The Standard

Spring / Summer 2016

The Domus chair by Ilmari Tapiovaara and four other highlights from Artek The Domus Chair by Ilmari Tapiovaara

How a piece of highly pragmatic design became an object of desire at home and abroad

The Domus Academica in the centre of reduced in size so the chair could be Helsinki is a student housing complex placed close to a desk or dining table. that dates back to 1946, when Ilmari A lounge version was also produced for Tapiovaara and his wife Annikki were Domus Academica’s common areas. given responsibility for the design of its interior. They focussed particularly on Though created for such a specific producing a single, especially versatile environment and immediately popular chair that could have many uses among schools and institutions, throughout the building. “A chair,” the Domus chair became a highly Ilmari declared, “is not just a seat. It is desirable product, especially abroad. the key to the whole interior.” It was Finland’s first successful post war design export, receiving the Gold The chair’s primary use was for Medal at the Milan Triennale in 1951, reading in the students’ individual the greatest accolade of the period. rooms. Tapiovaara designed it so that In the UK, it was sold as the Stax the parts that came into contact chair and in the USA as the Finnchair, with the body were made of distributed by the furniture giant Knoll. form-pressed plywood with three- It has been part of the Artek collection dimensional contours, making the since 2010, along with several of chairs comfortable to sit in over long Tapiovaara’s other designs. periods. The structural components were made in solid wood. He then considered the arm rests, which he The Domus chair by Ilmari Tapiovaara, originally crafted in pressed birch ply with a solid birch frame, also comes with an upholstered seat and back for contemporary times. 3 In 1960, Ilmari Tapiovaara designed the Kiki lounge chair using oval steel tubing for a sharply drawn frame. 5 A Finnish master

The well-travelled Ilmari Tapiovaara saw modernism as a direct route to democracy and an appreciation of the vernacular as a way to understand humanity

Finnish designer Ilmari Tapiovaara in London and then in Paris, where (1914-1999) was an adventurer both he spent two months in the studio of in his travels and his work, journeying Le Corbusier. From 1941 to 1944, to foreign countries and far into what he found himself less voluntarily in modernism could achieve. His legacy Karelia, on Finland’s Eastern front, in the Artek collection is a specific helping secure the country against the one: highly resolved pieces such as Russian army during the Second World the Mademoiselle chair with its finely War. There, the designer realised that ribbed back and the Domus chair with the local forest culture could enhance its crisp construction clearly on display. what he’d already learned about modernism from the Finnish and French Ilmari Tapiovaara was one of masters. 11 children, many of whom showed artistic flair. His brother Nyrki went In his subsequent and highly successful on to become one of Finland’s design career, Tapiovaara — who leading film directors, and Ilmari for worked extensively on United Nations a time designed the posters for his design projects in Paraguay, Mauritius, productions. A disciple of Alvar Aalto, and Yugoslavia — never lost his desire he believed, like his hero, that the for democracy, his belief in local world could be improved through good culture and craft, and the value of design, and it was his life’s ambition merging the vernacular with the to enable widespread access to it. modern. Tapiovaara gained inspiration and knowledge abroad, too, exploring life Tapiovaara, seen here in the 1940s holding a model of the Domus chair, was influenced by his time in the heavily forested region of Karelia, where he discovered the importance of vernacular design and the beauty of wood. 7 The Mademoiselle lounge chair, designed by Tapiovaara in 1956, combines the The 1955 Pirkka stool — part of a range that includes benches, tables, and chairs — traditional spoke back, an age-old construction method, with the smooth curves of demonstrates how much Tapiovaara drew on Finnish rustic design to create products the seat’s softly-rounded edge. suited to clean modern interiors. Ronan & Erwan Bouroullec

System addicts: why a French double act was the right way to take Artek into the future

Artek has an unusual problem. Its support. To this they added surfaces products, some designed 50 or even that already existed in the Artek 80 years ago, still seem ridiculously archive — wood, laminate, linoleum — in relevant and fresh. Its preferred super slender contemporary forms. materials — Finnish grown wood, linoleum, upholstery in natural fibres — The project nearly didn’t happen at all. have effortlessly stood the test of time. “Artek has been important to us since And yet every collection needs an our very beginnings as designers,” the injection of new blood from time to brothers explained at the launch of the time. So in 2014, Artek approached collection. “We weren’t sure if anything the Bouroullec brothers, siblings who new was needed. But once we realised grew up in Brittany in the northwest of that we shared a love of systems France and have worked together in with Artek’s founders and previous Paris since 1999. Like Artek’s original designers, we set ourselves the task of designers, the Bouroullecs look for developing pieces that would look good intelligent systems on which to base next to an Aalto stool.” meaningful series of furniture. From this basis, the aesthetics emerge — Having grown up in the countryside inevitably strong, simple, and spare and next to the sea, the Bouroullecs say given the rigour of their method. they share certain Finnish values: a love

