A UNK BETWEEN THECEUIC NAnONS

ALBA: Seallaimid Air a' (huiinrigh; Smelter Closure Threal; Bibliograph) . BRLIZH: Sleufrverezh-arc’hant; A Special Status? Major Poet Dies. CVMRU: Cynigiadau Dadlenol; Welsh Tcacher Suspended; Mother Tongue. LIRE: Alba — Na Näisiüin Aontaithe; Irish Neutrality Today: Election ’82. KEUNOW: Marlesen, Martesen; National Question in Cornwall. MAN MN: Cleayshyn Follil; Manx Nationalism; Merchants of Death. ★ The Assembly of the Fourth World — No. 1 & 2. Nuclear Threat.

50 p QUARTERLY PERIODICAL IN ENGLISH & IN CELTIC LANGUAGES PUBLISHED BY THE "CELTIC LEAGUE" cornpensate for the loss, I appeal to anyone who is in a position to add a donation to the minimum fee or subscription to do so. Other periodicals publish a Editorial donor’s list. Perhaps we should do the same. Those of us u ho do the voluntary vvork for CARN and the The Celtic countries were the first colonial acqui.si- C.L. are known, it would only be fair that we tions of their present day rulers and remain atnongsi acknowledge the contributions of others who help to the last of their possessions. Over the centuries not keep the C.L. itoina. In any easc, IE YOU RECEIVE alone have they been exploited economically, their \ REM INDER OE RENEWAL WITH THIS cultures and languages suppressed but their man- ISSUE, Pl.EASE DON’T PUT IT ON THE LONCi power has been drafted to fight the imperial wars at FINGER IE YOU, as we hope, WISH TO grevious cost to themselves and iheir nations. CONTINUE RECE1VING CARN REGLJLAREY. Today the Celtic countries sul'fer from the same ills Also help us to find new subscribers, to seil the as ever and in some cases their lands are used to pro- quarterly, to niake the Celtic League more widely vide bases and arsenals for the imperial powers. In known! the nuclear age this has a special signilicance of A. 11111 SAM . course. Much emphasis is placed in Super Power strategy on the preemptive slrike against missile bases, Strategie harboufs, early warning stations. etc. many of which arc located in the Celtic countrries THE CLL ITC l.EAGlJE ANM AI. GENERAL and which woüld in itself ensure their destruction in MEETING the event ol a nuclear holoeaust. Indepcndence. self- As we go to press, answers to our question go\ .rnmem or progress towards it means little in regalding the date proposed by the Irish brauch of such a scenarto. the C.L., namely the 14-15 August weekend, have The Celtic League has on many occasions express- been received froni four other branchcs' secretaries ed its Opposition to the use ol' the Celtic countries as — three of theni agreeing, the fourth preferring an weapon sites, as dunips for radiöaetive waste and as alternative weekend. There is a small ehanee that this convenient locations for nuclear power stations. VVc mighi be found to be eomenieni 10 the largest have also expressed our suppori for the campaign for number and then agreed, but lill further notice, it a nuclc.it free Europe, ln this regard it is heartening must be assumed that the date for the ACiM is MID- tose ihat the la ; Welsh region has voted toconfirm AUGUST. This has the adv antage that partieipants (hat >i , In ild be a nuclear (weapon) free Zone. could then also attend the Irish-Ianguage Summer \ .Mt:... iloing our best to aid efloris to Course for beginners in Connemara during the Highlight ilk m tation of countrics likc Alba, which following fortnight, 01 the National E'lea Cheoil the are salurated in nuclear and miliiary bases and following weekend. It seenis preferable 10 have our facilities and to light for their removal we must also ACiM before raihcr than alter those events. Wc shall seels to assist in preventing the spread of such /.oncs decide before April 30 in any case. to those <...... r countries or parts ol our countries The meetings will he at the Cultürlann, die Irish still free of thetn. In this regard ii is important litat Musicians Association Centre, 32 Belgrave Square, efforts continually heiug made hy eertain interests to Moiikstown, near Dun L.aoghaire, Co. Dublin. Ibis end the miliiary nculraliiy of the Irish Republic hc is about live indes from the centre of Dublin, there rcsisicd as strongly as possible. are good bus connectiöns. It can be assumed that bed and break last lor about IRE5.50 and nieais for IRC3 will be available there, and traditional nuisie entertainment also! Appeal to Members and The time being so dose to the great Elea Cheoil, there could be a strong demand for aceommodation. Subscribers Ii is important therelore that intending partieipants should book as early as possible. Phone Dublin 800295, or vvrite direct to Irish Sec. immediaiely. All I vvish to thank those vvho have been prompt to members are invited but must notify their brauch renew lor 1982 and partieularly those who have sent secreiary well beforchand of their intjention to come. more than the required amounts. Every weck has brought a quota ol chcques and postaI Orders, but as • Sulidarity — The following telegram was sent on the time approaches when the copies have to be behalf of the Celtic League in suppori of Wayne distributed, I expect ihat many will still not have Williams, who, having servect a term of 12 months renewed. Our “production" and postage costs have imprisonment for alleged (Cymdeilhas yr laith) risen so steeply — and will continue to do so with illegal aetions, was suspended and threalened with increases in Value Added Tax and postage dismissal from bis teaching post in Llanidloes last “ promised" in the fortheoming Irish hudget — that January: “To Chairman, County Council, they are bringing our reserves under strain. Many Llandrindod Wells, Povvys. Celtic L^giie urges shops are reporting a fall in sales, or cancelling their reinslatcment Wayne Williams whose commitmeni 10 Orders, or leaving the invoices unpaid, in spite ol our Community is beyond dispute” . repeated requesls for payment. Mas he they too are fecling the pinch but wecannot give indefinite credit. We shall have to reduee the number of copies printed EN RAISON DES COLTS POSTALX l.ES PRIX and keep the waste to a minimum, but öbviously this DE YEN II. DE I.A REM E Al NI MICRO ESI means a higher cost per copy of CA RN. To PLUS ELIM. EN BRETAG NE. Gheill Magaidh agus thug i £25 muillean (£25,000,000) a steidhich amar T.V. ’sa Chuimreis. ALBA Nach mör an difir eadar a’ Chuimrigh agus Alba far nach eil ach uair no dhä a thide ’sa Ghäidhlig gach seachduin air T.V. agus gu tric faisg air meadhon oidhche! Ach tha sinn fada ro mhodhail. Tha Seallamaid Air A ’ Chuimrigh steisean reidio ’sa Chuimreis fad an latha, seachd laithean a h-uile seachduin. Ach thionndaidh iad a’ Ghäidhlig gu V.H.F. fad beagan uairean a thide a Bilhidh an ath Mhöd Näiseanla air a chumail anns h-uile latha. Ach, mar a thuirt sinn cheana, tha na an Eilean Sgitheanach an ath Dhamhair 1982 agus h-Albannaich ro mhodhail. cuiridh An Comunn Gaidhealach, Abertarff House, Thäinig an da latha oirnn le Achd an Fhoghluim lnverness, Alba, fios chugad, mas math leat sin. 1872 — fada nas miosa na Murt Ghlinn Chaomhain Agus tha car-slickers de’n Mhöd 1982 ri fhaighinn ann an 1692 bho’n a bha Murt nan sgoiltean Gäidhlig bhuapa cuideachd. ann an Achd 1872. Bho 1872 chan eil sgoil ann an Gle mhath, canaidh sinn. Tha am Möd Naiseanta Alba gu leir far am bheil iad a ’ leagaisg a h-uile agus na Mödan lonadail cuideachd uamhasach cuspair troimh na Gäidhlig. feumail — mar a tha fios againn. Ach seallamaid air a ’ chuimrigh. Tha sgoiltean Thöisich am Möd anns an Oban Lathurna ceud agus colaistean far am bheil iad a h-uile rud troimh’ bliadhna seo chaidh — nuair a bha a’ Bhan-righ na Cuimreis. Tha e comasach inbhe oilthigh Victoria air a ’ Chathair rioghail agus bha ar sinn- (university degree) fhaighinn far am bheil iad a’ toirt seanairean beö. Theagaisg na Cuimrich dhuinn doigh a h-uile öraid agus a h-uile ceasnachadh ’sa a chumail nan Möd. Chuimreis. Ach tha sinn a’ tighinn beö anns an fhicheadamh Töisiachmaid le bunait nan sgoil is nan colaiste linn, agus tha naimhdean na Gäidhlig fada nas treasa Cuimrich, ’se sin ri rädh na Croileagan (Play groups) a nise; oir tha T.V. agus reidio aca ’nan laithean seo. far nach eil a’ chiann cöig bliadhnachan a dh’aois. Tre ceud bliadhna rinn na Cuimrich ro mhör a ’Sna Chroileagan cleachdaidh iad a’ chänain gu thaobh a ‘ chänain aca, cha d’rinn sinne ach beag. simplidh agus le gäirdeachas. Is e an l-ionsachadh ög Mharbh Achd an Fhoghluim 1872 ar sgoiltean an l-ionsachadh böidheach. Gäidhlig far an robh ar cänain Aibannach ’na Sgriobh lain Macllie Chair deagh iontradh air mheadhon-teagaisg. Ach tha ioma sgoiltean, Croileagan na Cuimrigh anns an “ Oban Times" de’n colaistean agus oilthighean far am bheil cuspairean 15 Damhair 1981 d’am b’ainm "Solus Ur” . Taing air an leagaisg tre na Cuimreis. do’n Chomunn Gaidhealach. Roinn Earraghaidheal, Ach an diugh, ceud bliadhna an deigh, chan eil Albany Street, Oban, Alba. Sgriobh lain cöir gun sgoil no colaiste no oilthigh ann an Alba far nach eil robh ach 70 Croileagan ann an 1971 agus tha 355 ann iad a’ treagaisg a h-uile cail troimh’n Bheurla. Bha an diugh agus tha a’ mhorchuid de’n ehloinn ud ä sinn fada nas fheärr dheth corr is ceud bliadhna seo dachaidhean Gallda! chaidh, nuair a bha iad a ’ leagaisg troimh’n Seann Abair gum bheil moran againn ri ionnsachadh bho Chänain Aibannach. na Cuimrich agus ma tha leughadair sam bith ag Ach de an difir eadar na h-Albannaich agus na iarraidh tuiileadh fios: Cuimrich a thaobh nan cänain aca? Car-son a tha na h-Albannaich cho fad air ais an coimeas ris na (a) mu Chroileagan na Cuimrigh sgriobhadh e/i Chuimrich? gu B. Jones, Mudiad Ysgolion Meilhrin, 89 Tha sinn ro mhodhail agus chan eil sin ri sabaid Heol Llanishen Fach, Rhuwbeina, Caerdvdd idir a thaobh na Gäidhlig mar na Cuimrich. Chan eil CF4 6HX. Cymru. ar luchd-riaghlaidh ann an Dun Eideann, no ann an Lunnain a tuigsinn ach nearl. Chan eil na Gäidheal (b) neo mu Chroileagan a chur air chois ann an agus luchd-ionnsachaidh na Gäidhlig fhathast a’ Albainn, gu Fionnlagh MacLeoid, 4 Charlotte brosnachadh nan Goill cus, ar rädh. “Tha cänain Street, Ceann Phädruig (Peterhead), Alba. Aibannach beö againn, mar chänaineann aig düthchanan eile agus chan eil cänain eile aig na GILLEASBUIG MacMHUIRICH. h-Albannaich.” Tha an luchd-Beurla uamhasach läidir ann an Alba (Praciical suggesiions are pul forwarcl to further ach rinn na Gaidheal cömhrag air son nan coharradh inter-Celtic co-operution). agus nan post-seölaidh dä-chänaineach anns an Eilean Sgitheanach, mar a rinn na Cuimrich ’sa Chuimrigh agus tha feadhainn ri fhaicinn ’sa Ard-Righ nan Leabhar Ghäidhlig agus ’sa Bheurla; ach tha an corr againn ri dheanamh ’san Eileann fhathast agus feadh na lt has always been accepted that every clan chief h-Albainn gu leir. was Riigh or king of his own kinsmen, yet the Anns a’ ghairm-fhollaiseach (manitesio) aig national king of the country was the Ard Righ or Magaidh Thatcher agus aig a’ phärtaidh Töraidh, high king. gheall iad T.V. ’sa Chuimreis nuair a bha iad So in the kingdom of books; no one can use a buadhmhor. Mata, ged a bhuannaich iad dhuilt iad library to its füllest potential without a bibliographv, an cumhnant aca. Chömhraig na Cuimrich air ais, the king of books. Even if the local library which agus bhagair Gwynfos Evans B.P. ceannard a’ serves you does not hold a particular book, it will be phärtaidh Chuimrich (Plaid Cymru) gun trasgadh e able to get a loan of it for you through its inter- gu bäs mur eil T.V. ’sa Chuimreis. library lending service on your request. 3 Since 1915 the only bibliography covering Scottish much published Claim that lnvergordon had to go, to language and literature has been Donald MacLean’s safeguard BA jobs at other plants has been proved “ TYPOGRAPHIA SCOTO-GADELICA 01 Books false with the threats to jobs at their Falkirk plant. printed in the Gaelic of Scotland from the year 1567 This closure will not be forgotten and the events at to the year 1914” . It is still obtainable in a 1972 lnvergordon will be followed closely. By way of post reprint front Irish University Reprints: Dublin (ISBN scrip one cannot help contrasting the behaviour of 7165 -2058-3). the SSEB (South of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board) Now Dr. Donald John MacLeod has brought out who on the one hand enter into deals with firrns and an up-to-daie bibliography in the language cailed governments which the public are not allowed to “ 20th Century Publications in Scottish Gaelic” know about and on the other hand, after the most published by the Scottish Academic Press: severe winter experienced by all and certainly the Edinburgh (ISBN 0-7073-0266-8). poor and old, they act with such Dickensian rectitude The only item omitted that the “Stornoway in cutting of supplies of electricity to those having Gazette” could detect is that of the Royal Academy difficulty in meeting payments. Inverness School Magazine. So the feast is laid and Une fonderie sur laquelle on compiait pour raviver there can but be few dishes missing. The entire menu l ’economie de fest des HigJtlands esl menacee de covering four centuries is laid before you in two books — good appetite — släinte mhathü fermeture. Gilleasbuig Mac Mhuirich. Bye Election on the Way

The Conservalive member of parliament for the Hillhead district of Glasgow died early this year and Smelter Closure Threat the announeement of the date for the bye-election is eagerly awaited. The candidates have all been chosen Though well conditioned to ihe stable news diet of including the SNP one — Mr. George Leslie a closures and redundancies the country was shocked, Veteran campaigner who should do well. There will when in the week between Christmas and New Year. be more than usual interest in this baule as the SDP 850 workers at the aluminium smelter ai lnvergordon will be Staging their first contest in Scotland and in the north east of Scotland were told that thev were lielding no less a candidate than Mr. Roy Jenkins being made redundant and that the smelter was clos­ himself. The constituency has a wüde mix of voters ing. The Situation has been in the headlines evei since and though traditionally conservative their lead had and inany interesting facts about the establishment of been whittled down to a mere 2.000 over the Labottr the smelter have come to light. In the late sixties dur- candidate at the last general election. ing the term of Harold Wilson three smelters were Mr. Jenkins is getting plenty of free Publicity from eslablished — British Aluminium at lnvergordon, all the media who hang on his every move, shower RTZ (Rio TintoZinc) in Anglesea and the third at hin» with advice and us the readers with endless Biyth, Northumberland. The last mentioned is Photographie studies. Not that the readers don’t get powered from coa! fired electricity. advice too. The editorial of the now not quite so new The first two were to be powered by nuclear elec­ Sunday Standard for 10/1/82 was — ‘‘Why Hillhead tricity (and as Anglesey’s source is still hypothetical, shouid welcome Jenkins” . Well.time will teil. It was front Dungeness, we will no doubl hear ntore of it). thought originally that the date would be set as early lnvergordon was to be powered from the nuclear as possible in case of dwindling Tory support but power Station at Hunterston on the Ayrshire coast speculaLion now (mid February) is that it will not be and with generous government loans (i.e. the tax- until April. The SNP candidate, Mr. Leslie, w'as the payers money). The firm bought a 21% share in the candidate in the bye-election in Pollock, Glasgow in power Station so that they could have iheir sharc of 1967 and it was the huge support he gained then very cheap power until the end of the Century. which started the SNP upsurge that led to Hamilton However things came apart when the Station failed to and the successes of the seventies. live up to expeciations, was late in delivering, broke Lei us hope the whee! is turning that way again. down and finally had to have its expected output reduced. The ensuing arrangements with the two Hydro boards would take some unravelling but there were various reports in the press as to how much of The Break-Up of Britain the taxpayers money BA were to take with them as they left. What makes this whole sorry business so reprchcnsible is that the workers had come to the TOM N AIRN, The Breuk-up of Britain — Crisis und area with their families and settled down and made neo-nationalisnt, New Left Books, £7.50. new homes for themselves. This was to have been the beginning of the regeneration of the Highlands and The failure of Western philosophy, the Idealists, the workers commitment to it was showm in the the German Social Democrats and Marxists is most record of trouble free Service thev aave. marked in their misunderstanding of the central role The Situation at the momeni is that the firm are of nationalism and how it became the prime force in committed to keeping the plant in a viable state for 6 world development in the last 150 vears. Tom Nairn months . . . a very Jctermined workforce are organis- sets out on the huge task to create Order out of the ing a “sit-in” supported by most sections of the com- chaos and conflicting views which apologists for munity, political parties and regional authority. The these various outlooks make, in particular, looking 4 closcly at the way “ uneven development” of the nationalism arc very stimulating. The contrast of the capitalist System is the vehicle for its spread and the well formed Scottish and Welsh examples with the awkward squad of Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland, bloody struggles of N. Ireland and the racist aberrant Brittany, Euzkadi, Catalunya, Israel and S. Africa nationalism of Enoch Powell in the England re- are the most outstanding areas for study since they enterging from imperialism is well made. stand between the core nations of the advanced world This book has so much to offer for both the and the underdeveloped nations of the Third World. Student and activist — it does not Claim to be a bible The underdeveloped world should look to these — it has much evidence of thorough scholarship — countries to see how their future development may go the brilliance of the offering may leap ahead of the as the place these countries find in the world Order is mundane reality but as an attempt to come to terms crucial to the very way that Order itself will develop. with nationalism today it focuses on the dilemma of They are the neo-nationalists who largely missed the the Celtic nations when England’s political leaders emergence of classical nationalism in the 19th are desperate to use “every single barrel of North Sea Century. Mr. Nairn homes in on the particular oil . . . to get the Crown Jewels back from the pawn predicaments of the “ British” nations where the shop” . Should England succeed our future will be Scots, in particular, displayed all the Symptoms of a ominous indeed. nation state, except a bourgeoisie so dissatisfied with the economic System that they would try to create a ROB GIBSON. new state. Indeed the very absorbtion of the Scots bourgeoisie in the government, imperial drive and (The above review has been on hand fo r quite some Ox-bridge dominated English civil society of the time. It had been hoped the references to N. Ireland British state precluded the emergence of Scotland in and N. Irish nationalism could be clarified for the the classical phase of nationalism. This British state, benefit of our readers. However in the absence o f the birthplace of the modern nation was imbued with that clarification it is still worth Publishing, a patrician and conservative ethos in which particularly in relation to its comments on Scotland. government and business were largely orientated to It would appear from writings o f Tom Nairn foreign investment and trade during the great bulk of elsewhere that what is referred to in the review is the last three centuries. While Britain ruled a quartei Loyalism or “Unionism ” when references are made of the world’s surface and elbowed aside its rivals to N. Irish nationalism as he would appear to accept some slow liberal tinged concessions could be made the "two nations” theory in relation to the conßict in at home to keep society cohesive as no other the North. The book would indeed be o f interest to European nation has been able to do. our readers and no doubt rhev will clarify Mr. Nairns The collaboration between various classes in theories on the North for themselves if they are English society Mr. Nairn finds remarkable right up interested enough to buy and read t/Te book). to this day. lntellectuals and Labour politicians being the worst eulprits in Support of the patrician, conservative Status quo. Some Major Cultural Events Marxists, and others have to recognise that nationalism is Janus-like, embodying regress and progress. One face fosters the spread of capitalism in Kan ar Bobl, (Breton Folksong Festival), 10-11 the core areas first, like England and FTanee, but on April, Lorient. the other hand fostering a socialist response not as International Celtic Congress, 12-17 April, Marx, himself expected in the former, but in the Ponsandene Hotel, Penzance, Cornwall. peripheral nations like Scotland etc. perhaps Gouel ar Brezhoneg (Breton Language Festival), embracing sociaiism more radically than in the core 23-30 May, Gwengamp/Guingamp area. nations in this reaction. 3rd International Festival of Film and Television in If you think Marxism is the last“ism” to offer the Celtic countries, 28 March-2nd April, Talbot anything relevant to the Celtic countries reading Tom Hotel, Wexford, Ireland. Nairn should be an eyeopener. His fascinating insighi Fleä Nua (Music Festival), 28-30 May, Ennis, Co. into what happened to Scotland when it failed to Cläre, Ireland. join in the classical 19th Century nationalism leads Gorseth Kernow, (normally in September) — him to highlight the rise of the Kailyard school ol" Cornwall. literature — the county, parochial outpourings of Yn Chruinnaght, 17-24 July, Ramsey, Isle of Man, which the Sunday Post is the present day Standard Eisteddfod Genedlaethol, 1-7 August, Swansea bearer. He sees in the writings of J. M. Barrie (Peter University, Wales. Pan) and a high proportion of other exiles this Interceltic Festival, 7-14 August, Lorient, Surrogate, a Sublimation of irue nationalism into a Brittany. cultural sub-nationalisl response to see Scotland as Fleä Cheoil Näisiünta (National Music Festival), an idealised Ruritania. Scotland, a willing partner, in 21-22 August, Listowel, Kerry, Ireland. the British Empire, failed to question on any wide An Mod, 10-17 October, Isle of Skye, Scotland. scale its national posilion tili after the holocaust of Oireachtas na Gaeilge, 22-31 October, Tralee, the First World War, the last major nation building Kerry, Ireland. process in Europe. For further details, write to the Celtic League Thai there is no certain course for incipient nations national secretaries, BUT MAKF. SURE TO emerges strongly from this study, but the need to ENCLOSE THREE INTERNATIONAL pursue self-determiantion is no less a force in today’s COUPONS-RESPONSES (so that they may forward world than in the past, so Tom Nairn’s essays on your queries). We don’t know their exact dates. Welsh, Northern Irish, Scottish and English However don’t let any of these events prevent you 5 from attending the Celtic League A.G.M.! b) ober ur rakjed eus dispignoü a vezo o sevenin disenteziou graet dija gant ar bennadurezh pe da ober c’hoazh evit pourchas ha diorren ser­ BREIZH vijoü kevredik (dour, hentoü, kenliorzhoü, dilastezan, h.a.). N’eo ket gwall sklaer peseurt pouez a vez roet d’ar Steuflverezh-arc’hant ar steuffvoü liesvloaz-se en darn vrasaff eus ar broioü. pennadurezhioü-ker ha N’eus ket galloud lezenn ganto. Gant Aostria e vez displeget ntat e talvezont da Stern da vreutadegoü -rannvro diwar-benn an arc’hantrolloü-bloaz, da linennoü- henchan evit divizout ar benngadouriezh politikel ha gwelout pere eus ar c’hinnigoü dirak ar bennadurezh En ur studiadenn embannet warlene gant Kuzul- a zellez bout sevenet da gentafi. Daoust ma ne vez ket Europa e vez kenveriet doareoü ar pennadurezhioü graet strizh diouzh ar steunvoü-arc’hant e vezont “ lec’hel” (kuzulioü-ker ha kuzulioü departamant pe talvoudus-tre evit ar breutadur politikel hag er c’hoazh -rannvro), e nav bro- ezel eus ar C’Huzul-se, pleustr ivez evit kempouezafi arc’hantroll ar ben­ da embreger o st^uliverezh-arc’han!. Sonjet em eus e nadurezh. talvezfe d’am lennerien kaoul un alberz eus Gant harp ar steufivoü-arc’hant e oar evel-sc ar disoc’hoü ar sludiadenn-se. Emichans ne vo kel c’huzuiioü-ker pe-rannvro diögelaat ar c’hemblac’h kavet re zisasun an dar vez! Breizh he deus ezhomm etre korvoder ha dispign evit an toullad bloavezhioü eus kalz muioc’h frankiz da ren he da zont. Talvout a reont dezho da zivizout peseurt steuffverezh-arc’hant eget na vez aotreet da rannbar- gronnadurioü zo an difraeusaff hag, e broioü’zo, da zhioü ar stadaüa zo kaoz ar.ezho, forzh pegen brokus atizan ar c’henbrezeg etre ar boblans hag ar pen­ e ve darn anezho. Kentel zo da dennan koulskoude nadurezhioü: d’an dilennidi pe da gargidi da c’hou- eus dishefivelder o doareoü-ober. zont penaos e vo degemeret o c’hinnigoü pe o Gant ar gouarnamantou e vez aozet steuffvoü disentezioü gant an dud (da skouer a-zivout an doare liesvloaz evit henchaff o renerezh: merkaff a reont an da zasparzhafi arc’hant etre ar servijoü foran). Hag amkanioü a garfent tizhout e-pad prantad ar steunv, en a dalvez ar steunverezh-arc’hant ivez da ober an dispignoü a vo en abeg dezho ma reer diouto, gouiakadoü ha da zastum stlenn evit ul leviadur pegement a are’hant emaint en gortoz da zastum en o armerzhel berrdermen war dachenn -oberiafi ar ben­ c’hefioü pe a vo rei amprestan, h.a. Diouzh un tu e nadurezh pe zoken evit harpafi ar gouarnamant-kreiz vo evel-se ur prizadur eus ar c’horvoder ha diouzh an da zarbarifl leviadur amerzhel ar Stad a-bezh? tu all ur prizadur eus ar pezh a gousto ar servijoü Bro-C’Hall, Bro-Spagn hag an Izelvroioü a respont foran da vout pourchaset hag ar raklunioü da vout nann. Ar “ Rouantelezh llnanet” ha Denmark a sevenet. lavar e reont tamm pe dämm diouzh at steunvoü Ar seurl steufivou-liesvloaz, adreizhet diouzh rei, a lec’hel. E Sveden, Kornogalämagn hag Italia e reer c’hall neuze ar gouarnamantou diazezaff o avat a-zevri diouto. Adreizhet e vezont a vloaz da arc’hantrolloü-bloaz warno. vloaz hervez ma kemm ar stlenn, ar ezhommoü, ar Aze em eus komzet eus steunvoü broadel. plcgennoü hoilek armerzhel hag arc’hantel. En Steunverezh-arc’hant a vez graet ivez, en un doare Alamagn e vez graet diouzh reolennoü Start divizet start pe laosk, hervez ar Stadoü, evit kerioü bras, a-berzh Stad hag e vez kenurzhiet al labour gant ur departamantoü, rannvroioü. Ar garg-se a vez sam- C’Huzul ar Steuffverezh-Arc’hant o hanterafi etre ar met gdnf ar gouarnamant-Kreiz pe gant ar ben- gouarna-mant-kreiz hag ar pennadurezhioü lec’hel. nadurezh'lec’hel hec’h-unan, gant pe hep kuzuliadur Ar C’Huzul-se a ranker derc’hel kont eus e erbedoü, kenetrezo. Evel ma’v eo kaer gortoz, pavez ar pen- diazezet ma’z int war c’houlakadoü a-zivoul em- nadurezhiöü e dale’h ar gouarnamant evit an darn droadur hoilek an armerzh. Met ne gemer cnsavadur vrasan eus o c’horvoder ne c’hallont ket steunvin evel kevreadel ebet perzh en aozadur ar steunvoü lec’hel ma karfent pe rie vo kel dalc’het kont eus o steuffvoü end-eeun. Ar re-mafi d’o zro a vez dalc’het kont — 6vel ma e’hoarvezas gant al lezenn-slur kinnigel anezho er c’henbrezegoü en devez ar C’Huzul gant ar gant ar C.E.L..I.B. da c’houarnamant Bro-C’Hall e gouarnamant-Kreiz ha gant ar pennadurezhioü 1963. lec’hel pa vez ezhomm da gempouezän o lodennoü Studiadenn ar C’Huzul Europa! zo anezhi ur ketep eus an arc’hant en arempred. An c’hen^el eus ar respontoü roet gant an nav Stad d’ur arc’hantrolloü-bloaz a rank bout diazezet war ar rummad goulennoü. Darn eüs ar Stadoü -se zo stcunvou pcmpvloaziat. Dalc’hmat e taoler evezh da kreizennet-start e-lec’h re all, da skouer Kor- ziwall ur c’hemblac’h peuz-strizh etre sifroü ar nogalamagn hag Italia, a lez un lamm mal a frankiz steunv ha sifroü ar c’hoarvoud. garfT o rannvroioü. E respontoü Bro-C’Hall n’eus N’eo ket tamm evel-se e reer e Bro-C’Hall betek- anv nemet eus steufiverezh un nebeut hen: gwall zister eo roll ar steunviff lec’hel. N’eus pennadurezhioü-meurger. HerVbz doare e vo dieub ar anezhah nemet evit un nebeut kerioü bras. Kontrolle! rannvroioü da emellout eus ar seurl kefridi da heul e vez dre reizhennoü eus gouarnamant Paris, n’eus an adFNzhadur a die bout graet hevlene. ket a wir genbrezcg etre hemaff hag ar c’huzulioü- Teusk pe founnus, ar steuffvoü'a vez graet evit tri ker. Er Stern lakaet gant ar reizhennoü-se e c’hall ar pe'bemp vloaz hag e broioü’ zo war hiroe’h termen steunvoü bout danzeet gant dilennidi ar bobl pe gant ivez."An hevelep meizad zo dezho holl da ziazez: kargidi, met ne vez koulz iavarct tamm kenober etre an daou rumm-se. Forzh penaos ar gouarnamant ne a) ober ur rakjed eus an holl gorvoder, an holl zalc’h ket kont eus ar steuffvoü lec’hel-se en e arc’hant a ziaweler o tont e kef ar ben- steuffvoü-en nag en e leviadur hoilek. Gwelet e vo nadurezh diwar dailhoü lec’hel pe digant ar peseurt diforc’h a zeuio gant ar C’Huzulioü-Rannvro gouarnamant-kreiz (skoaziadoü); ne vez. . . . An Alamaned o devez diaesteriou o kas Iakaat ar ding the overall French planning. Council decisions steufivoü rannvroel hag ar steufivoü kevreadel da will have force of law provided their legality is not genglotafi, rak diforc’hoü a vez er goulakadoü-diazez challenged by the representative of the State, the a vez graet e Bonn hag e kerbennoü al “Laender” . Commissar of the Republic, or if being challenged it Da vihanafi e c’hall pep rannvro difenn he lazoü en is upheld by the administrative court. There is no un doare efedus. Ha tud barrek a-walc’h zo evit doubt about the direction in which two of the horses kenurzhiafi ha kompezafT diaesteriou! will pull this troika. . . . The commissar (sounds pret- Doareoü-ober ha meizadoü a bep seurt a ziskouez ty authoritarian) will speak in the name of the State bout degemeret hag implijet en o in the Council and will coordinate jointly with the steunverezh-arc’hant lec’hel gant an nav stad President the action of the regional and State Ser­ meneget er studiadenn. Estreget Kornogalamagn, ar vices. A regional accounts chamber will be presided re a lez ar muiafl a frankiz gant o feiinadurezhioü over by a councillor appointed by decree of the lec’hel eo Italia, Sveden ha, betek ur poent, ar French Republic President: he will check how the Rouantelezh Unanet. E Danmark emeur o t-egas region’s finances are administered. gwellaennoü ivez. Hag e Bro-C’Hall? All this amounts not to regional autonomy but to a Evit kaout munudoü all goulenn an destenn digant deconcentration of power. Nothing is said about the Kuzul Europa, Strasbourg. Unan c’hallek a die kind of decisions which the regional council will be bczaff. Ma hini zo c saozneg. He zitl: Local Authority cmpowered to take. Will it be authorised, like its Financial Planning Techniques and Budgetary Corsican counterpart, to take any initiative in Processes, 1981. organising the leaching of the regional language where such exists? Not a word about that so far. A. HEUSAFF. Brittany, unlike Corsica, is to be treated like the most ordinary French province, although her cultural Personality was officially recognised, three years A comparison is made between nine member- before that of the Mediterranean island, in a Cultural States of the Council of Europe regarding the Charter presented as a Step towards the “ taking importance and role given by their local and, as the Charge by the Region of its own cultural policy” . case may be, their regional authorities to financial ln advance of the debate that ledto the adoption of planning. The Federal German Republic sets an above-mentioned law a meeting on September 9, example by Consulting Laender about their share of 1981 in Lorient brought together representatives of the country’s budget and allowing them great latitude ten Breton Organisation: two of them affiliated to in decjding how they use that share. It remains to be the French Left (Socialists, MRG), three involved in seen whether decentralisation will bring as much work for the Breton language and culture, others ac- freedom to Brittany. tive in campaigning for the administrative unity of Brittany or for self-governmenl within a French or a European framework. ln their view, government ac- tions since May expressed a change of attitudes DIFF1CULT TERMS (those not in R. Hemon’s towards the Breton reality but more than the planned Nouveau Dictionnaire (1980) are in italics: deconcentration of power towards the regions was re- steunverezh: planning; amkan: objective, aim; quired and no uniform treatment could satisfy such Korvoder: profit; raklun: project; kenwel: synopsis; well characterised entities as the Basques, the Daei: elected assembly; Skoaziad: Subvention; Alsatians-Lorrains and, in particular, the Bretons gronnadur: investment; sllenn: information; whose community is well attested historically, leviadur: policy; kevreadel: federal; ketep: culturally and socially for more than eleven centuries respective; en arempred: available; lazoü: interests. within limits including the Loire-Atlantique depart- ment. They claimed a Special Status for Brittany. A Special Status was granted to Corsica on January 6, 1982. It is hardly a break with the long Who wants a “ Special established principle of unity-and-indivisibility of the French State; il is much less radical than what the Status” for Brittany? Socialists proposed when in Opposition. And G. Deferre had to ovecome considerable resistance from bis own party colleagues to get the law adopted. It of­ A law adopted in the Autumn by the French ficially recognises the cultural identity of the Cor­ Parliament instituted the regions as “territorial col- sican people. The Corsican Assemly will have lectivities’’ to be administered by regional councils authority to organise the teaching of Corsican and to which will be elected by direct universal suffrage. The borrow money for economic development schemes. first of such elections will take place in the Spring of It was intended to give it the power to propose 1983. changes in the existing French laws so as to adapt Each council will elect a President who will take them to the local conditions but this was firmly op- over the executive functions hitherto held by the posed by the Council of State which said that it government-appointed regional prefet. He will would require a change in the State Constitution. For prepare agendas and carry out the council’s deci- that, in turn, a 3/5 majority would be needed in the sions. He will exercise direct control over the regional French Parliament. This could not be achieved at expenditure and over any regional Services that may present. The Corsican Assembly is thus precluded be set up. An Economic and Social Committee will from intervening in the legislative process. All the advise the Council in the preparation of the regional measures introduced by the Paris government are in planning and budget and also submit its views regar­ fact compatible with a policy of closer ir.tegration 7 wlth the French mainland. States that nothing has been won by cooperating: the The "special Status” may have won acceptance, as cancellation of the Plogoff nuclear Station was a con- a stepping stone, by the legal autonomist parties bm cession to the ecologists; there is not a minute extra it has t'ailed in its real aim: to stop the guerilla acti\ ity of Breton on TV since last May; Diwan is getting no of the FNLC. official support; the degree in Breton requircs further For a ßretun Republic. official decisions to be of practieal use. "Pulling One group that was absent from the meetings of stress on the Left ist aspects of our proposals is help- the above-mentioned Breton organisations was ing a Sociaiist Party whieh has now forgotten its Strollad Pobl Vreizh whieh rejects reformism and ad- Breton Programme. We must stress what is specific vocates sovereignty for Brittany. SPV has just to us: Aulonomy for Brittany. We sliall make little published the first issue of a monthly, Douar Brei/h- impact on the Breton political scene unless we mark Republique Bretonne* in whieh they square present ourselves well apart from the French parties” . themselves as separatists not interested in a special The UDB leadership may have had no illusions in Status for Brittany. following their course but now that tlieir credentials are established as a Breton sociaiist party they would ‘ Subseripiion 50 I I . 2 Villa Umirg Levcque. 35000 Keimes. do well to aceept as a guideline that jaoobinism, the doctrine that France is one, still prevails among the Wlial about Ihe UDB? French Socialists and Communists alike. lndeed for They also stayed away front the meetings, as all the French parties it is an inseparable ingredient of always distancing themselves front what they regard their State. as rightist, eonservative or apolitical organisations. As for a "special Status” , they see the Corsiean model as uninspiring and rat her designed to Death of Anjela Duva! strenglhen the French Socialist Party on the Island. In preparafion for its April AGM, the UDB Political Bureau has submitted a lengllty rcport for It sounds like an Understatement to say that Anjela discussion among its branches. This incIndes an Duval was one of (he best Contemporary Breton analy.sis of the crisis in the capitalist world and of its poets. She was born on April 3, 1905, (he only consequences for Brittany as well as a review of the daughier of a small farmer. Although she never left party's position relative to the French political her native Treger area, she managed to be well groups. "Ambigiiitios” on the part of the new informed of what was going on in the world. ln fact govcrnmenl as regards the powers to be given to the she had many visitors (even before she gained fame regional assentblies arc noted. Much though it thanks to a television Programme), who kept her preached unity among the Leftists and sougltt supplied with books and magazines and she would Cooperation vvith the French Sociaiist and Com- ask her friends to buy for her the works of writers inuuisi Parties, ai the risk ot turning into a mere whieh the radio had brought to her attention. She saiellite, it was never accepled by them as a propo- was primarily concerned with Briitany and with the nent of the existence of the Breton people, yet it Problems of our times. She would have agreed with clung to that policy lor fear of being isolated from the U.D.P. had it not condemned the Breton tlie growing neumber of thosc who stipporled the Liberation Front. Although she could well Left. The rcport expresses satisfaction witli the part comprehend wider social problems, she will be played by the UDB in struggles aflecting Briitany remembered above all for her poems in Breton about and its participalion in clections. It describes the con- the rural life with whieh she was rnost familiär, quest of power by the French Left as a necessary con­ having to toil on her small Holding for many years dition lor an improvement in Brittany’s chances but before old age compelled her to give up the animal- not sufficieni for a solution of the Breton probiem in to whieh she was very attached. Kan an Donar (The all its dimensions. The UDB had a role as the only Song of the Farth) is the title of a colleclion of diese Left party advocating Breton aulonomy. poems published by AI Liamm. Instcad of recriminating against the Socialists for Anjela Duval had faith in the young generalion, lailing to l'ulfil tlieir promises they should pursue that it would win freedom for Briitany. She herseif their Claims rcgardlcs.s ol whalever embarrassmeni ehose those wiiora she considered the most wonhy as they might cause to those in power. But in order to Bretons to carry her to her grave. She was never real ly interest the people in their proposals ihev must alraid to stand up to those (journalists or lawyers) give the latler an economic and social com ent. they who would engage in sophisticated arguments, must take care of the intcrcsis of the Breton workers countering them with her earthy common sense and in all domains. I heir analysis was eorreei hui they humoristic repartees. She grew somewhat impatient feil short of translating their conclusions into a con- of idlers w ho wanted to see her out of sheer curiosity. crctc imolvement in the social struggle. When told by someone: "1 understand Breton but For credibilitv they had to strive to gel as many unfortunately I can’t speak it,” she would reply: "So elected representalives as possible. l hey would fiele! von are like my dog, he too understand^ Breton but numerous candidates in the municipal and regional can't speak it.” elections in 1983 but also in the depariment-coimcil Anjela, vou have redeenied generations of Per elections taking place in March 1982. The French .lakez Heüas-es (with their Cheval d'Orgueil mal Socialists werc out to secure control of the local place), of our eountrymen w ho could not or had not assemblies and to eliminate small groups or parties the courage to profess tlieir real nationality. It may such as the UDB whieh had helped them to win the well be said that you incarnated our concept of 1980 general elections. Obviously many arc imeasy inanwnru (motherland)! about the tight-rope walk between Cooperation witli the French Left and going it alone. One UDB brauch 8 HURRI I.UPURLIKR. French Curb Rush for Breton Degree CYMRU 334 students enroiled last Autumn for a Degree in Breton at the Rennes University and 3,000 oihers took it as a subsidiary subject! The French Depart­ Cynigiadau Dadleuol ment of Educatgion was completely surprised. Sud- denly from being a Cinderella the Celtie Section had become the most important in this establishment. Erbyn y gwel y geiriau hyn olau dydd mae’n bur Proportionally to the number of its students, it was debyg y bydd y rhan fwyaf o’r ymchwiliadau by law entitled to a total of 1,875 hours to be divided cyhoeddus i fwriadau’r Comisiwn Ffiniau yng between a main course and 7 “ cours diriges” . Nghymru vvedi eu cwblhau. Cynhelir chwech o Eschew'ing this Obligation the Education ymchwiliadau i gyd mewn gwahanol rannau o’r wlad authorities calculated the quota of hours on the basis a phob un yn adlewyrchu’r gwrthvvynebiad cryf sydd of last year’s figures and took account only of the i’r argymhellion hyn — y newidiadau mwyaf 334 enroiled for the degree: 375 hours! Immediate chwyldroadol yn ffiniau’r etholaethau seneddol a Protests brought 327 extra hours . . . to be shared welwyd ers amser maith. with sociology. Nid yw’n syndod o gwbl mai ym Meirionnydd y Three months after the courses has started, with 3 cafwyd y gwrlhwynebtad mwyaf ffyrnig. Dyma Professors and 4 assistants, no additional credits had etholaeth Aelod Seneddol Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Elis been freed, the library could open only two hours a Thomas. Gan ei fod yn gymaint o ddraenen yn ystlys week, there was no language laboratory practice. y sefydliad nid yw’n fawr o syndod fod yr Some of the courses were being given voluntarily. To awdurdodau am gael ei wared — a’r ffordd symlaf o pay their teachers, students were organising collec- wneud hynny yw drwy gael gwared a ’i etholaeth. tions. Etholaeth o 27,000 yw Meirionnydd, llawer llai The French, Socialists and all, are yielding as little na’r ffigwr “delfrydol” o 58,000. Y bwriad felly yw ground as they can. Without a CAPES in Breton (a uno’r etholaeth efo etholaeth Doriaidd Conwy — certificate for teaching the language, which does not awgrym sydd wedi codi gwrychyn trigolion exist at present), a degree cannot lead to a paid job. Meirionnydd yn ofnadwy. A phwy all eu beio? So a campaign must now be fought to get that. The Ffurfiwyd mudiad ami-bleidiol, yn cynnwys holl students are demanding the right to live in Brittany Gynghcrau Bro a’r Cyngor Dosbarth a llawer o teaching Breton on a nar with any other subject. fudiadau eraill: “ Ymgyrch Meirionnydd yn erbyn y Comisiwn Ffiniau”,. Aethpwyd ati’n drefnus ac un ofalus i drefnu ymgyrch a llwyddo i sicrhau Two Years in Jail the Price gwasanaeth un o’r cyfreithwyr mwyaf profiadol a galluog yn y maes hwn i gyflwyno’u hachos, Dr. of Freedom Wynne Samuel. Yn ystod yr wythnos gyntaf yn Chwefror bu’r Herve Kerrain and Bernard Corbell, who had bargyfreithiwr Mr. Huw Daniel, Cymro Cymraeg refused to join the French arrny because they would sy’n fab i’r cenedlaetholwr, y diweddar J. E. Daniel, not serve a State which is destroying their Breton na- yn gwrando tystiolaeth ar ran y Comisiwn Ffiniau tionality, were tried by a military court on December yng Nghaernarfon. 18 last and sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. Un peth a barodd gryn syndod i rai oedd clyvved Similar cases of insubordination had previously been Prif Weithredwr Cyngor Sir Gwynedd, Mr. loan punished by one year-sentences. Was this increased Bowen Rees, yn rhybuddio y gallai awgrymiadau’r severity due to their attempt to use Breton and Comisiwn arwain at dor-cyfraith a gweithredu refusal to speak French in a court they did not anghyfansoddiadol. ‘‘Mae o’r pwysigrwydd mwyaf i recognise or does it signify that the new government gyfraith a threfn yn y sir ein bod yn cadw’n Hais yr un will not yield in militaristic zeal to its predecessors? yn y senedd,” meddai. France ranks second only to the Soviet Union in the Pwysleisiwyd droeon fod y Comisiwn Ffiniau yn yr export of arms: an extremely questionable contribu- Alban wedi gwyro oddi wrth y cwota os oedd tion to world security! amgyichiadau daearyddol yn mynnu hynny. Ac Kerrain and Korbei are in prison for political meddai Cadeirydd Cyngor Tref Dolgellau: ‘‘Beth reasons. They wish to thank heartily all those who fyddai pobl Lerpwl yn ei ddweud pe byddent yn have expressed support for them. Thev are disaD- gorfod teithio i Ddolgellau i weld eu Haelod pointed that it was not numerically stronger. They Seneddol? Yr un pellter fyddai’r daith i etholwyr will be in jail for many months to come. They deserve Aberdyfi i Landudno, pe bai swyddfa’r A.S. yno.” encouragement. Write to them. Their address is: C Cyflwynwyd deisel i Mr Daniel yn cynnmys 16,500 22o, 56 Blvd J. Cartier, 35100 Rennes. Petitions for o enwau o Feirionnydd — cyfran uchel iawn o’r their release should be addressed to SKOAZELL boblogaeth. VRE1ZH, chez Per Loquet, Poull ar Feunteun, Tua diwedd yr wythnos daeth yn amlwg fod rhyw 29219 Releg Kerhuon, Brittany. fath o “gyfaddawd” ar y gweill — sef uno Meirionnydd gyda rhan ddeheuol Dyffryn Conwy, AL L1AMM: Bi-monthly, approx. 80 pp. The most i’r de o Lanrwst, gan greu etholaeth newydd o 33,000 important Breton language periodical. 60 FF Breizh neu 56 y cant o’r ffigwr “delfrydol” . Mae’n and France, 70 FF other countries but 100 FF Air ymddangos fod rhai o’r gwrthwynebwyr oedd yn Mail. To Yann Ber d’Haese, Pont Keryau 29190 bresennol yn barod i dderbyn yr awgrym hwn ac Pleyhen, Money Orders to CCP 4914-833 Paris. mae’n bosib iawn mai dyma fydd yr argymhelliad. At the beginning of January Powys Director of Ond rhaid i’r Comisiwn ei hun ei dderbyn hefyd yn Education assured Wayne that he would be ogystal a ’r Ysgrifennydd Cartref cyn y bydd yn suspended on full pay. A month later, however, he derfynol. discovered that his wages had not been paid into his O safbwynt Cymreictod mae’n amlwg mai’r frwydr bank account. The Powys Treasurer had been told ym Meirionnydd yw’r bwysicaf. Ond yn dynn ar ei not to pay after “legal advice” — but had sodlau o ran pwysigrwydd y mae’r bwriad i uno “ forgotten” to inform him of this decision. Maldwyn gyda Sir Frycheiniog a rhannau o Sir Wayne’s case is being fought by the Welsh teachers Gaesyfed, gan greu’r ethoiaeth fwyaf yng Nghymru. union, UCAC, and the High Court hearing to decide Yn öl eu harfer bu pobl Maldwyn yn hynod o araf i on an application for a permanent injunction, is fynegi eu protest — ni aed ati i ffurfio pwyllgor i expected to take place in March. Meanwhile the ymgyrchu na dim o’r fath — ac er fod yna deimlad Deprtment of Education is conducting its own cryf mewn llawer cylch yn erbyn y bwriad hwn inae’r investigation and the various groups have been Comisiwn yn debycach o lawer o fwrw ymlaen vma. presenting their cases to the junior minister, Rhodes ßyddai hynny’n ergyd nid yn unig i falchder pobl yr Boyson. hen Sir Drefaldwyn ond hefyd i Gymreictod y rhan On February 13 hundreds of people from all over hon o’r wlad sydd eisoes mor fregus. Wales attended a rally of support organised by Cymdeithas yr laith at Machynlleth. (The Boundary Commission has been Holding public inquiries in all parts o f Wales following their Les efforts continent en vue d ’obtenir le retablisse- controversial proposals to alter all but one o f the ment de Wayne Williams qui, ä la suite de son em- parliamentary constituencies. The most fierce prisonnement pour avoir participe activement ä la Opposition has come from Meirionnydd. Under the Campagne en faveur d ’une chatne de television Commission’s proposals this seat — held by Plaid galloise, a ete congedie de son pari d ’enseignant. Cymru’s Dafydd Elis Thomas — would disappear completely). Mother Tongue High Court Suspends Welsh Last September, a week prior to the opening of Language Teacher classes at the Politechnig Cymru in Treforest, thirty women began a year-long course in Cymraeg. In Former Cymdeithas yr laith Chairman, Wayne Carn 35, the article on the STR1 tour of Ysgolion Williams, was suspended from his post at Llanidloes Cymraeg in Juiy mentioned the dedication of parents High School on January 6 after a High Court whose children attend these schools. These thirty injunction banned him temporarily from teaching. A parents enrolled in the Cwrs Lladfar Cymraeg are a fortnight earlier he had been released from Swansea handful who have extended their commitment to prison after serving a six month sentence for their children’s education to include a knowledge of conspiracy to damage television transmittcrs as pan ihe language so that they are better able to hclp and of the fourth channel campaign. encourage their children. The injunction was granted to a group of parents Most of the women come from families in which from Llanidloes who object to Wayne Williams being Cymraeg was spoken but ceased to be passed on to employed because, they Claim, he is unfit to teach. the next generation at some point. Many of the The group are led by Laurence and Pam Smith, an women are among the first generation of their family English couple from Epping in Essex who came to to have English as their first and only language; and Llanidloes five years ago, and the local Tory M.P., for them, this was the primary reason for sending Dehvyn Williams. “ With vandalism such a problem, their children to Ysgolion Cymraeg. “ My husband how ean a man who’s been to prison for this teach and I are the only members of our families who speak our children?” they ask. no Welsh, our parents never taught us. We thought ln fact, Wayne Williams took no active pari in any by sending our children to Pont Sion NorLon, if damage to transmitters. He was found guilty of nothing eise, they would be able to speak their own conspiracy on the basis that he released a press tongue.” said one mother. Statement taking full responsibility for an attack on a A few of the women have pre-school age children TV transmitter on behalf of Gymdeithas yr laith. and are preparing in advance for the time when their While in prison he successfully appealed against children will be fluent in Cymraeg. Those who have the original decision by a Powys county council waited until their chilren have learned the language Staffing committee to dismiss him for breaking his have found that the transition to Cymraeg in the contract. home as well is resisted; their children have come to Headmaster Mr. Lloyd James and the entire think of Cymraeg as the language of education and school staff supported his reinstatement and describe English as the everyday language — an ironic twist him as an excelient teacher who has never attempted on the Situation of the last Century. While speaking to introduce his political opinions in the classroom. Cymraeg is encouraged, the children have difficulty The whole affair has now split the town. Another making the transition and, though the mothers group of parents who support Wayne Williams has originally intended to help their children by learning now been formed. They believe that his case should Cymraeg, the opposite has become the case. Younger be considered on educational grounds alone and refer children are often exceptionally hard on their to the opposing group of parents as “small and mother’s attempt to speak Cymraeg, correcting pro- unrepresentative” . nunciation and grammar with a vengeance. Senior school age children often refuse to speak tb On that day a Talysarn couple, Mr. and Mrs. language with their learner-parents at all, sayim I Moses Edwards saw two men hiding something have that all day in school!” behind a panel in the telephone kiosk near their Only a few of the fathers are Cymry Cymraeg, bui home. After the men had gone the couple iheir support of ihis effort is evident. Many have investigated and found a small transmitter, which taken evening classes and encourage their t'amilies to they removed. As they walked back to their house the use Cymraeg as much as possible in the home, two men drove up at speed in a car and grabbed the though their own command of the language is slight. device front Mr. Edwards, claiming they wert Since the course meels daily, it is designed to teach telephone engineers. Cymraeg at the conversational level as quickly and as The couple reported the matter to a councillor who effectively as possible. The dass is divided into tvvo took ii up with the local postmaster and the police. groups: those who have had at least some inslruction British Telecom said they had no engineers in the in the language, taught by Cennard Davies; and those area at the time and a police check on the car who have had no formal dass, taught by Basil registration number revealed that a Home Office Davies. The method used is bilingual bui as the weeks “block” had been placed on it in the police go by, less and less English is used and the women Computer, preventing its disclosure. begin to use Cymraeg throughout the morning, Dafydd Wigley took the matter up immediately, bcforc as well as aftcr the dass. A few are lortunate proiesting that the incident represented a dramatic enough to be able to use the language at home. widening of the Interpretation of the government’s One third of the dass also aitended a ten-week guidelines on telephone tapping. When the Prime course in order to qualify to work as helpers in the Minister refused to make any comment after being Meithrin. challenged by Mr. Wigley during Question Time. Most of the parenls found themselves increasingly “This means that telephone kiosks may have been involved in the affairs of the Ysgol Cymraeg once tapped on oiher instances as well,” he said. their children were enrolled — in itself a difficulty At long last Mr. Wigley secured a meeting with the because Ysgolion Cymraeg are over-crowded and Home Secretary, Mr. Whitelaw, who told him that many are turned avvay to Unedau Cymraeg in English this was a bugging incident, not a telephone tapping, schools. After joining the Cymdeithas Rhieni Ysgol and was therefore not covered by the Government’s Gymraeg, they inevitablv become embroiled in the guidelines on the intercejDtion of phone calls. effort to prevent the opening of Unedau Cymraeg Buggings themselves are subject to different merely in order to keep the enrollments of English guidelines which go out from the Home Office to schools front dropping below minintum operational Chief Constables. This was confirmed by the North limits when therc is a need to open another Ysgol Wales acting chief constable: “These devices are used Gymraeg in the area. (Some units which began with in the investigation of serious crime, bui only on the 20 students now ntake up more than half the school’.s authority of a very senior officer. Mr. Wigley said Population and others continue to grow beyond pre- “ What is amazing is that a set of guidelines exists on set limits while each year more parents are told there how the police should conduct their bugging and are no prospects for their children to find a place in nobody knew them before. God only knows what either a school or unit in the future. ln some areas checks, if any, are inade on all this.” governed by the Mid-Glamorgan Educational No-one has yet admitted what “serious crime” was Authority, the Ysgolion Cymraeg enrollments have being investigated at the time. The general belief is more than doubled those of the English schools, the that it was connected with the burning of holday enrollments of which decline steadily). homes. On the same night that the “ bug” was Beconting involved with the schooi.:’ struggles in- discovered, the police raided the house of a leading variably led to an increased interest in the language member of “Cofiwn” (Remember) in the for their own use. All of the women have realized the neighbouring estate as well as that of another active important role they play in the acquisition and use of nationalist in the nexi village. language; without a command of Cymraeg them­ selves, their children will always think of their native tongue as a language to be used in special cir- S4C on Trial cumstances, a second language in fact. The Government has made clear that the fourth LEIGH VERRILL. channel in Wales — Sianel 4 Cymru, S4C — will be on trial for its first three years of life. If it fails that Souvent les parents des enfants qui frequentem les trial, it could be scrapped. ecoles oit l’enseignement est donne en gallois ne con- ln its long-awaited response to the Welsh Select aissem pas cette langue. II s ’agir ici des effectors Committee report on the Welsh language qu’ils poursuivent en veil de I 'apprendre. broadcasting the Government dismisses any notion that once established, the new channel would continue indefinitely. While stating that every effort Who Planted the Bug? should be inade to ensure the new Welsh language channel’s success, it says that the Government intends to review the single-channel solution in about After four weeks of persistent questioning by Plaid three years time. Cymru M.P. Dafydd Wigley, the North Wales police “ The Act enables the Secretary of State to repeal have at last admitted that they planted a “ bug” in a or amend these provisions and it allows for the public telephone kiosk in Talysarn near Caernarfon possibility of their replacement by Provision designed on January 6. to implement the two-channel solution.” Mi. Leo Abse, the Chairman of the Committee whether such measures would be acceptable to the which conducted the investigation, said: “The public at large.” Government will insist on the three-year review and Meanwhile, the arson campaign has continued, therefore Sianel 4 Cymru is on trial — and so in a bringing the total number of cottages damaged to sense is the Welsh Language and those who speak it. over 60 in all. The police are still to catch the people If the audiences become derisory it will become responsible, over two years after the campaign impossible for us at Westminster to continue to insist started. that these large sums should be paid.” Düring the first week of January HTV received a letter signed by Rhys Gethin, M.G. (Meibion Glyndwr), warning that the campaign was being intensified during 1982 “unless there is a quick and Water Rates Battle positive response” .

