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Status and Potential of Groundwater Use in Ethiopian Floodplains

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Status and Potential of Groundwater Use in Ethiopian Floodplains Status and Potential of Groundwater Use in Ethiopian17 Floodplains Practical Note Spate Irrigation Table of Content 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1 2. General features of Floodplains ......................................................................................... 1 2.1 Soil typology and fertility in floodplains 1 2.2 Characteristics of shallow aquifers 2 2.3 Irrigation and agricultural practices in floodplains 2 3. Shallow Ground Water Extraction – Access and Water Lifting Technologies....................... 3 3.1 Hand dug wells 3 3.2 Dug outs 3 3.3 Pump Alternatives 4 3.4 Advantages and constraints of water extraction from shallow aquifers in floodplains 5 4. Ground Water use in Ethiopia – Field Experiences............................................................... 6 4.1 Agricultural land uses in Ethiopia 6 4.2 Land Tenure 6 4.3 Oromia Region 6 Overview Paper #17 #17 Overview Paper 4.4 Tigray Region 9 4.5 South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples 12 5. Cost Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 14 5.1 Tubewells for various usages 14 5.2 Irrigation tubewells in various contexts 15 6. Potential for Shallow GW use in Ethiopia.............................................................................. 15 6.1 Manual well drilling technology 16 6.2 Business development and value chain 16 6.3 Capacity building 16 7. Conclusions and way forward............................................................................................. 18 8. Map with locations visited flood wells................................................................................ 19 9. References............................................................................................................................. 20 1. Introduction The spate irrigation network (platform co- convened by MetaMeta and UNESCO-IHE) has been promoting and supporting spate irrigation Floodplains are flat lands prone to inundation through applied research and training for students throughout a year. These areas can be used for and professionals. This paper forms part of a agricultural development using several irrigation series of publications intended to raise attention and flood control techniques. For example, floods on spate irrigation and flood farming systems. can be diverted to irrigate fields (such as in spate Given the lack of experts and professionals in irrigation) or fields can be cultivated when floods this specific field, it is the purpose of this paper to recede (as in flood recession agriculture). There is help contribute to a better understanding of how a long tradition of flood farming systems in Asia these systems work and the potential scope for (e.g. Pakistan, Yemen, Myanmar, Bangladesh, their development. Cambodia, etc.) with recent uptake in sub- Saharan Africa (e.g. Eritrea, South Sudan, Ghana, Following this introduction, the report will briefly Mali, Botswana, etc.). describe: the general characteristics of floodplains (Chapter 2), how shallow ground water can be Apart from surface water sources, ground water tapped through various technologies (Chapter can provide year round water availability. This 3), what are the current uses of shallow ground requires of technologies and techniques adequate water in Ethiopia (Chapter 4), a costs analysis to field characteristics and local conditions. For of the different options for each technological this reason this paper addresses the technical alternative (Chapter 5), the potential for shallow and financial requirements for shallow ground Use in Ethiopian of Groundwater Status and Potential ground water development in the context of water use in Ethiopia as well as its potential floodplain agriculture (Chapter 6) and to finalize development. with conclusions upon the findings of the report (Chapter 7). Shallow ground water is a resource that can be easily accessed and exploited in floodplains. Rainfall and flood flows recharge shallow ground 2. General features of Floodplains water tables by surface runoff, percolation and seepage. The ground water table (phreatic Floodplains have several characteristics which level) can be found in the first 25 meters. This make them prone for agricultural development. type of underground water is characteristic The combination of surface and ground water of unconfined aquifers. Shallow ground water together with fertile soil properties allow year serves as a buffer storage thus allowing water round cultivation. extraction during dry seasons. Shallow ground water can be accessed at an affordable cost with 2.1 Soil typology and