© Images Studio Bouroullec Studio© Images Bouroullec of simplicity, a need for contemplation, For Artek, the brothers developed and a desire for design to be a a method for a wooden component democratic pursuit. Both in their lives to meet a slim metal ribbon, which and in their products, these are the in turn becomes a table leg or shelf qualities that prevail. The Bouroullec brothers’ original sketches convey the versatility of a system that relies on a wooden strut and a ribbon of metal to deliver endless variations on a support structure. 11 The Kaari range by Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec was launched in 2015. Key to its success is the highly readable structure of each piece in the series. 13 Alvar Aalto’s bentwood

For the master of Finnish modernism, everything goes back to wood and the wonderful things it can do

The fact that many of Artek’s products that turned through 90 degrees. It are made entirely in wood traces back was made by cutting slits into a piece to the company’s Finnish origins — it is of solid wood, then filling them with the country’s most available natural layers of veneer dipped in glue — this resource — as well as the enthusiasms offered enough flexibility to bend the of the designer and architect Alvar wood through such a tight angle. He Aalto. Aalto — together with his wife went on to produce the Y-leg, with two Aino, the art patron Maire Gullichsen, 90-degree bends, and the fan-shaped and the art historian Nils-Gustav X-leg (five or more thin, interlinked Hahl — established Artek in Helsinki in L-legs). 1935. The name is a conflation of the words Art and Technology. Everything from the elegant cantilevered Armchair 400 — ground Alvar Aalto was fascinated by the breaking when first launched in the elastic and organic qualities of wood 1930s — to the famous 3-legged Artek and the way they could be exploited stool and the Armchair 41 designed to create furniture that was strong for the Paimio sanatorium have but also possessed a unique fluidity benefitted from Aalto’s investigations of style. At a time when design was into bending wood. The classic pieces underpinned by longstanding traditions are still made at the original Artek of construction, of joints and screws, factory in Turku, the process of their Aalto was about to change all the rules. production relatively unchanged, their organic qualities as ideologically and An early invention was the L-leg, aesthetically relevant as ever. patented in 1933 — a continuous piece

Alvar Aalto’s L-leg, patented in 1933, marks him out as a master of invention. Note the scores in the bent section, which are responsible for the piece’s flexibility. 15 15 Alvar Aalto’s Chair 66, developed in 1935 using the L-leg, is a high-backed dining chair that is easy to move thanks to its handle-like seat back. 17 Artek 2nd Cycle

The functionality and clarity of Artek furniture means it can enjoy several lifetimes of love

Artek was never just a furniture decades of family life sitting next to company. When it was established in a recently acquired one, its birch still Helsinki in 1935 by designers Alvar wearing the silvery gleam of newness. and Aino Aalto — along with arts patron Maire Gullichsen and art historian In 2007, Artek started to retrieve old Nils-Gustav Hahl — its mission was to furniture by Aalto and other Artek disseminate a socially responsible designers such as Ilmari Tapiovaara, ideology as well as beautifully finding pieces in flea markets and designed furniture. Sustainability was schools, offices and old garages. Four built into the brand from the start years later, the company opened the through the use of Finland’s most 2nd cycle store in central Helsinki to set widely available natural resource, about redistributing these lovely aged wood, and through the creation of pieces. products that were built to last, both physically and emotionally. Artek 2nd Cycle proves the Aaltos’ original ethos better than anything: a Being made from natural materials coherently conceived piece of furniture means that Artek products age constructed in natural materials can, gracefully, acquiring a patina indeed, live many lives and be loved of maturity and developing their many times. What could be more own history over time. As a result, desirable — or sustainable — than that? products from different eras can live harmoniously together. There’s nothing nicer than seeing a battered three- legged stool that’s survived several