On St. David’s Day, March 1, Plaid Cymru will Towards a Welsh National launch a major campaign to get a better deal for Welsh water consumers. Ratepayers will be urged not Theatre to pay their water bills in a bid to put pressure on the Welsh Water Authority to increase the price of water by Dedwydd Jones exported to Lngland. There will be a massive leaflet Publicity cadipaign to win the support of the public. The expression “Welsh National Theatre” mainly Desmonstrations and confrontations are also being commcrnoratcs hostilitics; the present fact of new planned on lines similar to a demonstration last theatre buildings in W'ales merely serves to intensify autumn outside the Birmingham headquarters of the those hostilities. The “ Welsh National Theatre” is an Severn Trent Water Authority. “ Wales is being ever-continuing epic of inter-tribal brawls, ripped off and the time has come to put an end to this recriminations, litigation and debacle. ridiculous Situation,” said Plaid Cymru Secretary, The idea of a Welsh National Theatre (WNT) was Dafydd Williams. It was a scandalous Situation when first mooted before 1914, by one, Lord Howcrd de Welsh consumers paid more for water frorn Wales Waiden, a Celtophile Saxon aristocrat with estates in than people living in places like Birmingham and Cymru. One of de W'alden’s most passionate Liverpool. advocates was G. B. Shaw, ln a long letter to the Councillors at Rhaeadr Gwy in Mid Wales say the South Wales Daily Post on June 13, 1914, Shaw Midlands should pay more for the 80 million gallons wrole, “ What Might Wales Not Do with its wealth of of water received daily from the nearby Elan Valley artistic faculty . . . on the establishment of a National resei voirs and the extra revenue should be used for Theatre . . .?” In Spite of GB’s prestigious and the benefil of the local community and local water enthusiastic support, de Walden’s plans crumbled to consumers. nothing. The Welsh Water Authority’s rate poundage is 30p But native dramatists DID begin to emerge. In in the pound compared with 14p in the pound paid in 1924, Caradog Evans’ “Taffy” opened to riots and Birmingham. Plaid Cymru believe the current police protection. “ Taffy” is the best of all Situation is both unjust to Welsh householders and indictments of that most repulsive of all Welsh vices, also a serious handicap in efforts to secure more Chapel Hypocrisy. “ Taffy” remains Wales’ most employment in Wales. firmly rejected theatre achievement. The thirties also saw the varied theatre talents of Richard Hughes, Emlyn Williams, J. D. Francis and David Ivor Second Homes Davies (Ivor Novello). In the late thirties, de Waiden again put forward proposals for a WNT. This time “No Problem“ they were permanently laid to rest by the second great war to end wars. Until the fifties, little was heard of Welsh drama Police in Wales are expecting the arson campaign and dramatists. Wales, after all, had only one main againsl holiday homes to be intensified following the Stage theatre, the Swansea Grand. Ali the dramatists Government’s point blank refusal to make any mentioned above, made their names in the London moves to alleviate the problem. On February 8, Theatre, as, indeed, Irish dramatists had to, before eleven months after Gwynedd County Council had the establishment of the Abbey. But in 1952, “Under presented a detailed memorandum calling for Milkwood” arrived. It became an instant radio and legislation, the Welsh Office dismissed all the theatre classic. In the fifties, too, a galaxy of Welsh proposals put forward. They even suggesled that, talent had appeared, with Burton, Baker, Huw over all, second homes are not a significant problem Griffith, etc. These actors, led by Clifford Evans, and that they have some beneficial effects. revived the ghost of de Walden’s projects. In The proposals put forward by Gwynedd included 1958, grandiose plans were announced for a WNT. planning Controls, licensing and registration schemes However, ten years later, these plans were a and differential rates, but the Welsh Office stated: ghastly and ignominious ruin. The bitterness en­ “All have serious disadvantages, in some cases, for gendered at the time endures to this day. The people living and working in the locality affected, conflicts involved the rejection of Cardiff as the and some would, in the Government’s view, impinge home of the WNT, the hostility of Welsh speaking directly on rights of personal freedom and property. theatre, and, most wonderful of all, the definition The Government, for its part, has grave doubts as to and use of those three emotive words, “ Welsh” , 12 “National” and “ Theatre” . But where the Welsh failed, the English rushed in to exploit. By 1975, after a veritable orgy of prestige building, EIRE five main stage Arts Complex and Collegiate theatres had been built. ln 1970, The Welsh Arts Council had, at last, appointed a Drama Officer. With unbelievable crassness, the Council selected an Alba-Na Näisiüin Aontaithe Oxbridge graduate for this key job. Thereafter, the theatres, too, went Oxbridge. Cardiff’s Sherman, Milford’s Torch, Swansea’s Grand, are still all Tä tri bliana caite anois 6 rinne muintir na hAlban Saxon-controlled. The enormous Mold Theatre, agus muintir Cymru vötail ar an dilarü cumhachta, however, went Hungarian, with a George Roman as agus in aineoin go raibh tromlach in Albain ar son Director. These new theatres were built on the grave Chomhthionöil Aitiüla, ni raibh an möramh 40% of a Welsh National Theatre. Heaped, therefore, on den toghlach iomlän ann, mar a d’üiligh rialtas the still hot embers of the Great Welsh Theatre War, Shasana le go mbunöfai Däil i nDün Eidin. Is beag a are these Saxon dominated anti-Welsh outposts of chualathas 6 shoin ar an dilarü chumhachta. Ni Empire. The Welsh establishment, (Uncle Toms to a hionann sin is a rä go bhfuil dearmad düanta ar an man), are directly responsible for this untimely and geeist. Ar an lä ceanna a cuireadh toil an phobail ar obscene catastrophe. The degree of anti-Welshness in ceal tri diültü don phobalbhreith sin, lü Märta 1979, these theatres staggers and enrages. This bunaiodh an grüpa Alba-Na Näisiüin Aontaithe discrimination is best summed up by Graham (Scotland-UN) le cäs na hAlban ar son feinrialtas a Watkins (NOT a Welshman), the former Director of chur os comhair na Näisiüin Aontaithe agus os The Torch, Milford. Between 1965 and 1971, Welsh comhair an domhair. Nior tugadh morän poibliochta bomber John Jenkins, was active in Wales, he was don ghrüpa, ce go bhfuair se tacaiocht 6 bhaill aonair captured in 1971 and given 10 years. 1 wrote a den SNP, agus i 1980 thug an päirti sin tacaiocht don documentary play, “The Drummer“ , on John’s eileamh ar fein-rialtas a chuir an grüpa chuig an great work. This play I sent to the Torch. The gCoimisiün um Cearta Daonna de na Näisiüin following is a quote from a letter by Mr. Watkins, Aontaithe. Dearbhaionn Alt a hAon de Chairt na attacking “ The Drummer“ : “ I found it impossible Näisiüin Aontaithe ar Chearta Daonna ceart gach to produce a Dedwydd Jones play because they are näisiüin don feinrialtas. B’fhurust don ghrüpa often pervaded by a chauvinism of the most bizarre Albanach thaispeäint go mba näisiün i Alba ö rhaobh and nauseous kind. Chauvinism which would make staire, su-iomh tireölaiochta, cultüir agus the National Front pale into reasonableness.” The reachtaiochta de, maraon leis an geöras rialtas äitiüil Stage, Oct. Ist, 1981. alä aici. Mar thoradh ar an eileamh seo fuair an The work of all other Welsh dramatists, too, is grüpa cuireadh chun päirt a ghlacadh i gComhdhäil ignored when it is not being rejected. Dannie Abse, de chuid na Näisiüin Aontaithe sa Geneibh an Alun Owen, Peter Gill, Gwyn Thomas, for example, Fömhar seo caite 6n 15-18 Mean Fömhair 1981. have been performed only once, or not at all in their Ni mör a mhiniü go gceadaionn bunreacht na native land. The Welsh National Theatre, which, Näisiüint Aontaithe don Comhairle Eacnamaiochta ültimately, IS its dramatists, has, therefore, no hope is Soisialta (den N.A.) ple le heagrais in these awful Saxon Emporiums. (This ugly tale of “neamh-rialtas” ar cheisteanna a thagann faoi Imperial take-over is recorded in my Black Book on üdaräs na Comhairle. Tä stadas comhairleach ag na the Welsh Theatre). However, after years of Saxon heagrais seo, agus ina measc tä Amnesty insolence and bigotry, the Welsh dramatists have, for Idirnäisiünta, Coimisiün idirnäisiüntana nDli- the first time, combined to form The Welsh eolaithe agus go leor eile nach bhfuil chomh cäiliül Dramatists Network. The Network is demanding its ceanna. Sa tsli ceanna is feidir glacadh le heilimh a own Welsh Theatre. It is also, in the press, on the bhaineann le särü cearta daonna öna “näisiüin radio and TV, with Equity and the Trade Unions, dhüchasacha” agus ö eagrais näisiünta; mar eagras and through Parliamentary Committees, publicising näisiünta a glacadh leis an grüpa Albanach. (Go the rank Saxon-Welsh theatre monopoly. The hiondüil ni feidir le dream ar bith acu seasamh English White Settiers and the Welsh Uncle Toms polaitiül a thögäil i geoinn bhall-stät). Blii an have gone into True Blue Tory Alliance, and a most Chomhdhäil sa Geneibh dirithe ar chearta na vile aliiance it is, a marriage of slavish mediocrity “näisiüin dhüchasacha“ . Ar dtüs bhi coiste stiürtha with the Master Race. na Comhdhäla in amhras ar cheart glacadh le Alba But after the defeated hopes of the fifties and mar “ näisiün düchasach” , ach nuair a cuireadh an sixties, the Saxon depradations of the seventies, the cheist faoi bhräid na dtoscairi eile a bhi i läthair, future of a true Welsh National Theatre has at last bhiodar dearfa de go mba “ näisiün düchasach” i been publicly shown to be where it should always Alba. Triür toscaire a bhi i läthair ö Albain, an Dr. rightly be, that is, in the hands of the Welsh Shanks Kerr (dochtüir leighis) an Dr. James Wilkie dramatists themselves. If the WNT comes into being (PhD) agus comhairleoir dli, Chris Thomson. in the next decade, it will be as a result of direct Be äbhar na Comhdhäla “ Pobail Dhüchasacha action by the Welsh Dramatists Network. There is no agus a geuid talün“ . Bhi an täbhar a phle os comhair other way left to us now. We ourselves! Sinn Fein!!! ceithre choimisiüin, mar leanas:

CENCRASTUS: A magazine of Scottish and 1. Cearta talün na bpobal ndüchasach, conarthai International Literature, Arts and Affairs, 5 idirnäisiünta, athshealbhü na talün. Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9LW, Scotland. UK and Eire $3, Europe $5, N. America (Air Mail) 2. Feallsünacht dhüchasach agus an talamh. $7 — for 4 issues. 13 3. Comhlachtai idirnäisiünta gus a dtionchar ar agus nach labhraionn rialtas Shasana ar son gach acmhaiuni is laJamh na bpobal ndüchasach. näisiün faoi a riail. 4. Tionchar fhäs na narm neithneach ar thatamh BRU) h e u sa f f . is ar bheatha na bpobal sin. The above deals with the SCOTLAND-U.N. group Bhi cäs säch läidir ag na hAlbanaigh le cur os which sent subinissions to the United Nations on comhair na gCoimisiüin eagsüla ach go häirithe Scotland’s case for self-determination in 1979 and uimhreacha a haon is a ceathair. Mar is eol düinn tä 1980, and was subseqauently invited to attend an na liarnai talün i reim go föill in Albain, le fearainn International Non-Government Organisation Con­ fairsinge talün ina seilbh mäille le locha is ference in Geneva last Atitumn. The Conference aibhneacha; in aineoin go bhfuil teidil dhüchasacha discussed the topie of ‘‘Indigenous Peoples and theiT ag cuid acu, tä na cearta ceanna dishealbhaithe acu is Land” , dealing among other things with the effects a bhi ag tiarnai talün in Eirinn sa chead seo caile. of iransnational corporations on such peoples and Ach mar a bheifeä ag süil, i bhfianaise a bhfuil ag the impact of the Nuclear arms build-up on the iand tarlü sa domhain faoi läthair, bi ceist tionchar na and life of indigenous peoples. narm neithneach is mö a tharraing aird na Comhdhäla. B’oscailt süile do na toscairi eile fhäil amach go bhfuil Alba sa bhearna bhaoil mar phriomh thargaid diürachäin san Eoraip. Laistigh de IRISH SUMMER COURSE IN CONNEMARA raon dachad mile tä dhä bhunäit d’fhömhuireäin Following the success of the last two years, this eithneacha, an laisce diürachäin is mö sa Rhreatain course this year will be held during the fortnight Mhör i nGLeann Düghlais, dhä stäisiün ginte beginning 15th August. The course will be run by the eithneach chomh maith le stäisiün ginie ola agus cuid Comharchumann Cois Fharraige Co-Operative in mhör de thionscail na tire; sin agus iad uilig suite gar their College, Coläiste Chonnacht, near An Spideal, go maith do leath de dhaonra na tire. Mhinigh na Co. Galway, (len miles west of Galway City in the toscairi Albanacha caide mar atä an dlüs armäla — Conamara Ciaellacht). go speisialta armäil eithneach — i gcoibhneas leis an The Programme will include Irish classes for daonra, nios airde in Albain nä in aon tir eile san beginners, each day, with a total of about 30 hours in Eoraip. Agus där ndöigh ag an am sin ni raibh an the fortnight altogether. There will be lectures on cead tugtha go föill chun du! ar aghaidh le tögäil topics such as the Taeltacht today, the Position of the bunäit NATO ar Oileän Steörnobhaigh, mar a Irish language in the whole of Ireland, Irish History, d’fhögair Aire Släil na hAlban (Younger) i dtüs mhä and Irish Literature. The participants will be na Nollag. Thagair na toscairi f reisin do introduced to the Irish song and traditional music in phobalbhrcith 1979 agus an vötäil i bParlaiminl in formal sessions with the participaiion of local Shasana a chuir Acht na h Alban ar ceal, ce gur vötäil people. The course will include a trip to the Aran tromlach na bhfeisiri Albanacha ö gach phäirti ar a Islands and a tour of the Conamara area. The cost of shon. Dhearbhaigh an Chomhdhäil go raibh gä le the course including accommodation and meals for a poiblioclu leathan a thabhairt d’fliadhbanna na fortnight plus the trips will be IR£220.00. The hAlban is d’fhadhbanna na ‘‘näisiüin dhüchasacha” participants would be expected to arrivc about tea eile, agus dhearbhaigh se chomh maith nach raibh time on Sunday, 15th August, and the course would reiteach le fäil gan feinriallas bheith ag na näisiüin Finish alter lunch on Friday, 27th August. seo. Those wishing to partake in this course should B’shin an chead uair a tugadh eisteacht do ghuth send a deposil of IR£25 (or equivalent) to die Irish neamhspleäch ö Albain ag Comhdhäil idirnäisiünta. Branch Secretary, Maire Bhreathnaeh (address on p. Droch mheas is mö a leirigh na preas Gallda sa bhaile 24) before Ist June. air; ni rö shästa a bhi na feisiri ön dä phäirti mhör An additional third week would be availableas an chan oiread; sheanadar go raibh an grüpa ionadaioch Option. This would involve spending the second do mhuintir na hAlban. weekend (27-29th) on one of the Aran Islands and Siad na ceisteanna gur mithid a chur: cad ab fhiü would give a further 12 hours luition the following an iarracht? Cen toradh a bheidh air? An fiü grüpai week. This would cost an extra LR£110.00. dä leitheid a bhünü ins na tiortha Ceilteacha eile? Cinnte ni thabharfaidh na Näisiüin Aontaithe feinrialtas d’Alba nä d’aon tir eile — sa bhaile a caithfear an cath sin a chur is a bhaint. Is beag thig General Election 1982 leis na Näisiüin Aontaithe deanamh ar an leibheal oifigiüil, agus is lü i bhfad a thig leo deanamh ar an When the 1982 Coalition Budget was presented to leibheal comhairleach, mar a tharlaionn i gcäs na the Däil (Parliament) in Dublin on January 27th it neagras neamh-rialias. San am ceanna läightear was so severe that the Government was defeated on poibliocht agus aitheantas idirnäisiünta gur feidir the first vote taken. The defeat was brought about by tögäil air, m.sh. fuair na hAlbanaigh cuireadh le dul the deflection of a number of Independent deputies go Berlin amach anseo len a sceal a insiru ansin. Gan who had previously eit her voted for Government amhras bheadh tacaiocht idirnäisiünta le fäil d'aon nteasures or abstained. One in particular, the fheachtas in Albain chun cur i gcoinne suiomh arm Limerick independent Soeialist (and seif declared eithneach. Maidir leis na tiortha Ceilteacha eile, anti-nationalist) Jim kemmy had consistently b’fhiü döfbh an bealach seo a thriail. Dhearbhaigh an supported them. Readers of CARN (No. 35) will grüpa Albanach prionsabal fior thabhachtach .i. go recall that in the 166 seat Däil (with 2 seats won by bhfuil nios mö nä näisiün amhäin sa Bhreatain Mhör non-sitting H-Block eandidates, oneofwhom was on 14 hunger strike, Kieran Doherty and who died — the tanguage was not included as a subject in the great bye-election to fill that seat had not yet been held) the debate. The Irish language organisations put forward balance of power was held by 4 Independents and demands in relation to Irish in Education, Television one Sinn Fein The Workers Party (S.F.W.P.) man. and the state of the Gaeltacht and distributed The Budget which caused the fall of the Publicity asking people to raise these issues with Government proposed a wide ränge of increases. The candidates. At the meeting called by Conradh na low rate of Value Added Tax (VAT), already Gaeilge to raise these points with all parties the Fine increased last year from 10 to 15% in the July Gael and Labour parties did not bother to send any supplementary budget (see Carn 35), was to increase representatives. further to 18%. Not alone that however, but Düring the campaign much talk was made of the footwear and clothing which were previously exempt need for a stable government with a comfortable from VAT were now to have an 18% rate. In governing majority. ln the event however the state of addilion food subsidies on milk and butter were to be the parties after all the votes were counted was: removed. All the usual items, such as beer, spirits, petrol were once again to increase and mosl Services Fianna Fäil, 81; Fine Gael, 63; Labour, 15; such as P&T also. The election promise of Fine Gael, Independents, 4; Sinn Fein — The Workers Party the ntain Coalition partner, to introduce a basic tax (SFWP) 3. rate of 25% was not kept due, it was stated, to the bad state of the public finances. A systent of tax With neither Fianna Fäil nor the Coalition parties credits was proposed. This would give credits having a clear majority, the decision on which against the amount of tax payable on an income as governs rests once again with a minority of deputies opposed to the present System of first deducting tax though this time a minority with a rather different allowances and calculating tax on the remaining make up. Mr. Jim Kemmy the Independent Socialist taxable income. This it was claimed is a more fair was returned with a larger vote. S.F.W.P. increased System. However it is clear that with present tax rates its representation to three seats which they regarded most households would end up paying more as was as an important breakthrough. Another of the illustrated in analyses of the system by economic independents is Mr. Tony Gregory, elected from one correspondents. Health charges were to increase of the deprived Inner City areas who stated he would substantially too. As against this there were only to be primarily concerned with the issues affecting be minor changes in capital and Corporation taxes them, unemployment and housing, but he is and a levy on bank profits was to be introduced. something of a Republican Socialist judging from Following the defeat of the Government on the links previously with other parties. Another is Mr. Budget vote, the first such in the history of the state, Neil Blaney, Independent Fianna Fäil who would a General Election was declared for the 18th probably support Mr. Haughey and Fianna Fäil in February. The General Election campaign centred on their bid for power. the Budget, on economic matters and on the handling There were of course no H-Blorepublicanism, Wolfe Tone, wrote aboul the subjeet. A philosophy has been developed ov.er luo eenturies that Ireland should retnain neutral beeause ofthe need: (1) to concentrate on national reconstruetion; (2) io avoid loss without gain in l'oreign wars; (3) to protect our independenee against alleomers; (4) to develop positive links with all nalions; (5) to avoid beeoming a target through allianees stielt as Britain and NATO; (6) to avoid collaboration with Imperialist ex- ploitation; and (7) to enable us to tnake an independent eoniiibulioii to uoild peaee and brotherliood and the development of global collective securily. Here, surely, is a vvorthy blend of the pragtnalic and the prineipled, whieh covers neutrality in both its military and politieal aspects and is the fruit of the republican and .socialist perspectives in Ireland. The last retnaining objection to or doubl about all this is not should %ve bul van vve remain neutral? Is it leasible for Ireland to provide a deterrent to invasion or ean we even aflord it? The last war proved that we cun inild up a deterrent. The point is not that Ireland would have been oecupied, sometime belvveen 1939 and '45. if it had been vital to the Allies or the Axis powers. Rather is it that it had to be vital beforc such a move would have been eontemplated. II liiere had not been 250,000 men in arms and the will to resist, the State would have been overrun to eliminate the anxiely whieh existed about it as a potential threat. The task is at least to maintain that threshold of deterrenee, if not to raise it. Maintaining it is as niuelt a politieal undertaking as a military one by keeping the spirit of freedom and resistanee high. Militarily, a lot could be learned front a couniry like Switzerland, Celtic style, whether for my whieh enrols the entire population in a people’s work, or othervvise includes the following: mask-like militia. She appreciates that an initial eonventional (Overall appearance, almond-like, bulging “ecstatic” eneounter would not be a sulTicient deterrent and eyes (full of the spirit force), trap-like mouth, wedge- that it must be followed by a planned guerilla shaped nose, with or without mustash, cap-Iike hair, campaign. Switzerland has even built-in dcstructive sometimes with parts (at times, three parts), rough- deviees in l'acilities and Communications, whieh hewn wood, mesoleptocephalic vertical dominance). might be used by an enemy. Believe, it is more Celtic than any other style. Of eourse, ihat couniry spends nuteh more on IAN BAN THE NATIONAL QUESTION IN CORNWALL, by Royston Green, 28 pages. £0.80 plus postage. KERNOW This is an abridged history of Cornwall, characterised by an analytical approach as befits a man of socialist convictions. 1t makes for absorbing MARTESEN, MARTESEN (Hungan) reading even if at times the need to compress the fruit of considerable research within certain editorial limits results in some angularity in exposition. That Martesen, martesen, mar’ tevvyth un polz, however hardly ever detracts from clarity. R. Green Y’ rov dhyz krib owreug, rag kriba dha wolz: is not adverse to making occasional hypotheses where Hag yna, hag yna, mar’ tewyth polz chwath, evidence has not come forth yet but his readiness to Y’ rov dhyz del wyr’ avel dowlagaz kath. face checking cannot be in doubt as he gives well over a hundred bibliographical references. Martesen, martesen, mar’ tewyth un eur, Some readers may be chiefly interested in the way Y’ rov dhyz kylch perlow, dagrennow’n mor meur: Cornwall emerged from the disintegrating Roman- Hag yna, hag yna, mar’ tewyth eur chwath, occupied Britain, in the pari it played in the develop­ Y’ rov dhyz sarf-niza, a owrlin pymp lath. ment of the Arthurian legends, in the detaiis about the literature in Cornish. This is the only cornprehen- Martesen, martesen, mar’ tewyth un nos, sive history of Cornwall to have come into my hands. Y’ rov dhyzo kurun a vleuzyon ros: What 1 found new and most interesting in it is the Hag yna, hag yna, mar’ tewyth nos chwath, thesis that the importance and the form taken in the Y’ rov dhyz karenze’ na’ welsys hy math. life of the Cornish by the exploitation of tin up to the 16th Century played a determinant and favourable PERHAPS, PERHAPS (Lullaby) role in the preservation of the Cornish language and culture, whereas the change to capitalist methods, Perhaps, perhaps, if you are quiet for one moment, I backed by religious reformers who were hostile to will give you a golden comb, to comb your hair: and that culture, led the Cornish gweryn first to rebellion then, and then, if you are quiet for another moment, and defeat and quickly to economic impoverishment, 1 will give you a green ball like thc cycs of a cat. real subjection and the loss of their language. R. Green shows how the Cornish miners were unable, Perhaps . . . for one hour, I . . . a circle of pcarls, the under the conditions which bound them to the mine tears of the great sea: and then . . . another hour, operators, to organise a proper trade union move­ I . . . a kite, five yards of silk. ment whereas when they emigrated they often took a leading role in such movements. He never omits to Perhaps . . . for one night, 1 . . . a crown of the relate the fate of the specific elements of the Cornish flowers of the heath: and . . . another night, I . . . culture to the social and economic factors down to love w'hose like you never saw. the present day. In considering these relations he criticises a nationalist approach which does not take Tudhg MacAlasdair. up more firmly “the demands for social and • economic rights for the people of Cornwall, the working dass, the fishermen and the small farmers Lyfer Gwyn ha Du, published by the Cornish who are today the definite reservoir of the Cornish Nationalist Party, 1980 contains 14 black and white identity” . original designs by Pieter Huisman and three These are only a few hints of what the booklet has (presumably also) Dutch artists who are interested in to say. Order it directly from the author (address: promoting Celtic art styles of decoration. The Polmarth, Carnmenellis, Redruth, Cornwall TR16 booklet is the follow-up of a similar one, “ Lyfer 6NT, Gr. Britain). It is well worth the money. Mollothow . . . Lyfer Bennothow” (1977) by P. Huisman. The foreword describes it as “ another try- A.H. dut of the possibilities, varieties and symboüsm of timeless Celtic art” . The paee opposite each drawing carries a brief comment on the title or interpretation, En peu dp pages Roy Green a reussi a ecrire une in Cornish (translations of Lnglish texts printed on hisloire detaillee de la Cornuaille Britannique. Les the last page). aspeets sociauxy recoivent une attention particuliere. The C.N.P. has also published three attractive stamps designed by P. Huisman, using the classic work on “ Old Cornish Crosses” by A. G. Langdon. “THE CORNISH NATION” , Mebyon Kernow’s One, in green, depicts the cross at St-Buryan, near Magazine. From: 11 West St., Liskeard, at 25p. Each Land’s End; another, in brown, the Lanherne Cross Plus Post, or £1.50 for 4 issues (Includes Post). in St. Mawgan, near Newquay. The third, in purple, shows the Doniert Stone, near Liskeard, which “ AN W'ERYN” , Cornwall’s Independent Radical commemorates the Cornish king Doniert who died in Magazine. From: 23 Basset St., Redruth at £1.20 for 872. These stamps, which can be stuck on envelopes 4 issues (includes Post). as Publicity for Cornwall, are a contribution to the campaign for official Cornish postage stamps. “THE CORNISH BANNER” , Cornish Nationalist Available from the CNP Publications, Trelispen, Party’s magazine. From Trelispen, Gorran, Nr. St. Gorran, St-Austell, Cornwall, in booklets of 18 (the Austeil, 50p Subs. £2.50 (overseas airmail £4.00). 3 designs), £1 post free (but for airmail £???). 18 dy row eh ayns armee Hostyn. Screeu eh (er pabyr oikoil) dy row eh cheet gys Lerpoyll dy yannoo studeyrys Celtiagh ec yn ollooscoill. By vie lesh MANNIN Yernish ynsaghey. C’raad oddagh eh jannoo cliaghtey, as eh loayrt Yernish, ayns clubbyn Yernagh ayns Lerpoyll? V’eh er ngeddyn yn enmys aym voish Conradh na Gaeilge ayns Divlyn, dooyrt Cleayshyn Follit eh. Tammylt lurg shoh, hooar mish magh dy re boghtynid y skeeal mysh Conradh na Gaeilge. Screeu Recent revelations aboin bugging by the English mee er ash huggey as dooyrt mee dy lhisagh eh government in North Wales indicatge very large scale kionnaghey coorse Linguaphone as nagh row clandestine activities by government agencies. clubbyn ayn raad va Yernish goll er loayrt. Screeu Er yn cheyoo laa jeh’n Chied Vee myleeaney, va eshyn er ash, foast shirrey fys mychione clubbyn Mnr Moses Edwards, Bretnagh veih Talysarn ayns Yernagh. Cha screeu mish er ash. Spotch v’ayn Bretin Twoaie, jannoo ymmyd jeh chellvane foddee. Agh s’liklee dy row armee Hostyn laccal theayagh ayns thalloo e ghooie. Ayns y bwaane- soilshaghey magh dy row fys oc er my vrastyl Yernish chellvane, hooar eh greie quaagh goll rish radio- ayns Lerpoyll. poggaid. Ren daa ghooinney va ginnnan gleashtan- steat bane goaill y “ radio” veih Mnr Edwards er egin BRIAN MAC STOYLL. as ersooyl Ihieu. Ta skeeal goll mygeayrt dy ren yn Oik Thie ayns Lunnin lhiettal eabyn dy ’eddyn magh cre vvoish haink y gleashtan bane shoh. Ayns y Manks Nationalism toshaight, ren ny meoirynshee ynnydagh gobbal dy row fys erbee oc er y chooish. Agh, lurg tammylt, ren ad goaill rish dy row “greie ry hoi eaishtagh’’ er ve With the seif examination of the aftermath of the currit sy bwaane-chellvane. Manks General Election behind us, the cause of My va’n chleaysh follit shoh currit sy bwaane dyn Manks Nationalism is not going to disappear, Ihough yss da’n Oik Post Goaldagh, ta turneyryn as sleih thal might suit the establishment (the very best elley gra dy row shen jeant noi’n leigh. Red elley, ta’n reason why it should remain). Manks Nationalist chooish shoh soilshaghey magh dy vel ram ideals have been misunderstood and without doubt eaishtaght-follit goll er gyn kied erbee veih reiltys have been misrepresented. Antagonistic scare- Lunnin. Coardail rish reiltys Lunnin, shegin da ny niongering press played a large pari in the Nationalist meoiryn-shee as offishearyn elley barrant y gheddyn so called rejection; but political success should not be my t’ad son geaishtagh rish co-loayrtyssyn chellvane measured by electoral success. If anything dy follit as ny chellvaneyn ayns thieyn preevaadjagh. communication was the only failure. National Agh chan jinnagh yn Öik Thie gra dy row barrant consciousness will surface as times get harder, as they ymmyrehagh my va offishearyn-reiltys gymmydey surely will. Nationalists must be ready for the greieyn va faagit ayns bwaaneyn-chellvane. Cha row challenge. yn Oik Thie bwooiagh tra haink eh magh dy vel Almost in the same breath as the Nationalists, coyrle follit ry gheddyn dauesyn ta son freayll rick Charles Kerruish was sw'iped at by the Examiner orrin coilley! leader-writer (27/11/81) for being deposed front Bee Mnr Dafydd Wigley, MP Phlaid Cymru son usual top place at the polls “ to an Englishman at Caernarfon, shirrey er y Scrudeyr Thie Sostnagh dy that” . Was it really his quasi nationalist noises or chur magh yn coyrle shoh dy foshlit. Gyn ourys, bee could it be that his new resident policy is now yn chooish shoh seughit ass shilley y theay cho tappee working against him at the hustings? as oddys reiltys Lunnin shen y yannoo. Ta fys ain So the Manks electorate wants a middle of the ooilley dy vel y lheid goll er car yn traa as dy vel ram road, don’t rock the boat load of wishy-washy sleih oikoil ceau (as jummal) y traa oe chymsaghey independenls? That’s largely what it will have for the fys — y chooid smoo jeh dyn ymmyd erbee. Ta next five years. Commentator (Examiner) and the reiltys Lunnin (as reiltyssyn elley, gyn ourys) lhiggey Islands free (?) press told the electorate that was what er dy vel ny fir oik oc geaishtagh dy follit rish was needed. The lerm fanatical is not so much “kimmee“ nyn lomarcan. T’ad lhiggey er dy vel kied applicable to the Nationalists as it is to the above in oikoil currit da dy chooilley offishear ta buggal their desire to misrepresent Nationalism as it exists in peiagh ennagh. Cre’n spotch! Mann. Ta skeeal ayn dy dug sleih follit ennagh y greie ry hoi Many of Mec Vannins ideas, once scorned as eaishtagh sy bwaane-chellvane Bretnagh snid er y fa ridiculous and impracticable have been adopted by dy row ad laccal eaishtagh rish sleih ynnydagh loayrt government, without acknowledgement1. mychione lostey thieyn-source ta lesh Sostnee. Bee Independence will come but it is the terms of that sleih dy liooar smooinaghtyn dy vel yn reiltys ayns independence that will have such far reaching Lunnin abyl jannoo red erbee, bunnys, dy gheddyn consequences. Soft options of recent Manks greim orroo shid ren thieyn-souree y lostey. Agh red Governments will not do when it comes to dealing gaueagh t’ayn, reiltys y ve geaishtagh dy follit, with hard headed civil servants of the Westminster speeikearagh as chymsaghey fys myr shoh. Home Office (Did the Governor, a crown appointee, S’cosoylagh dy vel recortyssyn ec reiltys Hostyn seek advice front the elected representatives before he mychione ooilley yn sleih ta goaill ayrn ayns cooishyn ntade the equivalent of a Queens speech?). The Celtiagh, myr sampleyr. electorate would do well to keep a close eye on its Paart dy vleeantyn er dy henney, ghow mee yindys representatives. We must have our promised rightful tra hooar mee screeuyn veih dooinney ennagh va gra share of the revenue from the Continental Shelf agreement thai was exchanged for the right to exploil resources in the Manks/Celtic sea. We should NUCLEAR THREAT demand payment for the use of the bombing ränge off our West coast,2 so invaluable to N.A.T.O. A far greater degree of forsight than the Keys has A map of the main Civil and Military Nuclear shown itself capable of, will be needed in the critical installations which threaten the Celtic countries — years ahead. Mec Vannin has an undeniable record in plus some supplemental notes. the vanguard of political perspicacity. a) When Consulting the map one should not C.J.K. overlook the substantial installations which exist in Eastern and Southern England.

