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Home , Acanthuroidei, Anchovy, Decapterus russelli, Rainbow sardine, Syngnathiformes

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ISSN 0254-380 X

MARINE INFORMATION SERVICE

No. 189 July, August, September, 2006

TECHNICAL AND EXTENSION SERIES

CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE

COCHIN,

(INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) Mar. . Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 1

1182 Exploited marine resources off Tuticorin along the Gulf of Mannar coast

Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar is endowed of fishery and represent 66.6% of the clupeid with rocky bottom, coral reefs and grass catch. Fishery was supported by 9 species beds with characteristic flora and fauna. It also of and one species each of white acts as home for several endangered marine and rainbow sardines. Species mammals, sea cows and marine turtles. These supporting sardine fishery are Sardinella resources were exploited by a variety of gears gibbosa, S. sirm, S. albella, S. longiceps, during 2000-2005. Average annual catch for S. clupeoides, S. dayii, S. fimbriata, S. the period was 36,851 tonnes (Table 1). melanoptra and S. sidensis. Fishery of white Major gears and their contribution to the sardine was supported by Esculosa fishery are trawls (67.2%), mini-trawls thoracata and rainbow sardine by (4.0%), gillnets (22.8%), hooks and line acuta. Shads, pellonas, ilishas, (3.3%) and shore seines (2.7%). Bony etc. support 4.3% of the clupeid fishery. belonging 73 families under 14 orders form Family: Engraulidae the major catch (91.7%), (Table 2,3). Other form 4.8% of the total marine constituents of the catch are elasmobranchs production. About 1,757 tonnes of anchovies (3.66%), (1.93%), molluscs were landed annually. White baits supported (1.8%), seacucumber (0.01%) and other about 30.8% of the fishery. Their non-edible biota (0.09%). catch was dominated by : indicus, S. bataviensis and S. devisi. Clupeids represent 20.4% of the total fish Thryssocles supported 58.1% of the anchovy catch with an average annual production of fishery. Dominant species in the fishery are 7,501 tonnes. Thryssocles mystax, T. malabaricus and T.

Family: setirostris. dussumieri and taty constituted 11.1% of the anchovy fishery. Clupeidae support 14.6% of the total catch with an annual average of about 5,380 tonnes Family: Chirocentridae during 2000-'05. Sardines form the mainstay Dorabs form nearly 1.0% of total marine Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 2

Table 1. Major exploited marine resources, average annual catch and percentage contribution by weight of Tuticorin coast during 2000-2005. Sl. No. Major groups Catch (kg) % of total catch 1. 33792749 91.70 2. Elasmobranchs 1347426 3.66 3. Crustaceans 710426 1.93 4. Molluscs 664245 1.80 5. Seacucumber 4699 0.01 6. Other groups 331841 0.90 Total 36851387 100.00

Table 2. Major orders representing the exploited bony fish resources of Tuticorin region, number of suborders and families under different order and their relative abundance during 2000-2005 Sl. No. Order Sub-orders Families % in total % in bony (No) (No) catch fish catch 1. - 2 0.78 0.85 2. Clupeiformes - 3 20.35 22.20 3. Anguiliformes - 3 0.06 0.07 4. Siluriforrmes - 2 1.04 1.14 5. Gonorhynchiformes - 1 0.03 0.03 6. - 2 1.62 1.77 7. Atherineformes - 1 0.08 0.09 8. - 3 1.88 2.05 9. - 1 0.18 0.20 10. - 2 0.05 0.06 11. Scorpioniformes - 1 0.20 0.22 12. 9 41 58.50 63.80 13. Pleuronectiformes - 4 0.23 0.25 14. Tetradontiformes - 7 6.52 7.11 15. Other bonyfishes - - 0.17 0.18 Total 9 73 91.70 100.00 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 3

