DOCSLIB.ORG

29-14 Curent Research-Kraska-Szlenk,Wojtowicz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
29-14 Curent Research-Kraska-Szlenk,Wojtowicz Current research in African Studies Current research in African Studies Papers in Honour of Mwalimu Dr. Eugeniusz Rzewuski edited by Iwona Kraska-Szlenk and Beata Wójtowicz Warsaw 2014 The publication of this book is sponsored by the Faculty of Oriental Studies and Vice-Rector of the University of Warsaw, and by the University of Warsaw Foundation Recommended for publication by Prof. Nina Pawlak Portuguese text proofread by Carlos Romualdo and Bento Sitoe Cover design: Agnieszka Miłaszewicz © Copyright by Contributors for their respective articles and Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, Warsaw 2014 ISBN 978-83-7151-716-7 Typesetting and printed by: Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA ul. Inflancka 15/198, 00-189 Warszawa tel./fax 22 635 03 01, 22 635 17 85 e-mail: [email protected], www.elipsa.pl Dr. Eugeniusz Rzewuski Contents Editors’ preface . 11 Stanisław Piłaszewicz Dr. Eugeniusz Rzewuski – Portrait of the Scholar . 13 Perpétua Gonçalves, Adelina Gouveia “Geração da independência” de Moçambique . 17 Publications of Dr. Eugeniusz Rzewuski . 19 Zuzanna Augustyniak Konstytucja Cesarstwa Etiopskiego z 1930 roku – pierwszy krok ku modernizacji państwa czy próba wprowadzenia monarchii absolutnej? . 25 Sergio Baldi, Kyallo Wadi Wamitila Ideophones in Swahili: a preliminary survey . 39 Maud Devos, Thilo C. Schadeberg How did Shangaji come to be a nasal language? . 61 Renata Diaz-Szmidt The image of women in the novels of the first generation of Mozambican and Equato-Guinean women writers . 83 Zygmunt Frajzyngier The limitative anaphors . 93 Bernd Heine, Christa König, Karsten Legère What does it mean to be an endangered language? The state of Akie, a Tanzanian language . 107 8 Contents Arvi Hurskainen Use of English words in Tanzanian Parliament discussions . 123 Jakub Jankowski Quem é e quem foi o Xiconhoca? Vigilância sobre o protagonista . 133 Anna Kalewska O cinema angolano entre o colonialismo português e a emancipação identitária africana . 149 Iwona Kraska-Szlenk Swahili embodied metaphors in the domain of family and community relations . 163 Marcin Krawczuk Some remarks on the Ethiopic martyrdom of St. Hripsime . 175 Michel Lafon The vexed question of African languages in education. Still a solution may lay in front of us. Revisiting Orality for an authentic African future . 183 Sozinho Francisco Matsinhe The perils and prospects of bilingual education in Africa with special reference to Mozambique . 209 Gudrun Miehe Nasal(ised) vowels in Gur (Voltaic) languages: an assessment report . 229 Armindo A. Ngunga One language, two phonologies: The case of moraic nasals in Ciyao . 251 Marek Pawełczak Śmierć kapitana Brownrigga a schyłek rządów plantatorów na Pembie . 269 Nina Pawlak Językowe modele osoby w hausa i ich kontekst kulturowy . 283 Stanisław Piłaszewicz Bature Tanimu Gagare: działacz społeczny i pisarz . 301 Annachiara Raia Remarks on Swahili – manuscripts in Arabic script: layout and orthography of the Utendi wa Yusuf . 313 Hanna Rubinkowska-Anioł, Ewa Wołk-Sore Etiopski intelektualista i jego dzieło – pomiędzy oraturą a literaturą . 331 Contents 9 Bento Sitoe Escrevendo nas nossas linguaculturas . 347 Krzysztof Trzciński Słów kilka o potencjalnej przydatności indyjskich rozwiązań politycznych dla demokratyzacji państw Afryki Subsaharyjskiej . 355 Michał Tymowski Tuat – pielgrzymi, foggary i el-kijal (fragmenty dziennika pisanego w czasie II Akademickiej wyprawy Afrykańskiej Sahara 74) . 367 Rainer Vossen Animal names in Nilotic and Khoisan languages from a comparative-reconstructive perspective . 377 Izabela Will Quo vadis, Nollywood? . 393 Rafał Wiśniewski Africans in the eyes of Poles. Conclusions of the Polish Assessment of Values and Attitudes and other empirical studies . 403 Beata Wójtowicz A glimpse at the history of Swahili lexicography . 413 List of photographs . 