'Early Mec Vannin policy called Tor G.P.O. io be run by ihe b) The possibility of accident at any one of the Manks Government also — a separate Manks coinagc, Manx installations is a serious cause for concern. There Radio and many other tliings since adopted. have al ready been several serious accidents at ^Celtic League policy is aimed at the complete removal ol the Windscale in Cumbria that have involved the ränge. release of radioactive material (the most recent being in October 1981). Serious radiation Cet article analyse la Situation d laquelle le Mouve­ emissions from this site could pollute the whole ment Nationaliste doit faire face ä la suite des elec- North Irish Sea area! tions au Parieinent de I'Ile de Man ä la fin de l ’annee passee. c) Dumping of on-shore waste until now has been restricted to the N.W. England. Most new sites Merchänts of Death!! under consideration are in the Celtic countries. d) Eire is completely free of nuclear installations at the moment — though Ballykelly airfield in the Plans have been announced to facilitate greater six counties was rumoured to have nuclear anti­ usage of the NATO sea-bombing ränge off Manns submarine weapons stored, at one time, there is N.W. coast (Nr. Ballaugh). The ränge is used to no confirmation of this. Ballykelly is however a enabled fighier-bomber pilots, primarily from the logical extension of the N.A.T.O. Anti- USAF, to practice and perfect the deadly art of low Submarine warfare network which links level delivery of tactical nuclear weapons. We stress Reykjavik (Iceland) with Stornaway in the the word tactical because in fact all tliis training is in Hebrides. preparation for a batllefield nuclear conflict, whicn most experts now believe will be fought in Europe. e) Rumour of possible intergration by Eire into So we hclp the United States to perfect our own N.A.T.O. which surfaces from time to time nuclear destruction by providing base facilities in seems unlikely in the forseeable future. Mann. The harmful effects of ihis Situation however are f) Alba from the nuclear military slandpoint is the not simply restricted to sorne futuristic European most utilised of all the Celtic nations — The theatre war scenario. The plans announced for the upper Clyde area is h'eavily committed as a ränge involve moving the targets used nearer to nuclear weapons storage facility and is also the Manns shore. The targets previously were close to the base area for U.S. and United Kingdom missile shore and were moved following several incidents in submarines. which bombs were dropped onshore close to Macrihanish airfield in the west is a stop-over habitation, (in one incident three bombs were point for U.S. Strategie bombers. released as far inshore as Cronk-y-Voddy). In Edzell in eastern Scotland (not tnarked on our anoiher incident an aircrafi crashed close io a map) is an important N.A.T.O. Communications farmhouse in Maughold! Miraculously nobody was centre. hurt. Chapelcross, marked on our map as an Atomic This plan then means that Manns citizens along the Power Station also makes Tritium, used in N.W. coast from K. Michael to Bride are exposed, nuclear weapon production. not only to an environmental nuisance but also to the real danger from malfunctioning aircraft and g) The Regional Seats of Government (R.S.G.) inexperienced pilots. indicated are nuclear fall-out and blast proof One of the principal aircraft using the ränge at command centres for use by the U.K. authorities present has a notoriously low servicability record. to carry on government after serious nuclear accident or atomic war. • On the morning of 2 Jan. the branch held a Alba — Near Edinburgh. wreath-laying ceremony at Hango Hill, where Eire — Hollywood near Belfast (Six llliam Dhone was executed on the same date in Counties). 1663. Chairperson of Mec Vannin Hazel Cymru — Brecon. Hannan gave an oration to begin the proceedings, followed by a speech in Manks h) A map published by CND and also a map which Gaelic by George Broderick, Celtic League has appeared in a Soviel mijitary magazine both Chairman. The formal ceremony ended with list nuclear targets in Alba, Eire, Mannin, Cymru ihe laying of the wreath and the Manks flag on and Kernow. the site. 20 Nuclear Power Station. Main Nuclear Installations (Civil and Military) in and around the insular Proposed N/Power Station. Celtic Countries. Proposed Atomic Waste Dump. Reprocessing Plant. Regional Seat Government. R5G Nuclear Submarine Base. /Y 5 Nuclear Weapons Store. NW Experimental Reactor. M5 O ■ P r Airport Handling Plutonium. *- Military Airfield Nuclear. Missile/Torpedo Test Site. Harbour Handling Plutonium. r Cruise Missile Base (Proposed). Atomic Waste Dump.

i) Brittany is omitted frorn this study due to lack of information.

(Prepared by the Mannin branch o f the Celtic League). Gwynfor Evans presided over a study-group The Assembly of the Fourth discussing the break-up of Britain. it recommended World — Nos. 1 and 2 freedom for all the Celtic nations of Britain, but it also recommended a Confederation of the British Isles (including Ireland). For at least ten years many To set up any new Organisation is hard work and, members of the Celtic League have been objecting to one ^ear after getting involved wiih the Assembly oi' what Mr. Evans sees as a way of getting some kind of the Fourth World and still concerned wiih preparing Celtic independence — both because the Bretons are the record of the First Assembly for the press, 1 to be abandoned, and because the Confederation doubt it is worth the trouble for any Celt to join in would inevitably (whatever legal safeguards were setting up such an international Organisation. Far provided) be run by and for England, which would better would be to look for suitable existing ones and have three-quarters of the population. work within them. Before (he Assembly ever met, I had to fight hard THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE OPPRESSOR to get it accepted (hat each of the study-groups into The most interesting pari of the study-group on which it divided (women’s rights, alternative ethnic affairs was a talk by Andrea Cartwright. head tecnnology, peace, ethnic questions, etc.) should of a rescarch and educational institute in Tennesee, separately elect representatives to the Council and which studies ethnic problems. She discussed the that the decisions of the study-groups should be reverse side of the problem covered by Dr. Le regarded as decisions of the Assembly in plenary Drogou’s paper summarised in Carn 33, p. 23: what session. Such proccdural squabbles seem to too many psychological problems make the ruling majority Celts unimportant. Bul 1 suspected the fashionable group in a state persecute cultural minorities, English lefties would dominate the Assembly and especialiy linguistic minorities? that they havc very little sympathy for nationalism. The simplest reason is guilt. If your people has (“ Don’t you know that nationalism has been quite done something terrible to the minority, for instance passe for at leasl six years? You should take up taken all its land as the Americans took the land of nuclear disarmament, or animal liberation if you the American Indians, then the minority must be want to be a little eccentric,” is the ruling almosphere shown to be morally, intelleclually and in every way of such people nowadays.) inferior — otherwise the oppressors would be in a 1 was righi — ihough I had underestimated both intoierable moral position; and this in turn justifies the boredom which I and the other half-dozen and encourages further attacks on the minority. 1 feit members of the Celtic League who attended the that, coming nearer home, this explains a lot about plenary sessions on 30 July-1 August would have to English attitudes to the Welsh front the time of the suffer for most of (he time; and the fanatical Venerable Bede (673-735) to our own. uncomprehending frenzy which met the atlempt of Miss Cartwright believes that language develops so Dr. Yvo Peeters, a mild Flemish nalionalist, to add as to avoid the feeling of guilt: thoughts and words, to the General Declaration of the Assembly (which emotions and actions part Company. Language containcd lois of references to fashionable causes becomes ntessy in Order to hide things; for example, such as community revival, ecology, the human Americans fighting in Vietnam didn’t kill people — scale, Opposition to war, ctc.) Support for “ the right they “ terminated dient with extreme prejudice“ ! to diversity of peoples” and “ the respect of ethnic (Communisis for that matter have perverted the term communities” . Efforts were made to silence forcibly “liquidation“ in a similar way.) Minorities which do Ansis Reinhards, a Latvian, who was speaking in not have such a split in their thought processes are favour of the amendmenl (the English-speaking very threatening to those who do. audienee was extremely intolerant of anyone who Another reason for persecuting linguistic didn’t speak iheir language perfectly and of any minorities is that people hate being unable to attempts to provide translaiion). 1 merely met a slow understand. This has become much more important hand-clap when 1 tried to speak, and shouts of since the Enlightenmenl with its glorification of “ racialist” and “apartheid” . reason; before the 18th Century linguistic persecution The advantage of the federal Organisation of the in Europe was comparatively rare. Assembly was that this behaviour of the English The most important reason for persecution is, “ progressives“ , outraged that anyone should dare to however, the often observed psychological espouse any cause not at present fashionable in mechanism by which people “project“ onto an alien Hampstead, did not stop the study-groups getting on group their own characteristics which they regard as with some useful work. That on ethnic questions, evil or otherwise shameful, and therefore have to which 1 attended accepted two valuable proposals: “repress” . (“ Projection” , as this is called by that there should be a World Year of the Peoples Freudians, has been adequately demonstrated by without States in 1984 to seek a U.N. Statute for diese experiements in which, for example, unduly peoples; and the Celtic League proposals on the basie aggressive people have beer found to have a much conditions for the survival of small languages. The higher tendency to believe that foreign groups are lauer wouid never have been ratified by the full aggressive than they have any grounds to.) It is to be Assembly, had it come to a vote, but, owing to the expected that the English, a nation whose sexuality procedure adopted, they are decisions of the First was, at least in the past, highly repressed, should Assembly of the Fourth World; and 1 hope that the have developed some exciling ideas about the Editor of Carn may find space to print them sexuality of foreigners. So they have, particularly sometime, for some Celts defending their languages about negroes, Frenchmen and, to some extern, the might find it useful to study them and quote them as Welsh — all of them, very significantly, peoples such. vvhom, at one time or another, they set out to 22 enslave. The point is (hat, once you have projecled on die Irish conlribution to European civilisation your shameful eharaeterisiics onio the alicns, they Iroifi the water-niill to the sleam-turbine and from nmsi be civilised arid eönirolled. Indced. anv the Book of Keils to Yeats. Just ask “ Why do you divergente l'roni English sexual moraliiy seems lo need to demonsirate tliat?" and carry on with an disturb tlieni prol’oundly. Düring ihe Middle Ages in>esiigatioii into the joker’s moii\es. Irish history is ihe cxeuse ihey gave l'or invading Ireland was die not relevant to the Irish joke; the perverted minds of immo;ralily of die Irish: they allowed divoree and too many Englishmen are. dieir priesls were married; nowadavs Irish Roman The Seeond Assembly Caiholic priesix are eelibaie and divoree is not The main advantaee ol such Conferences seems to permiued and lliis, I liave read reeenlly in The New me to make Iriends in other national movements, Stcitesniiin, an Englisli left-wing weekly, is ihe reason w ho may be able to lielp us or whom vve may be able the If.nglish can’t leave Ulster. It seems tliat, \\hatever to help. Th us, si nee the Assembly I have written an they do, the Irish are wrong! article on the Irish language revival and why it has The Oppressor has, and this is the tragedv, a not succeeded, whicli it is hoped may be published in psyehological need l'or the Oppressed and is not Basque and Catalan magazines. 1 was asked to do likely to let him go. Mr. Rollo, a Scotsman in our this during die First Assembly beeause, w hile the new group, explained tliat Anglo-Canadians are forever auionomous government.s of Euskadi and Catalunya lelling jokes about the Quebeeois in wliieh the are prexsing l'or ward eniliusiastically with the revival I rench-speakers are represented as hopelessly stupid of tlieir national languages, they seem intern on and incompetent but, as soon as it is suggested tliat repealing some of the major Irish mistakes Canada would be well rid ol such Tools and Quebec (especially is this true of the Basques). should be given its independence, they reply “ No, How ever, it must be clcar t hat I do not see never! Send die tanks in and put dient in order” . anytliing useful coming out of contaei with the Coming nearer home again, the hnglish atlitudes women liberationists, village-life revivers, nuelear revealed in tlieir Irish jokes are very similar. disarniers and the rest of die groups present, if oniy Even liiough die rationaiisation wliieh the beeause the Englisli variety of diese people were not Oppressor gives Tor controllinu the Oppressed is interested in eontact with us. All the same, our stud>- likely to be, beeause ol the niechanism of group on ethnie questions elected a lalcnted group to "projection” , [hat he is civilising tliose he is ruling. the Council of die Fourth World, charged with the ruling group is api to be less pleased thau one arranging a Secönd Assembly in 1982. Tlie> were Dr. in igln expecl by ihose among t he ruled who imitate Peeters, Mr. Reinhards and Miss Cartxvrigln, all tlieni with mosi success. Titus in India otTicial British mentioned abo\e. Dr. Ismet Vanlcy, a Kurd, Tom policy l'roni 1833 ott was to turn the Indians into Banyacya, a Hopi from Arizona, and Randall Hayes, “ brovvn Englishmen", but those natives who sei out a LKS. film-makef on Anierindian peoples. With to aehieve this were endlessly mocked by the Englisli some reluetance the rest of the Council, w hich seems soldicrs and olTicials as “ babus” . If von are ruling a to be emirely Englisli, agreed tliat the Seeond Toreign nalion, you don’t really vvant it to improve Assembly should be lield in Berlin (the Third may be itsell'; you want it to reniain inferior. Sobei Irish men in Edinburgh) and tliat not more than iwenty-E e give t he Englisli no feeling ot self-satisfaction; people should be allowed from any one counuy. aleoholic ones, who do something to support the riierefore some of die major dil’fieuliies vve had with Irish jokes, give their egos a boost. the Eirst Assembly, w hich was attended by nearly 400 lliis analvsis did something to explain vvliy the people witli over 80"/« coming from England, should most lanatical opponents ol minorities are those who be avoided. have themselves abandoned the language or other Anyone interesting in attending on 4-11 August signs of minority eultural Identity — this is certainiy 1982 (6 August is the special day for ethnic lnie ol the enemies of the Welsh language. most of questions) should get in touch witli: vvlioni had parenlswho spokeit il'they didn't speak it themselves. Such traitors are liable to suffer from a Fabrik Commune für Kultur, combination ol'all the motives eausing persecution of Sport und Handwerk, the minority: guilt; irriiation at being tuiable to Viktoriasiras.se 13, 1000 Berlin 42, undersland, whicli they may liave feit in tlieir own West Germany. faniily; and a great need to ideiuil'y themselves witli the ruling group, ineluding adopting its Assembly registiation w ill cost DM50, a room in a “ projections” in order to ensure tliat these are not Student hoslel DM9 per night, meals DM5 each, and directed against themselves and, above all, to ensure air Iransport front London about E75 return. tliat they do not lind themselves in the unhappy Situation of tue Indian “ babus” — in wliieh case one IEAN LLOYD. might sav tliat their life’s work of assimilating themselves with the ruling group would have been vasted. Ij'un Lloyd dornte ict an eontpte-rendu de fa lere Miss Cartw right 's talk has too many implicalions Assenihlee da Quart-Monde qit 77 uida u orguniser for die Celtic Situation to expound here. A simple I ’eie ilernier. Mulgre le peu de contprehension de kt one concerns the Irish joke. If you happen to liear pari des noinbreux Anglais presents les probleines one, the queslion to ask is “ What are you trying to ellinit/ues-iiiltiirels y recontrereni tote attention prove?"; and if, as is likely, the answer is something Javorab/e. On peut esperer c/tt ’un meitteure pro- like "Well, it just goes to shou how stupid the Irish cedure permettra d la deuxietne ussemblee prevue are”; don’t don’t ever try to prove the opposile pottr Berlin eene an nee de Jaire de botts progres dans (w hicli is what I have in the past iried) with a leclure le seit s tfite nous desirons. It is a pity ihat Lowender Peran uses Carn io Narrow Nationalism ean never win the day — it perpetuaie ihe erroneous idea ihat it is “ Kernovv’s must be a case that “One and All" are welcome. Pan-Celtic Festival” . 1l may be " a ” pan Celtie Dhys yn lei. Festival, but (as someone who has been associated with The Pan-Celtic Festival since the Celtie League Kl.ANCHK Ci BEEN. introduced it to Cornwall in 1972 and its present Organiser inKernow) 1 would point out (hat all the National Committees agreed that vve would try to No to the Union Jack keep this title for the Festival held in Killarnev each year to avoid confusion. A Cymdeithas yr laith member, Goronwy Fellows, Lowender Peran is a festival organised by Cant has lost his job at the Llandudno Junction Hotpoint Kernewek, and like other Celtie Festivals attraets lactory alter refusing to stick Union Jack labels visitors l'rom the other Celtie countries, and in that bearing the words “ Made in Britain” on the sense is pan-Celtic, but as all other such festivals are machines. content to use the term “ Celtie” , or “ Inter-Celtic” , The managers refused his request to be moved to one wonders why Lowender Peran insists on using another pari of the factory and told him he had no the term, for it has been pointed out twiee betöre that choice but to rcsign. His union supported the they are doing Kernow a disserviee by confusing the management’s view'I He is now appealing to an issue in this way. As they are represented on the Pan- industrial tribunal on the grounds of “conducive Celtie Festival Committee, it seems to me rather dismissal". dishonest to use another’s title. Lest vour readers should think we are merely being DIWAN — Thanks to an appeal sent out with pedantie, the distinction is important beeause, in CARN, Jorj Ab Herve Gwegen, who is devoting recent vears, the effect of the affairs of Pan-Celtic much of his free time to the Diwan school in Lesneven, being mainly in the hands of one particular group, about 4,(XX) FF were collected last year. This, has resulted in a narrowing of'activity. For instance, representing a months salary to the teacher, was would-be participants have been told they cannot very encouragmg. Still, this nursery school, like the compete, beeause, although they may live and work other 16 and the two primary sehools which teaches in Cornwall, they are Engiish. This, in spite of the through the medium of Breton, is short of funds. faet that they are prepared to compete with the Too much of the time of those engaged in this vital Cornish in the Celtie tradition and in Kernewek. work is taken up with fund gathering. In February, a Thus cultura! activities have been used to divide the show of 530 slides pul together by Gervais Gautier people of Kernow instead of uniting them. and illustrating 1,500 years of Breton history, was This also has an important eliect internationally. organised in Lesneven. the proceeds going to the Other nations will be much more sympalhelic io local nursery school. Kernow’s Claim to nationhood, and identity, if they We urge our readers to continue their Support and are encouraged to participate in our traditional send contributions to our Breton brauch secretary, activities. clearlv marked for DIWAN (address page 24). E. Markham’s verse seems apposite here: • The Irish Branch of the International Committee “ He drew a circle that shut Me out, for the Defence of the Breton language is being Heretic, rebel, a (hing to flout. reorganised. Its aim: to develop a wider interest in But Love & I had the wie to win, and support for the struggle of the Bretons to save We drew a circle that brought him in.” their language. Its secretary. Grainne Ni Lubaigh, (“ Juanita” , Päirc Cois Locha, Näs, Co. Chili Dara). Membership and Subscriptions

All who agree with ihe c.onsiilulion and aims ot the Celtie League are ehgiblc- for mc-mbersnip. The membership lee (cntttling :c CARN) and the suöscripsicn taltti. die IP.L4 Orcland*. SUS4 iBiitaiii,. 40 FF (Corbnentai Euiope) aiiu

Aaba Mrs Main Dcnovan. 9 Dalgicioh Rd. Dunaee DD4 7JN Cymru T Ifor Williams. 2 Ty r» PwTl Rhostrehwfa. l L 77 7AZ Llangefm . Gwynedü. Breizh. Joij ab Herve Gwegen, Kurberenes 29260 Lesneven iSubscriphons to CCP G Gueguen 2 204 24N Rennes) E*re M aire Bhreathnach, 58 Br an Bnambh. Cabrach. Baue Ätna Chain 7 Kernow Jenefer Lewe. Boundy s House. Lower Letant St Ives Männin: Bernard Motfatt, 24 St Germain s Place Peel London Tornas O Ciara/Carey 18 Ismaiia Road. Forest Gate. London E7 9PH USA Madeieme Mawgan Tokach. P O. Box 322 Rego Park NY 11374

General Secretary Alan Heusauff. 9 Br Cnoc Sion Dromchonrach Ath Chath 9

Help to seil CARN at galhermgs. or oy finaing booksellers to stock it 120 - retail ailowance with sale or return) or by advertising it m national pcriodicats Articies tor CARN should be tidily typed or easily read by punlers, with double spaemg: keep carbon copy endeavour to express ideas clearly think ol readers not laminar with Engiish or with the context of events referred to. Support arguments with lacts, be precise Send us reports. letters. cultings of interest Pubhcation of articies of general Celtie interest couiü be delayed to give precedence to articies on current events.

Requests for Information will be dealt with only if SAEs or International Reply Coupons are enclosed and ii «epiy needs relatively little time.

CARN is published by the Celtie League. 9 Br Cnoc Sion, Dromcnonrach. Atn Chain 9 The Editor is Cathai O Luam. 33 Br Bancroft, Tamhiacht. Co Atha Cliath Contributions should oe sent to him Views expressed by contnbulors. wnere divergmg too much from tne general CeMic League pohoes. should be signed by their authors. Use ol the material in CARN is granted free provided the Source is acknowledged in which case mdication of our address would be greatly appreciated. I A UNK BEIWEEN THECEUIC NATIONS

Caitlin Maude, poet, writer, singer and actress wlio died in Dublin on June 6th (see p.16 ).

In this issue:— ★ ALBA: Naimhdean na hAlba. Hope for Smelter. On Che Gaelic Front. ★ BREIZH: Stourm e barzh al lagenn. Road Signs. Economic Partition. ★ CYMRU: Breuddwyd Ynteu Hunllef. Water Rates. Explosives Charges. ★ EIRE: Aitheasc Cois (Jaigh Chaitlin Maude R.I.P. The North. Justice? ★ KERNOW: Kernow ha’y Senedhow Tryst. Council Victory. ★ MANNIN: Cha Nel Yn Impiracht Marroo. The Teaching of Manx Gaelic. ★ Learning the Celtic Languages. ★ The Need for a Social Commitment. 50p QUARTERLY PERIODICAL IN ENGLISH & IN CELTIC LANGUAGES PUBLISHED BY THE "CELTIC LEAGUE” ctedits necessary to secure our languages wheh a Editorial large number of emigrants add their weight to the alienated sections of our communities? Can we dispense with the notion of a territory of our own in which we need to retain a clear majority if we are not to abandon any chance of achieving our aims? Such a Signs of Health and of territory must be guaranteed to every ethnic group, with the right to a decent livelihood in it. Alienation In this Connection, we would like to ask our members and subscribers to help the Lapps (Santi) A survey connnissioned by An Comann who are being deprived b) tlie Norwegian authorities Gaidhealach shows a majority, even in tlie Scottish of their lands and rights (Supreme Court decision in Lowlands, favourable to steps io increase tlie place the Alta-case). Write to The Santi Movement, e/'o of Gaidhiig in education, the media and public life, Miljoloftet, Grensen 8, Oslo 1, and ask for a copy of the highest percentages being found in the their appeal “ To Minority Rights and Environmental Gaidhealtacht. We rejnice at such a positive attitude Organisations” . on the part of Scotland’s Gaelic Speakers towards their langnage, but the fact that ii is valued also by The CELT1C LEAGLE ANNIJAL GENERAL mosl other Scots is particularly comforting. MEETING will take place on August 14/15 at An A different kind of survey was carried out jointly Culturlann, 32 Beigrave Square, Monkstown, near by departnients of the Strathclyde University and of Dun Laoire, Co. Dublin. All members invited, but Aberystwyth I.J.C. This concerned national requested to notify their brauch secretary. Proposals consciousness. It found that of the 28% of the for the agenda should be forwarded to the secretary Population of Wales w ho speak Welsh, 23% consider themselves Welsh rather than “ British” but 5% savv general before July 20th it possi blc. themselves as “ British” ; while of the rernaining 72% lf going to the Lorient Festival, visit the Celtic who don’t speak Welsh, only 34% consider League stand; and at the Eisteddfod themselves Welsh while 38% prefer lo be labelled (Abertawe/Swansea University ground) visit the “ British” . Of the lauer, 20% vvere born outside Wales. This still leaves 23% of the native population Celtic League teilt. likely to be adverse lo Welsh self-government or to policies in support of Cymraeg. An appeal by lau Taylor, former director of the Some 8 years ago, a similar survey in Brittany Ostaig Gaelic College, accused of damaging an showed that 50% of the people considered English-only road sign last year, w-as brought on themselves as equally Breton and French, while 21% April 14 at the High Court in Port Righ, Skye, to were ßreions “ first” and 26% French first. “ Bretons allow his trial io be conducted in Gaelic. A telegram first” were 37% of those who spoke Breton. 1t would of support was sent to the Sheriff, reading: The thus seem that the Situation in Wales is somewhat Celtic League Supports tlie right to have Gaidhiig better than in Brittany, and that is of course borne used in court. Signed: A. Heusaff out by the ciections and the greater determination in the ianguage struggle. ln any case, those figures A letter w'as sent on behalf of the Celtic League to the show, conlrary to what Dr. Kloss suggesled ai the General Manager of Manx Radio on April 2, recent FUEN Congress in Strassburg, that while a pointing out that the section of tlie station’s News Ianguage is not — as yet! — a necessary condition of broadcast termed “ World News“ was national consciousness, its bearers relate it to their overwhelmingly concerned with events in Britain or nationality in almost double Proportion comparcd to even relerred mainly to England and the London those who don'l speak it. It is largely a matter ol' government. It expressed the wish to see Manx Radio being aware of one’s countrv’s history. How manyof giving at least half of the time of that section to our peoples know anylliing of their history? The state important events taking place beyorid tlie confines of murder machines are geared to keep them in Britain, without however reducing the amouni of ignorance of it. That is why the publication of the attention given io Scotland, Wales, Ireiand and new magazine “ Dale’homp Sonj“ devoted to the Cornwall. As for England, the Manx listeners had an dissemination of a knowlcdgc of Breton history is easy access to BBC and 1TV News. The letter was much to be welcomed. passed to the New's editor. When tlie percentage of the population borne outside our countries reaches such a level as in Wales — it is much higher in Mannin and in Cornwall — it cannot be without influence on the choices vvhich can be made regarding our languages or political freedom. There is no cause for concern while it is only a matter of individuals here and there — they will adopt the prevailing cultural norms and will not The Need for a make any significant difference to the resolve (or lack of resolve) of Ihe deeper rooted people to maintain Social Commitmenl and strengthen their collective identity. It is not a question of race but of a culture with which people can identify. Can ours exert sufficient attraction and Hand huch der M esteuropaetschen Regiontflb'ewe- can we hope for the votes and the allocation of giingei). Editor Jochen. 336 pp. Blaschke. Syndikat, 2 Frankfurt-am-Main. 1980. present centralist States and that by neulralising the social movements they help to defuse the rising Movements to obtain self-governmcnt for small tension between the State centres and the peripheries. naiions withom States or simply recognition of the I have not come across any refutation of this rights ol' ethnic groups to have their own languages argument in Europa Ethnica, but it is not surprising used in schools, television and public life are novv to hear that it has angered its editorial team. recognised as an important factor in the political Blaschke is sympathetic to the organisations of the development of Western Europe. They have regionalist or nationalist movements which over the succeeded in winning support from intellectuals past 12 or 15 years have adopted the dual aim of outside the region concerned and the attention of reducing social inequalities (iinked to regional sociologists. The question as to which direclion these economic dependence) as well as political movements are taking is dealt with in the foreword of dependence: e.g. the U.D.B. in Brittany, E.T.A. in this handbook by its editor, a member of the Berlin Euzkadi. Institute for Social Research who specialises in the Tom Nairn, in “Der Moderne Janus: comparative analysis of Western European political Nationalismus and Marxismus” (Berlin, 1978) Claims Systems. In the contributions which he has gathered that these movements are today more successful than particular attention is given to the social and the dass movements in challenging the highly economic aspects of the Problems of some 40 ethnic developed societies and they can contribute to social communities as diverse as the Aland Isländers, the emancipation as well as to the dismantling of the Flemings, the Friulans, the Corsicans, the Basques. domination exercised by the centralistic States. This is A ehapter is devoted to each of the Celtic counlries not Eric Hobsbawm’s view, according to which these except that in the case of lreland it is only about the States are better able to resist the multinationals Six-Counties. Judging by what I have read so far, which constitule a greater threat both to social these contributions are well researched. It is however freedom and to ethnic identity. Blaschke appears to to the foreword that 1 wish to draw attention as it agree with the sociologists for whom ethnic groups examines critically the different views and positions can form and dissolve and ethnic Symbols (language, taken by the theoreticians of the “ regional” territoriality, culture, even race and religion) can be movements as well as the assessments made by disearded or revalued according to socio-economic research workers of their impaci on the West needs and interests. For interests to be translated into European political field. Blaschke does not draw a social or political action, they need as a rule to be clear distinction between- nationalist movements rationalised and interpreted. This is whcre ethnic aiming at full statehood and regionalist ones seeking Symbols can intervene. They can impact greater institutional changes or cultural concessions. He dynamism to the ideas and interpretations. Ethnicity, points out that the considerable impetus gained by resting on one or several ethnic symbols, may itself several of thent in recent years was due to having function as a leading idea, unifying individual or combined social aims with the concern for Self­ sectional interests, particularly if there is a long government and cultural freedom. They have made tradilion of thought behind it. It is in such a Situation the peoples of their areas aware of inequalities in that national identity can be rediscovered or even economic development and living Standard (between generat ed. them and other areas of the States to which they were Many of the grievances against the centralistic incorporated), and especially of (the) Privileges States which have fuelled the nationalist movements enjoyed by centres of power which hold them in are shared by regions or provinces which until now social dependence, all talk of democracy notwith- were not considered as having any identity of their standing. own. Blaschke’s analysis of the traditional provincial According to Blaschke the pre-war nationalists poiitics, based a good deal on personal relations, will (and regionalists) were concerned primarily with help us understand what difficulties would have to be wrestling power from the State centralists and i'aeed by national movements with a social concern in recreating homogeneity among their own peoples by trying to effect their dual Programme. Basically it is a strengthening the Position of their own languages bin question of whether the regions concerned would they did not advocate any changes in the economic continue to be controiled by notabilities mediating and social structures. This Outlook would still .between strong exfernal powers and the local characleri.se such organisations as the Federal Union Population through a network of personal relations of European Nationalities and such periodicals as or by parties or trade unions responsible to their Europa Ethnica. One of the fundamental concepts in members and capable ol directing the economic their way of thinking is that of the Volks­ forces for the benefit of the whole community. gemeinschaft or ethnic community to which such This analysis supports the decision of the Celtic writers as Guy Heraud ascribe constant distinctive Leaguc to commit itself to the social aim expressed in characteristics. Social tensions would be reduced if point 1 .e, of our Constitution. It also helps us togeta such communities were allowed to reconstiiute their clearer view of the social value of our ethnic Symbols. homogeneity and to regain control of their own The texts of this handbook are rather compact and affairs. While putting the accent on national unity, require a good knowJedge of German, but they the social conflicts are ignored. Self-government, would repay reading not only because of the autonomy, decentralisalion are advocated in Order to Information they give about so many other peoples restore to peripheric regions some power of decision leading struggles similar to our own but also because bul there is tto ehallenge to the structures of social of the incenlive given to us by the foreword to clarify dependence. Blaschke suggests that these our motivations. conservative regionalists scek to constitule an elite that will inherit the regional power devolved by the A. HEUSAFF 3 cogadh na h-inntinne an aghaidh na h-Alba agus an aghaidh na cänain Albannaich. Deich bliadh- naichean seo chaidh, dh’fhaighnich an Registrar- ALBA General ceistean anns a’ chunntas-sluaigh / census agus fhuair e am amach gun robh a’ Ghäidhlig a’ dol am feobhas. Air an aobhar sin dh’atharraich e na Naimhdean na h-AIba ceistean anns a’ chunntas-sluaigh ann an 1981 bho’n a bha e ag iarraidh nochdadh nach robh ar cänain Albannach ach a sior dol am miosad oir bha run Tha tri seörsa daoine ann — na cäirdean againn, Propaganda aige: se sin ri rädh gum bheil e a’ na naimhdean againn agus na daoine coma co- deanamh a dhichioll a dheanamh na Gaidheil dhuibh. eagalach agus lag-chridheach, oir tha e a’ leigeil orra Aig an aon am tha tri rudan feumail dhuin, ’sa gum bheil a’ Ghäidhlig a’ bäsachadh mar rud-eiginn cheud äite a mhairsinn beö, ’san darna äite a corporra ach chan eil fuil no feöil no cnämhan aig a ’ ghabhail mhisnich agus anns an treas äite a thoirt chänain againn oir chan eil cänain riamh corporra. buaidh na Gäidhlig agus na h-Albainn a dh’aindeoin Gun teagamh tha a h-uile duine ach a’ gabhail örain a ar naimhdean. nuair a tha e a’ bruidhinn cänain sam bith agus chan Ged a bha Clann Mhuirich ro anamoch a ruigsinn eil cail corporra leis a sin. Blär Chüil-Iodair — a reir aithris bha sinn ag ithe ar Chan eil ach aon iocshlaint / medicine a dhith air brochain agus mhair am blär aig an äm sin — ach, son na Gäidhlig — nam biodh i an aon chänain ’sna ged a tha, ghuidh sinn air a’ Phrionnsa an cogadh sgoiitean, ’sna colaistean agus ’sna oilthighean uile a beag-chogach / guerilla warfare a dheanamh. Gun gu leir feadh na h-Albainn (eadhon nuair a tcagamh sam bith bha sin ceart aig an äm sin agus tha theagasgas neach cänain eile), mar a dh’ath- sinn ceart gus an latha an diugh. De an roghainn eile bheothaich iad an Eabhra ann an Israel, no mar a tha againn ach an do-mheanmnachadh / demoralisation iad a’ buannachadh beagan is beagan air son na agus am milleadh? Agus diüitaidh sinn sin. Cuimreis ’sa Chuimrigh. Tha dhä sheörsa chogaidh ann, an cogadh Is döcha gum bi Coimhthional Albannach ann an faicsinneach, corporra; tha sinn eölach gu leöir air t-Seann Ard Sgoil, Dhün Eideann fhathast. Tha an gunnachan, peilearan, pleunachain agus t-aitreabh deiseil agus a' feitheamh gu foighidneach. bomaichean, ach de mu dheighinn an cogadh neo- Nuair a thigeas an latha sin, feumaidh sinn a bhi fhaicsinneach neo-chorporra na h-inntinne? cinnteach gum bheil a ’ chumhachd phoileataiceach / Gun teagamh tha an cogadh seo cho bäsmhor ris political againn a dhith oirnn a dh’ath-bheothachadh na peilearan agus na bomaichean, oir theireadh iad na Gäidhlig air eagail nach put ar näimhdean a — cogadh na h-inntinne / psychological warefare thaobh i. agus tha ar naimhdean uamhasach math ris a sin. Ged a tha againn na tha a dhith oirnn, na Gäidheil Mar eisimpleir, mharbh iad ar n-aigne nuair a agus luchd-ionnsachaidh na Gäidhlig, a thaobh thoirmisg iad am breacan, am feile-beag agus a’ leabhraichean agus ceilidhean agus mar sin air phiob-mhör feadh Alba gu leir an deidh Blär Chuil- adharl. Ach am bheil sinn a’brosnachadh a’ mhor- iodair. chuid de na Goill aig nach eil facal Ghäidhlig An deidh 1745 thäinig na daoine gur döchas fhathast? cuideachd mar Dughaill Bochanan agus Pädruig Feumaidh na h-Albannaich a thuigsinn gum bheil Grannd agus ioma bard eile mar sin. Mar eisimpleir ach aon chänain Albannach againn, oir tha ar sgriobh Seurr.as MacGhriogair na rannan a leanas: näimhdean daonnan ag rädh nach eil ach aon chänain aig na h-Albannaich gu leir ach a ’ Bheurla Bha na Gaidheil ro aneolach dhall air chor-eiginn; ’se sin ri rädh a’ Bheurla Shasunnach Bha ionnsachadh gann nam measg no a ’ Bheurla Ghallda. Bha’n eölas co tana ’s co mall Tha deagh eisimpleir againn a thaobh brosnachadh ’S nach b’aithne dhaibh ’n call a mheas nan Gail ann an “ Ceol na Gäidhlig” le Derick ’Se b’annsa leo’n airgiod ’s an ör Thomson (SSC-GMPÜ14) le leabhran agus cassette ä A chaitheadh go görach truagh “ Scotsoun” (Albfhuaim) 13 Ashton Road. Glaseow Ri amaideachd, öranaibh ’s öl G12 8SP. Ri dannsaibh, ’s ri ceöl da’n cluais. Na di-chuimhnich riamh na thuirt GA1RM 113 (Air an Spiris) a thaobh coinneamh eadar-näiseanta Taing do’n Ni Maith, chan eil sinn cho bristc agus air a cumail ann an Glaschu ann an Sultainn / cho lag-chridheach an diugh ris a bha iad dä cheud September 1981 gus beachdachadh air staid nan bliadhna seo chaidh anns an 18mh linn. A nis tha ar cänann nach eil a’ dleasadh priomh äite ’nan n-aigne daonnan a’ dol am feobhas gu h-araidh am düthchannan. nan Gäidheil ög agus luchd-ionnsachaidh, a . . . ’Se gle bheag de na bha an läthair nach robh dh’aindeoin na h-eucoirean a rinn ar näimhdean den bheachd gun robh fein-riaghladh ’na cul-taic feadh nan dä cheud bliadhna seo, mar eisimpleir . . . läidir do chänain beag ach bha corra dhuine ann a Fuadach nan Gäidhcal . . . an Achd Foghlam 1872 a bha an düil nach robh an sin ach aon rud, ’s nach mharbh na sgoiitean a ’ teagaisg a h-uile cail ’sa deanadh e a’ chuis an cömhnaidh.” Ghäidhlig ann an ioma cearn na h-Alba . . . agus anns an 20mh linn T.V. agus reidio gu ire bliig ’sa Gilleasbuig MacMhuirich. Bheurla uile gu leir ged a tha T.V. agus reidio aca uile gu leir ’sa Chuimreis ’sa Chuimrigh. (This is mainly a discussion on the recent Report o f An diugh tha näimhdean na h-Alba agus the Registrar-General on the 1981 Census and the näimhdean na cänain Albannaich a ’ deanamh Scoitish language). 4 vestments to flounder and to throw many areas into Discount Power Deal Gives jobless gloom for want of public awareness of impen- Smelter Hope ding Company problems. The political lessons are be- ing learned, but slowly, that the Scottish Assembly proposed in 1979 but lost by Westminster con- As unemployment reaches 25% in the industrial trivance would have put even its weak finger closer to heart of the Highlands the workers of Easter Ross the pulse of many areas vital to Scottish industrial were thrown a glimmer of hope by the Tory govern- -urvival. ment in mid May. Five months after the sudden shut down of our key industry, the aluminium smelter at ROB GIBSON. Invergordon, a great campaign of resistance to the closure took Westminster by surprise. When the workers found out that of the three On the Gaelic Front smelters built in the mid 60s in the Labour govern- ment’s “ white hot technological revolution” , In­ vergordon paid the biggest price for “cheap” elec- le Frang MacThomais tricity the hunt was on to link elecric power prices to a new deal based on Hydro electricity in which the One of the big surprises arising from the recently Highlands abounds. The fact that the original power published preliminary studies on the 1981 Census is sources were calculated at nominal rates for cheap that there are less Speakers of Gaelic now than there nuclear power has brought to grief any lifelihood of were recorded in the 1971 Census. The figure, just the nuclear industry having a clear lead over alter­ over 79,000, is some 2,000 less than the previous cen- native energy sources in future. sal Return. The area which one might expect to be The Invergordon Smelter Action Committee holding the fort for Gaelic is the Western Isles, in skillfully tobbied with the aid of the Highlands and which almost 80% of the population aged three years Islands Development Board to establish that In­ and over can speak Gaelic. This compares with the vergordon was one of the most modern smelters in figure in Skyc and the Kyle of Lochalsh area of 54%, the world and central to any hopes of longterm job showing the linguistic disadvantage of being in close prospects for Ainess/Invergordon as a new industrial proximity to an English-speaking mainland. growth point. With a likely increase in world demand The Census shows that the total number of Gaelic estimated at 16 milfion tons used in 1980 and 25 Speakers in Scotland is 1.6. This compares with 1.7% milhon in 1990 and an EEC annual import level of (1971), 1.5% (1961)and 1.8% (1951)and, ifone goes eight times the Invergordon output, a new buyer back almost a Century ago, 5.2%. could build a long term future if government ensured One will have to wait another year or so until the that the plant stayed in working condition. The full Censal figures are available to analyse just what Prime Minister gave a personal audience to District is happeniug to the pattern of activc support for and Regional Councillors who accompanied the Ac­ Gaelic. But no doubt in the meantime there will be tion Group and was impressed by their logic and much arguing vvhy we have lost 2,000 Speakers at a cominitment to restart work. The Highland Regional time when the public interest in Gaelic has never been Council had previously taken the unprecedented Step so high, particularly among learners of the language. of unanimously declaring a motion of no confidence An interesting statistic: in 1981 3,313 persons claimed in the government. to be able to read and write in Gaelic but not speak it. Highland unanimity was evident as a massive rates Are they the learners? loss of £lm affects all Services while the smelter is What has been missing for some considerable time closed and rail Services north of Inverness are in has been news of books in Gaelic and in Publishing jeopardy. The social effects of population loss and generally. This gap has now been filled by an ex- demoralisation are incalculable. cellent magazine “ Facai air an Fhacal” , published by Scottish National Party leaders, Labour MPs and Comunn Ghaidhlig Leabhraichean (Glasgow Univer- trade union leaders have each contributed Support sity, Glasgow G12 8QQ). It has taken the Comunn a for what might be called the Scottish Resistance, long time since its inception in 1968 to get down to which during the last year has seen successful restarts this kind of Publicity for Gaelic publishers, book- of work at Lee Jeans in Greenock and prolonged writers and the reading public. But better late than resistance in Baihgate, Cummnock, and Dundee and never and its promised frequency of appearance at other places where jobs are threatened by a govern­ two or three issues a year should do much to help ment recession. The new mood of Standing and Gaelic books get in front of readers and book buyers. fighting for work is in sharp conlrast to the massive The magazine is bilingual. clear outs of workers to more prosperous areas in the The erstwhile Director of Sabhal Mor Ostaig in past, for more prosperous areas now have massive Skye has had his first hearing, in which he attempted Problems of their vown. The diverging pattem of to get his case heard in Gaelic. He has been charged Scottish politics from those of England is widened by with defacing roadsigns in English. A fluent Gaelic this realisation on the shop floor that multi-national Speaker, though a learner, it remains to be seen Companies must be brought to heel and real control vvhether the law will allow this, seeing as English was eslablished to maintain and increase worker par- Iain Mac an Tailler’s first language. Whatever the ticipation in management and community control. outcome, all readers of CARN will be supporting But the British system of Regional aid programmes Iain’s stance for Gaelic. ’Tis a pity, though, that it can now be seen as naive because Westminster in its has to be a learner who has placed himself on the line overcrowded way has failed to scrutinise investment for his adopted language and culture. Where are the of public money and allowed multimillion pound In ­ native Speakers on the front of brushes with the law? 5 An Unanourien zo prest da gemer perzh enno, ha fizians o deus e vo ganto ar muianiver hag e c’hallint herzel ouzh nep arnod a vefe graet da ziazezaTl BREIZH ensavadurioü holliwerzhonat. Strollad John Hume zo gwalldapet: diskleriet eo bet eus e berzh ne vo ket Stourm e-barzh al lagenn tu da vont war-raok gant kinnigoü Prior. Ma kemeront perzh, e kavint emstriverien Sinn Fein o kevezarTganto da gaout mouezhioü ar vroadelourien, Setu breman bloaz’zo ma’z eo marvet Bobby pezh a viro outo da ober berzh a-walc’h evit bout Sands hag e c’haller goulenn peseurt heuliadoü zo gouest da lavarout e komzont evit ar re-se. Sinn Fein bet da emaberzh ar stourmer-se hag e nav genseurt. na ra forzh gant kinnigoü Prior, tarvan e strivadoü E-Iec’h Humphreys Atkins, e penn ar eo a feil dezho. Rediah a reont an SDLP da reutaat e velestradurezh saoz e Kastell Stormont eo deut Jim entzalc’h e-kenver ar c’hinnigoü -se. Evel Ch. Prior, doare dezharf bout prest da voulc’han un hent Haughey e lavaront ez int di-erounidus. nevez pe da vihanarl unan dishenvel diouzh hini e Prior n’en deus ket en em guzuliet gant ziagentidi. Degas a raje adreizhadurioü hag a gouarnamant Dulenn a-raok dispakaii e vennadoü ha blaenafe an hent d’nn diskoulm, tamm ha tamm, da n’eus anv ebet er re-mari eus ar “ gehedenn gudenn ar 6-Kontelezh. Anv oa gantan eus ar iwerzhonat” . Da lavarout eo emah ar Saozon bepred “gehedenn iwerzhonat” , da lavarout eo e vije o klask kaout un diskoulm e diabarzh ar 6-Kontelezh anavezet gant gouarnamant London ez eus un darn hepken, ha dindan veli London evel biskoazh. eus poblans ar 6-Kontelezh hag a ro o lealder d’an Breman ma’z eo trenket an darempredoü saoz- uhelvennad lwerzhon Unanet, hag e vije diskouezet iwerzhonat goude da Zulenn bezan nac’het nevezin an dra-se e stumm ensavadurioü holliwerzhonat. berz-kenwerzh ar C’Henvarc’had a-enep Arc’hantina Gailet en dije mont gant an hent-se hep ma vije ne vo graet kammed ebet a-raok pell war-du un lavaret eoa dindanc'hourdrouzan A.R.I., rak ederou diskoulm a zerefe da lwerzhon. Kounnaret-ruz eo ar ar bloaz-man e voe skoet taolioü drastus ouzh ar Virourien Saoz ouzh gouarnamant Dulenn peogwir c’houvrezelerien gant “nerzhiou an urzh” , goude ma n’en deus ket skoret o folilikerezh brezelgar a-zivout voe diskleriet e-leizh a anviou ha kuzhiadelloü gant an Inizi Malvinas (Malouinat). Skoet ez eus bet flatrerien. Ha peoe’h zo breman en toulloii-bac’h. 220 dezho,emezo un taol trais en o c’hein gant o amezeien pe 260 prizoniad bennak a nac’h atav labourat met ne dostan, na welont abeg ebet dezhah nemet malis vezont ket kastizet kalz en abeg da se — koll a reont a-encp ar “ Brits” . Eveljust, evito an nepluegezh war dek devezh distaol eus o reuziad-karc’har dre bep 28 an dachenn vilourel hag a zo unan eus sturiennoü devezh disentidigezh. Ne vez ket handeet ar brizonidi politikerezh diavaez Republik lwerzhon n’eo nemet gant ar warded evel ma vezent diagent. Kenderc’hel a ur froudenn-vugel. Gwir eo ivez e oa abeg da zoujan ra ar bruderezh-brezel a helcbini etre an div gostezenn abaoe ur pennad e oa ar Slad-man o vont da vezan evelato .36 prizoniad ’zo hag a labour war urzh o rouestlet muioc’h-mui er c’hendivizoü-emzifenn a ofisourien gouez d’an A.R.I. ha war urzh gouarnour vez dalc’het e skeud ar Gumuniezh Armerzhel an toull-bac’h, a lavar ar Saozon. Met “labourat” a Europat. Enkadenn ar Malvinas he deus roet tu da c’hall kaoul stcrioü ledan. lwerzhon da gadarnaat he neptuegezh. Kement-se zo Da skouer, darn a ra studioü skol -veur digor: deut-mat d’an darn vrasäri eus ar bobl araan, ha labour eo. startaat a ray an doujans a zo evit ar vro-man en Lord Gowrie, un den eus ar rummad angl- Trede Bed ivez. A-dra-sur e vo distan an iwerzhonat, zo e karg eus melestrerezh an toulloü- darempredoü etre London ha Dulenn e-pad ur bac’h. Diskouez a ra bout un tamm mat poellekoe’h pennad mat breman (nemet e teufe ar Saozon da eget e ziagentad. Ne ra ket kalz van eus huchadennoü welout o foilentez). D’am meno n’eus ket da gaout an “Unanourien” daer. Lavaret en deus e oa ret keuz en abeg da Norzh-lwerzhon: mar deo gwir, pezh anavezout e oa tud er 6-Kontelezh a oa leal, nekel da na gredan ket, e oa techet an It. Thatcher da harpan c’houarnamant London pe d’ar “ Gurunenn” , met un emglev bennak etre ar C’Hwec’h — hag ar da lwerzhon unanet. C’FIwec’h-warn-ugent Kontelezh, ne oa ket hep ar Met da belec’h enieur o vont gant an doareoü brav- sohj da gaout un digoll mat: lwerzhon a-bezh o tont se? e-barzh ar C’Henurzhiadur -Dtfenn North-Atlantei. Daoust d’ar gwalldaolioü o deus tapet, ar Ur skoilh zo bet lakaet d’an argerzh-se. Gwelloc’h stourmerien n’int ket trec’hct. Skcin a reont bemdez roll he deus ur vro vihan da c’hoari er bed a-vreman: ’n un tu bennak, ha n’eo ket diskuliadennoü an rein harp da zistennan an darempredoü etrevroadel. eskibien o laka nec’het, evit doare. An aberzhioü- buhez c’hoarvezet warlene o deus degaset arc’hant A. Heusaff. d’o c’hef — nervenn ar brezel — daoust da eveshaerezh kargidi Reagan. Met kavout a rae dezho GERIOLI DIAES: di-erounidus, unworkable; e oant gouest da vont war dachenn an dilennadegoü d’application, impossible; kehedenn, dimension; bras, da heul trec’hioü o emstriverien da vare ar yun- berz-kenwerzh, trade sanctions; neptuegezh, enebih. Aze e fazient avat. Fallik a-wale’h eo bet neutrality; emstriver: candidate. evito disoc’h an dilennadeg d’an Däil, p’o doa un dek bennak a emstriverien, dreist-holl e kombodoü tost (A year after B. Sands’ death, Northern Ireland da harzoü ar 6-Kontelezh. Sklaer eo n’eo ket en abeg prisons are relatively quiet. Proposals for devolution ma oant a-du gant A.R.I. o doa dilennet an dud daou brought by J. Prior are unacceptable front an Irish eus ar yuneneberien warlene, dre gensant ganto na point of view. Inter-governmental Anglo-Irish lavaran ket. Met gouest eo Sinn Fein da levezonin relations are so severely affected by the Falklands red an darvoudoü politikel. Ma vez graet diouzh war that no progress towards a solution o f the N.l. Prior e vo dilennadeogoü d’ur Bodad-Kuzulian. 6 problem is likely for months to come.) Road Signs Degree in Breton/C.A.P.E.S.