Table 3. Composition of the families of fishes contributing to the exploited marine bonyfish fishery resource of Tuticorin during 2000-2005. Order % in Order % in Sub-order Family total Sub-order Family total Elopiformes Gerridae 0.26 Elopidae 0.16 Apogonidae 0.07 Megalopidae 0.69 1.26 Clupeiformes Echeinidae 0.02 Clupeidae 15.92 Leognathidae 8.23 Engraulidae 5.20 Lobotidae 0.03 Chirocentridae 1.08 Emmelichthydae 0.21 Anguilliformes Drepanidae 0.31 Anguilidae 0.04 Platacidae 0.04 Muraenidae 0.02 0.09 Muraenesocidae 0.01 Chaetodontidae 0.05 Siluriformes Pomacanthidae 0.38 Aridae 0.97 Menidae 0.11 Plotosidae 0.17 Mugilloidei Gonorhynchiformes Mugilidae 0.16 Chanidae 0.03 Sphyraenoidei Myctophiformes Sphyraenidae 5.20 Myctophidae 0.01 Polynemoidei Synodontidae 1.76 Polynemidae 0.17 Labrodei Atherinidae 0.09 Scaridae 1.05 Beloniformes Acanthuroidei Exocoetidae 0.24 0.37 Hemiramphidae 0.54 Siganidae 0.79 Belonidae 1.27 Scombroidei Beryciformes Scombridae 6.59 0.20 Trichiuridae 0.75 Syngnathiformes Gemphylidae 0.07 0.01 Xiphioidei Fistularidae 0.05 Xiphidae 0.001 Scorpioniformes Istiophoridae 0.20 Platycephalidae 0.22 Perciformes Stromateoidei Percoidei Stromatidae 0.15 Ariommidae 0.10 Serranidae 2.30 Centropomidae 0.28 Pleuronectifirmes Lutjanidae 1.68 Psettodidae 0.07 Lethrinidae 5.49 0.02 Ambassidae 0.00 0.09 Pomadasydae 0.61 Cynoglossidae 0.07 Rachycentridae 0.47 Tetradontiformes 14.08 Triodontidae 0.11 Nemipteridae 5.43 Tetradontidae 0.16 Sciaeneidae 1.83 Triacanthidae 0.001 Mullidae 3.50 Ballistidae 6.71 Priacanthidae 0.45 Diodontidae 0.07 Teraponidae 0.30 Ostracidae 0.05 Coryphaenidae 0.09 Molidae 0.01 Lactaridae 0.54 Other bony fishes 0.25 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 4 production. Fishery was supported by marine production with an average annual Chirocentrus dorab and Chirocentrus production of 2,781 tonnes. Fishery was nudus. Former dominated the fishery and supported by 12 species of the genera, support 94.2% of the catch. , Gaza and Secutor. Most dominant species in the catch were Order: Perciformes Leiognathus dussumieri, L. barbis, L. They constitute about 58.5% of the total bindus and Gaza minuta. catch. Fishes belonging to 41 families under Family: Scombridae 9 sub-orders supported the fishery. They include pelagic and demersal fishes with , and seerfish supported the distribution ranging from coastal to oceanic fishery with an average annual production of waters. About 62.1% of their catch was 2,196 tonnes. They form 6.6% of the total constituted by families Carangidae, catch. Mackerel fishery was supported by , Scombridae, Lethrinidae, Rastrelliger kanagurta and represent 18.8% Nemipteridae and Shpyraenidae. of scombroid catch. Tuna represent 50.4% of scombroid catch and the fishery was Family: Carangidae supported by 7 species, Euthynnus affinis Carangidae support 12.9% of the total marine (46.8%), Thunnus albacares (26.6%), production with an annual average catch of Auxis thazard, Auxis rochei, Katsuwonus about 4,791 tonnes. Fishery was supported pelamis, Sarda orientalis and Thunnus by 47 species belonging to 19 genera. Most tonggol. Seerfishes represent 30.8% of dominant species in the fishery are Selar scombroid catch. Fishery was supported by crumenophthalmus (13.2%), Caranx Scomberomorus commerson (96.2%), S. carangus (12.8%), russelli lineolatus, S. guttatus and Acanthocybium (8.1%), Scomberoides commersonianus solandri. (7.8%), Selaroides leptolepis (7.0%), Family: Lethrinidae Caranx ignobilis (6.9%), Gnathanodon speciosus (5.8%), Atule mate (5.1%) and Pigface breams constitute 5.1% of the total Megalapsis cordyla (5.0%). catch with an average annual production of 1,854 tonnes. Fishery was supported by six Family: Leognathidae species and dominated by Lethrinus Silver bellies constitute 7.5% of the total nebulosus (90.1%). Others in the fishery are Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 5