427 Editors’ preface We offer this collection to our dear Colleague and Mwalimu Dr. Eugeniusz Rzewuski as our appreciation of his constant love for and great knowledge of Africa, and his generous sharing of this passion and expertise with everybody around him. As Eugeniusz’s former students and then colleagues in the Department of African Languages and Cultures we have received incredible amounts of enlightenment, stimulus, support and positive vibes from him. He guided us through the intricacies of the Swahili language and culture, and introduced us to African linguistics. He never hesitated to dedicate his time and knowledge to encourage us in our research ideas and studies. He also always shared with us his current research projects and interests, whether they be Indian Ocean civilizations, ajami manuscripts, multilingual education, Swahili travelogues, lusona drawings, or computer technologies. His deep knowledge of various fields in African Studies served many generations of students at the University of Warsaw and inspired them further in their professional activities and promotion of African culture in Poland. Upon beginning this project, we immediately realized that Eugeniusz’s other Colleagues had equally positive feelings toward him. He was a friend and a mentor to many, who will always remember the good emotions they shared while doing research together. For the Colleagues from Mozambique, Eugeniusz is part of the generation of independence, as Perpétua Gonçalves and Adelina Gouveia write in their introductory essay, while pointing out his efforts toward recognition of cultural value of Bantu languages. Drawing a Portrait of the Scholar Stanisław Piłaszewicz brings to attention Eugeniusz’s diplomatic career and many other missions he conducted in African countries and in Poland for the purpose of intercultural dialogue and understanding; they brought him numerous awards and people’s gratitude. 12 Editors’ preface The papers collected in this volume reflect our own and Eugeniusz’s interests within the broad area of African Studies, providing samples of current research projects in linguistics, literature, history, art, and education. We thank all Colleagues who have kindly agreed to participate as Authors. We are also grateful to Ewa Rzewuska for contributing family photographs and to Nina Pawlak, the Head of the Department of African Languages and Cultures at the University of Warsaw, for her general support on this project. Editors Dr. Eugeniusz Rzewuski Portrait of the Scholar Eugeniusz Rzewuski, an outstanding scholar and diplomat, belongs to the most prominent Polish Africanists, specialising in the field of the Swahili language, literature and culture, and making research on Portuguese Creole languages of Africa. He was born in Lublin on November 19th, 1944. His parents were white-collar workers: his father exercised profession of an agriculture engineer, and his mother was a teacher. After the Second World War the whole family moved to Wrocław, where E. Rzewuski had been living since June 1946 up to October 1962. In that town he completed his primary, and then the secondary education in a Grammar School (Liceum Ogólnokształcące). Having received the General Certificate of Education, in 1962 he passed an entrance examination and was admitted to the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Warsaw. As an excellent student in the field of African philology, he graduated in 1967 having submitted an M.A. thesis entitled „Structure of the Noun in the Kingwana Dialect” which was supervised by Professor Stefan Strelcyn. With the highest mark he got his M.A. diploma in African Studies. In 1967/68 E. Rzewuski undertook assistant preparatory studies and in 1968/72 continued his research at the Ph.D. level in the Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw. In the meantime the Department of African Studies, State University of Leningrad (now Petersburg) offered him a six months research internship under the supervision of Professor Dmitri Ol’derogge. In 1972 he was awarded Ph.D. degree with the thesis on „Nominal Roots in Word- Formation Structures in Swahili” which was written under the supervision of Professor Witold Tyloch. 