In Brittany the vast majority of the roadsigns Now that it is possible to study full time for a indicating the name of the town or village you are Degree in Breton, there still remains the problem of entering or leaving are in French or in a Frenchified studying and being allowed to take the C.A.P.E.S. (a form of the Breton name. that is why SKOL AN competitive examination) in Breton, in order to be EMSAV, a Breton cultural Organisation, launched a appointed to teach Breton as such, and as a full-time campaign of “re-Bretonising” our place names. it subject. Otherwise students who will graduate in has been busy recently sticking large black letters Breton will still be faced with having to take the with a white background on road signs in 57 different C.A.P.E.S. in say, English or Mathematics in order towns. to teach Breton (and then only part-time). It is an They didn’t act only out of respect for Breton acute problem; the C.A.P.E.S. being an extremely toponymy but also to show their determination to difficult examination one does not see how students give Breton back its proper place in public life. would find the time to study Breton and prepare a Already a few town councils, like Karhaez (Carhaix) C.A.P.E.S. in another subject to a higher level than a have expressed their approval of the action. degree. Also if a C.A.P.E.S. is to be available in Breton, the Government will have to create a wholc structure of appointments and spend money, which it Economic Partition has not really done yet, even for the Breton Degree course, and even though there are more students registered in Roazhon in the Celtic Department than “Loire-Atlantique” , i.e. the area around An in the French one. Naoned (Nantes) was the only part of Brittany to Consequently Roazhon University students asked experience, along the estuary of the Loire river, full for the setting-up of a C.A.P.E.S. in Breton. The industrial development in the last Century. The Ministry of Education having given no answer, Naoned-St-Nazer area thus became a strong pole of Roazhon students went to the Ministry building in attraction for all the South of Brittany, the two Paris, on the 23rd of February. After having waited others being Roazhon (Rennes) as an administrative for six hours they were received by a Mr. Patten in centre and Brest as an important French naval base. change of Central Administration, but he refused to The Separation of this department from the official give them an answer. On the 24th of February they Brittany-Region and its inclusion in the so-called went to the Presidential Palace where the Council of “Pays de la Loire” could have fatal consequences for Ministers was having its weekly meeting. A “ Peti­ our economy. An industrial and economic magazine, tion” was handed to Mr. Cheramy, in Charge of Nantes-Realite, recently revealed that over 75% of Education for the President of the Republic’s Office. the Loire-Atlantique firms and enterprises work They are still waiting for an .answer. closely with the four other departments. Still, French government agencies are lavishing taxpayers’ rnoney • A campaign has been launched by Skol an Emsav in their drive to get the people of the Nantes area to to incite people to boycott the coming census; Skol identify with the artificial Pays de la Loire concept an Emsav explains that the census does not and loosen their sense of being Bretons. They appear acknowledge the “ right to be different” (a right pro- to aim at a total amputation of the Breton economy claimed a few years ago by Mitterand while in as nothing is done to remedy the poor Kemper) by not asking what languages are spoken by Communications between Roazhon and An Naoned the citizens of the French state and also by supplying while the links between the latter and Paris are census forms only in French. It is a far cry from the strengthened. Bill introduced by the socialist M.P.s before the last General Election. • ln a collective letter, nine young Bretons • Skol Ober — the correspondence school teaching announced their decision not to serve France and not Breton at all levels as well as Welsh and Esperanto — to join the French army. In supporting Herve Kerrain is celebrating its 50th anniversary of uninterrupted and Bernez Korbei, they took this stand as part of work (even during and after the war). Its team con- their struggle for national freedom. sists of more than 30 voluntary teachers, more than Kerrain and Korbei are in jail in Roazhon where the number of students in the Ist year of its establish- they are sentenced to stay until December 1983. ment. Write them in support: • Local Elections/Elections cantonnales (District) H. Kerrain and B. Korbei, No. 3354, The U.D.B. (Unvaniezh Demokratei Breizh) got Cell. 22 Ouest, 15,258 votes over 46 “ cantons” . These results seem 56 Bd J. Cartier, 35100 Roazhon, to indicate some progression when one takes into ac- Brittany. count the fact that the U.D.B. presented candidates BREIZH, monthly magazine of the Breton culture in many districts for the first time. The highest (24th year). 32 pp. Subscription 60F (outside “ score” was 9.50% in Benac'h (Belle-Isle-en- “France” 80F) to C.C.P. 2 135 53 V Rennes. In Terre?!!). However in many instances the same local French but 4 pp. in Breton. Literature, music, news, political figures which are opposed to any progressive book reviews, reports of cultural activities. Le Pradi, changes remain in power. Tredion, 56250 Elven. HERRI LEPERIJER. 7 A Dirty Trick

Yann Fanch Kemener, a talented Breton traditional singer, won this year the Charles Gros prize of the “ Academie du Patrimoine” . This is an award bestowed on 25 out of 2,000 candidates. Amazingly however, neither the Rennes Maison de la Culture (where Kemener was employed as “animateur” , i.e. Promoter of cultural activities) nor his record Company notified him of it. Having learned that he was one of the winners from a TV broadcast but too late to attend the prizegiving ceremony, he wrote to Jack Lang, the French Culture Minister explaining his absence and drawing attention to otlier causes of disappoiniment arising from the lack of measures foi the leaching of Breton and its use in the media. Subsequently, he was called to the office of the Directeur de la Maison de la Culture who told him he would be better minding his The poet Angela Duval (left) with Ivona Martin. career as a singer than as an “animateur” . So he was dismissed! That “ Maison de la Culture” is a colonialist agency concerned exclusively with tostering the prestige of French culture. The Gros prize was bringing too much honour to the Breton culture and it would have Xavier Grall given Kemener too much weight in the place. It was of no avail to say as he did that “ the riches Xavier Grall died last December not yet aged 50. A of the French civilisation includes an important poet (writing in French), a joumalist and polemicist, Celtic component” , nor do the French culture he was particularly well-known among the Breton managers share his view that “it is not in France’s public as the author of “ Le Cheval Couche” (The interest to leave the study of the Celtic heritage to Lying Horse). This was a fiery reply to the best-seller such foreign countries as the USA, Britain, “ Le Cheval d'Orgueil” (The Horse of Pride) by Per Germany, Italy, Norway, Canada, etc” : to them, Jakez Hclias. For Hclias, Brittany means the Breton, iike Basque or the German spoken in Eisass- “ Bigoudenn” country from which he hails and as it Lothringen, is not (in spite of what some believers in was at the beginning of this Century: an exclusively the “ softly, softlv catchee monkey” tactics suggest) rural world doomed to disappear. Grall strongly one of the “langues de France” attacked this view and all the supineness that it involved. Best defined, I thinlc as a libertarian Christian mystic, he contributed to various religious The Non Amnesty magazines. This never prevented him, quite the opposite, from holding the most radical political views. He did not join any party but all his writings Three Breton militants, who had been sentenced plead for Brittany. His vigorous style (reminding one for their taking part in FLB actions against the of Rimbaud at times) won him quite a few enemies. Versailles Castle and a TV Transmitter, were released Despite all this he was a man of great generosity. last year, thanks to the traditional French Before dying he wrote (translated from French): Presidential Amnesty grantcd, amongst others, to political prisoners. Lord, here 1 am, it ’s me, So they were rather shocked to discover that this of your earlh 1 ioved everything, “generous” amnesty (dixit Mitterand) doesn’t cover the seas and the seasons the financial side of the story! And they are now and the stränge men asked to pay back for the material damages: better than their ideas. 1.765.618 FR 15 which means that each of them How difficult hate is. . . . should contribute a niere 500 pounds for eighty years! Kenavo, Xavier. They will not pay. They cannot pay (two of them KRISTEN. are not working and live on less than 100 pounds per month) nor do they have the will to do it. ARMOR, monthly magazine (14th year). 72 pp. By the way, when will a French government ever Subscription 83.20F (U4.40F outside “ France), to pay us their debts? Rent unpaid for nearly two CCP Armor 26 91 70 Y Rennes, ln French. Generally hundred years, and above all, daily destruction of short news or articles on all aspects of the political, our land, our economy, our culture, our language, economic, cultural life of Brittany; a section devoted etc. and these are priceless. in each issue to particuiar areas of the country. Represents a regionalist viewpoint. 7 Pont St- KRISTEN. Jacques, 22400 LAMBAL. 8 Gyda erydiad y tomiau i’i ugeinfed ga.ni if, gwelais gralangau gwaedlyd Trysorlys Lloegr yn gwasgu fwyfwy i gorff antddifad Manaw. Hawliant eu CYMRU “ pwys o gnawd” , chwedl eu hysgrifennwr mwyaf, i dalu am gasglu Treth Gwerthiant ac i “amddiffyn” y Breuddwyd Ynteu Hunllef? werin-bobl druan, heb ystyried pwy oedd y gormeswyr o ddifrif. Yn sgil hyn oll gwelwyd tlodi yn boddi’r wlad, Ar fy nhaith lledrithiol drwy foroedd eneidiau y a’r ifanc a’r medrus yn dianc i ddiogelwch, a gwaith, cenhedloedd Celtaidd, cyrrhaeddais fangre greigiog dros y gorwel ar dir eu gormeswyr neu ymhellach. hynafol yn gorffwys yn y tarth, ei ehefndryd i bob Disgynnodd y boblogaeth 13% rhwng 1951 a 1961, ac cwr ohoni. Hon oedd Manaw, ac wrth syllu arni unwaith yn rhagor ymddangosai bod enaid y Manawyr drwy darth y gorffennol, gwelais olion hen ar fin mach lud am y tro olaf, bvth i wawrio eto, a’u tir wareiddiad cyflawn a devvr y Celtiaid cynnar. Wrth am suddo i berfeddion Mör lwerddon. Ond ym 1962 nesäu ai y lan drwy ddyfroedd amser, gwelais longau daeth gwefr newydd o gyfeiriad Douglas, ac ymroddiad rhyfel y dynion hirwalltog gwyllt, yn gorchfygu’r newydd o’r Tynw'ald i achub eu cenedl ac i’w hail- brodorion ac yn plannu hadau eu traddodiadau adeiladu ar sylfaen gadarn. Penderfynnwyd gweddio i Llychlynaidd yn nhir Manaw. Gvveler y brodorion Ddwir hollalluog y cyfnod — Duw Arian — am eu a ’u gorchfygwyr fei un cenedl yn gwrthsefyU iachawdwriaeth. Gostyngwyd y trelhi i ddenu eu pobl ymosodiadau yr Albanwyr ar eu meddiant o graig a ifanc i aros. ac i ddenu i’w' plith hefyd fasnachwyr a gwenithlaen. bancwyr cyfoethog. Wrth ddynesu at y lan gyfoes rhywfaint, cefais BuT feddyginiaeth yn fuddiol iawn i’r claf, a weld y Llychlynwyr yn ennill eu dilys glod am sefydlu gwelwyd llewyrch na fu erioed o’r blaen ar Fanaw. Senedd Lywodraethol ar yr Ynys yn y ddegfed Bu cynnydd yn y boblogaeth o 30% rhwng 1961 a ganrif. Efelychiad cain ydoedd o’u sefydliadau 1976, ond disgynnodd y boblogaeth gynhenid o’i cyffelyb yn Norwy, ac fe ddathlwyd genediagaeth y 82% ym 1891 i lai na 50% ym 1976. Sylweddolodd gwarchodwr yma o hawliau Manaw drwy ei fedyddio rhai proffwydi lei Mec Vannin ac Yn Cheshaght yn “ Thing-Völlr” , fei ei berthnasau yn Llychlyn a Ghailckagh (Cymdeithas yr laith Fanaweg) bod eu Gwlad yr lä. Drwy’r tarth gwelais bron i ddeg canrif llywodraeth yn gwerthu enaid eu cenedl i Dduw (neu o ymladd a gwarchod eu hetifeddiaeth gan drigolion diafol?) arian. ’Roedd eu meddyliau yn chwantus am dewr brenhiniaeth fechan. Gwelais waed cymysg fwy o’r cyffur, y feddyginiaeth yn drech na hwy. Ond Celtaidd a Llychlynaidd yn lliwio’r dyfroedd. roedd paw'b ar eu “trip” yn fyddar i rybuddion y Gwibiodd golygfeydd gwrthun o ladrata einioes ac proffwydi. ’Roedd goleuni cyfoeth a llewyrch yn eu enaid cenedl heibio. Daeth eu cyd-Geltiaid, yr dallu i’r peryglon. “ Mac hunanladdiad yn drosedd yn Albanwyr, i hawlio eu heiddo, (an eu gorchfygaeth erbvn phob egwyddor gwaraidd’.’, meddai’r proffwydi hwythau hefyd gan fyddinoedd Lloegr ym 1333. drwy’r goleuni tywyll, “ Boed yn unigolyn, teulu neu Er i leisian y proffwydi atsain o gopa Snaefell i’r chenedl”. Ond ni chlvwodd y rhai cystuddiedig y arfodir garw na welai Manaw olau rhyddid eto, ni derfysg yn berwi rhywle allan yn y mör. Erbyn 1981 un fachludodd ei gobeithion yn llwyr. Er i ffynhonnell y aelod yn unig allan o’r 24 yn y Tynwald oedd yn goleuni bron a dilTodd o’m mlaen ar y gorwel sawl cynrychioli’r cenedlaetholw yr. Bu farvv siaradwr gwaith ar fy ngwibdaith drwy gefnfor y canrifoecld, brodorol olaf yr iaith vm 1976. bu’r marwor yn mud-losgi i’w hail-gynnau gyda Clywais daran yn atsain dros y dyfroedd wrth i’r dyfodiad phob cenhedlaeth newydd. Teintlais Ynys ddiflannu o fy ngolwg yn y niwl a oedd yn styfnigrwydd a dyfalbarhad y Manawyr i wynebu brysur ddychwelyd-niwl y dyfodol. ’Roedd hwn mwy pob her ac anhawster, ac yn bennaf i warchod eu trwehus na tharth y gorffennol a welais yn hetifeddiaeth yn y Tynwald, fei yr ail-fedyddiwyd y gynnharach. Ni welais eu tynged — tybed ä atgyfododd “Thing-Völlr” fei ai'r canrifoedd heibio. y genedl unigryw yma unwaith eto? Nepell o’r lan, a’r presennol yn agosau, gwelais holl nerth Ymerodraeth Lloegr yn ildio rhywfaint i’r IAN LLYFNWY. unig gencdl Geltaidd gyda rhyw’faint o annibynniaeih gw'leidyddol. Yn y flwyddyn 1865 daeth llawennydd ★ ★ ★ niawr wrth i’r Ynyswyr ddathlu cam hollbwysig ymlaen, sef sicrhau yr hawl i’r brodorion (A fantasy voycige through the mists o f time leac/s the benderfynnu, trwy eu Senedd, ar eu blaenoriaethau author to con/emp/ate on Mannin’s history and its cyllidol. Daeth ton o falchter i’m cyfeiriad, gan yn hopes Jor the /untre). awr ym Manaw y penderfynnir ym mhle ac ar ba wasanaethau y gwerir phob ceiniog o incwm eu gwlad, ac eithrio “cyfranniad" o £10,000 yn flynyddol i Adran Dollau llywodraeth Llundain. Bu No Money llewyrch ar yr Ynys am hanner-canrif, a’r hunan- lywodraeth ynm cael ei fwynhau’n enfawr a ’i weithredu’n gain, er i‘w Senedd fod yn atebol i San Plaid Cymru is facing a financial crisis and the Sieffan, ym niherson y “ Lieutenant-Governor” a President Dafydd Wigley, has threatened to resign apwyntwyd ganddynt yn enw brenhines Lloegr. unless the £40,000 bank overdraft is cleared before Teilais fy hunan yn angylchynu Manaw yn yr the end of May. “ The risk of liaving to resign is no ugeinfed ganrif, yn disgwyl iddi ymddangos o’r un more of a risk in reality than holding on to Office and blaenorol. Wrth edrych dros fy ysgwydd gweiais not being able to do anything because of the lack of grair o gyfnod trefedigol Lloegr, gweddillion eu finance,” he said. ymerodraeth murddunedig. of the most scandalous injustices sutfered by the Direct Action on the Welsh — and one suffered equally by Welsh-speakers and English-speakers alike. Water Rate IFAN LLOYD.

Water has always been the most successful issue Plaid Cymru have had an “ incredible” response to for mobilising opinion behind the nationalist cause in their water campaign. It is now estimated that Wales, perhaps because it is the only natural resource thousands of Welsh ratepayers have decided not to which we not only have in abundance but to excess. pay their water bills for this year as a protest against No-one who has ever lived in Wales could fail to the exorbitant rates in Wales compared to English realise that we have an adequate supply of rain — authorities, despite the fact that Wales exports a and most of our visitors spend much of their stay cur- substantial amount of water to those authorities. sing the stuff. In the past it was the destruction of oui Whole towns and villages have decided to join the communities to build reservoirs to supply Birm­ campaign and the Welsh Water Authority are now ingham and Liverpool which caused bitterness; now seriously worried. Over 700 bills have been collected it is the extraordinary l'ael ihat the Welsh are having in Merthyr Tudful alone. to pay far niore for water than the people of these English cities who have stolen our water. At present Wales produces 180 milliard gallons of Death of Jennie Eirian Davies water p.a. of which the English take nearly half — 88 milliard gallons, nearly all of it for the Birmingham Welsh-speaking Wales was shocked to hear of the and Liverpool conurbations. The average charges for sudden death of Mrs. Jennie Eirian Davies, editor of supplying water to a house during 1981/2 were: the weekly “ Y Faner” , on May 6th, aged 56. She had been prominent for many years in nationalist circles Wales £66.76 and had stood twice as a Plaid Cymru candidate in Severn-Trent (which includes Birmingham) £56.78 Carmarlhen during the fifties. She had been active in North-West (which includes Liverpool) £54.47 several Welsh cultural movements. though the Welshmen may live in sight of the reser­ A week before her death she had announced her voirs which supply the English town and suffers all resignation as editor of “ Y Faner’ after a period of the disadvantages of a heavy rainfall while getting three and a half years, complaining that the work was none of the benefits. Not only the householder suf­ too much for one person. During Lhat period she had fers: the whole of Welsh industry is put at a disad- increased the circulation of the Arts Council-backed vantage compared with the English Midlands and magazine to around 3,500 and had earned the praise North-West by the theft of our own water. Many in­ of many for the way she had given new tife to the dustrial processes from the manufacture of beer to magazine. that of plastic require the use of large quantities of Her body was found in the bath by her son, poet water, which encourages investment where it is and playwrighl Sion Eirian, in her home near Mold. cheapest. You only have to look at the table below According to the police there were no suspicious cir- showing the price of water for industrial use per cumstances. No date had been fixed for the inquest at 1,000 gallons to conclude that the wise industrialist the time of writing. will go to England: Five Detained on Wales ...... 100p Severn-Trent...... 94.1p Explosives Charges North-West...... 88p During the first weeks of May five people were ar- And in 1982/3 the disparity is to be far worse; the rested and appeared in courts on charges connected Welsh water rate has increased by 18.3%; that in Bir­ with explosives in Pontypridd and Cardiff last Oc- mingham by only 7.4%. tober during the South Wales visit of the Prince and Plaid Cymru’s political prospects have been look- Princess of Wales. ing remarkably poor lately. An opinion poll in the Nicholas Peter Hodges, a 22 year old clerk from autumn which showed the Welsh electorate: Cardiff, and Adrian Clifford Stone, aged 21 of Car­ diff, have been charged with intent to cause explo- Labour...... 44% sions which could endanger life or cause damage to SDP-Liberal Alliance...... 33% the property of the British Steel Corporation in Conservatives...... 15% Gabalfa, Cardiff, last October. Gareth Kevin Plaid Cymru...... 7% Westacott, 27, an employee of the Welsh folk museum at Sain Ffagan, Cardiff, was charged with a must have made Plaid Cymru’s leaders realise that similar offence relating to an army recruiting Office nothing faces them but oblivion, if, when disillusion­ in Pontypridd. David Frederick Burns, aged 23 of ment with the present Westminster government and Canton, Cardiff is charged with the same offence. with the present System of government is obviously Jennifer Ann Smith, a 28 year old Cardiff nurse is widespread in the Welsh electorate, they can rely on charged with having possession under suspicious cir- so few of the disillusioned. They decided to open a cumstances of explosive substances. campaign on Ist March of refusal to pay the water They all appeared together before Cardiff rates, using the subsequent court proceedings as an magistrates on May 7 and were remanded in custody opportunity to make Propaganda about what is one 10 until the following week. LEARNING THE CELTIC LANGUAGES

GA1DHLIG/SCOTTISH GAEL1C Gäidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) may be Iearned from textbooks, cassettes and records and by attending courses. Any enquiries regarding Iearning Gaelic, courses, materials etc. may be sent to An Comunn Gaidhealach, Abertarff House, Church Street, Inverness. Audio Courses (a) GÄIDHLIG BHEO (Living Gaelic): The only available audio-lingual correspondence tuition course; commissioned by An Comunn Gaidhealach; published and administered by the National Extension College, 18 Brooklands Ave., Cambridge. Set of four volumes and six tapes plus personal tuition by correspondence. Enquire re enrolment to the National Extension or (for purchase of materials only) to An Comunn Gaidhealach. (b) BLASAD GÄIDHLIG: Self-tuition single cassette and 20 pp. booldet introduction to Gäidhlig; simple conversation: price £4.60+ p&p 46p. (c) GAELIC MADE EASY: Four booklets (price from £0.60 to £1.00 each) and matching cassettes (price £3.00 each); seif tuition audio-lingual course of 43 lessons. Self-Tuition Courses — Textbooks (no tape/cassette complement): BUN CHURSA GHAIDHLIG (Basic Gaelic Course( £2.40+ p&p 61p. GAELIC FOR ‘O’ GRADE (LEARNERS): £1.00 + p&p 30p. GAELIC SELF TAUGHT: £3.00+ p&p 40p. Residential Courses Details of Weekend and Summer Courses for Gaelic learners may be had from: An Comunn Gaidhealach, Abertarff House, Church Street, Inverness. Sabhal Mor Ostaig (Gaelic College), An Teanga, Isle of Skye. Edinburgh University (Extra Mural), Edinburgh. Enquiries re this and additional material and/or Orders to An Comunn Gaidhealach, Abertarff House, Church Street, Inverness.

BREZONEG/BRETON

Note:— While the Celtic League advocates further efforts to arrive at an Overall agreement on the spelling of Breton, the fact is that three main spellings are in use. We indicate them in brackets after the titles of the books and courses by giving the initials of the main publications using them: Al Liamm, Ärud Nevez, Pobl Kreizh. AL is used by the great majority of publications. Readers will have no difficulty in adapting from one spelling to the others. All addresses in Brittany unless otherwise stated. Textbooks/Records/Cassettes: Explanations in Welsh: Zonia Bowen: Llydaweg i’r Cymro (AL). Llyfrau’r Faner, Y Bala, Gwynedd, Wales. 1977, 129 pp. Stg£1.75. Includes guide to Pr, Vo, Gr, Ex, An, Lx (Br-Cym, Cym-Br.). The records/cassettes of BREZHONEG BUAN HAG AES can be made use of. Rita Williams: BREZHONEG BUAN HAG AES, (AL) adapted from the French Version. Wales University Press, 6 Gwennyth St., Cathays, Cardiff. Also: Cyflwyno’r Llydaweg. Book and cassettes £6.95 from Sip y Pethe, Ffordd y Mör, Aberystwyth.

Explanations in English: Remont Delaporte: BREZHONEG BUAN HAG AES (AL). Cork University Press, Ireland. 1977. 256 pp. Inel. guide to Pr, Vo, Di, Gr, Ex, 111. Uses same records/cassettes as the French Version.

Explanations in French: Per Denez: BREZHONEG BUAN HAG AES (AL). Omnivox, 8 rue de Berri, Paris 75008. 1972. 256 pp. Guide to Pr, Vo, Di, Gr, Ex, 111. Lays stress on structure of Breton. 2 cassettes or 5 records 33 rpm (17 cm). Roparz Hemon: COURS ELEMENTAIRE DE BRETON (AL). Al Liamm, 2 Venelle Poulbriquen, 29200 Brest. 1975 (8th ed.). Vo, Di, Rd, Ex, Gr. 144 pp. 2 cassettes for the first 20 lessons, published by Hör Yezh, 1 Plasenn ch. Peguy, 29260 Lesneven. 11 Kalvez-Desbordes-Abalart: HERVE HA NORA (AL). Skol. Available from Hör Yezh, see above. 1979. 2 Bks., 176 pp. and 184 pp. Indicates Pr for all words in the IPA. Jos Korbei: OBERT GANT AR BREZHONEG. (AL) Available from J. Corbel, Eider, Font de l’Ange, 83400 Hyeres, France. 6 fascicules, to learn in a practical manner the structures of Breton. Le Du-Le Berre: AR BREZHONEG DRE ZELLED, KLEVED, KOMZ HA LENN (BN). Centre de Recherche Bretonne et Celtique, Fac. des Lettres, BP 860, 29279 Brest-Cedex. Cassettes (8 hours), Südes (1 sentence on each) and cards with illustrations. Andreo Merser: BREZONEG PAZENN HA PAZENN (BN). Ar Helenner, 6 ru Beaumarchais 29200 Brest. 1 book + 2 cassettes. Specially intended to help to tearn variations in pronunciation. Fanch Morvannou: L.E BRETON SANS PEINE (PV). Assimil, 13 rue Gay-Lussac, 94430 Chennevi£res-sur- Marne, France. Three books, totalling ca. e 1000 pp. Cassettes giving Upper Kernev and Gwened Prs. Based on the ordinary everyday language. Visant Seite: AR BREZONEG DRE RADIO (BN). From the author, Ti-Karre, 29150 Kastellin. 2 books, complemented bv one cassette each, giving a Leon pr. J. Tricoire: KOMZOM, LENNOM HA SKRIVOM BREZONEG (BN). Emgleo Breiz, BP 17, 29200 Brest. Bk. 1: 2 records/1 cassette; Bk. 2: 4 cassettes. Correspondence Courses. No fees but students bear the cost of postage. SKOL OBER (AL). Gwaremm Leur-Vaen, Plufur, 22310 Plistin. Tel. (96) 35 67 99. AR SKOL DRE LIZHER (BN). Ti-Karre, 29150 Kastellin. AR SKOL VREZONEG (BN), 6 ru Beaumarchais, 29200 Brest. SKOL DRE LIZHER AR FALZ (PV, BN), A. Deshayes, 15 Bd de Bretagne, 29000 Kemper. Oral Courses: Crash Course: One week, 8 hours of study daily, early July. Formation Continue, Universite de Haute-Bretagne, Av. G. Berger, 25043 Rennes-Cedex. Crash Course: July 21-31, 1982. Two groups for beginners, through Welsh. Rita Williams, Welsh Dept., University College, Aberystwyth, Dyfed. Cours Intensif de / ’Universite d ’Ete. Similar to Crash Course, Rennes. Early August (preceding Lorient Festival). An Ao. Floc’h, Institut Consulaire (Cours de Breton), 11 Straed Kergelen, 56100 An Oriant/Lorient. Kamp Elrekeitiek ar Vrezhonegerien, 2nd forlnight in July. 44 Straed J. Rameau, 29000 Kemper. Skol an Emsav. Several courses, more oriented than the others towards information on economic and political Problems. 8 Straed Hoche, 35000 Roazhon/Rennes. F.O.L. Courses/Al Leur Nevez■ Summer. A. Merser, 6 ru Beaumarchais, 29200 Brest. Other courses combine manual work with the practice of Breton, or suitable for children, for trainee teachers, for Catholics, etc. For additional information, write to J. Ab Her ve-G wegen, Kerberenez, 29260 Lesneven, ENCLOSINC. INTERNATIONAL COUPON RESPONSE.

CYMR AEG/WELSH

Boo ks/Reco rds/Casset tes/T a pes: W. J. Davies & J. /. Owen: GADEWCH I NI SIARAD 1 & 2. Clwyd County Council, 1973. 53 pp. 20 tapes. £9 each(?). For use with language laboratory or tape recorder and designed primarily for third year learners. J. Idris Evans & Bernard Evans: DEWCH I SIARAD 1 & 2. BBC Pubücations, 35 Marylebone High St., London WIM 4AA. 1973 & 1974. 72 pp., 55p each. These booklets accompany a series of 26 radio broadcasts (1976) for listeners with no previous knowledge of Welsh. Cassettes 1 & 2 £3.30 (1978; Record 1 £2.10; Record 2 £2.32). Dan L. James: CWRS CYMRAEG LLAFAR/Conversational Welsh Course. Chr. Davies, 1970. Book 1, 276 pp., £3.95 hardback (1978&. Records/Cassettes £2.25 each. Suitable for the learner to study at home or in evening classes; 30 di.s. Book 2, 270 pp., £3.95 (1981); Records/Cassettes £2.25 each; 30 additional units for learning and practising. LINGUAPHONE COURSE IN WELSH. Linguaphone Institute Ltd., 207 Regent St., London WIR SAU. £63.50, covering the cost of a tutor to supervise the learning by correspondence. WELSH FOR LEARNERS. Yr Uned laith, Brook St., Trefforest, Pontypridd, MidGlam 1978. Book £3.50 accompanied by two different sets of aids: Tape/Cassette £10 + VAT; Film £5.00 + VAT. Several books/booklets have been published for adult learners/secondary school students by such publishers as D. Brown a ’i Feibion, Gwasg Corner, Y Lolfa, Chr. Davies, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru but are not listed here because it does not appear that they are accompanied by aids to Pr. Catalogue available from Y Ganolfan Technoleg Addysg, Canolfan Dinesig y Sir, Yr Wyddgrug, Clwyd, CH7 1YA. Many library authorities now have a Welsh CAS/REC/Tape Service with membership at a reasonable annual subscription rate. Details from Llyfrgellydd Dyfed, St. y Gorfforaeth, Aberystwyth. 11 Correspondence Courses: An Approach to Welsh: a lape and correspondence course. National Extension College, 8 Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge, England. Polytechnic of Wales Correspondence Course c/o Dr Slater, Trefforest, Pontypridd MidGlam. 40 units with tapes £45. Also consult Yr Uned laith, Brook St., Trefforest, Pontypridd, Morgannwg Ganol (O Level) or Mr Merfyn Morgan, Llys Caron, Lon Dewi, Caernarfon, Gwynedd (A Level).SKOL OBER, Gwaremm Leur-Vaen, Plufur 22310 Plistin, Brittany also teaches Welsh through Breton. Oral Courses: Residential Courses are organised, mainly in July or August by Yr Adran Efrydiau Allanol by either of the foilowing University Colleges: Aberystwyth (9 Glan-y-Mör); Bangor, Gwynedd; or Caerdydd (38/40 Heol y Parc); Also by Coleg Harlech, Harlech, Gwynedd; by the MidGlamorgan Education Authority; and by Yr Uned laith, Brook St., Trefforest, Pontypridd, Morgannwg Ganol. Urdd Gobaith Cymru, Heol Llanbadarn, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, also organises residential courses for young people, aged 10 to 20 years. University Ulpan Course: Enquiries to be addressed to the Research and Development Officer for the Teaching of Welsh to Adults, 6 Gwenith Street, Cathays, Cardiff CF2 4YD. (a) l .ong term Intensive Courses taking the learner through the language from heginning (some previous preparation will be an advantage) to the stage of practical competence; (b) residential courses such as the 8-week course at St. David’s University College, Lampeter, Dyfed (400 hours of teaching time); (c) day-time courses of approximately 200 hours, available on the basis of 3 hours per day or 1 Zi hours per day in Caerdydd and Ban gor. ATwo Year Residential Course for Adults: intended for students with little or no knowledge of Welsh who wish to become fluent in the spoken and written language and who wish to study Welsh literature. Details from: The Warden, Coleg Harlech, Harlech, Gwynedd.

