church during Ottoman Rule and after Independence 34 The village and the convents................................. 36 The natural, the social, and the spiritual.................. 46 Notes........................................................... 54 CHAPTER 2 Shifting Boundaries Introduction................................................... 61 Outside in the village square................................62 Inside in the house and household........................... 69 Outside in the neighbourhoods and kafeterias...............79 Inside the kafenia............................................ 84 Space, kinship, and gender................................... 86 The convent: the first visit................................. 89 Distance in space and time................................... 93 The convent as household......................................94 At the center of the convent................................. 103 Conclusion......................................................108 Notes........................................................... 110 CHAPTER 3 Metaphors of Kinship: body and spirit Introduction................................................... 117 Kinship in the village........................................118 Codes of conduct...............................................123 Koubaria........................................................ 130 Death and time................................................. 132 Convent......................................................... 13 6 Kinship: spirit or substance?................................137 The indestructability of sanctity........................... 147 The body........................................................149 Conclusion..................................................... 150 Notes........................................................... 152 CHAPTER 4 Weddings, elopements, brides, and children Introduction................................................... 159 Marriage in the village.......................................160 Love and marriage............................................. 165 The marriage ceremony.........................................167 Elopement.......................................................171 Nuns and elopement............................................ 173 From novice to nun............................................ 178 The ritual..................................................... 182 Higher grades.................................................. 187 Heaven and earth: marriage and betrothal.................... 190 3 Spiritual reproduction.........................................191 Conclusion...................................................... 196 Notes............................................................ 198 CHAPTER 5 Consumption and exchange in the village Introduction.................................................... 205 Food and meals .................................................208 Bread............................................................ 213 Meat............................................................. 216 Food and marriage.............................................. 220 Funerals and the meal of pariyoria...........................229 Fasting..........................................................231 Sugar............................................................ 238 Coffee and alcohol............................................. 244 Conclusion ..................................................... 248 Notes............................................................ 250 CHAPTER 6 Consumption and the denial of exchange in the con­ vent Introduction................................................... 255 Daily cycle.....................................................257 Weekly cycle.................................................... 261 Yearly cycle.................................................... 262 Repetition and change......................................... 264 Hospitality as dhiakonia......................................267 The consumption of meat....................................... 270 The consumption of alcohol....................................272 Boundaries and the apotropaic power of the Cross.......... 27 3 Opening and closing in life.................................. 274 Hospitality and exchange......................................277 Hospitality and hierarchy.................................... 282 Exchange and gender........................................... 289 Time, work, hierarchy, and exchange......................... 292 Notes........................................................... 295 CHAPTER 7 Fasting, confession, and communion: hierarchy and commensalitv Introduction.................................................... 299 Fasting..........................................................300 Fasting: body versus soiil..................................... 303 Sensuality...................................................... 306 Confession...................................................... 308 Confession in the village..................................... 311 Shame and guilt................................................ 312 Shame and the spoken word....................................... 313 Guilt and the power of confession...............................316 The Liturgy..................................................... 320 Bloodless sacrifice............................................ 325 Uniting of dualities........................................... 328 Historic time and the eternal.................................330 Hierarchy, unity, and the gift............................... 333 Communion in the village...................................... 335 Sacrifice and commensality.................................... 337 Conclusion...................................................... 341 Notes............................................................ 343 CHAPTER 8 Conclusion: Mirrors and Continuities............. 350 4 Appendix 1: Agricultural Production in the Village.......... 359 Appendix 2: The Seven Sacraments.............................362 Appendix 3: Extracts from the Tonsuring Ceremony............364 Bibliograpy..................................................... 368 5 List of Diagrams and Tables Map of Greece with the location of the village............ 9 Diagram 1: General Outlay of Convent of P .................. 95 Diagram 2: General Outlay of Convent of T .................
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