14 Dr. Eugeniusz Rzewuski – Portrait of the Scholar Having defended his Ph.D. thesis, E. Rzewuski was employed in the Department of African and Semitic Studies (a mutation of the Department of Semitic Studies, now Department of African Languages and Cultures). From February, 1974 he has been Assistant Professor (adiunkt) and then Senior Lecturer (starszy wykładowca) in the Department. During his academic career he was engaged in many research trips and visits. In 1972/73 he took the lead of a scientific expedition which was organised by the former African Studies Centre (now Institute of Regional and Global Studies), Univeristy of Warsaw. The expedition overran some 13 African countries. For 6 years, in 1977–1983 Eugeniusz somewhere in Africa during he was an Assistant Professor in the 1972/73 AWA expedition Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo Eugeniusz with his wife Ewa, Luanda, Angola, September 2004 Dr. Eugeniusz Rzewuski – Portrait of the Scholar 15 (Mozambique), where he has founded the famous Centre for the Study of Mozambican Languages. And then in 1991 he was Visiting Professor at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Escola Superior de Educaçao in Santarém (Portugal). In the frame of the Erasmus mobility program he visited many universities like Lisbon, Helsinki, Naples, Nice and others. He represented the University of Warsaw on numerous national and international conferences. Being deeply engaged in the promotion of African cultures and languages, he became a member of many societies and boards like Polish Oriental Studies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scienza E Cultura Universitalia
    SCIENZA E CULTURA UNIVERSITALIA Costantino Sigismondi (ed.) ORBE NOVUS Astronomia e Studi Gerbertiani 1 Universitalia SIGISMONDI, Costantino (a cura di) Orbe Novus / Costantino Sigismondi Roma : Universitalia, 2010 158 p. ; 24 cm. – ( Scienza e Cultura ) ISBN … 1. Storia della Scienza. Storia della Chiesa. I. Sigismondi, Costantino. 509 – SCIENZE PURE, TRATTAMENTO STORICO 270 – STORIA DELLA CHIESA In copertina: Imago Gerberti dal medagliere capitolino e scritta ORBE NOVVS nell'epitaffio tombale di Silvestro II a S. Giovanni in Laterano (entrambe le foto sono di Daniela Velestino). Collana diretta da Rosalma Salina Borello e Luca Nicotra Prima edizione: maggio 2010 Universitalia INTRODUZIONE Introduzione Costantino Sigismondi L’edizione del convegno gerbertiano del 2009, in pieno anno internazionale dell’astronomia, si è tenuta nella Basilica di S. Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri il 12 maggio, e a Seoul presso l’università Sejong l’11 giugno 2009. La scelta della Basilica è dovuta alla presenza della grande meridiana voluta dal papa Clemente XI Albani nel 1700, che ancora funziona e consente di fare misure di valore astrometrico. Il titolo di questi atti, ORBE NOVUS, è preso, come i precedenti, dall’epitaffio tombale di Silvestro II in Laterano, e vuole suggerire il legame con il “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” di Copernico, sebbene il contesto in cui queste parole sono tratte vuole inquadrare Gerberto nel suo ministero petrino come il nuovo pastore per tutto il mondo: UT FIERET PASTOR TOTO ORBE NOVVS. Elizabeth Cavicchi del Massachussets Institute of Technology, ha riflettuto sulle esperienze di ottica geometrica fatte da Gerberto con i tubi, nel contesto contemporaneo dello sviluppo dell’ottica nel mondo arabo con cui Gerberto era stato in contatto.
    [Show full text]
  • Sirius - Wikipedia Coordinates: 06 H 4 5 M 08.9 1 7 3 S, −1 6 ° 4 2 ′ 5 8.01 7 ″
    12/2/2018 Sirius - Wikipedia Coordinates: 06 h 4 5 m 08.9 1 7 3 s, −1 6 ° 4 2 ′ 5 8.01 7 ″ Sirius Sirius (/ˈsɪriəs/, a romanization of Greek Σείριος, Seirios, lit. "glowing" or "scorching") is a star system Sirius A and B and the brightest star in the Earth's night sky. With a visual apparent magnitude of −1.46, it is almost twice as bright as Canopus, the next brightest star. The system has the Bayer designation Alpha Canis Majoris (α CMa). What the naked eye perceives as a single star is a binary star system, consisting of a white main-sequence star of spectral type A0 or A1, termed Sirius A, and a faint white dwarf companion of spectral type DA2, called Sirius B. The distance separating Sirius A from its companion varies between 8.2 and 31.5 AU.[24] Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its proximity to Earth. At a distance of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 ly), as determined by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite,[2][25][26] the Sirius system is one of Earth's near neighbours. Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System, so it will slightly increase in brightness over the next 60,000 years. After that time its distance will begin to increase and it will become fainter, but it will continue to be the brightest star in the Earth's night sky for the next 210,000 years.[27] The position of Sirius (circled). Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun (M☉) and has an absolute visual magnitude of 1.42.