GAEILGE/1R1SH

Books/Records/Cassettes: M. Dillon/D. O Coinin: TEACH YOURSELF IRISH. Hodder & Stoughton, London 1977. Ppb. 255 pp., Stg£0.95. 2 LP records issued by Gael-Linn, 26 Cearnog Mhuirfean, Äth Cliath 2, 1R£5.56. Based on the Munster dialect, this course is academically based. T. ÖDomhnallain: BUNTUS CAINTE. Oifig an tSolathair, Äth Cliath 1. 3 Bkl: Part 1,-134 pp'., 10p. Part 2, 156 pp., 5 p. Part 3, 157 pp., 5 p. in ppb., available separately. Each pari is complemented by 2 LP records and cassette 1R£7.62 issued by Gael-Linn. Prn, not indicated in the bkl., is Connemara-based. This course, first broadcast on TV, is based on research on the frequency with which words and phrases are used in conversation by native Speakers. D. Ö Donnchudhu: LINGUAPHONE/GAEL-LINN COURSE, 1R£67.80. A conversational course available in a compact carrying case containing 16 45 rpm records or alternatively 3 C60 cassettes as w-ell as the course’s illustrated textbook. An advisory correspondence Service is provided by Linguaphone. R. MacGabhann: CURSA CLOSAMHA1RC GAE1LGE. Andersontown News, Belfast, 1978. Ppb. 81 pp., Stg£l. 10. Available separately 6 cassettes 1R£6.00. Only part 1 of this course is available at present. Prn. based on the Ulster dialect. M. Ö Siadhail: LEARNING IRISH. An Institiuid Ard-Leinn, Baile Ätha Cliath, 1980. Ppb. 331 pp., IR£5.00. Äset of 3 cassettes IR£5.00. This course, based on the dialect of Cois Fharraige, West Galway, consists of a graduated series of lessons, exc. for self-testing and prn. coded according to the IPA. The cassette recordings, as well as teaching the sound System, cover all the texts in the book. E. O Tuathail: CURSA GAEILGE GAELEAGRAS NA SE1RBH1SE POIBLL Bord na Gaeilge, 7 Cearnog Mhuirfean, Äth Cliath 2. The course consists of a Teacher’s Handbook, a Workbook for students and a cassette with lessons and Prn drills. The price of 1R£12 includes 8 copies of the Workbook, additional copies of which may be purchased 1R£1.50 each. The course is especially designed for teachers teaching Irish to adults and presupposes that the students studied Irish at school for a number of years. All the publications and material listed above as well as dictionaries, readers for intermediate students, grammars, may be purchased from AN SIOPA LEABHAR, 6 Sräid Fhearchair, Äth Cliath 2. (Money or postal Orders to be made payable to CLODHANNA Teo. 20% extra for postage, and for Orders from within the Irish Republic 10% for V.A.T. on records, 25% on cassettes.

Oral Courses for Beginners: Gael-Linn organises crash courses in Dublin for adults, of 3 to 5 weeks duration. Comharchumann Cois Fharraige organises, in Cooperation with the Irish Branch of the Celtic League (f/c Maire Bhreathnach, 58 Br. an Bhainbh, Cabrach, Äth Cliath 7) a summer course for beginners including lectures on subjects related to the language and the history of Ireland, tours, an introduction to Irish dances. 13 Radio & TeJefis Eireann will in the Autumn of 1982 rc-broadcast ANOIS IS AR1S, a course for adults who have already an elementary knowledge of Irish. An Irish Crash Course through the medium of Welsh, for two groups of beginners is being organised by the Department of Irish (Prof. E. Evans), University College, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales. July 21 to 31, 1982. Numberous courses to help children and teenagers with school Irish to gain fluency in the language are organised by Gael-Linn and various other associations or private bodies, chiefly in Summer in the Gaeltacht. Information from Comhdhail Naisiünta na Gaeilge, 86 Sr. Gardnar, Äth Cliath 1. Courses for adults, conversation classes, exist on a more or less regulär basis in many towns and cities, not only in Ireland but also in Britain, the USA, Canada and Australia. The Irish branch secretary (Celtic League) will welcome more precise Information about them.

GAILK/MANX

The Manx language may be learned from books, cassettes or recoid. BUNNEYDYS, a course for learners similar to Buntüs Cainte (Irish). 2 books £1.00 each; cassette (book 1) probably £3.00. CHENGEY NY MAYREY, based on recordings of native Speakers. REC/CAS £4.00. CONVERSATION AL MANX, J. Geill, 60p. Neddy Beg. Stories, Manx and English, 50p. Cassette of Conversational Manx with some Ned Beg stories £3.00. FIRST LESSONS IN MANX. E. Goodwin & R. L. Thomson, £1.00. FURTHER LESSONS IN MANX. R. L. Thomson, a grammatical commentary on Noo Ean (St John’s Gospel). £6.00. Noo Ean, 40p. Dictionaries, etc. Complete Publications list from Mrs. J. Bayliss, 23 Church St., Peel, Isle of Man.

KERN EW EK /CORN1SH

The Cornish language may be learned from textbooks and tape cassettes. All prices need checking. C. Fudge and G. Sandercock: KERNEWEK MAR PLEK. Part 1 £1.95, CAS. 2x30 min. £2.40. Part 2 £2.05, CAS. £2.40 (Postage and packaging additional). 1980 prices. R. Gendall: KERNEWEK BEW. A modern approach to Cornish. £1.50. Available from the author, Shaftdown, Gwinear, Hayle, Cornwall. Enquire if tape 53A in. still available. Textbooks only: C. Blee: Lyver Lavarow Kernewek £0.50. J. Page: First Steps in Cornish; Grammar 1, 2, 3; guides to the use of the verb “to be” ; Whethlow Noweth ha Coth. Available singly, or at the inclusive price of £1.00 as a complete series. P.A.S. Pool: Cornish for Beginners. £1.00. A.S.A. Smith: Lessons in spoken Cornish. £0.25. Sound Recordings: Crowdy Crawn, Songs and prose by Brenda Wooton and Richard Gendall. 1 12" LP Record £1.50. Kewsyn Kernewek. 6 easy lessons in spoken Cornish with accompanying handbook, Cornish songs and music. 1 C-60 Cassette £2.00. Sing Cornish. Song by J. King, Jan Williams, Mervyn Davey and a musical Version of “Jowan Chy an Horth” , by Bryan Webb. 1 C-60 cassette £2.00. All the above, and other books (dictionaries, readers with translations, sound recordings, etc.) — except for KERNEWEK BEW — available from the Cornish Language Board, c/o Miss Joyce Foster, 39 Northfield Drive, Truro, Cornwall, or from Cowethas an Yeth Kernewek, c/o Bryan Webb, 29 Midway Drive, Uplands Park, Truro. Occasional courses, for students of all ages, are organised by the Cornish Language Board. Classes exist in some 20 centres in Cornwall, and in London and Bristol: details from Jowan King, Ty a Wel, Bolanhen, Crewan, Cornwall. PUBLISHED BY THE CELTIC LEAGUE. General Secretary; Alan Heussaff, 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, Dromchonrach, B.Ä.C. 9. Eire

14 Welsh Responses to Independent TV Producer Falkland Crisis for S4C

The response of the Welsh people, or certain sec- On May 14 the independent television Company tions at least, to the Falkland crisis, has been very Barcut (Kite) got off the ground and gave details of different to the bloodthirsty response of the English. its future plans and equipment purchased so far. The The two Plaid Cymru MP’s, Dafydd Wigley and Company is based at Caernarfon and is different in Dafydd Elis Thomas, made a strong appeal to the one important respect from the 40 or so other in­ Prime Minister to settle the crisis through interna­ dependent producers who have sprung up overnight tional rather than nationalistic means. They express- all over Wales to prepare programmes for the Welsh ed their strong disapproval to the military way out of television channel S4C (pronouneed Es Pedwar Ec) the crisis which they described as “ insecure and im­ — Sianel 4 Cymru. It is an outside broadcast unit moral” . which will be hired out to the various independent One thing that make the Welsh even more cautious producers at a price of around £1,000 a day. The is the strong possibility that Welsh soldiers in the equipment itself has cost around £500,000. British army would be facing soldiers of Welsh des- The director of Barcut is Gwilym Owen, form er cent in the Argentine army. The two MP’s made a director of Bwrdd Ffilmiau Cymru, also former special appeal to the government to resist bombing presenter with HTV, and the Chairman is Huw Jones mainland air bases such as Trelew, the town in Pata- of the Sain record Company, referred to recently as gonia where the largest Welsh population still live. ‘‘one of the few Welsh-speaking entrepreneurs” ! Such action would be regarded with great horror in Wales, they said. Up until the crisis worsened, HTV news Pro­ gramme “ Y Dydd” had their own correspondent in Argentina, beaming nightly reports back to Cardiff by satellite. Russell Isaac speaks Spanish fluently NINNA U since his College days, when he spent a year in Patagonia as part of his sociology course, and has THE NORTH AMERICAN WELSH NEWSPAPER some influence, it seems, with some high ranking of- NINNAU will make you ficers in the Argentine army, thus securing r visa into PROUD OF YOUR WELSH ROOTS the counlry during the present crisis. Interviewing people of Welsh descent in Patagonia (in Welsh of NINNAU (pronouneed nin-eye) means “ we, also” . course!) it became apparent that they supported their NINNAU — THE BEST GIFT own government and saw it as England's quanel. For one year subscription send £4.00 or $8.00 to: NINNAU PUBL1CATIONS 11 Post Terrace, Basking Ridge, N.J. 07920 Latest Census Figures

The reaction to the 1981 census figures concerning the Welsh language has been mixed. The figures show a two per cent drop since 1971.— from 21 to 19 per cent. Some have seen the figure as further proof of inevitable decline. On the other hand it is the sinailest decline since the war and is not as bad as some people had feared. In some counties the numbers have actually increased. However, it is still too early to make any meaningful assessments since the details regarding age groups and the Situation parish by parish have not yet been released.

Courses at Nant Gwrtheyrn

The first three weekend language courses have LEVRIOU PLADENNOU BOOKS OF CELTIC been held at Canolfan Nant Gwrtheyrn, the derelict ART KELTIEK INTEREST, RECORDS, village on the LI$n peninsula which is being restored CELTIC ART and re-built with the help of MSC (Manpower Ser­ RENER/MANAGER: GWELTAZ AR FÜR vices Commission) workers. One building has been 2 Straed ar Roue Gradion completed and another will be completed by the Sum­ 29000 Kemper mer. Further courses are planned during the next PgztPhone: (98) 95 42 82 months. 15 Döanann muid cäs le d'fhear cöile ionmhain Cathal agus le do mhaicin grämhar Caomhän agus lena EIRE muintir ar fad ar uair a mbrise is a n-anachana. Geallann muid döibh är gcünamh is är dtacaiocht sa saol atä rompu, le teann ömöis döibh fein, agus le teann ömöis do do chuimhnese, a Chaitlin. Ni bheadh se feiliünach nä träthiüil an läthair seo a Aitheasc Cois (Jaigh fhgäil inniu gan cüpla ceathrü bheag filiochta a aithris i d'önöir, a ChaitUn, a bhunrion na bhjili. Agus nä duine ChaitUn Maude, R.I.P. is fearr a d'aithriseodh na ceathrüna ceantta nä do sheanchara dilis an Dochtüir Mäirtin Ö Direäin 8 Meitheamh 1982 priomheigeas Eireann. Ina theannta sin dearfaidh do chara is do chomhfhile Tomäs Mac Siomöin dän de do chuid fein. Tä muid tagtha le cheile anseo inniu lenar gcara dilis Mäs i gcre na eitle fein do do cholainn chaornh, a Caitlin a chur i gcre na eitle. Dia linn! Is brönach, is ChaitUn, maireann do spiorad i gcroi do chairde agus tubaisfeach agus is räeanmhar an tasc e. A Chaitlin na mairftdh go brach. rann, is, a ChaitUn na n-amhrän, is tma linn do shraith a bheith ar lär. CIARÄN Ö C01GLIGH. Mas gearr fein an saol a fuair tu, a ChaitUn, nt häibheil a rä go raibh tu ar dhuine de na daoine is mö riamha chuir rud ann don Ghaeilge is do shaoithiülacht (The above is the oration given at the graveside of na hEireann. Chans a mhair tü, agus fearacht an Caitlin Maude. Traditional airs associated with Chadhnaigh a raibh an oiread meas aige ort, agus Caitlin were played during her furteral Mass and agatsa airsean, ba e athreimniü na Gaeilge ba mhö a Jöllowing the oration at the grave her poem “A Dhe” bhiodh ag deanamh imni duit. Agus fearacht an was read followed by Dr. Mairttn Ö Direäin reading Chadhnaigh b ’ionann athreimniü na Gaeilge, dar ieat, his poem to Caitlin>. agus athghabhäil na hEireann. Bafhile ar fönamh thü, a ChaitUn, a chothaigh S t i l ar leith a fäisceadh as nascadh idir nösanna cumadöireachta agus reacaireachta är sinsear agus guth Death of Caitlin Maude togair düshlänach do linne. Mar a/nhrdnai ar an sean-nös ba tü an smear tnhuflaigh uilig. I\i he amhäin gur chuir do ghlör binn Caitlin Maude, poet, writer, singer and actress rimead ar phobal na Gaeitachta agus ar Ghaeilgeoiri na died in Dublin on June 6th. Dark haired Caitlin of tire tri cheile, ach chuir tü ina lut ar an saol Eödlach, the flashin 2; blue eyes and free spirit! A unique agus ar an saol tnör da n-abrainn e, gur foirtn ealüine combination of talents which merged to give voicc an sean-nös a bhfuil anam scoite dibrithe na Fichiü and expression to the essence of the living culture hAoise in ann freagairt di agus suaimhneas a fhäil ina associated with the Irish language. A combination läthair. which tapped the deep traditions of the Gaeltacht Ba e a fhearacht sin i geäs na drämaiochta e. Bhi and formed a bridge between them and modern üdair mhöra na drämaiochta faoi dhraiocht ag feabhas urban life. Who eise could enthrall a gathering with do chuid aisteoireachta. Leirigh tü le do thalann her rendering of a traditional song sung in the chumasach fein mar aisteoir agus mar dhrämadöir, go centuries old sean-nös style and continue to an raibh an Ghaeilge acmhainneach agus feiliünach le equally attentive audience with a reading of one of haghaidh äbhar ar bith da chustacht, da dhoimhne nö her own poems dealing with the philosophical da chonspöidi a ionramhäil. Problems of present day living or the sterility of Nil ghne den saol nur chuir tü suim inti. Ba leathan suburban life? an leitheoireacht a dheantü. Ba dhomhain an Imagination, spontaneity, dignity, a great integrity sntaoineamh — nö an mharana mar ab äil leat fein a and a thirst for perfection ensured that whatever ihabhairt uir — ba dhomhain an mharana a dheantü ur Caitlin did or underlook she performed with style gach uile ni. Ba chiallnthar, ba dhomhain, b 'aibi agus and flair and gave her whole heart to. Her poetry ba mhisniüil do chaint da reir. and singing came straighl from her soul. Caitliri’s Thttig tü go binn gurb iad an cairdeas agus an horizons were broad and her intellect keen. She was chotnhbhä dhü thaca riachtanacha na müinteoireachta. widely read and had a special compassion for the Bhi toradh ceadach ar do chuid iarrachtai da reir. dispossessed and the wretched of the earth. Nuair a thuig tü gur rheastaigh club söisialta Caitlin was born in the Connemara Gaeltacht 41 Gaelach, bhunaigh tü ceann ar fönamh. Nuair ba leir years ago and was reared in Cill Bhriocäin, Rosmuc. gur rheastaigh scoil lan-Ghaelach, chuidigh tü lena Her acting won her attention during her years at bitttü in achar gearr, is chuidigh lena riaradh. Nuair ba i University College , Galway and later she received an agöidab fhearr a d'fheil, chuaigh tü ina bun le fonn. acclaim at home and abroad for her part in “ An Bhi gru as cuintse agat don chül le rath is don duine Triail’’ by Mairead Ni Ghräda. Caitlin co-authored, ar bheagän deise. Ba charthanacht ar fad do with Michael Hartnett, a play “ An Lasair Choille” mhaircachtäil. which was regularly performed and was a particular Is saibhride är saol uilig är dteagmhäil leat. Beidh favourite with Gaeltacht drama groups. cuimhne na teagmhäla ceantta sin mar thaca is mar Caitlin began writing at an early age and gained üdar ntisnigh dä län sna laethanta, sna mronna agus sna recognilion as one of the best of the modern Irish blianta atä le teacht. poets. She read her poetry widely in Ireland and was 16 one of the Irish poets who initiated die annual and to her family and friends. exchange of Scottish Gäidhlig and Irish poets in Caitlin gave freely of herseif while she could. She 1971. On her tour of Alba in the autumn of that year has left us much to inspire us but a lot has departed she made lasting friendships and she read with the with her. Scottish poets many times on their subsequent visits A Star of Caitlin’s quality and intensity does not to Ireland. Despite offers from publishers over the appear in the firmament very often. It is all the more years no collection of Caitlin’s poems appeared in tragic then to see it snuffed out so soon while still so her lifetime. Perhaps she feit that her poems like her full of potential. But the tragedy is not confined to spirit should be let run free. A volume was in family and friends — it is a tragedy for the Irish preparation recently however for Coisceim — nation and for all Celts. For in that cemetry in hopefully that will appear in the future and contain Bohernabreena, in the foothills of the Dublin all her poems. A full appreciation of her work will mountains, is laid to rest not only a remarkable undoubtedly confirm the opinion of many that she talenied woman but also another sizeable segment of was the best of the modern poets. the distinctive culture centred on the Irish language. Some years ago Gael Linn produced an L.P. of Suaimhneas agus sonas siorrai da hanam uasal. Caitlin’s poetry and singing. It contains many of the songs specially associated with Caitlin such as “ Dönall Ög” ,,“ Uileacäin Dubh Ö” , “Röisin Dubh” C.ÖM. and “ Liam Ö Raghallaigh” and received much praise. The particular quality and purity of Caitlin’s voice and her mastery of the sean-nös style produced The North something unique and truly moving in her songs which few, if any, other traditional singers could equal. Some of her best poems which she herseif most often read are also on the record — “A Dhe” , On April 5 last, the most recent attempt by the “ Liobar” and “ Dän Grä Vietnam” amongst them. British Government to find a solution to the Caitlin was a teacher by profession and she had the continuing problem of Northern Ireland was gift of being able to establish an instant rapport with officially launched when the proposals of a White any dass she taught, be they teenagers at school or Paper entitled ‘‘Northern Ireland: a framework for adults at night classes, with corresponding results. devolution” were revealed in the Westminster She was active in the Gaeltacht Civil Rights Parliament by Mr. James Prior, the Northern Movement in the late sixties and early seventies and Secretary. in promoting the Gaeltacht Festival ‘‘Oireachtas na The White Paper proposals had come as a result of nGael” . In 1969 she founded a social club for Irish an increasing awareness by the British that a Speakers in Dublin, ‘‘An Bunnän Bui” named after continuance of direct ruie for an indefinite period the famous lainent for the Yellow Bittern. For many was just not on and that the .process of years it provided a special blend of traditional music, ‘‘Ulsterisation” (the gradual handing over of security song, poetry, story-telling, discussion and debate to the local and predominantly loyalist forces, the centred on Caitlin’s talents and personality as ‘‘bean RUC and UDR) should be mirrored by a gradual a’ ti” . To this day those evenings were talked about handing over of limited powers to local politicians. it and the lack of such in present times lamented on. will be remembered that it was the abuse of these Caitlin was invoived in recent years where she lived in powers in the old Stormont assembly which led to the Tallaght near Dublin in helping in some of the most violent troubles which have been Britain’s number important aspects of founding and running the All- one preoccupation until her most recent Irish primary school there and in promoting the misadventure in the South Atlantic. language in the area. The Prior proposals provided for the setting up of When needed Caitlin could turn her talents to a new assembly in Belfast with control over some agitation and demonstration. She reserved her relatively harmless deparlments of government but particular ire for the hypocrisy of the politicians in with the express hope included that it would Jead to relation to the language and for the humbug and the eventual devolution of a wide ränge of powers by pretensions of seif appointed critics or pillars of the stages, if necessary. educational establishment. This was often at a cost to Two of the papers 17 pages were devoted to herseif but a cost that was never counted. It was acknowledging the existence of two national perhaps ironic in that context that her poems have identities within the North. It stated that the for many years been on the Leaving Certificate nationalist aspiration to a united Ireland is a courses in the Republic (and have been on G.C.E. legitimate one if pursued by peaceful persuasion and courses in the North in recent years). not by violence. It was further stated that the new Caitlin contributed over the years to Celtic League devolved government in the North would be able to publications and one of her major poems “ A Dhe” make its own arrangements and agreements with the was first published in Carn 5 with a translation into Republic and that assembly members. could Breton (A Zoue). She visited most of the Celtic participate in any new inter-parliamentäry tier of the countries a number of times and made many friends Anglo-Irish inter-governmental Council. to whom her death will undoubtedly come as a Predictably, the two main Unionist parties, the shock. Democratic Unionist Party of Rev. Ian Paisley and Caitlin leaves a 4 Vi year old son, Caomhän, who the Official Unionist Party welcomed the parts which will not now inherit the full benefits of his mothers suited them and rejected any talk of recognising an talents. Our sympathies must be extended to him, to Irish dimension while the SDLP, the main her husband of over twelve years, Cathal Ö Luain representative party of the nationalist population 17 said that the plan was unworkable and expressed It would appear that the British intend to push disappointment at the limited recognition given lo ahead with their new assembly but the most that they the Irish Dimension in the paper. This solo by John can hope for is yet another temporary half measure Hume, Leader of the SDLP, soon beeame a duet of which will keep some Unionist elements happy. The high significance when the Taoiseach, Charles J. real problem has not been even approached in the Haughey added his voice to the criticism and roundly White Paper. Once again, the voice of only those condemned the new plan as “ unworkable” and who want the Union with Britain has been heard. The mistaken. The absence of a strong commitment to an unseemly anxiety to appease the “majority” in the Irish dimension was singled out by the Southern North has once again won the day. government as the most serious ontission from the When the results of the recent census are White Paper. Amazingly, Mr. Hume also broke with published, it will be interesting to see just how big Convention by issuing a joint Statement with the that “ majority” is. Word is seeping out that it could Taoiseach on the subject of the Prior plan. Even contain a few surprises. though it is generally well known that Mr. Hume P. Mac A. enjoyed a remarkably close relationship with the Leader of the South’s main Opposition party, Fine Gael, Garrett FitzGerald, he at no time during the latter’s tenure of office as Taoiseach issued a joint Justice or Volte Face Statement expressing views on matters pertinent to the North with FitzGerald. Eyebrows were raised, not only in government circles but also within the That a judge of the bench of the Six Counties sat SDLP Party itself where a certain body of opinion and heard evidence in a Dublin court on 17 May 1982 holds that it is vital to the interests of SDLP that they eslablished a precedent that may have shocking maintain an indepcndence of thought and action consequences. Among its implications is an apparent from the main Southern parties. endorsement of the authority of “law and Order” as What had inspired a move which, although administered through an armed constabulary and reflecting a genuine uniformily of opinion and Diplock courts of dubious legality. Thal apart — and purpose, was most untypical of the astute Hume and such mighl, can, and doubtlessly will be justified in which would inevitably weaken his relationship with terms of realpolitik (“ strokes” however tend not to Garreit FitzGerald? connect Maggie Thatchers bowling, witness the The answer seems to lurk somewhere in the vengeance killing of Ronnie Bunting) — there is, in Personality of Charles J. Haughey himself and in the Irish terms, an even more distubing aspect to this complex set of dealings which are keeping him in “legal” mist. power. Since his return to power, a new assertiveness One of the ways in which the Irish expressed their has been apparent and it is thought that his own very revulsion from Empire, one of the ways Däii Eireann strongly held views about the North may be spread its acceptability and authority during the dominating policy more than heretofore when the 1917-1921 War of Independence, was in the views of the leader of the Nationalist population in withdrawal of acceptance from just such courts, and Lhe North tended to inform government deeisions. exactly such constabulary, in the passive acceptance Besides this, a certain influence from the of our own government’s laws. Systems, courts and Independent T.D. Neil Blaney in regard to the North enforcers established (against E:nglish duress and has already been seen as not totally unrelated to the pressure of course) on foot of the democratic verdict new assertiveness of the Taoiseach. of the electorate in the 1918 election. Meanwhile in the North itself, the IRA would appear to have been very badly dantaged by the emergence of an unprcccdcnted number of informers or “ supergrasses” . Their activities have been confined to individual attacks on members of the Las Malvinas RUC and UDR and while this may be due to their finely developed sense of timing (how many headlines could be gained while the Falklands/ All subject and part subject nations, “colomes” or Malvinas conflict continues?), there is some talk that “protectorates” must worry very deeplv at the crude the emphasis within the Republican movement could outburst of English jingoistic imperalist reflexes over bc switching to politics. the islands off the Argentine shore. The implications It would be a cruel irony if the Provisional are clear (world war will be risked by English tories Republicans were to follow their former colieagues in and their lackevs for what they present as a matter of The Workers Party into politics. They have principle): the response now and in the future of all cultivated a formidable contempt for those same subject or part subject people will have to be as clear former colieagues over the years because of their in their understanding of what is at issue — and how attacks on the IRA’s activities. the English (media especially) will present it to Provisional Sinn Fein have said that they will be themselves, and to the world. contesting the elections for the new assembly as have There are interestingly enough more people of the Worker’s Party. Rather ironically again, the Irish descent in the Argentine than there are of SDLP find themselves in the Situation of having to English: indeed there are more of Cymric take part in something which they have already background. A major difference between the Irish described as unworkable or be seen as the wreckers, a and the Welsh there is the extern to which the Welsh role usually attributed to the IRA, the DUP or have remained in contact with (and being contacted loyalist paranriilitaries. by) home and Welsh institutions such as the Welsh 18 Books Council: a factor consequent on the retention of Welsh. Of course most of the Welsh emigres were Welsh Speakers on arrival. It is most likely that the Irish migrants — especially the 19th Century groups KERNOW organised from the north midlands — were English Speakers on arrival. And until comparatively recently they remained English Speakers, something to which Kernow ha’y Senedhow their rural base in their new home (in contrast with the city base of most of the 19th Century Irish Tryst migrants to North America) and the supply of English speaking priests and brothers’ to their parishes and schools contribuied in no small way. Y fen-ny oll ow clewes adro dhe werth a Ben an They had and indeed have their own iournal: the Wlas dres an mysyow us passyes. Kensa, yth esa nep Southern Cross. Earlier in the Century when there were dyworth Ameryca a vynnas y brena ha, mar porthaf branches of Conradh na Gaeilge in Argentina the cof yn ewn, £13A mylvyl o an prys. Pan ve clewys y fo paper had an Irish column — aimed mostly at nep estren yn perghenek noweth a’n bastel, ughel o learners. Some came “back” as a result of the dream an garmow adro dhe Gernow. Pup paper newodhow the Conradh engendered: Rambles in Eirinn by a dhuk erthyglow yn un gyny adro dhodho. “ Res “Che Bueno” (William Bulfin) was the product of porres dhe’n Kyfyans Gwlasek y brena abarth an one such, one who was among the early supporters of Wlas (hon o Breten Vur Hep mar), an dhe’n Seneth Pädraig Mac Piarais’s educational experiment in Sen Stefan yn Loundres ry gweres vnweth. Scoil Eanna. Byteweth, Pen an Wlas yu pastel a'n moyha bry yn Düring the Irish War of Independence they formed Breten oll, del wor pup den. Gweleugh py lyes den a a supportive, lobbying, rallying Organisation, The omwel ena dres an vledhen ha tylly arghans dh’y wul, Argentine Committee for Irish Freedom, and they in hen yu neppyth y honen a goth kentrvnna tus eweres turn published extensively in English and Spanish on dh’y brena.” Hag yndella a resegas erthyglow y’n the Irish side. When Terence MacSwiney — the Cork paperow. Lord Mayor, soldier, politician and philosopher — Wel yn mysk an geryow colonnek-ma yn un elwel died on hunger strike in Brixton jail in 1920 they had war an Kyfyans Gwlasek ha’n Seneth Sen Stefan, a commemorative medal Struck in his honour by pyth esa AGAN senedhow yn Kernow ow cul? Seneth Gothuzzo y Piana, the leading Buenos Aires Penwyth mayth us Pen an Wlas, a brofyas nep medallists. And in 1949 to mark the Declaration of gweres, mes ny vynnas senedhow randyr erel gothvos the Republic in Ireland the surviving members of that travyth yn hy hever. Fatla brederas Seneth Kernow committee had a copy Struck in gold and presented to — an seneth a dhesevyr cafos ies a Gernow hag a Ireland through the Irish ambassador at a well Gernowyon yn calon? Yth esa nebes ambosow gwan publicised function in Buenos Aires. a ve stlevys gans ysyly mes pan ve compollys an ger Mac Swiney was not the only Irishman in drok-na ‘arghans’, taw a regnyas dres an chambour. Argentina’s pantheon of heroes commemorated Hag ena yth esen-ny, agan pastel dyr a gemmys ha medalically: they so honoured Admiral William bry war werth, ha kemmys ha chons a;y brena del us Brown from County Mayo revered by them as father yn un nyja dhe’n lor! Worteweth, y fe prenys Pen an of their navy, and still annually commemorated. Wlas gans nep negysor rych a Loundres. There was a teacher from Ireland among the Lemmyn gwren-ny govyn orthyn agan honen, people airlifted from Las Malvinas when the “ Pyth o cam — po gwell — pyth YU cam gans agan Argentinian forces took over — no Argentinian senedhow yn Kernow, ha kens oll Seneth Kernow y application for such (or any) post there would have honen? Yth hevel dhym bos an guden omma an keth been countenanced — but there was an earlier and a es del yuhy y’n broyow Keltek erel — yma re ysyly stränge Irish Connection with the isiands. One of the war’n senedhow-na nag yu tythyak a’n vro hy honen independent rebels in the attempted revolution in ha raghenna pypynak a wharfo y’ga herghyn (y’n le Ireland in 1798 was the enigmatic Joseph Holt. When may trygons ha nyns yu an le yu dhedha), ny wra aga he surrendered on negotiated terms he was mursena na aga fokettys, ny borthons-y awher transported to New South Wales, where those who anedhy, na fors an pyth us yn colonnow an saw the Australian TV series Against The Wind will genesygyon. Mes, mar po aga negysyow aga honen recall his again enigmatic rö/e in one of the outcasts’ mursenys, wel, hon a vya dyffrans, pup luf a wrussa risings there. However, being released he was tenna y’n ayr yn un assentya spenans a arghans shipwrecked, as his Journals (later published edited dh’omwytha mar uskys ny alsa denvyth aga gweles by T. Crofton Croker) describe on the Falklands. muvya. There before eventual rescue he and his fellow Yn un worfenna, my a vyn leverel homma dhe flotsam built a shanty settlement out of the wreckage styrya stuth claf a’n senedhow randyr yn Kernow yn of the boat and Holt sportively designated same kever taclow Kernewek. Un bagas anwlasegul a “Newtownprovidence” . Does that give Ireland too a Cambron a wovynnas orth Consel Kerryer dhe claim, as strong as England!? „ . . . drenyja an Baner Kernewek adhyworth an wern Pädraig O Snodaigh. ynrak aga sothveow, dhe 5es mys Mertli — deth a’gan Sans Gwlasek, Sen Perran. Ha pyth o sewyans ROSC: Conradh na Gaeilge’s bilingual magaine a’n govenek-ma? Dre 14 vota erbyn 2, an govenek a containing Information on language activities and ve sconyes! Ha’n fol coth a gomendyas an ervyrans- cultural matters. Appears every (wo months. ma, a sevys ynban y’n cuntellyans hag omhenwel Available from 6Sräid fhearchair, Baile Ätha Cliath 2 Kernewek! Hep dowt, pan dhe deth Sen Jory ha’n at IR£2 for a year’s subscription. penbloth Myghternes Pow Saws y fyth an Baner 19 *Unyans Bretenek ow trenyja yn ughel adhyworth The best news of election night though was from gwern an Consel Kerryer, ha ny vyth ethom dhe the Penzance Central count, where MK’s Colin dhenvyth govyn orth an seneth dhe wul henna. Lawry beat the Tory candidate in a straight fight, by 566 votes to 433. Colin Lawry becomes the first T. nationalist on Penwith Council (and, some have said, the first socialist) at the age of 22. The victory becomes even more noteworthy because of the war- situation which the Thatcher regime has taken the British state into; Penzance Central is in the very heart of War Secretary John Nott’s constituency, and amongst other issues Colin Lawry campaigned on a unilaterialist ticket — as was shown in the campaign Slogan of “ For action on Jobs and Housing, and a Nuclear-Free Penwith” . Despite the emergence of vvhat was described as a “ red, white and blue vote” in England, the Cornish pcoplc rejected the war-mongering of the Tory party. The new make-up of the Council: 26 “ Independent” , 4 Tory, 2 Liberal, 1 Labour and Colin Lawry for MK; is going to make the implementation of either socialist or nationalist policies an up-hill struggle, but hopefully Penwith will be opened up to some more radical politics.