Lethrinus miniatus, L. harak, L. ornatus, supported by Epinephelus tauvina, E. L. lentjan and L. kallopterus. undulosus, Cephalopholis sonneratti and Epinephelus malabaricus. Family: Nemipteridae Other species supporting the fishery are Epinephelus Threadfin breams ( spp.) and longispinis, E. areolatus, E. chlorostigma monocle bream (Scolopsis spp. and and E. bleekeri. Few other species also occur Parascolopsis spp.) together form 5% of the occasionally in the catch in few numbers. total marine fish production with an average Family: Sciaenidae annual catch of 1,836 tonnes. About 61% of the catch was supported by threadfin breams Craokers form 1.7% of the fish catch. Fishery and the fishery was represented by was supported mainly by Otolithes ruber, Nemipterus delagoae, N. japonicus and N. Nibea maculata, Protonibea diacanthus, mesoprion. Fishery of monocle bream was Johnius dussumieri, Johnius sina and supported mainly by Scolopsis bimaculatus Pseudosciaena coiber. These species and S. bilineatus. represent 97% of the croaker catch.

Family : Sphyraenidae Family : Lutjanidae

They form 4.8% of the total catch with an Snappers constitute 1.5% of the total catch. average annual production of 1,758 tonnes. Fishery was supported by species of the Fishery was supported by Sphyraena jello, genera Lutjanus, Pristipomoides and S. barracuda, S. picuda and S. obtusata. Macolo. Common species in the fishery are Lutjanus rivulatus, L. fulviflammus, L. Family: Mullidae argentimaculatus, L. johni, L. russelli, L. form 3.2% of the marine fish catch. lineolatus and L. vaigiensis. They form 99% Fishery was supported by species of the of the catch. genera Parupeneus, Upeneus and Other important families of the order Mulloides. Fishery was supported mainly by Perciformes Parupeneus indicus and Upeneus bensasi. Snake (family Gempylidae) form Family: Serranidae 0.15% of the total catch. Neoepinula represent 2.1% of the marine fish orientalis, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, production. About 84% of the catch was Ruvettus pretiosus cocco, Thyrsitoides Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 6 marleyi, atun and Gempylus Coryphaena equiselis. Silver biddies (family serpens supported the fishery. Hairtails (family Gerreidae) in the fishery were represented by Trichiuridae) represent 0.7% of the total fish Gerres oyena, G. filamentosus, G. abbre- production. Fishery was supported by viatus and Pentaprion longimanus. Fishery Trichiurus lepturus. (99.4%) and of barramundis and seaperches (family Lepturacanthus savala. Centropomidae) was supported by Lates calcarifer and Psammoperca waigiensis. and marlins (family Istiophoridae) in Sand whitings (family Sillaginidae) form 1.2% the fishery are represented by Istiophorus of total catch and was supported by a single platypterus and, Makyra indica. Sword- species, Sillago sihama. Other groups with fishes (family Xiphidae) in the fishery were fishery supported by single species are false represented mainly by Xiphias gladius and trevallies (family Lacataridae) by Lactarius occasionally by Tetrapturus brevirostris. lactarius, bulls eyes (family Priacanthidae) by Silver pomfret (family Stromateidae) fishery Priacanthus hamrur and black kingfishes was supported by Pampus argentius and (family Rachycentridae) by Rachycentron Pampus chinensis. Fishery of Ariommas canadus. (family Ariommidae) was supported by Psenes indicus. Surgeon fish (family Other families and their contribution in the Acanthuridae) fishery was supported mainly marine production are Teraponidae (0.28%), by Acanthurus spp. Catch of Pomadasidae (0.56%), Apogonidae (family Siganidae) was dominated by Siganus (0.06%), Echeneidae (0.02%), Lobotidae canaliculatus and Siganus javus. Parrotfish (0.03%), Emmelichthydae (red baits) (family Scaridae) fishery was supported by (0.19%), Drepanidae (0.28%), Platacidae several species. (0.04%), Scatophagidae (0.08%), Chaetodontidae (0.05%), Pomacanthidae, Mullets (family Mugilidae) fishery was (0.35%), Maenidae (0.1%) and Ambassidae. supported by Liza tade, Mugil cephalus and Valamugil speigleri. Fishery of threadfins Other finfishes: (family Polynemidae) was supported by Triggerfishes (order Tetradontiformes) form Eleutheronema spp and Polynemus spp. 6.52% of total catch. Fishery was supported Dolphin fish (family Coryphaenidae) fishery by ballistids (family Balistidae), puffer fishes was supported by Coryphaena hippurus and and blowfishes (family Triodontidae and Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 7