    [Show full text]
  • Genotypes for Reaction to Tef Shoot Fly [Atherigona Hyalinipennis Van Emden], at Maysiye, Northern Ethiopia
    Vol. 10(6), pp. 146-152, June 2018 DOI: 10.5897/JPBCS2017.0711 Article Number: AB4F5B556961 ISSN 2006-9758 Copyright © 2018 Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JPBCS Science Full Length Research Paper Genetic variation of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] genotypes for reaction to tef shoot fly [Atherigona hyalinipennis Van Emden], at Maysiye, Northern Ethiopia Chekole Nigus Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Axum Center, P. O. Box. 230, Axum, Ethiopia. Received 24 November, 2017; Accepted 29 January, 2018 One of the major biotic stresses that limits tef yield is insect pests attack. Of these tef, shoot fly is sporadically important insect pest in various tef growing areas of Ethiopia. Evaluation of diversity of tef germplasm in Ethiopia for the reaction tef shoot fly might give a chance to get host plant resistance. The main objective of this study was to assess the genetic variation among tef genotypes for their reaction to tef shoot fly. Field experiment was conducted in 2015 cropping season at Maysiye, Northern Ethiopia. The genotypes were planted in triple lattice design with three replications category of reaction of the tested tef genotypes for their reaction to shoot fly attack was adopted from the rating scale of the IRRI for rice. The study revealed that acc. 17 WJ was found to be the only genotype evaluated as resistant to tef shoot fly Atherigona hyalinipennis species. While the standard checks Quncho and Kora were grouped under the susceptible category, generally 10 tef genotypes were moderately resistance, 19 genotypes were moderately susceptible, 16 genotypes were susceptible, and three genotypes were highly susceptible to tef shoot fly attack.
    [Show full text]
  • [.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs
    006 006 006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural language processing Class here computational linguistics See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 *Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 [400 [400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 SUMMARY [401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related languages [440 French and related Romance languages [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 Latin and related Italic languages [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages [490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here universal languages; general
    [Show full text]
  • Mekelle Investment Profile Investment Profile by Meresa Reda Tigray
    Mekelle Investment Profile By Meresa Reda Tigray Investment Office I. TIGRAY IN BRIEF II. INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE III. Investment Potentials In Tigray IV. Investment Incentives V. Why Invest In Tigray ?? VI. List of Industrial Projects PartPart--II TIGRAY AT GLA nnCECE Tigray at a glance 44 TigrayTigray…… cont’d Location: Northern tip of Ethiopia between 12 00 --1515 00 north latitude and 36 003030 ’’--4040 003030 ’ east longitude Area: 53,638 km 22 Population: 4.45 millions as of census 2007 7 zones, 47 Woredas & 673 Kebeles Altitude: 500500--39353935 meters above sea level Agro Ecology: 11.5% temperate ((DegaDega)) 40.5% subtropical ((WoinedegaWoinedega)) 48% Tropical (Kola) 55 TigrayTigray…… cont’d Economy: Predominantly Agriculture The contribution of Agriculture, Industry and Service sector to the regional GDP is 46.75%, 18.89%, 34.36% respectively. (2006/7) Rainfall :: the annual average rainfall is between 650650--980980 mm 66 PartPart--IIII INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE SO FAR Job opportunity 2869 existing Above 100,000 projects permanent and 29%agriculture >>88,824 Temporary 20% construction Capital 14% Hotel & tourism 32.3 billion birr 30% industry 0.01 Real estate 0.07 social servic ee No of Projects 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 No of Projects 600 400 200 0 1984 1985-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2003 PartPart--IIIIII Investment Potentials In Tigray •• Economy of the region is based on agriculture •• The region is suitable for crops such as sorghum, sesame, cotton, barley, wheat , teff,teff , and the likes Agriculture About 20,000 and, 100,000 hectares of land is suitable for wild gum and incense The region has wide opportunities for the livestock development.