Celtic Congress

Despite a heated AGM that ran out of time, the International Celtic Congress in Pensans (12-17 April) managed to pass some important proposals. 1. A Publishing group was set up with the aim of printing childrens books, in colour, in all six Celtic ianguages. Information is required from each country on age group that needs to be catered for etc. Colin Lawry, new M.K. councillor in Penwifh. A representative is required in each country to do this. Please contact: Ite Ni Chionnaith, 62 Böthar an Dobhair, Inse Chor, Baile Atha Cliath 8. Eire. 2. An Information pool on bilingualism in children has been set up under: Dr. Eurwen Price, Penwith District Council NFER Office, Dept. of Education, University College Swansea, Hendrefoilan, Abertane, Swansea, Elections: 6th May 1982 Cymru. This is intended to make readily available, On Thursday 6th May Mebyon Kernow candidates Information and experience gained in Cymru on this contested (wo of the eight wards whieh were fouglu matter. in the Penwith District Council elections, the wards 3. A booklet is to be printed to help parents who of St. Just and Penzance Central. are trying to bring up their children to be bilingual. In a Council dominated by so-called 4. The Congress re-affirmed its anti-nuclear “ Independent” members, this years elections were stance. the most political ever, with the Tory and Social These moves came out of a week which brought Democratic partys each fighting three seats, MK tw'O together representatives from “ Diwan” , “ Dalleth” and Labour one. The SDP flopped to bottom of the and “ Ysgolion Meithrin” for the first time. 1t poll in all three seats that they fought (including the involved a wide ränge of organisations outside the St. Just seat MK fought); Labour came second, Congress itself and, with enjoyable trips, concerts ahead of the SDP but behind the Independent and ceilidhs, shows that the Celtic Congress is retiring Councillor, in their oniy fight; the only Tory returning, once again, to a useful role in Inter-Celtic not to fail was a Councillor previously elecled as an Cooperation. Independent. JOHN DUDDING In St. Just was the only four-way fight, with the retiring Independent Councillor defending his seat “THE CORNISH NATION” , Mebyon Kernow’s against another Independent as well as SDP and MK Magazine. From: 11 West St., Liskeard, at 25p Each candidates. The result was victory for the Plus Post, or £1.50 for 4 issues (Includes Post). Independent Councillor, with Mebyon Kernow’s candidate — Town Councillor Malcolm Williams — "AN WERYN” , Cornwall’s Independent Radical coming a creditable second ahead of the well knowm Magazine. From: 23 Basset St., Redruth at £1.20 for Independent Challenger and the SDP. 4 issues (includes Post). 20 As a rnember o f the Lowender Peran Festival Committee and also ils official representative in Ireland, l write in reference to a letter front Blanche MANNIN Green (Carn No. 37) in which allegations were made concer/iing both Lowender Peran and also the Cornish Pan Celtic Committee. Despite Mrs. Green’s two paragraphs to the Cha Nel Yn Impiracht contrary Lowender Peran has never referred to itself as being "Kernow’s Pan Celtic Festival”. Mrs. Green Marroo has never visited Lowender Peran and it is indeed unfortunate that she didn ’t trouble herseif to contact The dispute over the Falklands-Malvinas has any o f Lowender Peran’s Committee members, in brought to the surface in England (and elsewhere) order to check on the veracity o f her ’facts”, before rushing headlong into print in Carn. ugly manifestations of imperialism which some had Unlike Mrs. Green, I have attended every Pan assumed to be dead. Celtic Festival in Killarney since my first visit there in 1975, and, over the years, I have seen Kernow’s Neayr’s y traa va mee shiaght bleeaney jeig dy representation and participation in this festival grow eash, ta mee er ve my noid jeh impiroilaghys front strength to strength. Pappland the Cornish Pan Goaldagh (ny jeh impiroilaghys erbee). Cho leah as Celtic Committee for the dedicated hard work which hoig mee dy kiart dy nee Manninagh mish, hoig mee they must have put in to ensuring that Kernow was dy row mee eginit dy yannoo caggey noi pooar erbee consistently well represented in Killarney. As Mrs. ta jannoo tranlaase er sleih. Ec y traa cheddin, ta mee Green coutd not be described as a regulär visitor to toiggal y pooar t’ec yn impiraght foast harrish the Pan Celtic Festival, in recent years, I fail to ereeghyn ny Goaidee. Chaill ny Goaidee nyn undersland how she can presume to comment on what she has not seen. Her vague allegation about “a impiraght lurg daa chaggey mooar (dy firrinagh, va narrowing o f activities” is hardly fair comment on Sostyn goll sheese y liargagh cosoylit rish y what the Cornish Pan Celtic Committee has achieved Ghiarmaan eer roish y chied chaggey). Va ny — credit where credit is due, Mrs. Green! Goaidee bunnys brisht liorish y nah chaggey. Haink ad magh ass y caggey shen as ad gennaghtyn sharroo ÄINE Ul CHINNE1DE. dy liooar. As tra haink ny Giarmaanee as ny Shapaanee dy ve berchagh, va ny Goaidee ny smoo sharroo foastagh. V’ad er “choayl” yn impiraght as (A number ofletrers front Kernow in thestune vein va ny shenn noidyn oc jannoo dy mie.. as the above have also been received). Ta ny Goaidee foast credjal dy lajer (dy follit as dy foshlit) dy vel y chooid elley jeh’n teihll fo lhiastynys daue er y fa dy hass ad nyn lomarcan noi Hitler. Ec y traa t’ayn, ta Sostyn eeit seose lesh ferg, troo as Lowender Peran sherruid. Heil! ram sleih dy row yn chenn impiraght dy firrinagh marroo as oanluckit ec Suez ayns 1956. Festival of Celtic Culture Ta gear-cheim ny ellanyn Falklands-Malvinas er nyeeaghyn dooin nagh vel shen kiart. Son shickyrys, 14th - 17th Oct. 1982 ta’n impiraght hene ersooyl rish bleeantyn nish, agh Ponsmere Hotel, Perranporth ta gear-cheim ny Malvinaghyn er soilshaghey magh Dance Displays, Workshops, Ceilis, Wrestling, dy vel y pyshoon jeh’n impiroilaghys soiet dy dowin Three Choirs, Celtic Singing, Arts, Crafts ayns Sostyn as ny cheeraghyn ta fo smaght Hostyn. Ta’n taghyrt ommidjagh shoh jeeaghyn dooin nagh Further details from: Mrs. P. Crewes, 8 Tywarnhayle Road, vod lugh t-rei 11 Hostyn jannoo red erbee chammah as Perranporth, Cornwall Telephone: Perranporth 3103 greeasaghey as gaarlaghey y cheer ry hoi caggey. Jarrood y boghtynid shen mysh “graih er shee” . “THE CORNISH BANNER”, Cornish Nationalist Party’s magazine. From Trelispen, Oorran, Nr. St. Ta’n caggey shoh jeeaghyn dooin, ny Celtiee as Austell, 50p Subs. £2.50 (overseas airmaii £4.00). sleih elley ta noi’n impiroilaghys, cre cho doillee as liauyr as ta’n raad ry hooyl ain. Harrish keeadyn dy COFIWN LLYWELYN YR AIL, The association vleeantyn, ta Sostyn er ve speeideilagh ass towse. Ren COFIWN is issuing a beauliful medallion to honour ee cur ny Celtiee fo chosh as hug ee orroo the memory of Llywelyn Yr Ail, a great figure of the gobbraghey as jannoo caggey son Sostyn. Nee history of Cymru, killed in December 1282. it is a 40 Manninee, Albinee, Bretnee, Cornee (as Yernee) gra mm piece figuring on one side Llywelyn on horse dy nee “co-obbraghey” v’ayn, dy nee red yindyssagh back in fighting pose and on the other his coat of va’n impiraght Ghoaldagh. Agh car y traa, son y arms surrounded by some of his titles. Available in natural bronze which has a gleam of gold, in a chooid smoo, va reddyn stiurit dy vishaghey y lught- presentation case, £8.50, and in limited numbers in reill ayns Lunnin. Cha row y lught-reill shen coontey sterling silver with a numbered certificate, £35.00. veg jeh ny Sostnee as Celtiee (as sleih elley) va geddvn P.O.s/Cheques to A. Lewis, Cartref, Arthog, baase er nyn son. Tra va theay Hostyn as ny Celtiee Meirionnydd, Gwynedd. caggey son yn impiraght, v’ad cooney lesh y sleih va 21 jannoo tranlaase er y theay as ny Celtiee shcn. Shen y to be mainty on a voluntary basis, and it is a tribute fa dy row mee corree tra Ihaih mee red dooyrt to the ever strengthening national spirit that it did so continue and niade sleady progress. It was hailed as a Kiannoort Vannin mysh y flod Goaldagh as eh great achievement vvhen the language was at long last shiaulley gys ny Malvinaghyn. Ren eh gimraa yn aght included in ihe official curriculum of the Education ta ny Manninee cliaghtey goll gys y cheayn as cree Board to be taught as a normal school subject, cho moyrnagh as veagh ad ass shiolteyryn though it was still optional lor the pupils and it was Manninagh sy flod shen. As va John Quilliam, y left to the discretion of the Head Teacher to decide marrinagh Manninagh ayns flod Nelson, imraait whether or not it should be taught in a school. Next echey! Nar lhig eh Jee. came its inclusion as a subject for the O-level Lhig dooin treishteil dy bee y gear-cheim examination. bolvaneagh shoh harrish dy tappee. Dy jig y laa traa All this is good, but not quite good enough if w'e vees Manninee jannoo caggey son y cheer oc hene syn truly airn at the restoration of Manx Gaelic to more ynnyd jeh jannoo caggey son impiroilaghys. general use and the restoration of Manx people to the Status of a bilingual community. Nobody wants to denigrate English or any other international BRIAN MAC STOYLL. language; English and probablv one or more of the Continental tongues are a necessity today. But we should insist that these do not crowd oui our own andern and beautiful national language, as they liave almost done in the past. Every Manx child should have the right to learn and use that language, and in spite of the progress made to date, that is still not so, The Teaching of Manx Gaelic for there ha.s arisen an anomalous Situation in respect An Anomalous Situation of our schools. Elead teachers, even if favourable to the language, are in a difficult position if a requesi comes from The struggle for llie resloration to general use of parents, or as sometimes happens, from the child ihe Manx Gaelic language has been going on for weil himself, for the teaching of Manx Gaelic, since there over a hundred years, ever since in the mäd-19th may be no teacher on the school staff capable to Century some of ihe more persipienl of our people teach it. To my knowledge this has happened in quite realised ihai, mainly due to our own fault plus a number of cases, and I feel that it is deplorable. I eontinual mind-eonditioning by thc ascendancy, we am aware that many — perhaps most - teachers are had almost lost tliis pricelcss national heritage and opposed to compulsory Manx Gaelic in school, and I wilh it ihe rieh heritage of folklore, music, dance and agree that at the present stage of thc revival this cla.ssical Gaelic legend vvhich it had cnshrined though would probably be unwisc. But I feel that the next in a mcasurc becoming more l'ragmentary with every aim of the workers for the revival, and a most passing year. Thanks to those pioneers, vvhom we important one, should be compulsory Manx Gaelic remember with great honour, and to interest and help for teachers; that appointment to a Manx school from scholars and patriots in the other Ccltic should carry an Obligation to take a special course in countries, we never did lose it completely, and the the language with an examination in compelence to movement for its restoration and revival has teach it, unless, of course, already qualified io do so. continued in Ellan Vannin light on to the present Unless this step is taken in the near future potential day, albeit our progress has been slow indeed pupils and their parents will tend to become compared to t hat of the national language discouraged, and may eventually give up the idea niovements in the other Celtic countries. altogether. I know that a number of teachers —some For many years our educalional System ignored the of them not even Manx — have already taken the Manx language completely from the official trouble to learn and teach the language as far as standpoint although it was still the official language conditions allow , and more power to them, but they of Manx lavv-giving; but voluntary teachers both in nced more official support and should receive it. our schools and outside them did good work, and And there is another aspect of the effort to make patriots like Archibald Cregeen, Edmund Goodwin our children once more bilingual, an aspect in which and .1. J. Kneen publislied dictionaries and grainmars we should take a lesson from the Shilling example ol and primers for students, and gradually the our Celtic cousins in Wales, and which ouglu to be movement gained strength through classes organised pondered deeply by young Manx patriots. This is the by Yn Cheshaght Ghailcigli and also the teaching of use of the language in the Home so that the child Manx songs and danccs (out of normal school hours) hears and learns to use both forms of speech from by some patriotic teachers. Some Manx Gaelic classes babyhood; this is something that we can do for were also introduced into the Manx Music Festival, ourselves if we will, lor it does not depend on which otherw i.se had nothing specifically Manx about Iegislation or the rules of a governing bodv like the il; and several new soeielies l'eaturing the language Board of Education. Welsh fämilies, even when among their aims emerged. living in a big English community like Liverpool or All the time the light for official reeognition of London, see to it that Welsh is so used in the home, Manx Gaelic in our educational system continued, and Manx fämilies could do the same if they eared and the next Step forward was its inclusion in the enough for their national heritage — and thegift so evening classes organised by the (then) Education given to children will never be lost in after life. Authority, now the Board of Education. Work for the restoration of the language, however, continued MONA DOUGLAS. 22 pose, at this years ACM that die League seeks to monitor the increasing military activity throughout the Celtic countries. The proposal, basically, will be that one or more individuals, in each of the coun­ tries, pass on Information on military developments affecting th.eir area to a central collection point vpossibly Männin as vve are suggesting ihe ideal). The object of tliis would be to allow us a more detailed perspective of pic olems created by the military which an. occurring or likely to occur in the future. Mannin branch has for several years campaigned against the use of our territory for military exercises and bases, we are in fact activc in this respect at the moment. The resull of our anti-militarist activities has been quite rewarding, from being considered an object of ridicule several years ago we liavc now reached a stagc where each new move by the military has first to be procecded by an expensive public rela- lions exercises. Complaints once “ brushed under the carpel“ are now treated more seriously, though still wilh an underlying evasheness. An inter-Celtic aspect to the carnpaign has always been paramount, we initiated our action following a particularly horrendous incident in North-East Ireland when a young child was gunned down by British troops in an as yet unexplained incident. The inter-Celtic dimension has held over the years and in April ol this year we were able to help the Irish Fishermens Organisation wilh Information as to the possible identity of the submarine involved in the English Sub Sinks Irish sinking of the Irish fishing vessel “Sheralga” . The U.K. Ministry of Defence after an initial denial con- Fishing Boat ceeded that it was, as we had stated in our informa- tion to the I.F.O., a British submarine. The General-Secreiary will have circnlated all The sinking of die Irish fishing boat Sheratgo branches with die basic outline of our idea prior to towards ihe end of April last by an English die A.G.M. at which we will elaborate it. Hopefully submarine some 20 miles east of Balbriggan gives an all branches will eonsider our proposal carefully insight into British Ministry of Defence duplicitv. before arriving at a decision. We appreeiate that Immediately alter the sinking the British Defence there are Problems involved in initiating this action Ministry denied all knowledge ofthe incident, and — when we commeneed our carnpaign in 1976 there there the matter may have rested, had not the were many difficulties to overcome and a great deal submarine HMS Porpoisechosen Peel Bay off Man’s of Opposition all of which vvith perseverance we over- Western coast to recharge its batteries 48 liours prior came. to the incident. The posilion today in the Celtic countries is for the The Secreiary of the Manx Brauch of the Celtic most pari not as dismal as the mid-seventies. Celtic Leaguecontacted the Irish Fishermen’s Organisation culture and politics whilst not exactly enjoying a in Dublin on the Monday morning after the sinking “ Renaissance” are certainly in better health? wilh details of the sigluing off Peel. He also pointed Numerous recent examples come to mind — Political out that although it was claimed on the British media success for Sinn Fein in Eire, language success in that morning that British submarines vvould not be in Cymru (S4C), the successful Diwan Programme in that area submerged, British Admiralty Chart No. Breizh, and many others. The “ black-spot” to all 1411 showing the Irish Sea area east of the Irish coast this containmem/success in our various programmes hax clearly marked “Submarine Exercise Area” in a is the continuing military build up in all of the Celtic pari ofthe sea some 20 miles east of Balbriggan, wilh countries. Bombing langes in Mann, NATO bases in a footnote giving warning to ships. Alba, vast areas of Cymru annually occupied for The Ministry cover up was “blown” and they w ert military exercises and finally the continuing occupa- eventually forced to accept responsibility. tion of N.E. Ireland. We as branches of the Celtic League are in business to promote eventual social, S>C. poliiical and cultural co-operation betvveeri indepen­ dent Celtic States. Our objectives have no place vvithin this framework for ihe military forces of France, the United Kingdom or any other outside power. Monitoring the Military J. B. MOFFATT, Secreiary Mannin Branch. The Mannin brauch of the Celtic League will pro­ 23 Twinning STATE OF THE PARTIES In an interesting exercise promoted by An Comunn Gaidhealach, a document was published showing April saw two further links forged between how each of the political parties in Scotland looked Kernow and Breizh with the twinning of Penzance on Gaelic. In summary: and Concarneau and St. Ives and Camaret. Conservative: Increased Radio Highland Gaelic A party of about forty from Concarneau visited output while safeguarding interests of non-Gaelic Penzance during the last few days of the listeners; 100% Government funds for extra costs of International Celtic Congress to cement the alliance teaching and use of Gaelic in schools where demand between the two towns. The charter, written in all exists; agree to An Comunn’s present application for four languages (Cornish, Breton, English and more promotion funds. French), was signed by the two mayors on 16th April Labour: Funds for educational initiatives on the in Penzance and will bc signed in Concarneau when lines of the Bilingual Project in the Western Isles; in­ the Penzance delegation makes a return visit in creased output in Gaelic broadcasting; sympathetic August. After the ceremony, many of the delegates hearing for An Comunn’s application for more pro­ attended the special proclamation of the Gorseth, motion funds. arranged to coincide with the Celtic Congress, where, Liberal: Agree to set up a Gaelic Language Council in his speech, the Grand Bard made special menlion to foster Gaelic generally; increased output in Gaelic of the links, both ancient and modern, between broadcasting; increased funds to Gaelic bodies such Cornwall and Brittany. ln theevening, the delegation as An Comunn. was entertained with a visit to the International Scottish National Party: The SNP has recently Concert, organised by the Celtic Congress. published a comprehensive policy document on The following day saw the signing, in St. Ives, of Gaelic emphasising the need for recognition of Gaelic the charter linking the town to Camaret. These two as one of our country’s official languages and listing towns have been close for many years and have education, local governnient, civil Service, the inedia, fishing lies Stretching back to the last Century. After a the arts, commerce, etc. as areas in which Gaelic day spent escorting their Breton visitors around should be helped to develop. Penwith, the St. Ives delegation returned with them to the Guildhall, where the ceremony of signing the charter took place amidst a plethora of Cornish and CENCRASTUS: A magazine of Scottish and Breton flags. The Presidents of each Association International Literature, Arts and Affairs, 5 spoke of the links between the two Celtic countries, Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9LW, Scotland. emphasised by the fact that the charter was prepared UK and Eire $3, Europe $5, N. America (Air Mail) in the Breton and Cornish languages, as well as in $7 — for 4 issues. English and French. A buffet and dance completed the ceremony. At the beginning of May, a return visit was made to Camaret by the St. Ives Association, about forty • Breton engineer, 29 years old, married, two little of whom were present for the impressive signing children, is looking for correspondents in other ceremony outside the Mairie, watched by many Celtic countries with equivalent profession, age and townspeople and with the Cercle des Bruyeres in family Situation. Write to Luc Bernicot, La attendance. The Cornish visitors were entertained Gilberdiere, Villeveque, 49140 Seiches-sur-le-Loir, royally throughout the weekend by their hosts and France. were given the chance to learn a lot about the town and its region. Membership and Subscriptions

All who agree with the Constitution and aims of the Celtic League are eligible for membership The membership fee (entitling tö CARN) and the subscription rates are IRE4 (Ireland), Stl$4 (Britair»), 45 FF (Continenta! Europe) and $12 (US) (non-European countries — air mail). For Information about the Celtic League. appllcations for membership. subscription, write to any of the following C.L. (honorary!) Secretaries:

Alba: Mrs. Mairi Denovan, 9 Dalaleish Rd., Dundee DD4 7JN. Cymru: T. Ifor Williams. 2 Ty'n Pwll, Rhostrehwta LL77 7AZ Llangefni, Gwynedd Breizh: Jorj ab Herve Gwegen, Kerberenes. 29260 Lesneven (Subscriptions to CCP G. Gueguen 2 204 24N Rennes). Eire: Mäire Bhreathnach. 58. Br. an Bhainbh, Cabrach, Baile Atha Cliath 7. Kernow: Jenefer Lowe, Boundy's House, Lower Lelant, St Ives M annin: Bernard M o ffa tt. 24 St. Germ ain’s Place. Peel. London: Tomas Ö Ciara/Carey. 18 Isma.’ia Road, Forest Gate. London E7 9PH. U.S.A.: M adeleine Mawgan Tokach. P.O. Box 322. Rego Park. NY 11374.

General Secretary: Alan Heusauff. 9 Br. Cnoc Sion. Dromchonrach. Äth Cliath 9.

Help to seil CARN at gatherings. or by findmg booksellers to stock it (20% retail allowance with sale or return) or by advertising it in national periodicals. Articles for CARN should be tidIJy typed or easily read by Printers, with double spacing; keep carbon copy; endeavour to express ideas clearly, think of readers not familiär with English or with the context of events referred to: Support arguments with facts. be precise. Send us reports, letters, cuttings of mterest. Publication of articles of general Celtic interest could be delayed to give precedence to articles on current events.

Requests tor Information will be dealt with only If SAEs or International Reply Coupons are enclosed and if reply needs relatively little time.

CARN is published by the Celtic League. 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, Dromchonrach, Ath Cliath 9. The Editor is Cathal O Luam, 33 Br. Bancroft, Tamhlacht. Co. Atha Cliath. Contributions should oe sent to him. Views expressed by contributors. where diverging too much from the general Celtic League policies, should be signed by their authors. Use of the material in CARN is granted free provided the source is acknowledged in which case indication of our address would be greatly appreciated. 39 Autumn 1982 50p

UPENING THE BRETON LANGUAÜE FESTIVAL IN GWENGAMP

Fnoto: eourtesy Evid ar Brezhoneg THE QUARTER LY PERIOD1CAL OF THE CELTIC LEAGUE IN ENGLISH & CELTIC LANGUAGES Page 2 CARN 39 alba Truagh an diugh is buadhmor am maireach

"A dh'aindeoin gach ionnsaigh seinnidh sinn an t-bran seo gun le duthehannan eile mar Gibral­ a thugadh le narr.h sguir aig modan agus aig tar, Hong Cong agus Eileanan sa A choirichean priseil a ceilidhean." Chuan S ia r [A tlantic.] rau Dheas spuinneadh o'n Glihidheal agus aitean eile mar sin. Cha lasaich e 'chaoidh gus am Ged a tha an dan seo, d'am faigh e a' bhuaidh b'ainm "Suas leis a' Ghbidhlig" Ach ged a tha Sasunn nas laige, Thar gach m i-ruin is eucoiv a na oran tlachdmhor ionmholta, tha cairdean comasaich aig a' dh'fhoadas a ruaig. chan e i l ann ach sp iorad na Bheurla an diugh nach robh riamh naoitheamh linne deug nuair a ann, gu h -araid h TV agus na A Chlanna nan Gaidheal, bithibh bha an lom paireachd as mo san h-orain fuadain Cno 'pop'] le seasmhach is dluth t-saoghail aig Sasunn. Leis a cheile 'sa Bheurla. FH- guailli-bh a cheile a' sin, 1sna lbithean ud cha cosnadh gach cliti-i b'urrainn d'ar sinnsearah ach a Tha fios againn gum bheil an 0 seasaibh gu gaisgeil ri ghleidheadh agus a dhlonadh na fheadhainn ag gearain gu searbh canain ur graidh chanain Albannach. bho'n a tha an TV 'sa Bheurla 'S na treigibh a' Ghhidhlig a agus na h-orain fuadain [pop] nis no gu brath." Ach, an diugh, tha difir mor 'sa Bheurla a' glacadh feadhainn ann. Chaill Sasunn an oga agus leis a sin tha an Tha fio s againn gum bu na lompaireachd aice agus chan eil oigridh sin a' treigsinn na facail seo caran beag lom do aice ach criomagan beaga agus Gaidhlig air son na Beurla. Gun fheadhainn. Their iad, "0, iad uile gu leir air am bagradh teagamh tha luchd-gearain ceart gu l e b l r , bu mhor am beud. Ach, an aite a bhi fo bhron, b'fhearr le in n an cflon fa r am b h eil sinn Gaidhlig ann an Rois an Ear a' toirt ionnsaigh. Le Calum MacLebid. 's mar a cheadaicheas an tide dhomh. A reir an t-seanfhacail: Tha corr air deich bliadhna "Na sir is na seaenain an cat-h!" fichead bho th a in ig raise gu Chaidh meur de'n Chomunn agus, gun teagamh, is mSr an ruige bailtean beaga Alanais Ghlidhealach a steidheachadh cath a th 'a n n . Chan e i l moran agus Inbhir Gbrdain agus cha agus th a seo ' na fh lo r chul- dhuthehannan anns an Roinn Eorpa robh fo r a i r G aidhlig anns na taice a thaobh fbghlum. B'e an cho chruaidh-chasach riunn a la ith e a n s in . B'ann bho thug Comunn agus ia r r a ta s nam thaobh na canain againn. obair na h-ola agus am BA pbrantan a chuidich sinn gu cothrom cosnaidh do luchd tagradh a dheanamh ri Roinn na 'Sa cheud aite, tha na obraich as gach cearn de'n Gaidhealtachd air son tidsear Sasunnaich agus na cairdean aca rioghachd a chruintiich Gaidheil bhun s g o ilte a n a mhain a ann an Alba ag cumail a mach agus Eileanaich a shireadh am shuisheachadh 's an sgire. 'S nach eil ebnain againn id ir! beb-shlaint. 'S e sin a dh'fhag math a b' fhiach ar saothair oir Feadh nan linntean, faisg air deagh äireamh aig an robh a' tha e a'toirt toileachas inntinn mlle bliadhna bo 1070, n u a ir a Ghaidhlig mar chiad chainnt, an nach beag dhomhsa innseadh phos ar righ Gaidhlig d'am diugh le'n teaghlaichean ann an dhuibh gum bi caileag og as Na b'ainm Calum Ceann Mor agus Rois an Ear. Hearadh a' teagasg na Ghaidhlig nighean aig Prionnsa Eideard air feadh bun sgoiltean Alanais dluth-chairdeach do'n righ B'ann an Alanais gu h-araidh a agus Inbhir Gordain aon uair Sasunnach ris an abrar Mairearad a dhuisg gluasad am raeasg agus gun teid aice air posadh nam Mallachd. Bha ise ag cumail phbrantan air iarratas foghlum agus na laithean saora fhaighinn a mach nach robh a ' chanain Gaidhlig a steidheachadh ann an seachad. Albannach ach na cainnt sgoiltean na sglre, agus 's e choimheach, ged a bha a h-uile gun sh o irbhich leo th asan a Calum Mac.Le.od La the Gae.dc. mac mathar ga bruidhinn feadh na b'aobhar mise tilleadh air ais o teacheA at AlneAA Academy, Roaa- h-Albainn aig an am sin! Bho'n chionn suas r i t r i bliadhna mar Ahlae. Hejie. he outtlneA how am seo bha Riaghaltas na fhear-teagaisg ann an Ard Sgoil Gaeilc edu.catc.on ca beeng n.e- h-A lbainn fo smachd luchd na Alanais. A thuilleadh air an btu.it tkaough tocat demand ln an B e u rla ! Ard Sgoil tha tri bun sgoiltean anea ob tke HlghiancLi whlch lo&t anns a'bhaile, an aite an aon a a lange paJit itc Gaeilc Ged a tha, gus an siathamh linn bh'ann re nan ginealach a ipeaklng populatlon befioae 1850. deug, nuair a bha daoine a ' d h 'fh a lb h . Tha seo fh ein a t o i r t bruidhinn 'sa Bheurla, abradh With the new Infilux. ofc Highland iad "Scots" ag ciallachadh na fia n u is a i r mar a mheudaich people to uionk ln th e heavy Ind- Gaidhlig agus "Inglis" ag aireamh an t-sluaigh. Tha mise uA tn lei ob tagten. Ro a iln c e ciallachadh na Beurla. a frithealadh nam bun sgoiltean 1965, a Gaeilc aevlvai, whlch ca anns a ' bhaile agus sgoiltean demandlng pnlmany and iecondany A dh'aindeoin sin, chur Gabhain Ard Rois agus Chili Tighearna. educatlon ln the Aubject and oh- Dubhghlas an ceill gun robh Le sin a thuilleadh air an Ard gancAlng pne-Achool ptaygaoupA, "Scots" ag ciallachadh na Beurla Sgoil tha mu dha cheud sgoileir I a Ahowlng paomlAe ob a. new Gallda ann an 1525 ged a bha an a ’ faighinn beagan teagasg leoAe ob ilb e boh th e language t-ainm "Gaidhlig" oirre agus ged Ghaidhlig gach seachdainn a reir ln the afiea. a bha a ' mhor chuid nan GARN 39 P a g e 3

Albannach a ' bruidhinn na bho'n 'am sin , is beb ar canain Gaidhlig fhathast! A l b a n n a c h £ . . . chan urrainn dhut On the Gaelic front bhi nad f mar-Albannach mur eil Leis a sin, tha sinn a' tuigsinn ar canain Albannach agad, no mar le Prang l..acThomais gum bheil e feuraail faotainn is coir dhaibh a theireadh 'sa Riaghaltas Albannach cho Bheurla "Scottish". Am bheil The t r i a l o f G a e lic a e t i v i s t deidheil ri cur na Gaidhlig neach sam bith na fhior-Pholach lain Taylor, formerly againn an aite ne Beurla feadh aig nach eil a' Phbileis? De Jirector of öabha.l . or Ostaig na h-Albainn gu leir ris an seo rsa Ghreugaich a th'ann as for allegedly defacing road Riaghaltas Israeleach nuair a eugmhaid na Greugais?" signs in Jkye was eventually choisinn Israel a saorsa air dismissed or. techrical grounds. 15mh d e'n Mhaigh 19*18. Chur iad Ged a cheannsaieh na Normanaich One congratulates Ir. "’aylor Eabhra ann an kite na Beurla Sasun ann an 1066 agus ch u ir iad on bis committment to his feadh na h-Israel gu leir. an Fhraingis air Sasunn an sin, esr.ousetl 1 an*oiage , G..e 1 ic , thog na Sasunnaich sgoiltean far anc fo- ramming home the fact B ithidh R iag h altas agus Co- an robh iad a ' teagaisg trid na that G °lic still has a long, thionail no Parlamaid Albannach Beurla agus bhrosnaich iad na long way to go b"fore it anns an Seann Ard Sgoil Sasunnaich a thaobh na Beurla b^comes truljr p>.rt an<‘ >v

(Continued overieaf) Page 4 CARN 39

Ifroni page j) fund-raising. „iaybe An Gomunn Company, she was a sou rce o f l i a i f l heal ach. , tne R a tio n a l l.loa ln.3t.ing- insr-irat ion. If une’s mpp”!3 t n h'i t +•i“ s tfting s -msoriny Sony, sroulri look cce -ittment tended to flag, ro -r* nn? v° 'vr t o a ut ways ?.nd xeans to 1 elp her examnle was always a boost r .r* *. •» V •».v ;C” v rtn cpoirs in th® finaneial sine to carry on whatever aspect of h* 1 •: .0 i* - d i] tur'xl -ir.d of t> eir at tervbance. (.ften Celtic cultural and linguistic 1 r' : 1 • ^ 1 p f ; ' v/ i •;) p ohii Iren's conirs arv.: sc.nool cause we »°re working in. 1 i*vi, i -r i . r * 1 ii'. • i on# croir:. • ave to dror out of the iTV'» rn CO, •. i *. \ n ' ‘ •. J-.aril ori :i:-i■ 1 y opeaune o f the ’-Sith do Q'anam, is Clach air f iCt . ' *'11 -* «v r »■-nt r»'!V. in “ x rens X i. j j i n volveä • An .'omunr. do C ham ' * •.* ir.Ve' t ’i ■ i y 1 V-» t *> 1 o o V ■ i System Notre felicitat-ions a Ia-in •• r*1; i<: i * *r i n »io o»: !»• ’jOVi of i n d n - fi t r ?r i l ar.r! 0 0 mmerc ia l Taylor, qui a deferde sa langue ..C : t Vi . (*:»«r- ; y . r t \ n i-«/r • ?; onaots ’.v r:o •/; v ,}. • j n e rh a r s dans les tribunals avea success i r.r t r ■ firi.-t fu ; \ a c !’ « i r . i •;0 •j itch a [ Peut-£tre le proahai-n proaes V. • r 1 ^ w i 1 :ir*ori n , * «v:« no^e- ' V.' r Inv- t v r> c; 'i r s sem -t-il de quelqu'un qui a t* i - r > 1<-r ■ r r f- r t i / i r e . ] n n fi i r j p r 1:n f i ' the J inan- refus'e acheter son perrr.is paree • ^ ■■■. ' " = *■ i:j *t .•i-U 3 or t vv i in t le .v i:'t«:ld- qu'il n'y a pas dises de la • f . •• h t . - .rtirri .r ;; f • : • ': -*rfJ t p ’ ;C •. y « ir tr H'y-tr t, langue sur le radio et TV]. •.V nf. .*<» r •; i ** ■ • i~ lcrt r n p T. « ’jnir* f 1 u n irs t to Un nouveau rapport reccomande + ' •* i n ■» v r to r s t i p ii* T •: •- o c 1 ." nur to qu’il fa it que le norr.bre ds > v,,^,; ■1 rv . f - •t] o»! face . - :.v r. •r of tue );r>avj programr.es en Gaelic so it In .><:o< in i . norden 0 i : r« 3 ■•-.ireii ry double en cinq ans. Au sujet- c h o ra l f;r -)»i •>s * de la culture, il est tr£s ■ »VOJV'!'' \S i\ixy eher maintenant pour les w i !' soon :rriv o •y-inri ay I • t . rp ra or a1 tr ib u t e chorales, par exarr.ple, a ller au • t i l l ' Oei » i l l MaV“ f,o to Oai t j n fjrie, v; - o e festival national, le Mod. -' i' ■ tructure ho timt fass in« ho. n cmated sich a m p . Feut-etre serait-il possible C' ii r:: /. i 1 r ot have to :;i end. To t'.n.'se o f •;.? who had th e trouver des garants, pour les • 'i'lO: t 1 iv- . e n e rg y nn rrivilege of bein« in her a i d e r . Government sinks smelter

:,o iruy°r frund for tu “ over n°w Orders for oil r ig s 1 ? y*vir nid aluminiun smelter to open ur> new f.ields around at, lu v e •-, orcion w1’ich wan dcotlanii's dorth and „est. CELTIC closed last, ponher after ■Cven ft e temporary exporfc of t.hree months de bäte wi th the timber to forway 'vhieh helped omrners, British »lutiiniusn. r.o cushion th« timbey yrowing CALENDAR Auuounoing the total failore Industry frort tue los» of the of t •» sooond of the ton five lochaber pule mild ia now at rifhland industrial boncerns a standstill with recession to fold in two yearn, Jecre- in the Norwegian milling tnr.v of -jt.ite fn r . Icot, 1 and , b u s in e s s . George Youngyr üU" sa.M on EXTENDING FROM NOVEMBER Is t 2 "tl: Jo l.v, th.it thr> world 1982 TO OCTOBER 3 I s t 1983. slutmp had hi t hin efforts to The Government has promised an oortinue R-nsltin.1’.' with a new enteroris“ zone for Invorgordon Prirrted in the six Celtic -lo.v-^r oe,a 1 w orth Cki*>« over as nart of its jhilosophy to languoges; five y°tr:-,. ,'h it !r Younger encourage new jobs tut the With i1lustrations ond d id not. Hdmit to the Hause concept is in its infancy and important dates in the o f dom:n.ins and the redundant falls far short of tne duty- history of the Celtic notions. work ferop j,, .a s te r Tons free set up around dhannon wir th» cross miscalculation Airnort, d ire . .jcottish Available from: of : is loot.tish Office in Highland history shows that a Celtic League, l'ailinr v> r over the oonce.ntrat i.on on e x p o rt le d American Branch, faotory an n,-.rt of the finan­ jobs has brought instability, 2971 Valentine Avenue, cial. Settlement with ei, in emigration ar.f .lenendenoe on Bronx, .peerrhe- jp^i. Outsiders without real •'rogress N.Y. 10458, t,o build modern seif sufficient U.S.A. Th» so n r ta s te o f s h a tte r e d jobs to serve local markets. 'noies an l t. gloomy Outlook .•ithout .icots seif-covernment Price: $4.00 American, fo r la rg o fi.-ul au 1 c o n o e r-s and positive Intervention by $5.00 eisewhere. wfioh re ly >n a world market government enterprise to er.c— f o ” ' •'CTir b u sin e ss was u n d e r- ourage such trends the hopes 1 in**** ty doubts ex~’"p;'oed of cnltural regeneration for over t- e .'ov'nvir f >^*-t ^ -’1 ins the Gieltacht will founuor in for t e Jounreav .-.xrerimen«-^ ar.othpr oanitalist led assault y-ist Preoder oactor *.hich to o.it our resources for Ce rapport t-raite de l'augrr.en- supp? ies .«o mar.v jobs in ouick p-ofits. tation du chfcr.age en Eaosse, ijai t’nness, t;v,p ondir. ' of oil qui "etait aggrave par la cor.ntruct,ion work on tre dZeision du gouvermnent a Ju llo m Voe, ,dp 11 and, tank ferner la fonderie a Inver- farrts ano ur.ee * a i.r. ty Hob Gibson. g o i d o n . breizh CARN 39 Page 5 Gouel ar Brezhong Bank robbery

The eighth annaul Breton v«ry hard for weeks during One of the banks nationalised language festival, Gouel ar their spare time, unvemunerated by the Klitterand government Brezhoneg, was held this year in order to be ready in time. was the Banque de Bretagne. in Gwengamp and i t s v i o i n i t y , They could not connt nn any Bstablished in 1909 w ith from Kay 2 5 to 50. I t was public subsidy, in snite of branches in Rennes and ' organised by Gkol an Bmsav, eclarations of snpoort for loudeac, it spread rapidly Diwan, the Roparz Hemor. Breton by elpcte^ loual to other Breton towns but Cultural Centre and the "enr°sen■ ativ-os. Yet, in found it.self in competition Touseg-Nij theatre group. Stute o.f a few teol nical with the Credit Nantais Appeals for help to others hitehes, the 1 mad* a g re a t •which had a hold on the South­ who consider themselves as success of it: the festival, ern half of Brittany. an belonging to the Breton for the first time 1 s t in g attempted merger failed in movement got. nn rr-Aronse. a full week, w ; ttended oy 19^3 ow inr to the rivalry The organisers had to work a total oi' about p000 p eo p le. between uennes and Nantes. The Programme include.i ao.ngs, Since 19^0 the Banque de conoerts, olays and films - Bretagne covered all of A Cultural e v e ry th in g on tue . tag e had Brittany exceot Jjoire- to be in Breton, a striotly Atlantique where it had only Convention? cnforc°d rule, but a bi­ two O ffic e s , w h ile th e C re d it lingual film w ;• sbown in a Nantais (transformed after a The B reton C u ltu ra l C h a rte r cinema, r.vfioe to full capacity. merger with an Angers bank 'graute ' oy the r’rench goverr.- In all, sone 50 actors, SO into the Credit Industrie 1 de ment early in 197B expires this Singers (aiong tv er. Ali Grogan l'Ouest) extended not only ye.-r. Of the 22. rj Million from , ales and tre gro-ip over Brittany but bevond as francs of .Stute oreditn alloc- I l.u v rin i from C o rsic a ) and w e l l . a+.ed to i t , 4ä> frnos were 15 musicäl gro”ps took part. spent on building the Lorient The o la y s , Dahuo. bv th-» group ? 0^; of tDe Banque de Bretagne Oonservatory of Tradit ional kenn ar Bed, usinr the old capital belonged to Brr-tons oong, Dance an-:; Kusie, now legend of :.er-Is, and (sßCO shareholders). All its eoTnleted. It cortains P, lecture doontus-Circua. on the tneme llbü-strong staff was Breton. rooms, a ha.11 w ith a. £(,*n staije of the comnetition betweeri a Its dec’isions were generally an a se ti n g o a p a c ity o f 6C0 big oircus Company ( Trance) taken at branch level or not for conoerts, olays, fer,tou-noz and a small one (Brittany) f u r th e r uway th a n in H ennes. a .nusie iaboratory, various were particyJarly successful. Cf its twelve directors, ten O ffices, ■urther subsidies are were Breton. The savings it to be available for it.s main- Gouel a r B rezhoneg i s now an admini'tered were collected ter.ance ine staff salaries tut important event in the struggle in Brittany and invested in nohhing, so far, for organisin,' for the Breton Janguage.lt the Breton economy. Its aim c o u rs e s . 2 ^0 students’ applic- would be appro-'riate if it were w s to maintain a financial ations have been turned down. inolud^d in the scheme of institution which would exchange of fraternal delegates enable the Bretons to use k -Veneh Culture ..«iniatry oporating between the other their savings in their own sookesmari ar.nounced that a new great Celtic language festivals country. It had an Office agreement, a Cultural Conventiion such as the Cireachtas and the in Baris and another at. Hungis would be signed before the distedufod. There is no doubt for handling the export of the sumer. was it? "They wanted to that Gouel ar Brezhoneg orovides products of the 3reton agri- encourage the Breton cultural the be t window for watching culture and food industry. development- in all its forms". ••hat, is done to promote the Though bound to ouerate That incluried f e s t i v a l s , 'uibV essential ch.Vaoteristics of within tbe Capital ist System, iS'hing, mar-iculture (! what has Brittany, its Celtic language. that got to 1 *. ic eul t u r e ; . lonated to B.Herren and B.Körbel an association for the prot­ who still in .iail for ection of environment in refusing to oir. the trench . o rb ih a n . armv. (The inister of /efenoe Unity demonstration recoprjised that tf -f.t • got 2 Agreements with the Credit vears in>:t°ac o.f one it 'was Nantais / credit Industriel A thousanö Bratons living in 1 ppobaoly' pecause th"..- would de l'Ouest limited its devel­ the Baris area joined by nc sneak l'Vpnch in court - in opment in Loire-stlantique butt o th erg who had corae m ainly bthe.' Words, .ireton ’nust be at the time of Mitterand's from arourfiä ia n te s , aemon- kept in its pl.ee). strated in Paris on May ig*h xnke-over it was aoout to set up new ö rah eh es th ro u g h o u t in Support of the administr­ Text ye ,r, Gouel ar Brezhoneg ative unitv of Brittany. will be held in istinid—Bubri. (continued overleaf) Page b CARH 39 Radio partition Nuclear Station kol lowitvg +/•-« -p cp n t «Separ­ th a t i + a m iss i on would fce -'he Frennh government abandoaed ation of th" "'rench Television to develoT' the Breton its plans to build nuclear and radio .'Services, PP'-Radio l a r tUifp an c u l t u r e . A s tat ions in Plogoff ( ii. Brittany) Armorique, wl ich rovered all rerroson-.^tive of dadio- and in Le Peilerin (near Nantes) or „rittany cd .m acen * areas, ’rance nai) trat while in the face of strong populär • !'ee>. -j • and r e ;la c e d thev ul-eudy had t-vo regional Opposition but latest moves fo r t. o r. ■ * o f .-irittan y oy decenrraliseo stations, t-his indicate that they may try to ,1 t it;on, Bac io .»retagr.e *,•**> first hi-lingual or.e, have one sited near the mouth •ie.-t f p i?,h I t“ "1 . ranss- bah Unheil in recorrition of the Loire. To the argumertt Ltting fron ( r>— er ,,x i7. o fhr- inter.sity of fche that if Loire-Atlantique were (tu‘ iPt'.'-r o rd i 1 ■ ° • *r .iret.on yersonality and of united with the rest of Brittany * i ! K t * r rt t •■vr: t*e vijwojr cf t,"p dreier our country would have enough l?* • O T* f r r> • ; p C ' r ; i 4 .v i ) l i:.' r.aee, -,nr i i wo ;ld he energy, the socialist rnayor of r r o , J e t.r, t f r i n ■' n t o 1 t m T “n to all fr.it i t ions and nennes replied that "it is not O*". >Af(X P V 1 j c r r < m i * •‘m m 'am fo enrrents 0r 9hore Brittany that counts but the " i . 1 , h t o n . g i n ! i y . n . l t a- -r ; »je " f u ll *-.ryur s l ic e s " .-'rench national interest". ,i(i , i l ^ r .i . » n u 1 1 ic- - ir'c* all oöatert to Breton on* i* J r • : K l - . •I ri. f* T* • l. 1 • ■ 3 «'■'■JUl n o t n» n ie 1 osed in a the ines of J.CA ( velsh Channel) /j .i* i c "-VO" will t>« for -Vo *. I q a Apart from tne uncertainty «ki'nil. I * i 1 ' e xoy !' about the lace of Breton on f'i t riT*‘/-Tci ;-.v rO':’»CATS I' 1 an in'i. vievi river. to r.aaio Bre izh Izel, the Split­ • t' re wob am nis tun l 8 Lf__LH:' 1 e ;re Tor., Jn l y itisue , ti n g m~. o f .tad io-A r corique t-eo i-i j i c i ose f rieb y/ith t x t . • us iske.-i t". elab o rat.e betweeri this Station and •p r In in. "V "’ !.«, "he Of) t- i s . i f i t f.-ut «- or 7 anot.her to b« set up fox Upper 1 ;" rs a ü Iw involved hon rs du;:, t;;» an ,-iage would B ritta n y (ana th e re is to be in '.l o : i o a n mp:;, ’• e 0 f ' •’avr>(i , -o;' i f i t s sl'are o f a third one for the Nantes MrecTnr i «n« Alijeart, t.i ne in ei:.:turai '• r Ocrrammes area) amo-mts to ignoring the «©1 i-: • - inin i i.■ tra d itio n a l i ;* Bre tn f. V an • une re , i t thp unity of Brit.+any. Are cf o ral i in.- in, in the V/o 1 d =e o l’ur th e r ter. in its th e neople of the eastern half di ‘ rie t. cc. for i. in L’hrt r * oly v'a.*u not o 1 brittany to be deprived now n ok>: on ition of the ein täte rr“cisply reassurin,.:■. ".»e must of nearing Breton on the radio? "...r • urh ...ul " which St 'Xt f r o.'n ". <• fa c t th a t iiost Abjean said he w .. aware of P X * rp;;c./3*• the fee i irtr.s or 1 ’ .uterier s .' r ■' •Tericii ny.oakers. the short coT.ings of the r.or, t .tl j’i a, r-ivol t und h o pe Jo Tin cr*«jgramme.o w ill DO present arrangement but he : ’ r *■*. nf-iii,y Brittaj:-.1 en t i r e Ly in B reton : u f in would press for concertation (a / z ’', :n Li >• cord of M i e 3t- iu-rc o rticioantn’ w il 1 use betweer. the tliree stations, 5 ■ v t i 1 abl*», AU! ■< ‘ V? \ i c h 1. aorua,*- o th ey 1 i ke . and seek to keep bis listeners M / W }. informed of ar.y important - i > 0 , a> n said that it was also rolitical, cultural and spert- f f ic L'\. ' V 11 • n U i.i;g ' h '• •tl r1 io i.ended to s". t up a *1’'/ S e rv ic e ing eve.nts in Upper Brittany. t < Pb, i.n ireo t . Bl.lt ul ] T iö does But will the directors of the ■ * ' i'jon 1 of t e 'inin te r e no ■■ CO TH43 .near t.i.e ok o 1 ur; ,ms iv other two stations also inforn. 114*’ r i ! '.'nunc;., i-romiseri Tillan fo r a B reton ch annel on about Lower Brittany?

(continued from page 5) a streite of the nen, Brittany Brittany is too poor to be has lost control of an imp­ able to govern itself! t) is -Ip-iar temen t . I t s o u t- o r ta n t "Paris ol' developm ent. going ^resident, Jean Houyer, •>hat i s l e f t t.o p re v e n t th e Opponents of capitalism will re place: I by t.h.e nephew of a Investment of the money outside agree that real solialism P ren ch p o l i t i c i a n whn i s tb the country? It in the lateärt cannot co-exist with colonial p”e-' re the oomihat,ion of a crying example of the colonial e x r l o i t a t i o n ; i t shonld mean nev i nLni'trative council by ex"loir.at,ion to which it is control of the means of prod- t-i“ .>t ‘e. w.i.“ n-omoting this sub.jected. In recent years uction and exchange by the "x- i.isior., not L;ecause Loire- t.he Breton economy had exrper- people, at a level as close AtlHntiqüe i:; p.^rt of tiistoric ierrced sucv’ a nynamisn that as p o s s ib le t c them. The Brittany but for economic i f was tenpted to go its own Banque de Bretagne seems to . rearsons: brittany neens the way, Brittany—herries is one have been much c lo s e r to t h i s 'iarites-jt, 'nzaire industrial of its imnresnive achievements, model up to now th a n w ill be b a s e . the ©xport of ohickens to cossible under its new regime. •lästern hurope and to Third There is no indication that Aske/i why banque de br-*t— ...orld countries is arother it could be subordinated to a/ne diu not, 1 ike t.h.e Credit But there was offioially- the regional Assembly due to • utuol de Bretagne, issue backei) 'Opposition to this. be elected in 1 9 8 3 , an assem­ cneque books in Breton, ouyer Leclorc was prevented from b ly which w ill an.vway have said t p lenar.c iv :: not auff- going ah®ad with arrangenents litt.le power of decision. icien* "but our Customers a r for c-ui-iber lil imnorta; an deal socialism in 3rittany free tu v»riti> ti:»ir Cremes in puiv«.- Lim.it v is fixed to '.'ilLy1 r reqoires freeing the country o re to n " . c icken «rowwetion. h’rom now from the French political grip. on, wnenevor Breton ina'istria- Thove ]'.• -tov; n r .L y one share— lists neeti i'».l.itst they will (Condensed from article in hi'lder: the hr^rtch .State. lt have lit.tle Option out to beg cepublique Bretonne) wl*• appoint the managers and t-e . rench jt.ate. It will be i'»cliie ttie oü.”.k1 :> n o lic y . a t easy a~Hin to rn-etpnd that A.H. CARN 39 Page 7 Diwan- towards recognition as a public Service

Repräsentatives of Jiwan had Pleuveur, near An Oriant, on three years, provided the talks with top French July lOth, the great najority Situation and the resolts Jducatiin officials in June of the bü delegates rejected acheived in both Systems and July with a view to obtuin both o p tio n s . The f i r s t wer® tept under con-btni recognition as a public Service, because with the general lack re v ie w . u n d er such c o n d itio n s as woulid of teachers competent in guarantee the association Breton, the public schools . In a d i i t i o n to i t s 17 eontinued Controls over its coulri not take over the role nnrsery schools ••r:. two own wavs oi teaching and enable of Bi.van; the second because primary schools which have a it to fulfill its aim: to tran- what- Jiwan nee-’s , rno”e t.han total of ?50 nhilIren and em- smit the Breton language to the subsidies, is the freedon to ploy a staff of 7 iwan children. Two alternatives t.each _in Breton, only grad- would like to open 5 new scho were offered: the narents who ually or r.ging in the teac'ning schools in the autumn bat lacks vvishe.i ti.eir children to learn of French, whereas what the the necessary funds. Vhat is it ab school coulb send them 3täte proposes in bilingual the r»ason for the Jemand, Sup­ to public schools where they sdools fron the st >rt or the porten by a public demonstrat- woulö ge t a few hours a week gradual introduction of Breton, ion in enper last : ay, trat it of Breton and the Jiwan tea- liwan * u n ts ~chocls to be be offieially recognised. But ch.ers would be: taken into the opened vih.erever five children th e ro i r a .-*•«»at risV. j.r behon- public teaching body: or Biwan are ready r.o attend, out no ing financial ly u«pendent on a couln sign a convention with d ass should have more t’ran F ia t« ».■•■.ich, w lth in -1 f“W years, the ot.ite, receive a subsidy, 15 p u p ils becauao ol' ti e could a; Hin be ruled by arti- retain its autonomy but accept present state of ti e language; Breton parties; therp is also certain conditions (e.g. con- teachers shoul d be enai.lel to still goo to Analyse at local evel. If liwan re- in >°nch with gradual t.nitioh recent Statements by the kreuch mained autononous, its in Breton, "frort the rmrsery Bducaticn inister ~ r 'i the teachers could attend courses school to ts« university" • Rennes ecteur ■< 'eca.iiemie". in the «Jtat.e t r a i n i n g C o lle g e s. i’hry fourvi that, the new condi­ Diwan wou'ld a c c e o t t r a n s i t o r y tions for tea.ch.irg t-e Breton At th e I AGM heId a t conditions for a oeriod o.f in secondary schools repr^sen- te d h loterioration: the two hours a week allovied to it hitherto in the yth and 6 th Not for celebration claasen are reduced to one hour, and the mininmn number of stn- 350 years aro ßrittany had to the first, act of the secret centfi nec ied for a d ass has sign a treaty of union with association C'.venn-ha-Du. been raised fron 10 to l'y. F ran ce. '.0 years ago, the liowhere are the "generous ■non iment representing that measuree" promised as an act union in Rennes "blew up" - Tbis yenr a few groups, of bistoric rermration tc be considering that the Bretons noticeiL. are not taight their history of historic reparation to be anc shoul i a t le e .st be made notioed. InsteaJ of a Cal !S Canada aware of its most salient in Breton, (see Garn 3ü) the ler Benes, tne .iennes U n iver- events, decided to 1ay a Jecteur proposes a " 'ertificate sity leeturer who lea the rdapue in Gwened/Vannes as of P ro f e s s io n a l .ppr

It is a major achieveuent to moods, but it cannot take the twinning cring every year in «.ugust, 5 t role of lanfuage as a precise an (.Vriant/Lorient about one means of thought and communic- ’l’he Breton Youth Hostels hundre.i tro-usand peor-le togetrher -ation. It can bring us together Association, part of the to listen to +.-,<■* musie of the in + o a kind o f communion. b u t i t over-all Prench Y.H. assoc- 'eltic oountries. -ostivals 1 ike le a v e s is on a le v e l of con— iation, is interested in a t‘ is ans individual musicians - ■ciouunesg close to cireaming. 1 ir.k-up with its counter- 1 ik e «.1 'in J t i v e l l have aone much parts in Ireland (N.and J.) ■io re fa n tue nrIntel word couLa •fe need that at times but we Wales, Scotland, . : ay utress, as tio, on consideration it could contri- bretonne, et les autres langues o u r 1 ar.-ruages as the essential -b u te to make the h rr.rer.t celtique. Bien que la musique factnrs of our Olt.icity. I Festival truly interceltic. puisse nous amener l 'un a reco,-nise the power of music l'aut-ve, eile ne peut pas to convey eraotiöns and express A. Heusaff. prerdre la place des langues.