Tetradontidae), tripodfishes (family Triacan- formes) fishery was supported by soles thidae), porcupinefishes (family Diodontidae), (family Soleidae), spiny (family trunkfishes (family Ostraciidae) and sunfishes Psettodidae), tonguesoles (family Cynoglo- (family Molidae). Ballistids form 94.3% of the ssidae) and lefteye (Bothidae) in the groups catch with an average annual order of dominance. Tarpoon and ladyfish production of 2,269 tonnes. (Order: (order Elopiformes) fishery was supported by Siluriformes) fishery was supported by two tarpoon, Megalops cyprinoids (family families, Tachysuridae (Ariidae) and Megalopidae) and ladyfish, Elops machnata Plotossidae. Tachysuridae represents about (family Elopidae). Fishery of milkfish (order 85% of the catfish catch and is represented Gonorhynchiformes) was supported by a mainly by Arius spp and to a small extends single species, Chanos chanos (family by Batrochocephalus spp. Fishery of Chanidae). (order Anguilliformes) fishery Plotossidae was supported by Plotossus spp. was supported by families Angullidae, Lizardfishes and allies (order Myctophi- Muraenidae, Muraenisocidae and Ophich- formes) form 1.62% of the catch. About thidae. 99.4% of the catch was by lizardfishes (family Others occurring in the fishery are silversides Synodontidae) and the rest by of the family Atherinidae (order Atherini- (family Myctophidae). Saurida tumbil formes), squirrelfishes of Holocentridae (order dominated their catch. Flyingfishes, Beryciformes), and of and needlefishes (order Beloniformes) form Syngnathidae, flutemouths of Fistularidae 1.9% of the total catch. About 11.7% of the (order Syngnatiformes) and flatheads of family catch was by flyingfishes (family Exocoeti- Platycephalidae (order Scorpioniformes). dae), 26.3% by hallfbeaks (family Hemiram- They together support 0.52% of the marine phidae) and the rest (62%) by needlefishes fish production. Other bony fish to the tune (family Belonidae). Flyingfish fishery was of 0.23% of the total fish catch is yet to be supported by Cypselurus spylopterus, identified. halfbeaks by Hemirhamphus far and H. georgii and needlefish by Ablennes hians, Elasmobranchs: Tylosurus crocodilus crocodylus, Elasmobranchs form 3.7% of the total fish Strongylurus leiura and Strongylurus production with an average annual production appendiculata. (order Pleuronecti- of about 1,347 tonnes. , rays and Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 8 skates supported the fishery. Mobulidae. Stingrays (family Trygonidae) Order: Lamniformes support 74.8% of the ray catch. Fishery was supported by Himantura bleekeri, H. Sharks represent 14.43% of the elasmo- uarnak, Dasyatis kuhlii, Dasyatis branch catch. Fishery was supported by imbricatus, Pastinachus sephen and families of Carcharhinidae, Echinorhinidae, Gymnura poecilura. Fishery of cow ray Hemiscyllidae, Alopidae, Sphyrnidae and (family Rhinopteridae) was supported by Squalidae. Carcharhinidae represent 45.1% Rhinoptera javanica, eagle rays (family of catch. Species supporting the fishery Myliobatidae) by Aetobatus narinari and are Scoliodon laticaudus, Carcharhinus devil rays (family Mobulidae) by Mobula melanopterus, C. bleekeri, C. limbatus, diabolus. Skates represent 4.1% of the Galeocerdo cuvieri and Rhizoprionodon elasmobranch catch. Fishery was supported acutus. Fishery of bramble shark (family by Rinobatus granulatus and Rhinobatus Echinorhinidae) was supported by djiddensis of the family Rhinobatidae. Echinorhinus brucus. They represent 10.2% of the shark catch. Longtail carpetsharks Crustaceans: (family Hemiscyllidae) represent 30.6% of Crustaceans form 1.93% of the marine fish shark catch and was supported by production. , and Chiloscyllium indicum. Fishery of thresher supported the fishery. fishery was shark (family Alopidae) was supported by represented by families, Penaeidae, Palae- Alopias vulpinus, hammerhead shark (family monidae and Solinoceridae. Common species Sphyrnidae) by Sphyrna zygaena and in the fishery are Penaeus semisulcatus, P. Sphyrna blochii, dogfish shark (family indicus, P. merguiensis, Penaeopsis uncta, Squalidae) by Centrophorus moluccensis. Parapenaeopsis maxilliped, Nematopalae- Whale shark (family Rhiniodontidae), mon tenuipes, Solenocera sp., Penaeus Rhincodon typus is available along the region, latisulcatus, P. japonicus, P. monodon, but do not form any fishery. Metapenaeus dobsoni, Parapenaeopsis Order: Rajiformes stylifera and Trachypenaeus sp.