    [Show full text]
  • Tungusic Languages
    641 TUNGUSIC LANGUAGES he last Imperial family that reigned in Beij- Nanai or Goldi has about 7,000 speakers on the T ing, the Qing or Manchu dynasty, seized banks ofthe lower Amur. power in 1644 and were driven out in 1912. Orochen has about 2,000 speakers in northern Manchu was the ancestral language ofthe Qing Manchuria. court and was once a major language ofthe Several other Tungusic languages survive, north-eastern province ofManchuria, bridge- with only a few hundred speakers apiece. head ofthe Japanese invasion ofChina in the 1930s. It belongs to the little-known Tungusic group Numerals in Manchu, Evenki and Nanai oflanguages, usually believed to formpart ofthe Manchu Evenki Nanai ALTAIC family. All Tungusic languages are spo- 1 emu umuÅn emun ken by very small population groups in northern 2 juwe dyuÅr dyuer China and eastern Siberia. 3 ilan ilan ilan Manchu is the only Tungusic language with a 4 duin digin duin written history. In the 17th century the Manchu 5 sunja tungga toinga rulers ofChina, who had at firstruled through 6 ninggun nyungun nyungun the medium of MONGOLIAN, adapted Mongolian 7 nadan nadan nadan script to their own language, drawing some ideas 8 jakon dyapkun dyakpun from the Korean syllabary. However, in the 18th 9 uyun eÅgin khuyun and 19th centuries Chinese ± language ofan 10 juwan dyaÅn dyoan overwhelming majority ± gradually replaced Manchu in all official and literary contexts. From George L. Campbell, Compendium of the world's languages (London: Routledge, 1991) The Tungusic languages Even or Lamut has 7,000 speakers in Sakha, the Kamchatka peninsula and the eastern Siberian The mountain forest coast ofRussia.
    [Show full text]
  • (Msmes) to Income Generation, Employment and GDP: Case Study Ethiopia
    Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 12, No. 3; 2019 ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Contributions of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to Income Generation, Employment and GDP: Case Study Ethiopia Hailai Abera Weldeslassie1, Claire Vermaack1, Kibrom K/kristos2, Luback Minwuyelet2, Mahlet Tsegay2, Negasi Hagos Tekola2 & Yemane Gidey2 1 Department of Economics, School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, College of Law and Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 2 College of Business and Economics, and College of Social Science and Languages, Aksum University, Ethiopia Correspondence: Hailai Abera Weldeslassie, Department of Economics, School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, College of Law and Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 2, 2019 Accepted: April 10, 2019 Online Published: May 30, 2019 doi:10.5539/jsd.v12n3p46 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n3p46 Abstract The pillar goals of this research are to review the conditions of MSMEs, their contribution to employment creation, income generation, poverty alleviation, contributions to the local, regional and national GDP, stimulating entrepreneurial climate and the challenges and opportunities in the design, implementations, marketing opportunities, linkages, financial sources, dynamics, survival and policy landscape. To achieve the presented purposes, we collected primary and secondary data through a survey, focus group discussions and documents reviews. We used qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyse the collected data using various statistical programs. We used descriptive and econometric statistical analysis to process the data, obtain the relevant estimation results and fully discuss the purposes under the study.
    [Show full text]
  • GOO-80-02119 392P