The 2nd Cycle store in Helsinki leads to a fascinating world of reacquired Artek 18 originals. A pair of Stool 60, as functional as ever in their post-new condition, bearing the An example of Alvar Aalto’s dainty bentwood chair found in the 2nd Cycle store, marks of a life well-lived. this one painted baby blue by a previous owner. Notes made significant contributions to of Aalto’s work, created a flexible the development of its national range of essential products to Colophon identity. The great international furnish private homes, offices, or success of Finnish design promoted public spaces such as restaurants, Helsinki — Head Office the development of Finland’s hotels, schools, libraries, or Artek oy ab widely acclaimed design culture, community centres. Many of the Lönnrotinkatu 7 with which Artek is closely products were originally conceived 00120 Helsinki associated. In Finland design is for a specific project but travel Finland understood not as an elite luxury, easily between the private and 8. Sustainability but as an integral part of life. public realms. Artek works principally with Berlin — International Office Finnish design is exemplified by natural materials. The use of Artek GmbH clarity and functionality as well 6. Armchair 400 regional resources and materials Potsdamer Straße 85 as the pairing of beauty with Alvar Aalto, 1936 also had an economic reason 10785 Berlin everyday practicality. In the As voluminous as it is comfortable, at first: in the 1930s, Finland Germany self-image of the Finns and the Armchair 400 was initially created was still not very industrialized, [email protected] way they are perceived from the by Alvar Aalto in 1936 for an and imports from abroad were 1. Domus Lounge chair outside, the characteristic natural exhibition at the Milan Triennale, expensive. But soon, long before Artek on Facebook @Artek Ilmari Tapiovaara, 1946 features and topography of the where it was promptly awarded a the idea of sustainability turned Artek on Instagram @artekglobal country — the endless forests, the prize. The chair owes its nickname into a popular buzzword, regional Artek on Twitter @artek_global countless lakes and rivers, the “Tank” to its distinctive wide and sourcing became a conviction. Nordic climate — continue to play sturdy armrests made of laminated Since time immemorial, natural The products in the brochure are a central role today. With one out birch and to its robust upholstery. materials, especially wood, have selectively available from our of five families owning woodland, 5. Armchair 41 “Paimio” proven themselves as an instantly retailers. Find out more: the Finnish affinity for nature Alvar Aalto, 1932 familiar part of human existence. www.artek.fi/contacts/distribution is not a cliché, but a reality of In 1928, Alvar Aalto won the They possess a natural beauty, are society reflected in Finnish design. architectural competition to build ecological, change over time, and Art Direction: Something Fantastic Designers such as the Aaltos and a tuberculosis sanatorium in the show traces of life and usage. The Texts: Caroline Roux Tapio Wirkkala were consistently Finnish city of Paimio and was Artek Classics have proven timeless Copyediting: Jenna Krumminga influenced by forms of nature and also commissioned to design and maintained their appeal 2. Mauritius worked primarily with natural the building’s interior. Initially over decades. The contemporary Image Credits Ilmari Tapiovaara on the beach materials. intending to use the new typology products share the Classics’ clarity, Cover and PP. 8-9: Zara Pfeifer in Mauritius in 1974, where of tubular steel furniture, he functionality, and poetic simplicity. PP. 10–13: Studio Bouroullec he worked with development ended up deciding the material Artek products are hence more All other images: Artek cooperation projects for the United was too cold and ‘psychologically 7. Artek factory relevant than ever, offering Nations Industrial Development too hard’ for a place of healing. Artek’s products are not manually enduring and authentic solutions Image Credits Notes Organization. Tapiovaara was Instead, he experimented with constructed one-off pieces, but rather than serving unrestrained 1. Artek exceptionally international from wood and created a novel style are rather manufactured and uninformed consumption. 2. Designmuseo an early age and believed that of furnishings based on this warm in series. The nature of its 3. Welin, Artek by bringing the artefactual worlds and supple material. With its light, products, however, and above 4. Tuomas Uusheimo, Artek of different cultures together, we organic form, it set new standards all the materials it uses stand 5–8. Artek also bring their people and nations in modern furniture design. opposed to purely mechanical 9. Rauno Träskelin, Artek closer to each other. and fully automated processing. Artek products continue to be Further information and fabricated semi-industrially more products at: according to strict quality artek.fi 4. Intelligent systems criteria with a relatively high Aalto originally designed the proportion of handcraftsmanship. 04/2016 L-leg for Stool 60, but it soon In the production of the Artek established itself as a versatile collection — in particular the standard element of the Artek designs by Aalto — various collection. L-legs in various sizes specialized woodworking are used in the construction techniques are put to use, 9. 2nd Cycle Store of numerous seating designs, including a number that have been Pieni Roobertinkatu 4-6 3. Finnish values tables, and cabinets, creating a specifically developed or refined FIN-00130 Helsinki Finland is a young, relatively comprehensive furniture system. for the purpose at hand. Tel: +358 10 617 3467 egalitarian country. From the This idea of systems and standards Email: [email protected] start, architecture and design in furniture design, characteristic

22 23 Artek was founded in 1935 in Helsinki by the young idealists Alvar and Aino Aalto, Maire Gullichsen, and Nils- Gustav Hahl “to sell furniture and promote a modern culture of living by exhibitions and other educational means.” Today, the Artek collection of furniture, lighting, and accessories designed by Finnish masters and leading international designers comprises objects that are extraordinary in their clarity, functionality, and poetic simplicity. In the radical spirit of its founders, Artek remains one of the most innovative contributors to modern design, breaking new ground at the intersection of design, architecture, and art. artek.fi