fertility in simple manual digging or drilling techniques. In floodplains spite of several advantages compared to hand dug wells and deep drilling techniques, manual drilling technologies are still in infancy in most Alluvial soils are soils formed by sediment parts of Africa, including Ethiopia. Therefore it deposits of fine texture with good fertility is of interest to assess different technological characteristics. There are four common type of alternatives and its scope in the Ethiopian context. soils: Ethiopia has vast water resources which are • Vertisoils: from basic rocks deposited by estimated in 122 billion m3 with an annual sedimentation, high content of expansive clay, groundwater recharge of 28 Billion m3. (Ministry almost impermeable when saturated, ideal of Water and Energy 2010). Moreover, the for rice and other crops such as cotton and potentially irrigable land is 3.6 million ha. sorghum. However, only about 5.6 billion m3 of the water • Fluvisiols: young soils in alluvial deposits, resource and 290,000 ha of the potentially sedimentation from rivers, good natural irrigable land is utilized so far (Ministry of Water fertility, good for dryland crops and irrigated rice. Resources, 2010 and FAO, 2005). The Agricultural Floodplains Growth Program targets 2 Million ha area for • Gleysoils: characteristic from wetland soil, ground water irrigation in Ethiopia. Given the high made of unconsolidated soils (fluvial, lacustrine population growth rates in Ethiopia, the expansion and marice sediments), developed where and effective use of shallow ground water drainage is insufficient (reduced environment). supply for both agriculture and domestic uses is • Cambisoils: young soils with no clear horizon mandatory. differentiation, formed by medium and fine 1 Figure 2: Typical alluvial soil cracked by loss of moisture Overview Paper #17 #17 Overview Paper 2.3 Irrigation and Agricultural practices in floodplains There are four major categories of irrigation and Figure 1: Soil Layer composition in the Fogera agricultural practices in floodplains: Floodplain, Ethiopia • Flood recession agriculture1: in which floodplains are inundated and cultivation is texture materials, mostly in alluvial, colluvial practised on receding floods using residual and Aeolian deposits, good for agricultural moisture. A variation is river bed farming – land. where not just the floodplains but also land inside the river beds is used (increasingly Floodplain soils can also include sand and gravel common in South Asia); deposits. Gravel and sand are ideal layers for • Spate irrigation: where short term floods manual drilling and ground water extraction. are diverted from ephemeral streams – this Sand and gravel are very permeable thus technique has a long history in Yemen, Pakistan allowing rapid recharge of shallow aquifers and and North Africa but is expanding in the manually drilled boreholes. Horn of Africa. Two variations are: seasonal rivers flowing for a number of months before 2.2 Characteristics of shallow aquifers falling dry and peak flows from unregulated perennial rivers that may be diverted for Shallow aquifers are referred as saturated farming and other purposes too; permeable soils subject to water extraction in • Agriculture around temporary wetlands the first layers (or horizons) of soil (down to located in depressed lands (such as dambos): 15 metres). Usually this happens before the common in other humid areas in West, bed rock is reached. This type of aquifers are Southern and Central Africa; classified as unconfined, as the bedrock form the • Inundation canals and dug outs: Whereby land confining layer. The aquifer below the bedrock is irrigated by canals fed by temporarily high is defined as confined aquifer. Shallow aquifers water levels in rivers – this was the system are recharged through runoff and infiltration common in ancient Egypt and still common in from rain and flood water. Depending on the parts of Sudan. topography, water can also percolate in through underground water flows coming from higher levels. 1: Additionally to flood recession, flood rising agriculture can be practised when water levels are still rising. For this type of agriculture floating varieties (such as floating rice, Oryza glaberrima) are used. Both types of agriculture where identified by Harlan & Pasquereau (1969) who named it as crue and decrue agriculture. 2 Methods Techniques Average Geology Advantages Drawbacks Execution Depth Time (Meters) (Days) Manual Manual 10-15 Sand, silt, clay Easy to use Temporary casing 1 Auger Auger (soft soils), difficult to remove gravel < 4mm when there is a thick layer of clay Sludging Madrill, 20-35 Sand, silt, clay Easy to use Significant water 2-4 rotary, emas, (soft soils), soft consumption in rota-sludge consolidated
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