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 228 863 FL 013 634 AUTHOR Hatfield, Deborah H.; And Others TITLE A Survey of Materials for the Study of theUncommonly Taught Languages: Supplement, 1976-1981. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, D.C.Div. of International Education. PUB DATE Jul 82 CONTRACT GOO-79-03415; GOO-80-02119 NOTE 392p.; For related documents, see ED 130 537-538, ED 132 833-835, ED 132 860, and ED 166 949-950. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; Dictionaries; *InStructional Materials; Postsecondary Edtmation; *Second Language Instruction; Textbooks; *Uncommonly Taught Languages ABSTRACT This annotated bibliography is a supplement tothe previous survey published in 1976. It coverslanguages and language groups in the following divisions:(1) Western Europe/Pidgins and Creoles (European-based); (2) Eastern Europeand the Soviet Union; (3) the Middle East and North Africa; (4) SouthAsia;(5) Eastern Asia; (6) Sub-Saharan Africa; (7) SoutheastAsia and the Pacific; and (8) North, Central, and South Anerica. The primaryemphasis of the bibliography is on materials for the use of theadult learner whose native language is English. Under each languageheading, the items are arranged as follows:teaching materials, readers, grammars, and dictionaries. The annotations are descriptive.Whenever possible, each entry contains standardbibliographical information, including notations about reprints and accompanyingtapes/records
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Navigational Knowledge in Ming China 牽星術：明代中國的伊斯蘭導航知識
    國立清華大學歷史研究所乙組 碩士論文 Fettering the Stars: Islamic Navigational Knowledge in Ming China 牽星術：明代中國的伊斯蘭導航知識 研究生: 林筱倩 (Hsiao-chien Lin) 學號: 101043513 指導教授: 王憲群 (Hsien-chun Wang) 中華民國一○四年六月 摘要 宋元以來，伊斯蘭世界與中國之間，藉由成熟的海洋技術而有著頻繁貿易的往來， 不同文化之間的交流亦隨之興起。在中國航海史上著名的航海家鄭和（1371‐1433），曾 在十五世紀初期帶領著船隊七次下西洋，航程遠至非洲東岸。歷史材料提及鄭和船隊可能 利用一種名為「牽星術」的導航技術，並使用一種名為「牽星板」的導航儀器。藉由這樣 的儀器，導航員可在夜晚中測量星體和地平線的仰角，並以「指」為測量單位，了解船隻 的位置，以成功達到越洋航行的目的。本論文主旨即在探討這種導航技術與儀器背後的多 文化語言與天文知識的基礎。 我發現在遠洋航行中，水手必須熟練於時間的掌握及方位的辨識，他們藉由觀察星 體的運行來解決這兩個問題。而在印度洋及阿拉伯海之中，使用泰米爾及馬拉姆語的水手 們，便相當善於運用這樣的導航技術。這樣的技術藉由星體仰角的高度來判斷時間，並以 zām 為單位。zām 是一種古代印度計算時間的方式，主要使用特定亮星及月亮做為觀測 同樣為手指的意思。配合 zām 的計時方，(إصبع) 的依據，測量出 「指」，阿拉伯語為 isba 式，得以在汪洋大海中了解航行所花費的時間。水手們更利用在黃昏或清晨時分，藉由亮 星於海平面的位置，來判斷方位。除此之外，在儀器的使用上，類似「牽星板」的航海儀 器有著多種形式的存在。例如，水手在測量的時候，可以使用相同的板子但運用不同的結 點，或者使用不同大小的板子，但繩長不變，亦或是板子大小不同且同時隨結點改變。在 中國史料中，明代李詡《戒庵老人漫筆》等材料顯示，牽星板是一組由十二塊大小不同的 木板組成，顯示華人地區所使用之「牽星板」為板子多塊的類型。而在中國的歷史材料 《武備志》中，除了記載此項航海技術的遺跡，也標示著稱為「針路」的中國傳統航海方 式。此種特殊的繪圖方式，即說明多種文化的導航知識存在於這條航線上。另一方面，我 們亦可從使用方式和儀器的名稱上窺見知識的流動，例如「牽星」一詞在阿拉伯語中為 同為牽引的意思，為一種記憶天體相對位置的特定記憶方法。令人驚喜的，(تكبيل) al‐qaid 是，更多語言關連如同「牽星」和「指」的例子，隨著航海技術的達發而存在於此條航線 中。綜合以上而言，不論從史料或是語言翻譯上，都可以看出跨文化知識傳遞的軌跡。 i 最後，我根據《前聞記》的航程記載，逐步說明鄭和越洋航行之時所使用的導航知 識。發現船隊利用季風做為動力，於冬季利用東北季風出發，並順著夏季的西南季風回程。 此外，從《武備志》裡「過洋牽星圖」的記載中，了解船隊主要仰賴現今北極星、昴宿星 團、北河三、南河三、老人星和南十字星，以確認船隻在固定緯度的航線之上。與此同時， 導航員利用「牽星板」等相似儀器，除了確認船隻所處緯度，更測量星體在天空仰角的變 化，搭配 zām 這種計時方式而得知航行時間。 因此，本論文認為，此類航海技術的發展非一蹴可及，鄭和並非第一位於此條航線 上航行之人，鄭和下西洋所使用的導航技術，乃是一個多文化交流之下的成果，包含著伊 斯蘭、印度、與中國等不同文化的導航技術。因此，鄭和的壯舉，其實是多文化交流之下 的結果。 ii Abstract Beginning from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Muslim and Chinese ships frequently sailed the south China coast, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, and the Persian Gulf, trading goods and cultures. The Chinese naval commander Zheng He 鄭和 (Cheng Ho, 1371‐1433) lead seven expeditions along these sea routes, sailing as far as the east coast of Africa in the early 15th century. Historical sources mention that Zheng He used a navigation method called qianxing shu 牽星術, which employed a particular instrument named qianxing ban 牽星板.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tigray War & Regional Implications
    THE TIGRAY WAR & REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS (VOLUME 1) November 2020 to June 2021 1 CONTENTS 1. Foreword …………………………………………………………………………… 4 2. Introduction: war, offensives and atrocities 2.1 Overview …………………………………………………………………………… 7 2.2 Early attempts to halt the fighting ……………………………………………… 10 2.3 The war escalates …………………………………………………………………. 13 3. Ethiopia at war 3.1 The Federal Government v Tigray Regional State ……………………………. 16 3.2 Prime Minister Abiy’s short-lived whirlwind of reform ……………………... 30 3.3 An inexorable drive towards conflict 2018 – 2020 …………………………….. 49 3.4 President Isaias and Prime Minister Abiy – who is in the driving seat? ……. 60 4. Progress of the war 4.1 ENDF offensives along the southwestern front ……………………………….. 73 4.2 The northern fronts ………………………………………………………………. 76 4.3 The Southern Front ………………………………………………………………. 78 4.4 The ENDF’s strategy ……………………………………………………………... 78 4.5 Retreat and consolidation ……………………………………………………….. 80 4.6 TDF expansion and the start of semi-conventional warfare …………………. 82 4.7 Overall War Progress: November 2020 to May 2021 …………………………. 