W a n t e d To im.prove and br-ighten-up CARN, we need many rr.ore photo- graphs, Cartoons, etc., etc.

Drawings should be in black ink; photographs should be black and white with strong c o n t - r a s t . Pays de Galles

SUR LE PROCHAINE PAGE:

Cett-e association de drcur.aturges gallois demande que le Conseil des Art-s du pays de G alles, et les th'ecltres en le pays de G alles eux-rr&rr.es, fo n t de ses mieux d'aid e r les compagnies et les dram.aturges gallois avant ceux d 'ailleurs. CARN 39 Page 9 c y m r u

The Welsh Dramatists Network By Dedwydd Jones

To pTevent f u r th e r w astages g ra n t oj‘ f.l•> oOO to the "new appointment of vriters, actors of public money, the Welsh image" Theatre Aale« for a and technicians st'ould be to dramatists Network ( WDK) production of Irishman ij rien ■velsh people only in th e c a l l s at. once fo r a sto p to h’r ie 1 1s p la y "Tran slat ions" ; theatres of .aleh. "ne ,7l)N all ielsh Arts Council Theatre and tr.is a t a tim e when the further declares th-vt all grants in Aales until the now ..'elsh ( prou V ’M a !•» in Wale: future grants to the tres Pari iamentarv Committee investt- WrlS f o r c e i to pr-=»rent Cardiff should be nad. iependant on -igating the arts has siftea d ra -a t i s t Mick >Jdw ■rds' P l a y giving em-'l oyment primarily its evidence and issued its "on a shoe—r'.r budget " fo r to .Velsh th e a tr e a r t i s t s . findings. The _)N condemns one r.igh+ or.ly f utterly the continuing ^ ^ -'i .’ ■ i1,:.."• i' / jc.iij '.vj ruinous afcscenoe of an overall 'Phe .CN c a l l s f DT a totfj,1 b a n plan or policy in theatre on a11 gran t s to o u ts id e r s a.s The ;.JN r°serves its most grants, especially as they lon£ as one pIah w r : x e r or o' profound oxrresaion of disgust affect ..‘elsh olaywrights. if*1 s h th e a tr e rro n p has t O fiO for f>e tr»atmen+. aooorded to begging. Scripts suomitted to tri»!-.tres The vV-QK also condemns the in ,«al»s. Juch treatm ert vari<>s unbridled prejudice displayed • "fLaY Pt'h WaU-B1' from outright loss, unacknow- by the .Velsh Arts Council and CU.J ITT 1 ul; -ledgad roter,tion. of scripts the rnain theatres of Wales for i.nter-inable periods, against »'elsh dramatists. At -’r (»m t'r.e s t .r r of I s i s comp— i’’i ool ite disclaim ers of the best, the dramatists continue titinn net. one ajor theatre receipt of post»c; scripts, to to be regarded as bitter, un- in Va e s müde any com m ittnent f i n a l o n e-1 ine, coffee-stained -washed bohemians to be avoid»d vtha+.soever io a production of crumr.led re.'-enti ons. Buch at all eosts, or, at worst, as the winning r>l ay, nor was one treatment, all »yperi»nced by irrelevant nuisances to be penr.y s**t a s id e ny tt » .Vel.nn «DK memlicTs, p ro v id e s th e ignored or insulted as the Arts Council to sunnort such ultimate nroof of t ? contempt. occasion arises, The patnetic a production. dtinately the in which th» indigenous financial scraps tössed .th winners were fobbeo off with dramatist is heid in his to the olaywrights and to small ’ vOp and ’r*'; .-.' i “d readings" n a tiv e ,Val“s . Companies tryir.g to present new (J . f . f’homas' s winning play work can only be intenued to not pro enteil at all on CCNCLL^iCK hold up indigenous talent to the grounds t.bat the author contempt and ridicule. "lived in New Zealand"). The J i r Hywel hvans, the new ’•’* r)N expresses its diagust at Chairman of t>e .Velsh Arts Prom among many exam ples, the this shoddy and unprofessiohal Council, has doclared that he w JN further condemns the fo ll- treatisent. wants to bring "some real vim -owing recent bur aucratic into th» whole theatre scene". o u tr a g e s ! 4 . TluJ CiiAh'J Tu The iVDN wmild lik e to point i.eAuJ f~, !V 1 . I'i io. .. l i (.'■•' «... :U( jlnG out that it is not "vim" that is needed - the writ.ers have •'he g ra n t o f c-'.l'ü -V. 0 by the always rrovided olenty of ■ e sh Art:? C ouncil to Jwansee. th a t - but. a p la n or n o lic y The .elsh arts Council's grants i.ranrl Thea+.re for " irnrovementa and a long-term com- it.trr.ent. to Theatre .Vales are typioal ov°r the uexh five years" grovos o" all grants to new Companies. conclusively that long-ter.m The Welsh Arts Council is as Jach gr an t i s made on an ad hoc oom m ittnents can be made - b u t, unccmmitted now as it has been one-off bas Ls. ivery further apparer.tly, onl y to like-minded during the whole of its grant i. made de pendant on the theatre bureaucrats. No nrov- miserable fifteer. year monopoly. "success" of r.he rreceding - i s i o n w hatsoever has been made venture, t'his System, in the The .VON therefore calls for a for «elsh werk .in this Welsh absence of a long-terra rolicy, cessation of all theatre grants raerelv t.ends to rrovoke rival- theatre. Prenuir.ably the Welsh until the Pariiamentary Comm- v -ries, disoord and S ragmentation uöunc i: merely inteno's to -ittee on the Arts has published - as, indeed, has hanpened with ;;e]i 4ts H at of pseudo-swank its f ind ings. Theatre .ales, ...so, it allows W'ite eleuhant theatres for tne sole benefit yf feüow- Lastly, the j N wishes to oi't'icial, arbitrary terminaf’on travellers. r»:iind Abi, Welsh w riters of o f "unnor.ul ..r" . ro u p s, such as th e wevrds o f tne o f f i c i a l the now defunct ".Hag and —-Vl_Aj ' ^ iMl. | j' iv'TIC Pariiamentary press Release: oagrage oompar.y . ..nr v±jr. c a l l s "Any or gar, isat ion or individual for a System in whicr the ..elsh wishing to subm.it evidence (on Arts Council is »ade accountable *he .^rts) should send their for its den! sions. ..' e . J?‘ denlores the continuing »Ppointwa-» of n’tsiders t.o '.»? submissions to tne Clerk of the fn^atTe Jobs avuilable in Committee of j.duoation, Jcience 2 . ll ■■■!-. L'. . 33.... . tlT.aj '•aies. Cucr ti-e.-itres T'vtiidly and the Arts, K ouse of Commons b^cone planes whore non- elsh ■ e s tm in s te r , London, . SVV1 ACAA. Vhe ’j’’ condemns the .r-lsr Arts. t at& r vsl is r resent.ed . Th» .7 DK C-y.ncii 's ir c'-.^nrenensible We urge J.i «elsh writers to temar.ds th -• «n future tue submit eviaence NOW. Page 10 CAM 39 eire An Fheile Phan-Cheilteach

Bhi breis agus dha mhile duine mhothaigh siad nS r mhiste doibh Labhair cainteoirf o Albain i lathair ag an bhFeile Phan- a mbreith a mhfniu. Peadar 6 agus on B hreatain Bheag faoina Cheilteach, a reachtaileadh i Riada a bhf mar urlabhraf acu. dtaithf fein ar an geeist seo. g C ill Airne ar Ö-16 B ealtaine, Mhol se go laidir do na grupax An la dar geionn, bhf seiminear 19ÖB. Ta meadu raÖr tagtha ar an clof lena dtraidis-iun fein agus ann, "Pan-Celti-c Ten Years Ort bhFeile se o 1971 i ieith, agus a bheith dxlis do st.il - Where to from now?". I measc ta” an eagrafocht a ghabhann lei amhranafochta a dtfre fein. na gcainteoirf a bhf i lathair, bunaithe go maith i gach ceann Nior leor aithris a dheanamh ar bhf Delwyn Phillips agus an Dr de u t'fortha Ceilteacha. Bfonn g h rupaf a bhain duaiseanna amach Clive Archer, a labhair faoin eagsulacht mhaith imeachtaf ann, blianta eile, agus bhf meascan Chomhairle Lochlannach. a r a mbfonn ceol, amhranaiocht d£anta ag roinnt de na dreamanna Leirfonn na h im eachtaf seo go agus riuce. idir an cineäl leirithe a bheadh bhfuil tuiscint airithe ag oiriunach don Cheiltiffs agus an ^ ** ' y lucht eagraithe na Feile a Is e an oomortao amhranaiocht cineal a bheadh cuf maxdir leis theann nfos dolrahne n a c u r s a f C e il ti f is e imeacht mhor na an amhranafocht thraidisiunta. caidrimh sa chiall is cuinge. seachtaine gach bliain. Leirfonn se freisin go bhfuil Coraortas e seo le haghaidh Bhi” reimse mor imeachtai eile an fhoibe faoin "pholaitfocht" amhrain nua-chumtha, agus nf mor ann, m.sh. Ofche Dramafochta, - galar nach bhfuil teoranta do na liricf a bheith sa teanga Comortas Chor, Comortas Rince, don Fheile Phan-Cheilteach duchais Cheilteach i gach cas. &rl. Cuid an-taitneamhach den amhäin - ag dul i l£ig. (Nil Roghnaftear ua hamhrain i bhFeile is ea na hoicheanta ann ach tamaillfn gearr o geomortais naisiünta i gach tfr näisiuuta - Oiche Chornach, rafnfodh nach bhfeadfaf cuireadh ar leith. An gasra Breatnach Ofche B hriotanach A rl. Thug na a thabhairt d'oifigeach airithe "Bando", a bhuaigh an comortas Cornaigh an Pen Gwyn - cap all den Chonradh Ceilteach labhairt i m bliana. Bhf th a r t fa o i 600 breige ocht dtroigh ar airde - ar abhar a raibh se ina duine i lathair nuair a bronnadh o Pensans. Bhfbdh c a p a ill shaineolaf air, ar an mbonn go an duais orthu, ach nfos bhreige da leitheid coitianta raibh "an iomarca baint aige le tSbhachtaf na sin, rinne foirne trath ag feilte traidisiunta i polaitfocht"!!) eearnara Z gach ceann de na Kernow. Maireann an nös i tiortha Ceilteacha, nach mor, an Padstow i geonaf, agus riuneadh Gne eile den Phan-Cheilteach a comortas a theiliffsiu. Ta an e a athbheochan i Pensans le bhfuil feabhas mor tagtha air t-a d h a r choicte na Feile go deireanos tar eie brieeadh 150 is ea usaid na Gaeilge. I n-eirfonn leo patruntacht b lia in . mblianta tosaigh na Feile is e trachtala a^fhail 6 T u f S h o e s an Bearla a bhf in uachtar go L t d . , Clii Airne, don chomortas Leirigh Jan Fenneil traidisiun mor, ach caithfear a admh'ail go seo, rud a chiallafonn gur Cornach eile sa taispoantas raibh beagnach an oiread eeanna feidir an imeacht a reaebtaii ar d'fhfodoireacht sugain a thug sf Gaeilge agus Bearla in usaid ar bhonn ga.iriniuil, snasta. gach l a . Bhf m u in tir Kernow ag an aröan i mbliana. B'fheidir an bhFeile ina sluaite i go mbeadh C oiste na F eile sa sta mbliana, agus bhf ceardlanna ßfodh is gurb ”e an comortas stadas eigin a thabhairt Cornaise ann chomh maith le Ceiltifise ocaid na draiochta ind'freach don smaoineamh seo sa ceardlann Gaeilge. Bhf agus na galantacha, is tuairise a tugadh ann ar oraid ceardlanna rince ann chomh taitneamhaf go mor le ati-chuid Aire na Gaeltachta ofche na maith, ina raibh teagasc agus daoine ua comortas san hoscailte. Arsa "Inniu": "Lean eleachtadh ar fäil sa rince Amhranaiocht Cheilteach. Tornas an tAire air ansin gur aithris, Gaelach, Breatnach no Cornach do 0 Neachtain on Spid'eal a i mBearla, beagnach focal ar dhuine ar bith a raibh a leith­ ghnothaigh an chead duais sa fh o c a l, an meid a b h f r f i t e eid uaidh. chomortas aonair arfs i mbliana. cheana i nGaeiige aige. (Ina Ba e seo an dara uair ndiaidh a y y w' ait sin, b'fheidir nar mhiste, One an-tabhachtach den bhFeile cheile gur eirigh le Tumas ari ar ’ocaidf mar e amach anseo, go Phan-Cheilteach is ea an cluiche "dubailt" a bhaint amach - Corn solathrodh. Statseirbhfsigh na bliantuil idir iomanaithe na Sheain Uf Riada ag an Oireachta§ Roinne abairt no dh'o i gach hEirann agus imritheoiri^. ^ agus an Amhranaiocht Cheilteach teanga de na teangacha eagsula camanachta na hAlban. E i r e Og 1 gCill Airne. Sa dara ait bhf Ceilteacha don Aire, mar 6 Chorcaigh agus foireann € Penelope Mac Intyre as Uidhist a chuirteis do na cuairteoirf a Lochaber a bhf san iomafocht i Deas, duine de na hajnhranaithe bhfuil siad acu.)" is breathe a thainig chugainn on mbliana. Ard-chomhairle Chumann Luthchleas GaeX a rinne Mod le fada an la. Locht a luaitear coitianta leis patruntacht ar an gcluiche. an bhFfile Phan-Cheilteach, gur "Cwlith" o Llanberis sa ar mhaithe leis an turasoireacht B hreatain Bbeag a rüg an chraobh Nfor mhiste dhä" imeacht a lua a cuireadh ar bun f an chead la leö sa chomortas do ghrupaf. go speisialta. Ar an Beardaoin riamh. Bfodh is go bhfuil bunus Nil se de nos ag na moltoin i bhf siorapoisiam faoi choimircc leis an tuairim sin, nf bheadh gCill Virile moitoireacht bhfil Ghaelscoileanna ann, inar s f cothrom do na daoine a ta a thabhairt no aon chaint a mfnfodh na constaicf a gnfomhach ar choistf na Feile go dheanamh seachas an toradh a chuirtear sa bhealach ar nglacfaf leis gurb 's cur chun fhogairt, ach sa chas seo, scoileanna Gaeilge in Eirinn. cinti na turasöireachta an rud ba CARN 39 Page 11 And how is poor old Ireland?

Froud b ut p o o re r th an i t was would be endangered as to - was the technical break with a decade ago as arguments tatus as a consequence. sterling which leaves our specious and plausible added That its status has deterio^- currency a weak but independent us - however the sleight of -ated was manifest in the entity on the roulette tables timing had it - a caudal recent Supreme Court ruling of the worl of high finance. appendage again with England a g a in s t Tornas C “ onach ain , Ahatever the motives it is in the Common Market. though that can not be shown light years away in attitude to have been a direct conse- from the aropping of the 1 0 / - Those o f u s who argued a g a in s t -quence of our subsumation c o in of 1966 and the imitation it then urged that prices into the S.E.C. we refused in size, shane and designation would riss as a result - they to accept that the witherlng of England's in the later did (a rise exacerbated of away of borders we were decimal coinage issuea here. course by the A ra b 's choke on promised would facilitate It was a praetical demonstration our oil supplies: a squeeze the solution of our partition of the possibil ities of ir.öep- that in the Ion term will problem (and the current war -endent action in an area erode much o f the base o f was at its initial fierceness, where - whatever theorists the benevolent disposition of and its spectators less blase, and advocates did say — many in t.h eir r e g a r d ) . We less cynical, less inclinea to decades of dithering, doubt argued that unemoloyment the ostrich Position than of and fear of co.nsequences had would rise but really we now), and the world itself preceded same. It was a haraly envisaged a country must s u r e ly know by now th a t S tr ip p in g o f some s l i g h t sc a r total of a quarter of a that is certainly not so. t issue from the wounds of miilion. »Ve spoke of sov- iVe note that Greenland wants centuries of Empire and it -reignty but were laughed o u t, th e 1‘aroes t oo perhaps, revealed a greater health at really and yet court note Morway's success outside beneath than many really cases are only one indication and sometimes wonder if we have believed existed. Tho se not of its attenuation: we haven't th<= guts to go it alone. now o r n o t r e c e n t l y b ein g h u rt signed a U.N.E.G.C.O. con- by imperialism - an 1 conscious -vention on illegal trade in Time may oe on our s id e in of that hurt (as assimiladoes cultural objects on the grounds this - the beauty seen in tend not to be) - would not that the EKO Commission (its Garpar.tua many think surpassed appreciate this point I think. non-elected bureaucratic in the scale of smaller thin^s. government) feels it might lead Economies of scale are being But the ...r in the North shows to an increase in cross-border queried more and more as no sign of abating, and however or border-post custom activity unidimensional criteria for much n o n -p a r tis a n s in B e lf a s t - and policing (italy and Greece more c-omplex - i . e . more human say - might deprecate the - two of the most fleeced in - situations. extension of that war to this regard - have signed). London, certainly not one of vVe urged that our own language Be that as it may - such is in them would pretend not to the future. All has not been understand the whys. The black, depressing or negative world, the meuia, - especially mho a bhi a spreagadh. in tne past decade. We hardly at the instant reaotion level envisaged that a growing 1 - , the s a fe may f o r g e t the lo n g Ta teorainn leis an tionchar ata Population - for the first term context of that war; they ag an bhFeile Phan-Cheilteach. time since 18- 1 (the opusus may prefer to ignore - if they Mar Sin fein, is institdld £ a which revealed the human cost have not forgotten - the neartafonn an comfhios Ceilteach of the hunger in the forties, immediate causes in 1968 and agus a chuireann go mor leis an and which set a pattem of 1969; th e y may o v e rlo o k gcaidreamh a bhxonn ag na decline arrested only since Bloody Sunday, Castlereagh, tiaisiuin eagsula lena eheile. th a t o f 1 9 7 1 ) and a voung one the hunger strikes, the rubber Ar an äbhar sin go priomhda, is too with all the challenge arid bullets, even the urine filled coir tacu lei. a l l t.he hope th a t o b ta in s in water pistols discharged at the vibrancy of youth - for children in prams in West Brian 6 Raghnaill. all its Problems (and they are B e lf a s t - th e y may even many: Dublin has a bad tiard weigh a dead horse's whinny The thiAteenth annual Pan-CeZtie drug crime rate of late, m ore, in some crude a rith m e tic . FettivaZ heZd in KiZZaAney in organised at that). Mo, that of death out the ever-widening the. tpAing aiat an outttanding is a iajor plus, and one never circles of friends and relation-: tuceett and peAhapt the, bett to to be ignored or underplayed. of those abused, imprisoned, date. ThZt event hat, deveZoped That very fact of course tortured or killed cannot do quite a tot tince itt eanZy dayt . acoelerates the time scale for so, and don' t and nore and The oKganiteAA have thorn a aecisions on so many issues - more are t.ous involved the uiiZZingnett to go beyond enteA- that generatton couli ohange further mad dream of a military tainment-oM entated a ctivitiet. all, anc may,; whether national s o ? u t:o n re o e d e s in to some CniXicitm ofi the naAAoui, non- movements ar« supple enough .in K itsonian utopia of stalag life poiitieaZ and touA ittie natuAe their response to that novelty (if life under the heel be life). is again a matter for future o{j the FettivaZ it inadequate i£ nen, I t was o fte n sa id th a t th e North it {,ailt to Aeeognite that the was unique, th a t i t c o u ld n 't Pan-CeZtie -it pZaying a paAt in happen here; but although the Another occurence which gave (SoAming a Ce&cic conteioutnett fantastic idea of deporting rise to a certain psychological and incAeating contact betm en alleged citizens of the UK to boost - wnatever economists of the 6ix nationt. Fo a t h i t neaton i t it uioathy o^ tu.ppon.t- varying hues of ulue might say (continued overleaf) Page 12 CARN 39 Irish language in court (continued from page 11) there w ill be rr.y grandsons, and The Gupreme C ourt in D ublin then their sons and grandsons, finally, in mid-July, lielivered the UK, and the recurring dif- and so on to infinity. High as i t s judgem ent on two c a se s of fe r e n tia tio n between UK and they are, the rr.ountains cannot great importance to the Irish 'mainland' Britain even in trade gvow any higher and with every language which it had heard advertisements point up the dif- bi-t we dig, they w ill be that last year. The first of these r'erence - a difference most much lower. Why can't- we clear cases coneemed the use of the tragically underiined when ten therr. away?'. Having refuted the Irish language in courts Ir is h deaths on hunger s tr ik e Wise Old Man's wrong vi-ew, he sitting in Gaeltacht areas; couldn't move her Tory heart went on digging every day, un- the second case dealt with* the although Gwynfor's very threat shaken in his oonviction. Ood Position of Irish on RT3, the resulted in a major and most was rr.oved by th is, and he sent n a tio n a l television Service. welcome win for Wales - for a ll down two angels, who carvied the that ne’'ertheless the experien- rr.ountains away on th eir backs. Donegal Coimty Council prosecut- ces of the military are really We rnust. persevere and work in - -»d Tornas 0 f..onach£in in 1976 being looked at in the sense of creasingly and we, too, w ill for failing to conply with mainland confrontations; don't touch God's heart. Our Ged is certain nrovisions of the Pia ask theri, fellow victims of none other t-han the masses of Flanning Acts by illegally English ambition, for whom the the Chinese people. If they P '.rking a oar -van. The ensuing guns bark, thoy barl< for thee stand, up and. d ig toget.har i,yi.f.h court cases wpre held in the (and resolutions banning plastic us, why can't these two rr.oun­ Gaeltacht an on both occasior.s baton rounds from the mainland tains oe cleared away. " Tornas 6 Monachain objected to streets turn but the blunt and (We are dealing here with two the use of an Interpreter by not the cutting edge of m ilit­ mountains - the glowering peaks the presvding jneige. He ary Solutions to endemic dis- of English and French arrogant maintained that the Government a f f e c ti o n ). annexationalism). was obliged by the 1924 Courts of Justice Act to assign judges The world - if it wanted to The Irish language is in a who- e knowledge of Irish was learn - and we - who have to - stränge position as of now - the such that they would have no got a refresher course in the Gaeltacht is now weaker in num- need of Interpreters, to nature of English attitudes to bers than Scotland's is but Jistrict Court areas contain- us wogs in th e Malvinas ra id s ; there is a wider spread of -ing parts of the Gaeltacht. and they reminded us once again course in the rest of Ireland. He argued that the two judges of a fundamental truth: the who dealt with his ^ase in cost of a struggle for liber- The setbacks marked since the Bur» Beag Court were not ation will be fixed not by the forties may have accelerated ln competent to do so as they nature of the underfoot but by pace as a result of declining had appointed interpreters the viciousness of the C ru s h ­ Standards of Irish in teaehers' for their own use thus show- er ' s jackboot. Simple enough, trairiing Colleges {caused by two -ing that they had not a as witness Ireland's bistory main items: the acceptance of working knowledge of Irish. v i s - a - v i s England as against Fr. McNamara's outworn and by- iVith the Support and financial Norway's shaking o ff of Sweden. passed, superceded thesis backing of Üonradh na Gaeilge That refresher should at least against bilingualism in 1962; Tornas 0 Konachain instituted encourage coalesoence and und- and the removal of examination erline the importanoe of each essentiality from the study of victory, each achievment, every Ir is h ten y ears l a t e r ) . But uti.on under VEC supervision in change towards improveinent, all is not blue; it can be said TiV Chonaill's Gaeltacht Lar - however small. Mao Tsetung's now that those who speak Irish a significant victory at that). recension of an old Chinese today do so by conscious choice Bord na Gaeilge however, the fable is to the point here I in Gaeltacht and outside; the Government agency is still being th in k : democratic quotient in the funded as if the ESB were given Gaeltacht Authority over Bur- enough to give each house a " There is an änderet Chinese eaucratic Opposition has been candie when their brief was to fable called 'The Foolish Old beneficial and has helped in the bring electricity to all the Man Who Removed the M ountains'. vital area of confidcncc - self- people of the state. It tels of an old man who lived confidence, mutual confidence, in northern China long, lang confidence in the possibility of Matters musical are sound, and ago and was known as the Foolish m e lio ra tio n ; raore and more par- so really is sport; dancing is Old Man of North Mountain. H s ents are realising the depriv- still poised between art and house faced south and beyong his ation and are organising all business - but the other arts doorway stood the Wo great Irish primary schools (it is a re fin e (although a few more peaks, Taihang and Wangwu, ob- only treading water of course purchasers would help). Pol­ structing the way. With great but that's better than drowning itical life is stränge - hardly determ ination, he led his sons in apathy or acquiescence) and extant in the limbo of the Six in digging up these rr.ountains significantly enough many out­ Counties, but tautly poised how in hand. Another greybeard , side Dublin, the hardcore and between different forces over known as the Wise Old Man, sau kernel of such; that building three elections in the rest of therr. and said d erisively, 'How as was expected on the n a fs c o il Ireland. Some said we were silly of you to do this! It is (so many Welsh parallels here) approaching the Italian musical quite i-rrpossible fo r you few to has begun to Xead to demand at chair soene but there is a cer­ to dig up these two huge rr.oun­ secondary level (little enough tain confidence abroad among ta in s'. The Foolish Old Man to b o ast - a stream in Navan, the punters - in my view - that replied, 'When I die, r.y sons an exciting new formula in is not panicking at this but w ill carry on; when they die, Cluain Dolcäin, and an instit- building towards what I du not CARN 39 Page 13 Opinions, proceedings in the High Court should they so wish. claiming that the Government * State emplnyees partieipating had failed to comply with the in or representing the state please 1924 Courts of Justice Act in in court involving Irish Troditionally, CARN has been assigning tha two judges in Speakers, are not obliged to published in the 'stondard' question to the Donegal District u se I r i s h . formet o f: Alba, B reizh, Cymru, Court area. The case finally E ire, Kernow Männin and General went on appeal to the Supreme Carried to its logical conclu- Ce 11 i o . C o u rt. -sion the Supreme Court's ruling means that Irish spealeers I feel thot CARN, and its read- The three judges of the who know K n g lish may use I r i s h ers, would benefit from o change Supreme Court wer unanimous in their business with the State away from th is tr a d itio n a l o c t- i n their rejection of Tornas if tney so wish, but that the tern. I would like to introduce C t.-onachain's c a s e . The state is not doing them an a format whereby articles were judgements they gave high- injustice by dealing with them distributed occording to sub­ -lighted the precarious in Knglish. This Position is ject, instead of on the national Position of the Irish language totally at variance with the b a s is . Thus d if f e r e n t a r t i c l e s - although it is recognised in official though unimplemented or reports could be given prom- the Constitution as heing the policy of successive governments inence, others could be high- national language and "therefore - that people who wish to do lighted, on their own merits. the first official language", business with the state through This would necessarily involve this Status has not been elab- Irish shall be so facilitated. a less strict allocation of -orated upon in legislation. Conradh na Gaeilge has therefore space to each countryj it would urged the Government and the In a statement, (Jonradh na Opposition political parties also make less obvious the Sit­ Gaeilge called attention to to implement a Kill of Kights uation where articles from any "three very serious implications for the Irish Language thereby one country are either not re- of the Supreme Court's judgement: ensuring that the rights of ceived or, as in the case of Irish Speakers to use Irish Welsh material in this issue, * Although Irish Speakers have will be upheld in future. This go a s tra y . the right to use Irish in is one of the points which will court, the Courts are not be raised in early Keptember at I do not intend, however, to obliged to deal with theix a meeting between represent- simply change the nature of cases through Irish. -atives of the Irish language CARN on my own cognisance - it * iVhile the Government is movement and An Taoiseach. is not m^ magazine but belongs required to appoint judges to the Leogue and to its read- with a competent working e r s . f'luency in Irish to court The second court case had districts which contain arisen from the refusal of L would therefore oppreciate Gaeltacht areas, these Irish- C a it 3ean V x Chadhain to your comments on th is m atter. speaking judges are not purchase a television licence My deodline for articles for obliged to use any Irish in as a protest against HTK's CARN 40 is December I4th - if their Gaeltacht courts, and abysmal failure to provide an I receive no adverse reoctions may use K n g lish a l l th e tim e adequate number o<' Irish to this Suggestion by December language television piogrammes 21st, I sholl produce that issue along the lines I have know, but somehow I do not fe a r. for both children and adults. proposed. Please let me know what you think . Hut what - w ithout appearing The judge in the Jupreme Court paranoid about it - we do fear who heard Bean V{ Chadhain’s Pedyr Prior. is what the delays and hind- appeal against a fine which had been imposed upon her rances, the failure of the mass proved quite sympathetic and media (especially television) to endorse, reflect, encourage agreed, with her harsh criticism this question with its legal of RTE. He requested the and support national values will advisors to decide whether Supreme Court to rule on such p x o ceedings sho u ld be cause in the building on that certain aspects of the case. i n i t i a t e d . confidence just now adumbrated. Unfortunately, the bupreme Here we have not progressed Court held that, j.t was the Ge an Mac'.iathuna. lately - it is sad that certain duty of Jistrict and Circuit pirates see more percentage in Court justices to unhold the TL y avait deux proces dans the use of Irish than the nat­ letter of the law: people who les tvibunals qui. essaifat La ional Service often does. The had television ets must by place que La langue irlandaise campaign to ensure that the 2nd law purchase an up-to-date tien t dans l ’eta t. Le premier Channel would not simply be a licence and no deficieneies montra qu’i l ne faut pas que b o oster fö r BBC and ITV was won in^the sevice provided by les juges dans le Gaeltacht but the benefit to the achit- RTE could set that Obligation emploi l 'i-rlandai.se dans leur ects of that victory have been a s id e . tvibunals, bien que le defen- very slight indeed. It remains deur veuille l'employer. in fact one of the cautionary The Supreme Court said that L'autre traita de la respons- taies to be learned by subject the general question of whether abilitä de RTE fournir des peopia - d o n 't do as they did or not KTE was fulfilling its progvarjr.es dans la langue. Ces when they had the Chance. statutory Obligation to the proces monterent que Irish language could be dis- VIrlandaise n’est pas la -cussed in the High Court. premi&re langue du pays, malgre Padraig 0 Snodaigh Conradh na Gaeilge i- studying la Constitution. kemow An Towl Keschanj Gobrenoryon No nukes

Unwyth a r ta yma’n Seneth yn ha del wothyr yn-ta, yma mur a The long-running saga of whet- Loundres ow cul aga gwella dhe bendrevow yn Kembry hag yn her or not a nuclear power dhystrewy an .gemeneth Geltek yn Kernow re golias puptra a'ga S ta tio n should be b u llt in Kembry hag yn Kernow der aga bew aga honen - aga yeth, aga Cornwall reached a significant thalsoghneth yn un gomendya an manerow ha'ga sp y ry s. Y re stag e during the e a rly summer. Towl Keschanj Gobrenpryon. oneth ha bos Sawsnek yn-tyen, du aga bys. . Solabrys yraa gwanheans a'n The first announcement came Hobel Geltek dre Dren a eyl when Cornwall 'County' Council Wel, ny re welas, hag yth eson jyow ha hewosow - annedhow a voted, by 45 to ly, to op- ow queles wnath, aystrewyans a dal mos dhe dus tythyak mes pose the siting of any such vew Geltek y'n pendrevow mes drefen bos moy a arghans dhe'n Station in Cornwall. The Sawson, nyns us chons vyth fatel yu yn kever an trevow bras? Ivyns yu an re -n a mar dek Cornish Anti-Nuclear Alliance, dhe'n aus o an le aga frena. founded in 1979 by Mebyon del yu usyes hag ytho a'y us Hep mar, a'y us nyns o mes Kernow, g reeted th e news with nyns esa whans dhe'n Sawson chyow y'n leow moy tek re bu cautious optimism - councils prenys - leow mayth us gwyth ha omvuvya dhedha. Dre hemma, y fe pupprys kemenedhow c re f a in Cornwall are notorious for goverow byghan fythus, po ryb changing their poiicies. Yet an als yn dalleth negys ' Gwely Geltyon omma; ha ple hyllyr cafos poran an kemenedhow c re f this decision must be seen as ha Hansel', bytegens, hep an important tnove by the el- predery a'n acheson rag aga y'n trevow? Yn trefbarcow an consel, le ma na vyn an sawson ected representatives of the fre n , bos an chyow re bu prenys Cornish people and will, hope- desedhys yr., po ogas dhe benars rych prena aga chy-hunros. Lemmyn yth hevel y fyth an fully, herald the Start of a po trevow byghan maytn esa more p o s itiv e approach by pupprys kemeneth Geltek cref. cadarnleow dewetha-ma dystrewys ynweth dystough. this last bastion of so-cailed Kaghenna, nyns us ethom cafos 'independent thougnt' in mes nyver byghan a sawson dhe B rita in . wanhe, po gweth, dystrewy kynda Y clewes lyes ascus gwan ow Geltek an bendra ha'y hemeneth, scodhya an Towl Keschanj-ma, an brassa ran anedha hep mar The second im portant rnove was aworth conselers Strogwyth. the decision of the Central Onen a'n re-ma a levery 3 y fya E le c tr ic ity G enerating Board chons da rak tus yn asran a to build their first nuclear CNP affiliate fowt whel ug'nel, drefen y dhe power Station of the current group at Hinkley Point, in Eollowing a neeting of the allos mos dhe nep le aral avel England, rather than at executive oi’ the Cornish Loundres ha cafos ober, hep Luxulyan in Cornwall. CANA Nationalist, iarty, the organ- ponvotter vyth! Fatel yu ytho have hailed this as a major -isation has iiecid>* s ckerne, iiiittated by Station in South-tfest Britain. continent. it Delieves that it -Che London Government, to en- will only be by European co- eouAage counc-cl-house exckanges -operation and involvement that oetu/een ^a/nilte-j in dififierent MK the ourceiit economic crisis will parts o{, britain uuill put. oua Mebyon Kernow has been s i le n t be overcome and the individual Celtic identity, especiaiiy in sin ce G olin Lawry won a se a t national ilentities th t. co'rraose Cor mall and Wal ec , ander on Penwith D istrict Council in the continent will be preserved. greater strain than ever May this year. The party is The EPl i.- subdivideu into betöre-, council es totes atready holding its Annual Conference sections on the basis of a u emble 'ruenvatiotw ' and i t in early November, too late for existing States and the Cornish seems that these bastions o CARN's publication date. In Nationalist Party will seek Celtic Settlement are no CARN 40, we shali present o recogr.ition of Cornwall as orae langer sa$e. full report of that Conference of the constituent nations and and where Mebyon Kernow goes regions of the continent. Tewennow from h ere. r_m a im m CARN 39 Page 15 Sheeloghe noa ny Manninee dooie