Rays represent 81.5% of the elasmobranch Fishery of was supported by spiny catch. Fishery was supported by families, lobsters (family Palinuridae) and slipper lobster Trygonidae, Rhinopteridae, Myliobatidae and (family Scyllaridae). Common species in the Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 189, 2006 9 fishery are Panulirus ornatus, P. homarus, contributing to the fishery are bivalves and P. versicolor, P. penicillatus, P. polyphagus, gastropods. Among them targeted fishery Puerrulus sewelli and Thenus orientalis. exists only for sacred Chanks, Xancus fishery was supported mainly by pyrum. Portunus pelagicus, Portunus sanguino- Seacuccumbers lentus, Charibdis cruciata and Scylla Seacucumber in trawl fishery was represented serrata. Large quantities of non-edible deep- by Holothuria spinifera. They form up to sea crabs were also landed by trawls. 0.01% of the total catch. Several other species Molluscs were also available along the region and were exploited by various means. Fishery of molluscs was supported by cephalopods, gastropods and bivalves. They Miscellaneous biota form 1.8% of the total fish production. Other non-edible components like Squilla, (order Teuthoidea), cuttlefishes (order , molluscan shells etc are Sepioidea) and (order Octopoda) grouped as miscellaneous. They form about support cephalopods fishery. Common 0.9% of the total catch of the region. species in the catch are Loligo duvauceli, Prepared by : E.M. Abdussamad, T.S. Doryteuthis sp, Loliolus sp, Sepia phara- Balasubramanian, Habeeb Mohamed, oni, Sepia aculeate, Sepioteuthis K.Jeyabalan, G. Arumugam, D. Sundararajan lessoniana, Sepia prashadi, Sepiella and M.Manickaraja, TRC of CMFRI, ineremis and spp. Other molluscs Tuticorin

1183 Fish aggregating devices used for cephalopod fishery along the Karnataka coast

FADs are traditionally used by fishermen to the productivity of the area as they provide attract and aggregate fishes closer to the shelter from predators, serves as feeding shore. Such practices were based on their grounds by providing surface area for fish knowledge that fish tend to congregate over food organisms and even act as suitable submerged structures. These objects are spawning ground by giving substratum for the known to attract fish efficiently and increase attachment of eggs for many fishes.