84 4.8 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… 88 5. The Ethiopian national context 5.1 Contextualising the war in Tigray ……………………………………………… 91 5.2 A threat to Ethiopia’s integrity? ………………………………………………… 92 5.3 Conflict and the rule of law ……………………………………………………... 94 5.4 Oromia politics and conflict - optimism and excitement ……………………. 95 5.5 Amhara politics and conflict …………………………………………………… 102 5.6 The south, east and west ……………………………………………………….. 112 5.7 Somali Region …………………………………………………………………… 113 5.8 Afar Region ……………………………………………………………………… 115 5.9 Benishangul Gumuz ……………………………………………………………. 116 5.10 Socio-economic stakes and the cost of the war ………………………………. 117 5.11 Concluding remarks ……………………………………………………………. 119 6. Diplomatic Efforts 6.1 UN Security Council and the African Union ………………………………… 122 6.2 The United States of America ………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • A Taphonomic Analysis of Small Mammal Assemblages
    AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SMALL PREY BONE ASSEMBLAGES PRODUCED BY FOREST FORAGERS OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC By JASON M. FANCHER A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Anthropology May 2009 © Copyright by JASON M. FANCHER, 2009 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by JASON M. FANCHER All Rights Reserved ii To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of JASON M. FANCHER find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Karen D. Lupo, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Barry S. Hewlett, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Timothy A. Kohler, Ph.D. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, thank you to committee chair Karen Lupo, who has provided me with so many opportunities and possibilities over the years. Karen challenged me to make this dissertation the best it could be, and it is greatly improved as a result of her efforts. Special thanks to committee members Barry Hewlett and Tim Kohler for their encouragement, careful editing, and insightful comments. Many thanks to the Bofi and Aka for allowing us to work with them, the L. S. B. Leakey Foundation and National Science Foundation for supporting this research, and Karen Lupo and Dave Schmitt for inviting me to be a part of it. The people of Grima and Ndele were extremely helpful as we collected what must have seemed like the oddest assortment of information about their lives. This work would not have been possible without the patience and support of my family: The Bowers, Burresons, Fanchers, Hansens, and Hublers.
    [Show full text]
  • Unibook Document
    Title: Result of Repertoire Review for PDAM4 of ISO/IEC 10646:2003 and future amendments Date: 2007-02-16 WG2/N3211, L2/07-082 Source: Asmus Freytag (Unicode) Status: Liaison contribution Action: for review by WG2 and UTC experts Distribution: WG2 and UTC Replaces: -- Note This version of the document covers repertoire proposals for multiple amendments Status This document is intended to support the process of synchronization between the Unicode Standard and ISO/IEC 10646. It may be used by WG2 delegates interested in the results of the review of the ballot document and other pending character proposals by the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC). In this version of the document, the names and code positions are shown as currently approved by UTC for future versions of the Unicode Standard or as submitted in ballot comments and character encoding proposals. It is not a summary of WG2 decisions - that document will be released at the end of the WG2 meeting. Manner of Presentation The character names and code points shown are the same for Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646. ISO character name comments and Annex P annotation ‘*’, are suppressed in this document. Instead, the full anntoations and cross references from the Unicode names list are provided. In this document, the new characters are not shown in the context of the existing characters. The existing characters will be shown in the final ballot document or character names list. The occasional use of the word <reserved> in this draft is an artifact of the production process and should be ignored. Information about the status of a character proposal in WG2 and UTC as well as other inormation about the proposal is presented in a marginal note.
    [Show full text]