Ayns dagh heer Cheltiagh boayl speeideilagh hannah troggal er chroo aght-beaghey noa- ta'n chengey goll naardey ta sheeloghe noa jeh loayrtee emshyragh Ghaelgagh. Ta aittys kesmadyn cheddin ry-akin. dooghyssagh. Fodmayds jannoo yn ry-gheddyn 'syn aght-beaghey 1. Ta'n chengey ec dy-chooilley red cheddin ayns Mannin? Ta shoh. Ta kiaull, rincyn as pheiagh veih'n chlean. lught-thie ny jees er phrowal spotchyn ayn ayns ny feaillaghyn 2. Ta chengey elley cheet shen y yannoo, as t'eh dooillee eddyr-Celtiagh as ta paart dy stiagh ec sleih t'er chosney dy lio o a r . T'ad er ve leih aeg goaill ayrn ayndaue. barriaght ennagh (cultooragh, speeideilagh ayns ny cheeraghyn Dy vodmayds soilshaghey daue dy argidagh, sidooragh). e lle y er-yn-oyr dy row possanyn vel Gaelg ny clagh undinagh 'syn 3- Ta p a a rt dy le ih ch eet dy ve beggey dy phaitchyn ayn oddagh chooish cosneemayd barriaght daa-hengoil er-yn-oyr dy beign c lo ie cooidjagh. Ayns Nerin, scanshoil. Dy vodmayds neesht dou dellal rish yn reiltys noa. Bretyn a s B ritaan Beg va bishaghey ny fe a illa g h y n as 4. Ayns aigney yn vun lught loayrtee-dooie foast ayn, agh goaill stiagh ny smoo sleih aeg ta'n chengey noa co-kianglt cha row ayns Kernow. Va stayd (punks, mods, new romantics as rish speeideilys as niart yn chengey ayns shen casley rish sleih aeg erbee) as soilshaghey r e ilta g h . Mannin tammylt beg er dy henney. daue dy vel ny smoo a i t t y s ry - 5. Ta sheeloghe re ih dyn Va ooilley ny loayrtee-dooie gheddyn ayndaue ny ayns yn ag h t- gynsaghey yn chied chengey rish maroo as cha row yn chengey ec beaghey boght t'ad gynsaghey nyn maitchyn. peiagh er-lhimmey jeusyn t'e r voish yn chelveeish, disco as 6 . Tra ta'n sheeloghe shoh n.'ynsaghey, ee rayr nah hengey. Hadio Vannin, foddee bee ad nyn g'aase ny shinney ta baarney moiraghyr. as ayraghyn yn sheel­ fosley eddyr oc as paitchyn Shegin da ve feer chronnal nish oghe Gaelgagh noa. Cha nel eh je h 'n nah heeloghe. nagh vodmayd g o a ill yn nah cho dooillee shen. Cha nel 7. Ta ny lo a y rte e dooghyssagh chesmad er ash (troggal auinid ny feeuid 'syn vea geddyn baase as fod yn chengey sheeloghe noa viosh y chlean) jeianagh t'ad geiyrt er nish as geddyn baase marroo. ayns Mannin d errey t a mysh cha nel ee farraghtyn. 8 . My vees sleih foast ayn ta lieh-cneead dy leih ayn mysh yn g'eearee loayrt yn chied chengey eash hoght bleeaney jeig as Fod ad gynsaghey ayns ny t'orroo dy ynsaghey ee myr nah Gaelg flaaoil oc. Er-yn-oyr dy scoillyn agh cha nee monney. Ta hengey. vel paitchyn gynsaghey smoo kied er ve c u r r i t l i o r i s h yn voish yn v o ir ny voish yn ay r, voayrd dy yannoo ymmyd je h 'n Fod yn chengey farraghtyn bio er t'eh smoo scanshoil dy gynsaghey Ghaelg ayndaue, agh cha nel ny aght ennagh rish bleeantyn agh rish mraane ny rish delney. paitchyn soiaghey mooar jeh t'ee fo baggyrt ayns dagh Ayns ny cheeraghyn ta mee er reddyn t'ad gynsaghey tra t'ad heeloghe as t'eh lane dooillee n'imraa t'ad er hroggal paitchyn aeg ayns scoillyn . Cha nel ad dy aavioghey e e . Ta s le ih a s yn chengey ec yn a y r. gynsaghey Gaelg ayns yn nah loayrt as g'arganey rish foddey Jeeagh-jee mygeayrt ny vrastalyn, scoill äs eer dy row ad, cha bee er'n aght Share dy aavioghey ee. vel sleih aeg dy-liooar ayn? shen jeh monney fe e u id . Ta fys S'lhiass dooin brastalyn, Vel mraane aegey dy-liooar ayn? ain ooilley er'n aght va shin lioaryn, tapeyn, troggal gynsaghey Frangish son feysht. er-lheh, argid, fir-ynsee as Cre'n aght fod mayd greinnaghey Cha nel ad soiaghey mooar jeh'n reddyn elley t'ad gra. T'eh sleih aeg dy ynsaghey Ghaelg? chengey coloayrtyssagh ayns jarroodit oc feer-vennick dy vel Shegin daue goaill toshiaght ec feshtyn, as ta shen yn red smoo paitchyn g ’ynsaghey nyn chengey mysh kiare ny shey jeig bleeaney scan sh o il dooinyn. Fod mayds oc fegooish ny reddyn shoh. Son d'eash dy beagh ad flaaoil ec gynsaghey graih er'n chengey aavioghey firrinagh shegin da hoght bleeaney jeig. Ec.yn eash (as reddyn cultooragh elley) roo chengey ve ec paitchyn voish y shen t'ad er n'ghoaill toshiaght ayns ny scoillyn. S'treih lhiem chlean. Er aght ennagh da'n er veaghey as reih er-nyn-son gra dy vel ad y n s it ny reddyn sleih goll er asb bunnys er'n hene. Ec yn eash cheddin neesnt shoh er-lheh son co-hirraghyn, chassan cheddin liorishyn hooar t'ad smoo cummaghtit ec yn (Guild as y lhied) as ta paart yn chengey baase. theill jeianagh. T'ad ceau jeu cur dwoaie daue ny s'anmey. eddeeyn quaagh noa - emshyragh, T'eh niartaghey yn eie nagh vel Ta bunnys cho baghtal nagh vel t'ad clashtyn rish kiaull. ny reddyn shoh ayrn jeh'n vea eh yramyrchagh dy ghraa dy vel jeianagh myrgeddin. Cha nel ad sleih troggal paitchyn traa t'ad Jeianagh as t'ad caghlaa nyn agh reddyn t'o u jannoo ee yn eddyr mysh hoght-jeig as daeed aignaghyn oc dagh vee. Cha nod scoill son co-hirrey, as vlein d'eash. T'ad gynsaghey yn traa smessey ve ayn son cosney g o llr is h ram reddyn e lle y dyn chengey rish nyn maitchyn ayns ad dys yn gleashaght Ghaelgagh, ymmyd t'ou faagail oity chooyl ny chied kiare bleeaney jeh nyn tra t'o u .smooinaghtyn er'n yaloo ad t r a t'o u g 'a a s e ny shinney. mea. Mannagh v el yn chengey shenn - emshyragh t 'e r 'n C-haelg. Fod scoillyn jannoo jeeill da'n f la a o il oc ro ish my vel ad Ta lane fys ain-hene dy vel ee chooish er'n aght shoh. troggal paitchyn t'ad ro nycnengey jeianagh agh mannagh 'aitchagh dy gynsaghey ee rish vel yn sheeloghe s'aa Honnick mee earish-liooar nyn maitchyn. smooinaghtyn dy v el cha bee ad Kernagh tammylt beg er-dy-henney. greinnit dy cheau traa urree. V'eh screeuit ayns Gaelg agh va Ayns Nerin, Bretyn, Kernow as ny skeealyn mychione reddyn Britaan Beg ta sleih er ve Ta shin er n'ghoaill toshiaght jeianagh as va artyn ayn Page Io CA RN 39

mychione nv chied daeed char er'n radio, reddyr, b'vie iesn yn aegid. Cheayll mee leaght neesht voish Albinagh ta g'obbragn da'n BBC. V'eh ny stiureyder jen'n claare ynsaght noa er'n chelveeish er-nyn-son b’vie lhien gynsagney rilbinish. Hoish yn c la a re noa shoh, myr dooyrt eh, v’ou gynsaghey yn aght dy chumraal c r o it veg neesht. Veagh oo smooinaghtyn nagh dod peiagh loayrt mychione reddyn elley ’syn Ghaelg, v’eh dy- kinjagh mychione kirree ny eeastagn. V’eh soilshaghey aooin claare ren eh jeh purt-y- beeal er aght jeianagn. Va’n doodee goaill arrarte er aght tradishoonagh agh v ’ad jannoo ymmyd jeh dagh schlei noa ayns ny jallooghyn, soilshaghyn ehentyn as y lhied, as greienyn- kiaullee noa-emshyragh lectragh. Smooineeagh oo dy row c la a re oniaull cadjin v’ayn gollrish "Top of the Pops". Va un red anchasley ayn, va’n kiaull shoh Language survey foddey ny sh a re . Dooyrt eh dy row sleih goaill yindys tra The latest Manx General Election areas in the future development honnick ad sleih loayrt mychione held in November 1981 wherebt of Manx,ie: Provision for:- cooishyri chadjin ayns thie oast tw enty-four members were elected 1) A comprehensive Information ass y Ghaelg. Cha row fys oo dy to the House o f Keys, was used S ervice; row y lhied ayn. by Banglane Twoaie ny Sheshaght 2) Projects and schemes to Ghailckagh as an opportune mom- develop Manx; Ta wheesh ny feaillaghyn ayn ny ent to present all prospective T) Courses and aids to learners laghyn t ’ayn jiu veagh caa ec candidates with a questionalre and teachers; kiare ny quieg possanyn kiaulley on their views ooncerning the ■4) Exhibition faoilities; as riricey goll dys jees jeu dagh fu tu re S tatu s of the Manx Lan­ 5) Commissions of literary vlein. Ta cuirrey er ve currit guage in Mann and in particular work; dys Bock Yuan Fannee dy gh o ll to ascertain the impending 6 ) Promotional material, Manx dys three jeu mleeaney nastee. government’s likely attitude in and bi-lingual; Cha nod ad goll dys ooilley jeu this respect. 7) Development of Manx in as cha nel possan elley ayn. e d u c a tio n ; Fodmayd jannoo ymmyd jeu dy The body to which candidates 8 ) Publishing in Manx; chur lesh stiagh sleih aeg ayns desired to be elected is part 9) Use of Manx in local y vea Chaelgagh. Agh hoshiaght of a legislature that is off- f e s t i v a l s ; t ’eh ymmyrchagh dy hayrn ad icially bound to tise the Manx K>) Broadcasting in Manx. stiagh as gynsaghey kiaull as Language to publicly declare a rincey roo yn aght bee ad resume of the laws enacted by To regularise the Compilation aarloo. Shegin da’n kiaull as them during the previous year. of returns the candidates were rin cey jeeaghyn daue dy ve feeu Theoretically then, Manx enjoys asked for one of the following as jeianagh er Ellan Vannin. an equal legal Status with responses to each question r Fodmayds greinnaghey to o ille y English, though in fact any " That the Government should: jeu dy heet dys yn Chruinnaght attempt to exercise that right AJ Not support dy akin as goaill ayrn ayns yn outside the l'ormalised setting bj Support chloie as aittys. Fod of lawmaking is still regarded Cj Provide finance for. kiaulleyderyn goll ny s ’menckey if not quite the act of a stia g h ’sy th iey n - lhionney, social deviant, then at least Disappointingly, although the as loayrtee marroosyn, jannoo that of a linguistic eccentric. survey was held a t a time when taishbynnys roish yn theay dy That the Manx Language Version most aspiring politicians are vel Gaelg bio, foayssagh as of the law retnains totally potentially at their most a i t t . incomprehensible to those who reoeptive to outside influences, actually formulated it appears that is to say the weeks YIlei aKtlclc cxamln&i the. pno- to be a matter of indifference immediately prior to the gsuia wade -in te.acJu.ng Gazllc to government members. election, only 66% o f the to ciUldM.cn ln otn&M. countMla prospective candidates bothered and ipccatatu on uiayi ln wiUch The ten points covered by the to reply and when the returns concUtlom could 6e cccated ln questionaire were drawn almost were confined to the responses Mann uiiu.cn uiouta inad to 4liU- exclusively from those Services of those eventually elected, laA acociopmcnti . alre a d y provided and financed dropped to a mere 62%. In all by Bord na Gaeilge in Eire and cases, failure to make a return I were thought to be important by p o llin g day was taken to be CARN 39 Page 17 Studeyrys Yernagh sy Ghoal lA ish Stu.cU.eA haue be.en (and gra! Cha nhyrrys dy vel Lunnin Myr shen, t'eh feer scanshoil s t i l l ojie.) ge.neA.ally ne.gte.cXed cur feoh da Lerpoyll. dy chur er e hoshiaght in Bnitain, both inside and ouX- brastyllyn Yernlsh, brastyllyn side. Xhe 6tote cducation System. Ga dy vel ny paitchyn jeh shennaghys, brastyllyn kiaullee Re.ce.nX developments go a little Yernee (as Celtiee elley) ayns as myr shen foast. Cha jean y way XomoacU impAoving the S it­ Lerpoyll coontey ad hene y ve lhied dy bragh dooney ny gib uation . Sostnagh n ish , ta ram jeu jeh ny kimmee t a fo a s t g eearree goaill taitnys sy sluight oc cur ny Yernee fo ch o sh . Agh Ta ram jeh my chaarjyn lane hene. Dy dooghyssagh, ta ’n nee y lhied niartaghey ad shid shickyr dy vel mish er chummal taitnys shen ny stroshey ayns ta s h irre y nyn Yernaghys ayns ayns Sostyn rish yramodee blein. baljyn goll rish Coventry as cheer joarree. Cha nel shen kiart. Ta mish er Lunnin, raad ta ymmodee Yernee chummal ayns Lerpoyll (ny reu cheet veih Nerin shiartanse Ta tooilley sleih co-obbraghey faggys da). Cha nee Sostyn dy vleeantyn er dy henney (cha ayns ny cooishyn shoh nish. t'ayn noadyr. Sorch dy Hostyu nel monney s le ih va ru g g it ayns Myr sampleyr, ta earishlioar C heltiagh t'a y n , dy ja ro o . Son Nerin cummal ayns Lerpoyll enmyssit "Irish Studies in y chooid smoo, she Bretnee as nish). Ta sleih shirrey Britain" er ve currit er bun. Yernee ny shenn-ayraghyn jeh'n brastyllyn ta cur fyo daue Ta'n earishlioar shoh olouit s le ih ta baghey sy cheer whaagh mychione cultoor as shennaghys ayns Beeal Feirshtey as currit shoh. Kyndagh ris h shen, cha ny hErin. Gyn ourys, ta kuse magh ayns Lunnin. T'ee geddyn nel ny Sostnee kiart coontey jeu jannoo shoh kyndagh rish y cooney veih reiltys Divlyn. L erpoyll y ve Sostnagh dy chaggey ayns Nerin twoaie. Ta'n earishlioar cur fys firrin a g h , ga nagh vel monney T'ad er nakin claaryn mychione mychione lioaryn as scannaneyn Celtiee er ngarraghey gys y shennagys Yernagh er chellooish as y lhied ry hoi studeyrys "cheer" snoh rish sbeeloghe ny Sostnagh as by vie lhieu feddyn Yernagh sy Ghoal. g haa. magh ny smoo na shen. T'ad shirrey nyn bersoonaght Yernagh. Ta tushtey dy liooar cheet Ta ny Lerpollee hene toiggal dy veih'n smooinaght dy vel eh Ta doilleeid er lheh oc shid ta foddey ny sassey dy yannoo shirrey cur studeyrys Yernagh studeyrys er cooishyn Frangagh, Ta ny Lerpoyllee hene to ig g a l er e hoshiaght ayns Sostyn. Rooshagh, Giarmaanagh, Sheenagh dy dooghyssagb dy nee s lu ig h t Ta'n chooid smoo dy 'l e i h y n sit as myr shen na er cooishyn er lheh ad. T'ad breeoil as veih'n chlean dy chur feoh da Celtiagh. Dy jig y laa tra gastey as mee-reiltagh. Dy ny Yernee ny, er y chooid sloo, vees dy chooilley phaitchey mennick, ta moyrn cam oc e r y dy yannoo craid my nyn gione (y ayns Mannin jannoo studeyrys fa dy vel drogh ghoo oc kyndagh red cheddin ayns Mannin ta er Manninagh. rish meshtallys, caggaghyn- ve baiht ayns Propaganda straid as stholkyn. Erskyn Goaldagh rish keeadyn dy ooilley, cha nel ny Lerpoyllee vleeantyn nish). Ta ram sleih cur arrym da s le ih mannagh vel cheet dy ve corree tra t'ou ad to ilc h y n eh. She troghyn gaccan mychione ny spotchyn Brian Mac Stoyll, Celtiagh ad shoh, oddagh oo Yernagh ( 'aittys gyn oik'). 13 Luanistyn 1982. an indication of no support. not subjected to overt suppression, it remains the The breakdown of r e p lie s was victim of ignorance and Errata as follow s : indifference emanating from the h ig h e s t le v e l in the Community, The follow i-ng a o rrec tio n s and Quest A B C it is self-evident that the amendments have been received. 1 language societies within Mann Should any reader have either need not look to their own more of the same or any new Quest A B C government for support, either Information , we would be 1 59% 33% 13% moral or financial, as their grateful to receive it. Note 2 50% U6% U% ambitions are demonstrably low the new address f o r C’AJtN on 3 92% 37% 21% in the league table of political page 24. 4 97% 37% 16% political priorities. 5 75% 21% 9% b 59% 33% 8% The language movement in Mann Lsnrning the Celtic Lanpuages. 7 59% 33% 8% must either continue to draw ari i u n o er h-.d^HOfHTc, (J a s s e tte s , 8 67% 29% 9% more deeply upon its already •

*'• e Annual General .'*»<»ting of efficier.cy. It eiected Peöyr in universities and Colleges t.ho •-«l'tifi ,"».-ue .as 'p id on Prior (Xerr.ow) cditor of GASE of the Jeltic countries; trp •: ! ts. !uiu lVth o!‘ August in in aimcession to Cathal C Luain }} condemned the imoosition of «1 '•">* t-irlu n n , f"? - nad- who is unfortunately unable to military Service in jirittany Tj;*r«*rs '•>' Jo '•alt-.HR d e o l t o i r f continue except as Irish sub- and Jpnounoea the false nretence "■ ■ ' ren n n , v i r •/.)•• I in . i t editor ' t» r»c?ivei a unar. imous of the ..itterand annesty shown ‘.ViS a* r* r i ^ : uv oi" vote of thanks for the excellent cy the i.tprisonment of H erve ;i! nur r'■ nches pxcent Hre i 7.h work he hart done over the ysara Xerrain and dernez Vorbei; ar. • ort.h nmerica, t . 1 arger:t as p .itor;. . rs :..ary Jenavan /.) deciried to n o n ito r the r t i c i ” t t i nr ifh e r i r e l . i.rsfi (Albaj w :• eiected to the Ghair cievelöpmer.t. of m ilitary '»in, f'roTi ann in. ip:orfcs in suocessinn to Jhorys y activifies and .installations eovered »i-o 3 i*>n in and Jreayrip (who handled two in the Geltic ccuntries with t f “ ueMvdf.y nf oi.c- i ra n c h , sensions mont expprtlyl); a vi»w to a!erting public Mo ovorni i financial Situation iS?murrt offat { 'annin) will, opinion to tr.eir danger and, i": : t* •» «d i t i n-- .m; ”ubl ic.atjon as a.nsistant uocrot.ary general, an Par as 1m .and is concerned, • *i C . " > e m r a l :>ecr«> ta ry t.ake Charge of central admin- to the •:r.n ano th« Service will, as director of Information ACM particInan+s were taken ‘ '"'W i i°:l t". o '1-'* ’t L« f!‘ ;i»vI seek ways of naking th° Geltic or. a gi)ided tour of .‘olaiste rumoroi;s •^■|')irprs, J:it isfact ion Lp.iine and i.ts aims more Wanna, ..a th r a rn a in whpre, in w •» * v/ith tPp iTiorovo— widely knoy/n. ,nhe other central 'h e y °:-.rs prior to ’tlrß, ■r.r> >t i a r-p iay-out of C a R!\ and ofTiners remainert unchungert. ’rick Pearse out irito nracti.ee w i t ^ *, (ictivity of thp ,'anx hin princinies for a truly bruner in v irt ic.il ar • ho w e ver ifesolutions. Guelic educition v-hich were nur ‘nomborshiti and subscr iptions The AGM TT rpaffirmeo the weil ;ilvanced for his time. ■ d • .rd ;r e t the levei l'dil AGM resolut ion fr,? reach*»;i a ye.rr am oxcent in umging the Gelt, ic language A draft for a r°viseti const^- •.vüsru ’ir,d annin and sales in organisations to increase their ’itution was referred to the s'.o s hart deolined. n greater c(in>v.:t ion, in n.-.rticular branch cowmittees for clar- effort was therefore needed to g ive he ln when a S it u a t io n ificatio.n of point ].d of tfo in ff coming year. The meet.ing arising in one country night oresent constitvt, i.t»n about a devofp.l much o f i t R tim e to havo oepn already met success- forma.': association of free intnrnal •nattors with a view fully in another; k) nroposed Celtic nations. y ext year'n tn imroving th» Organisation'r. to dra'velop G eltic i.eague groups aGM w 111 :>e held ir hernow. GARN 39 Page 19 National identity- Danish seminar Review

.ti seminar on the small and on the other side of the CBI.TIC: A COKPAüaTIVK GTUBY stateless nations of Lurope Janish-German border, in South- by iouglas B.Gregor. 598 pp. was organised in Lenmark from Bchlesvig, there is an Published by the Oleander 13th to 18th of August 1982. important Lanish ninority. Press, 17 Gtansgate Ave., Those two minorities have their Carcbr id ge , in g la n d , 1980. Kristian Kjaer Nielsen, teacher cultural centres, their Boftbound GTC5-95» a t R0hshoved Folkhighschool, newspapers, their schools. hardbound STt'l J-r 0. was the organiser of the Their past and present seminar. In his introduction Problems were outlined by •his book will interest those to this meeting he saids "We their representatives at this who want, *0 know vrhat the believe that the Nordic People sem inar. Celtic languages have in can bring inspiration to the common, n ot o n ly a s re g a rd s small and stateless nations of Jeveral european minorities their grammers, their vonab­ Surope; many of them are today attended at the Hdnshoved ul aries, their particular in the middle of a fight for Hojskole: peoele from ways of expressing ordinary freedom and existence. We think Graubunden (bwitzerland), thoughts, but also the that the Nordic high school has Scotland (SNF foreign affairs historical circümstances in brought a great deal of spokesman), FrIsland (Nether- which they developed and are inspiration to the process of -lands), Vlaanderer. (Belgium;, stroggl ing to exist today. liberation which has taken the Belgian geriaan Speakers' place among the Nordic nations area, Latvia (UiSR), Sreizh There are other boohs dealing although today not all the (SPV, kendalc1h), the Celtic with the same subject tfcovgh Nordic peoples have got their League, The G erm an-llanish, the conoentrating on the phil- freedom. ,Ve believe, by working Janish-German, German groups, ological aspects. Thirt,y-five together on as wide a european an i-.ustrian group and nunerous years ago I got er.grossed in basis as possible, that the danes from the area. Lewis-Pedsrsen' s omnarat ive stateless european nations Celtic Gramm ar. a more arduous have a Chance of getting Leetu res wer» given about "The and academic work from which official recognition". re turn of the Oral speech as I leurneo a good deal about a creature of Identity" by the rules governing the The Ja n ish F o lk h ig h sc h o o ls, Kristian Nielsen ( Lanish evolutvon from Old Celtic to set up throughout the country organiser), "Oie Industrie the modern fnrirs of our sihce about 1840 were founded des^yerschwindens" (über languages. In the sixties, by Nikolaj Grundtvig to tievelop Iruit und industiellen the Breton periodical Hör Yezh education in the rural areas Rassimus), by i'rof .H. Nichberg published Arzel Sven's Istor of JJennark. Gradiially, they (Cermany), ?.!inderheitsver- ar Yezhou -eltiet (' volumes), became centres for 'permanent haltnis zum Mutterland, by a thorough. piece of work education open to everybody, Ris iS. List letersen (Manager d aling in the greatest detail where Nordic and Lanish of the German centre in North with the various phases of cultures were disseminated. ochlesvig), Jr. I). Stevenson their development. ß.B.Gregor's There a re now 91 fo lk h ig h - (S c o tla n d , SNP) spoke about book is of particular interest sc h o o ls in Lenmark and many "National Identity -from a in that it makes a point by in bweden and Norway. (For Scottish and world viewpoint" point comparison b»tween them: more Information, a booklet Thor Bergers (Viaanderen- common element are analysed, in unglish is obtainable from: Volksunie) developed the idea with numerous examples, under Hojskolernes Sekretariat - of integral federalism in Bel 26 h e a d in g s , sorae o f w hich Vartov - Farvergade 27,0 Belgium and in lurope, as a cover various subdivisions. DK -1463 KJrfBfiNHAVN K good solution to the problem T h is s e c tio n , w hich t&kes one tels 009 45 1 13 98 22 of minorities. At last Jak»z third of the book, should Gaueber spoke about the Breton attract those who would like But why such a meeting about fight for freedom throughout to see an artificial Celtic history and the ]n.t»st develop- minorities in Lenmark? lingua franca worked out as -ments in the Breton movement a means to r“duce the use of in both its cultural and Be cause lienmark is a small Fnglish (or Franch) in inter- nation (area: 45 OCOkra2; five political a pects. celtic relations: they v/ill million inhab.) which has realise the difficult.ies of been at all times influenced Lu.ring the seminar, we were the task, even if such a by German and b o an d in av ian introduced to srnne aspects of koi.ne were to take account cultures, and crossea by trav- th e Lanish way o f l i f e : th a t of as many of the sim ilarities ellers and armies l i t t l e n a tio n , based on a as possible. -ellers and armies, 1ike a strong Nordic culture taught bridge Detveen the North and in the Lanish Nolkhighschools, with a social strncture South of Burope. But, in spite (continued overleaf) of invasions, annexions and w snpported by a very tolerant wars an sea and on land, the and social ist outlook, can be Danes maintained themselves. an example for the Geltic en Europe. TI y avait des Mowadays, it is one of the Nations fighting "dir Treedom representants de beauooup de riohest nations in the Common and presperity. nations et organisations et il Harke t ! y avait quelques doscours. TL semble que nous puissions In south Benmark, which is Pendant l ’&t&j il y avait un apprendre beaucoup des Danois, called North Cchlesvig, there congres en Dänemark au suj.-.r. dnnt les enfants apprenda leur is a s tro n g Germar. communit.y; des petites nations sans etat culture dans les ecoles. Page 20 GARN 39 Lizher- Cam e yezhou Keltiek hepken?

H i jout a. rafe din Tsspont da Bez'oa tud dreist na feile Met pa'x eus gwelet meur a bennad J o r ? Cwegen e rb arm et e dezho koxz na galleg n-a saozneg Gembread o vont kuit pa voe n iverer.n ' 5 GARN diwar-benn ar kenne beut. k an et u r genaouenn e v i t Bobhy C'hendalc'h keltiek Ctre- Bands 'oa trist va c'halon. vroadel e lanriuon, jjrfzJIZH Gwelet ex eus traoli ivez, ne / v e tr e an 1 ' s*w an. 23 a v iz feile ket ein gvvelout. Troc'het Ar gwashan 'oa e-pad ar Grviere 1 ••>‘"•1. 'oa ar C'hendalc'h e daou dämm vodadeg veur. J'ar mare—se e gwirtonez-.: Tud Breizh-Veur 1m eus gwelet piv'oa o ren '.wi- eo o na ar C ’ hendalc ' li-man” gant fiid Bro Iwerzhon, ha tud ar C'hendalc'h. An holl a<'zet "ia* ha k ter, e Breizh, äreizh. u-pad ur fest-noz aferiou ■oa bet divizet e r. ikour°t n t '»r-Larauon. Ar ’x eus klevet ur vaouez eus saozneg damdost hep komz wech kentan e oa din raont d ’ar (-ernow o la'rout: "ar /retoned yezh keltiek ebet. Mont C1h^ndale' h b •- k ave t 'x eus an o ha rpTbreiz a zo impalaerourien" a rae mat. gant traou ar t»iö ,*enbil t i ;os na uedanTiui:; hievet ’x eus ur c’hexbread o sevenadur xet pa'oa dam- ha 'i ' -kot eus ur D»rn frauo la'rout: ".'ud Bro Iwerzhon a veneget 'oa tu d'ar C'hendalc'h i • ir-bn-in le ltia a-c"z!". zo forzh penaos aroc'h." kas ur pellskrid d'an Itron Thatcher a-enep d'an harz- debrin a oa en e gerz, ne (oontlnuod from page 19) with eiphasis on the linguistic feile ket da Cembreiz na asnects. The autkor, a rfelshman d'an dud eus 1 ernev-Veur f>(. firn- ».'• ird surveys the who has .p-trned 1 ish in ober t r a pe d ra . ite t'o a > istory of th«> r.nc Lest Gel t s Belfast, is svmpatnetic to the da dud Breizh-Veur ren war and of +. » s ix Celt.ic -. .t, ions efforts or. oehalf of our lang- ar c'hendalc'h gant l^zenn uages. The last part contains ar Baozon a-enep d'ar Gelted. an an&lysis of the causes of het'oa d'ar C'hendalc'h a-bezh the ir decl ine anc a glance at lezel ar pellskrid "war an An W eryn the struggles for their revival daol" e-giz'lare un den eus (exoluding Cymräeg). A werk Bro-Gembre. Ne oa ket ar After successfully maintaining covering such a vast ground is C'hendalc'h e Breiz-Veur. Piv its Standards and circulation all the more stimulating when for several years, A n W e r y n , 'oa neuze an impalaerourien? it exnresses its author's i)' a.x menoz, tud Breizh-Veur, the radicai Cornish magazine, personal views and one must has ceased publication. gant spered ar Baozon ha hini recognise that it is difficult T h a tc h e r. Bmaon o 'n em • to avoid errors altogether. I c'houlenn da betra 'servij ar Founded in the mid-1970's by a would not agree that ’it is C'hendalc'h neuze. Ne veze ket group of progessive autonomists lucky for Scotland to have two komzot ar yezhou keltiek e—pad and socialists, the paper had languages' (it is just a fact); bociadegou pouezusoc'h ar b u ilt up a re p u ta tio n fo r de- or that ’languages are not C'hendalc'h (komzet'veze raoiishing saered cows where- killed: they conimit suicioe': keltieg gant ar strolladou ever they appeared in the nat­ this seems to exonerate those labour) ha ne oa ket tu deomp io n al movement in Cornwall and '.vho, to say the least, drive harparT hör breudeur a zo o for attacking those imperial- thfim to su ie i.d e , I t is more stourm evit cieubidigezh ists, within and witnout than disputable that Irish lwerzhon a-bezh. Ma'fell da Cornwall. A n W e r y n s ta rte ü unity prior to the Normans was dud Breizh-Veur stourm gant life as a bi-monthly, disap- to be found only in the Church ar Baozon a-enep o breudeur •eared for five months and then (was Gaelic not syoken all over geltiek da betra'servij ar was re-launched as a q u a rte rly , Ireland? did the drehen 1 ws C' hendalc'h? Re t ' oa de omp witn increased circulation and not prevail throughont the siknur an Iwerzhoniz toull— coverage. The reason for its country?). Had L'. 3. Gregor bac'het e Bong Kesh! demise has been iziven as a lack consult.ed L.i'Teuriot's master- of time on the part of the piece, " Jictionnaire des Gloses Ar meines t r a eo e v i t GARN, da small editorial team but plans on Vieux-Breton" 0Hinter 2, he betra'servij GARN ? Bez'oa have already been laid to pro- would not have written that 24 bajenn e-barzh an niverenn dupe a series of off-prints, 'the sollt betweer the Brittonic. diuezhaff ha 17 e saozneg. simiiar to the successful 1anfpräges was rapid'. I must j'l'eo ket ar saozneg ur yezh Tributaries which contained say that not enongh care was keltiek! Ja betra'servij ar a number of essays on the fut- taken to check the correctness saozneg e-barzh ur gelaoenn ure of the Cornish political of t Braten examples of geltiek? Tu a zo skrivaff movement, by writers from all sim iiarit.ie . Borne of the errors heveiep pennad e meur a yezh areas of the socialist, auton- nt-.y be due h- oad editing but k e ltie k . Tu a zo moulaff raist and nationalist spectrum. others are less pardonable, nebeutoe'h a bennadou ivez. like 1xe am eu3 eet da goz' or ierak ar saozneg? Ar yelaouenn As we go to press, however, ' uaou ;-an n ' az " l j j o n t " . The ROBC he rieus an hevelep kudenn rumours abound that A n W e r y n Irish examples are on the whole - re a saozneg! Al lizhiri may make yet another come-back. reliable. i'rovided the readers pouezusoc'h skrivet gant Alan Bernard Deacon, one of the pxercise a certain caution Heusaff ' vez e saozneg! paper's founders, along with however, they will find the Harteze eo aesoc'h skrivarf e th e n o to rio u s W ill Rodda, is Book very useful. I stror.gly saozneg - aesoc'h eo din reported to be planning its recommend that, foT a re- skrivafi e gal leg, pe en re-launch. Such a move would edition, the heip of someone italianag, neuze e vefe tu da undoubtediy be welcomeo by fam iliär with Breton De embarn pennadou en .lananeg e the progressive faction of the e n l i s t e d . Oa /.N , n^rak nc voz kot grast n a tio n a l movement in C ornw all. A.H e u s a f f . mori-se? CAHN 39 Page 21

Kmaon o paouez resev ar Plays fo llen o b ejiskrlvafT e v lt mont Letter da Gendalc'h Keltiek Bons-an- "I suggest that a full page of Bane, kernow. N'eus ger CAHN be reserved for: and poem s keltiek ebet warne, ger kerneveureg ebet daoust d'ar a) announcing festivals, from B reton to ^eIrh: H iys C'hendalc'h bexan dalc'het e Conferences, demonstr tions, and foem s. Kernow hevlene. B ez'ez eus eGM's of the national parties, Br Stoned ha G alloued na language course, etc; Chr. iavies (hlandybie, Waies) gomprenont ket ar saozneg ma has just published unrier the n'ouzec'h ket! b,> advertising proposais for title liramau o'r ^lydaweg all sorts of “xchanges, translations into .velsh of four riet eo aeorap csibab, d'am nenoz: twinning, ren-friends, holidays rlays by l’anri . almanche, one ’Ji a zo Kelted pe baozon; p t c ; of tv.-e «reutest nreton writers Bretoned pe Galloued, Iwerzhoniz U n75-1955J; to Gwyn Griffiths ■e baozon, lembreiz pe Daozon c) reviews of books, au t.hör of a tour ist guide hag all. 1. a ne feil ket deoc'h Crwydro hlygaw untl of a book recorcis, roagazines, etc. I’nis dibab, ne servil da netra ar aoout the last Breton selling i . my opinion would be very C'hendalc'h ~ .Go! ' ar bpecial oniono or. fcicvole in nritain, useful if we want to develop wo O'.e Y sbail y ...or fr o n Ar Branch ha d'an hGed. K.a'z the interceltio relations". omp !elted ’vo ret deomp daganiz lin which the main characters are a dre t or stourm e jeltia a-enep d'ar Jakez Gaucher, Breizh. oaozon ha d'ar G'halloued. shipwrecker, his daughter and a i'ornish ea.il or whom the girl Communications to such effect Imagines to be the orinoe of Timozeoz Tadhg rfßlJGi.'_rf.h will be welcome bur shönld her dreams) and Y_-eddw, frorn Yann-Lug £8Y. preferably be i'or-ard>d thrrugh An Intanvez arzhnr; while our branch secretaries, before üit.a Williams, 1 ec tu rer in the middle of each calendar terrr. B reton at. Aberystwyt.n, author Respont of dyflwyno'r llyriaiveg cont- r i b', j *ed Gur van y 1 arc n og .-.1 lizher-man a laka ur pik- Ce lettre demande s ' i l e s t _de.it.hr (Gurvar ar arc' heg goulennata diwar-benn ar stmrnn poss-ible uti-liser un page^ dans •.st.ro.iour, a; out t.tp fate of a vez roet gant ar C'hevre Carn pour^annoncer des fet-es, a ° t >~ Century oreton leader) Keltiek hag un aozadur all des congres, e tc .3 en chaque ar.d Gwra ig y i'owr ( wreg an d'an barempredoh etrekeltiek. pays3 pour publ-ier des a rit- 'oer;. The book (2R0 rp) can 0 vezarf ma kav abeg ennomp hag i-ques de livres et de d-iscs, be ordered fron Y .'yngor e taol diakred war dalvoudegezh pour annoncer et dermnder les Llyfrau Oymraeg, asteil ar pezh a reomp e respontan en exchanges eutre les pays celt- Brychar., Aheryst.w'-th for ur pennad hag a zisplego ivez i-ques. II aut que aette only v’.2—'j‘3. The B reton perak ez eo e saozneg ez eo i-rrf ovrr.ation so it envoye aux original works are avail- s k r i v e t . Hak mat eo s p i s a a t secreta-lres des branch.es. abl.e fron 'Alle. J . ,

CARN, ev el KCGC, 1 zo u r benveg Hag er broiou keltiek, un riarn Also just published by bruderezh. ,‘*e ’gav din ez eo vat eus an dud a oar komz eus Y Lolfa, Talybont, poellek ober gant ar saozneg, ar gerentiezh a zo etre ar Beredigion, Cy:nru/ aies: hag ar galleg diouzh ma vo poblou keltiek, daoust ma ne Qu a Gwyn, a C o lle c tio n o f evit disklerian d'ar re n'int gomzont ket ur yezh keltiek. 51 poems oy je -odern B reton ket o'hoazh gounezet d'hoT Jtadrenerien evel Be Valera writers, which presents sided menoziou ar pezh a feil deomp, ha kannaded evel Owynfor Bvans by s ide tbe o iginals and the ha d'an diavaezidi netra a o deus harnet a-zevri uretoned transl ations into .velsh by reomp ha perak. fc.oarvat un heskinet, n'eo ket hepken dre ilewi Jones and k ik s e l Madeg. crederenn vat eus lennerien :na oant douget deomp inet That Ls good Ce Itic bridge CAHN ’ zo o chom e r —maez eus peogwir e ouient e vije tieut- b u il d in g ! ar broiou keltiek pe r.'ouzont mat ivez gant ar re o doa o lenn yezb keltiek ebet. d ile n .n e t. A. Heusaff. koul3Koude ec'h ouzon ez eus en o zou«>z meiir a hini hag en ...ar deo gw ir ez eo e saozneg Throughout the Celtic nations deus harnet hon emsaviou s e skrivan al * izheriou there ore many and varied do are pe z o a re . Vlanaviz pouezusa'n ez eo dre ma' 7. eo dance teoms. These groups of ouzont ket manaveg, da skouer ret evit -‘as ar. aozadur-man men ond women ore not only en- ha re all n'o deus moarvet en-dro ■ n amzer vak a gavan Joying themselves - they ore kerentiezh keltiek ebet, o evit her ober, he gavfe maintaining our culture in o deus harnet Korbei ha • erren piijus.oc'h r-xriva“ e brezhoneg living way. goude lenn hör galv. Un neoken evit ar r ' heianuennou Amerikanez ha n 'eo tarr.m breizhat ret n'e.n tievez an den Many of them go to o th e r kel'-ez ebet, a ra labour dreist nenet or vuhez. dpi am eus e countries, both Celtic and i . en he bro a—du gar. i ar brezh- tu lv e z ht servij-uiavaez d'ar non-Celtic. If you know of, oneg: lavarout a ra he deus Vretoned. je zu o da lavarout, o r a re a member of one of tennet gounid eus CA.'U! hag al rak 1 'eo ret evidon na--inan these donce teoms, why not lizheriou e saozneg a< eus e v z p r ae t . send a report of their activ- skrivet dezhi. Al an 'Heusaff. ities to CARN? Page 2 2 CARfJ 39 No contradiction

Hlscwhere in this issue will bettet, unom abtoad". It is a matter for speculation be found Che Breton Version of to ask what would happen i f we a letter, also received in This involves trying to reach abandoned our external role and Iris h and Welsh (by the author people, outside and inside the devoted ourselves strictly to not rr.yself - E d i t o r ) , in which Celtic countries, who unfort- familiarising our readers with we, along with the Celtic unately cannot read any Celtic one another’s Celtic language. Congress, are taken to task for language. In this age of A larg e number of our present the arnount of English used in international opinion and subscribers would not renew and our work. Our critic wants the communication, ic is important I doubt very mucn i f we would three versions published, to win outside Support for our have more than a few dozen left without any English or French national causes. We cannot after a while. The fact that translation. He is sure CARN a.ll confine ourselves to the the three versions of the let­ could do without these certainly most essential task ter referred to are not ident- Im p e ria lis t ianguages and of strengthening the internal ical in content points, in it- publish its articles in various Position of our Ianguages. self, to the complexity of such Celtic ianguages. F'ree peoples m aintain a n e t- an Option. I t is by no means work of external relations; it certain that we could find an It is , irideed, a great is, to say the least, equally Editor both competent and wil- weakness of interceltic necessary fo r our movements to ling to engage in the exercise. relacions that they depend so do the same. It requires the much on one of the Ianguages use of nön-Celtic Ianguages; We believe that we are helping whiche are smothering ours. we do occasionally use Spanish to develop interest in the Hut we don' t accept th a t we are and German; we use the C e ltic Celtic Ianguages. We could do c o n tra d ic t irig the airas we have Ianguages whenever possible; more, if we could get help from set ourselves, or that our aims but we have found English to members and re a d e rs. We could, are self-contradictory. ln the be the most expedient for t h a t as suggested at our 19Ö2 AGM, Publicity leaflet that we have purpose. And we have to organise, in conjunction with disserninated since we started strike a balance between the meetings, courses for people CARN, they are stated as need to pay for printing and with beginners' knowledge to in clu d in g "deoeloping the. postage and the need to up- practise the different Celtic aomciouineu oq the tpecial hold our Celtic Ianguages: Ianguages, using the direct telatioiukip and ioliaatity " we give tiiem tne latgett method. Let those interested [between the Celtic peoptu" place compdtible with a wide announce their readiness to > i id "m king oua national aifäaiion ana financial help or to participate. ^ ttu g g le i> and achieven\entt> iuppoht", the leaflet says. Alan Heusaff editorial CARN 39 Page 23

I take over the Editorship of CARN at a been parallelea by obscure rumours - is time of change in the Celtic world. In Dafyaö Elis Tornas about to joir. the SDP Irelar.d, the Government of the Republic or are Labour's overtures more likely iooks shaky ana the Assembly of the Six to succeed? If, as is probable, neit- Cour.ties is about to be elected. The her party will gain him as a convert, ar.r.our.ceraent by P r o v i s i o r . a l Sir.r. F e i n does not the mere fact of rumour ind- that they will field candidates in this icate an uncertainty? latter contest is significant, if for no other reason than it may herald a Finally, to Cornwall. Mebyon Kernow new phase in the whole country's polit- has now been silent for over a year. Is ical life: a subsequent decision to the party about to be overtaken by the contest seats in the riepublic could af- CNP? Ir. the light of Colin Lawry's fect the actions, and inaeed, policies, victory, Standing as an MK candidate of the Government there. It remains to but with a distinct radical edge, would be seen whether either Prior or Haughey it not be better for he (and the rest can naintaln their positlons. of the 1913 Group) to leave M'K and the CNP to a hastily-arranged marriage and In Scotland, the recer.t expulsior. of strike out independer.tly? the 79 Group frora the Scottish National Party, whilst it may inaicate a step I raake no apology for givir.g only ray back towards 'non-controversial' nat- thought (or questions?) on the politi­ ionalism on the part of the SNP's lead- cal scene in our countries. My pers­ ers, will doubtless have repercussions onal leanings are in that direetion. wnich those of us in smaller, less mob- Had I examir.ed, even slightly, the cul- ilised countries would do well to take tural scene: music, dar.ce, language, I note of. At a time when England's SDP might have written a more secure, less seems to be running out of steara, a re- controversial article. None of what I ^ treat into the Redmond brand of nation­ have said is autoraatically League pol- f al ism would appear to be a rnove against icy but these are matters with which, the trend. Yet widespreaö recession in my hurable opinion, we must concern and a rightward trend ir. the government ourselves, not to the exclusior. of all of raost European States raust be seen as others, but at least in the kr.owledge at least partially responsible for any that politics has an unavoidable eff- 'moderatior.' in national movements. cct on every other aspect of our res- pective national movements. Brittany still awaits a 'regional' ass­ embly alor.g Corsican lir.es. The soc­ It is probably true that I have sugges- ialist Government of Mitterand has had ted things which, viewed from your home, to bena to the economic pressure which appear in a different light; I m ay, affect us all but is this adequate ex- indeea; be wrong in some of my assumpt- cuse for the failure to bring about the ions. Nevertheless, I can only paint a radical change expected by the many picture as seen through my own eyes. I Bretor.s who voted for hin? And coes it shall not attempt to look around Corn­ explain the apparent lack of national e r s . Opposition frora any Breton party? Per- haps Brittanv will regain some of her I doubt if future Editorials will be as forrner Status but there is no obvious lor.g; they will probably be based on a autonomist group ready to assume the firmer foundation of knowledge. I have responsibilities which go with Self­ chosen this beginning, though, as being government, to however small a degree. preferable to a necessarily vain att­ empt to imitate Cathal's style. He has The Situation in Man is, perhaps, iess performed a great Service to us all in volatile than elsewhere. As the survey his period as Editor. I hope I can on language (publishea ir. this issue of contir.ue his work. But the old order CARN) shows, there is precious little changeth and I shall not hide the fact political support for the Marx r.atior., that I look forward to producing a CARN despite the trappings of power seen at which is different in more than layout. the anr.ual proclamatior. of the laws. E o w y n , Wales still awaits the ' turnir.g of the tide'; despite the successful campaign to have established a Welsh 4th chanr.el and the progressive trends öemor.strated by the Blaid last year, Wales has not risen. There have been runbiings, how­ ever: within Plaia Cymru the National Left has resisted the moves which would have left it in the Position of Scot- iar.a's 79 Group. But these moves have (EITIC l£ÄGU€

VüÄyK GahAy Pfiio'L

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All those who agree with the Constitution and Aims of the Celtic League ore eligible for membership. The membership fee (entitling to CARN) ond the subscription rotes are IR£4 (Ireland), Stl£4 (Britein), 40FF (Continental Europe) ond $9 (US) [non-European countries - air mail]. For Information about the Celtic League, applications for memb- ership, subscriptions, etc., write to ony of the following CL Branch Secretories:

A1 ba : Mrs Mairi Denovan, 9 Oolgleish Rd., Dundee DD4 7JN; Ö re iz h : Jorj ab Herve Gwegen, Kerberenes, 29260 Lesneven (Subscriptions to CCR G. Gueguen, 2 204 24N Rennes); Cymru t T. Ifor Williams, 2 Ty'n Pwll, Rhostrehwfo, LL77 7AZ., Llangefni, Gwynedd; Ei r e : M^ire Bhreathnach, 27 Corran na Coille Gitfise, Ath Cliath 11; Kernow: Je n e fe r Lowe, Boundy's House, Lower L e la n t, Port.hya/St. Ives; M annin: öernard Moffatt, 24 St. Germain's Place, Peel; London: Micheal 0 Looire, 5 Beiton Rd., Berkhamsted, Herts., England; U.S.A.: Madeleine M. Tokach, PO Box 322, Rego Park, N.Y. 11374.

General Secretary: Alan Heussaff, 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, Dromchonrach, Ath Clioth 9.

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CARN is published by the Celtic League, 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, Dromchonrach, Ath Clioth 9. The Editor is Pedyr Garry Prior, c/o PPSU, Droke Circus, Plymouth, England and ony contributions shouid be sent to him. Views expressed by contributors, where diverging too much from general Celtic League policies, shouid be signed by their authors. Use of material published in CARN is gronted free provided the source is acknowledged, in which case, an indication of our address would be greatly appreciated.