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Evaluation of Physico-Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Elaeagnus Species in Manipur, North East India

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Evaluation of Physico-Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Elaeagnus Species in Manipur, North East India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 315-321 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.040 Evaluation of Physico-Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Elaeagnus species in Manipur, North East India N. Devachandra*, S.R. Singh, L. Wangchu, M. Chandrakumar and A.K. Pandey College of Horticulture & Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat-791 102, Arunachal Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT A survey was conducted in different locations of Imphal East (Wangkhei, Khurai, Pourabi K e yw or ds and Takhel) and Senapati districts of Manipur, India during the period 2017-2018 for the documentation on the variability of Elaeagnus species (Heiyai, in Manipuri) in this region. Elaeagnus species, These plants are found wild or in the homestead garden and grow well both in the hill and Physico -chemical valley region of Manipur. From the investigation, it was noticed that significant variation parameters, Heiyai, Genetic diversity, SDS- exists in fruit morphology (shape and size), fruit colour, fruit quality and seed shape PAGE characters among the different genotypes collected from studied areas. Analysis on its different physico-chemical quality parameters revealed that the TSS ranges from 7.6 to 13° Article Info Brix and the fruit physical parameters like fruit pedicel, fruit weight, seed weight, seed Accepted: length, seed width, pulp weight, protein, carbohydrate, Vitamin C, TSS and acidity of the 04 April 2018 fruit among the different genotypes are found to be significantly varied. However, the Available Online: biochemical marker (SDS PAGE) revealed monomorphic banding pattern and no variation 10 May 2018 was found in among the genotypes which can further be confirmed using molecular marker in the near future. Introduction Manipur (hill and valley) and fetches huge sum in the local market mainly during the Elaeagnus species, belonging to family ripening period (March-April) that coincides Elaeagnaceae, locally known as Heiyai in with Sajibu Cheiraoba- the New Year of Meitei language of Manipur is found growing Local Calendar in the state. This underutilized semi-wild in the hills and valleys of Manipur fruit crop is growing in wild in the states of and is being grown in the homestead garden in Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram and these areas in small scale. It is having parts of Arunachal Pradesh. There is straggling woody deciduous shrub nature; variability in the colour, shape and taste of the bark darkish grey and the branches are densely fruit (sweet or sour) found in Manipur. covered with brown scales. It is among pet Shadeque (1989) also reported that the North plants loved by householders wherever they East Region has its own unique combination are grown. It has also become an alternative of living species, habitats and ecosystems, source of income for the local people of the which together make up its rich diversity 315 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 315-321 resource and considered as hot spot for reported having antioxidant properties biodiversity of India. Besides, the North- effective against cancer and its ripe fruits Eastern Region of India including Manipur is eaten raw for fresh consumption (Momin et part of both Himalaya as well as Indo-Burma al., 2016). biodiversity hotspots in the world supporting about 50% of the total India’s biodiversity but Still now seed propagation method is represent only 8% of the total geographical commonly followed in Manipur so variation is area of India (Moa et al., 2009). present among the present plant population having mild acidic and sweet genotype having Based on the fruit morphology there are two various fruit shape and size. For fresh types of fruit among Elaeagnus species viz. consumption, sweet type is preferred. oblong and pyriform type. Patel et al., (2008) However, no improved cultivar or prominent reported that two species of Elaeagnus viz E. types have been selected/ identified or latifolia having oblong shape and E. available for this region. Besides, there is no pyriformis, having pyriform shape, locally varietal screening in North East India for this called Soh-shang in Khasi (Meghalaya) are popular underutilized fruit crop. The leading grown throughout the North-Eastern Region. international research organizations including These species are found growing even up to the Consultative Group on International elevations of 1500m above MSL in the Agricultural Research (CGIAR) are among Himalayan tracts. It is a large evergreen those taking a keen interest in strengthening woody shrub with rusty-shiny scales that are the work on underutilized fruit crops. The sometimes thorny. Flowers are hermaphrodite Global Forum on Agriculture Research (have both male and female organs) and are (GFAR) in 1999 also emphasized the role of pollinated by bees. Fruits of Elaeagnus underutilized species in raising income of the latifolia are oblong in shape with dark pink in rural poor (Singh et al., 2014). colour at ripening, whereas, fruits of Elaeagnus pyrifomis are pyriform in shape The Nitrogen fixing ability of the genera with slightly pointed at both the ends. It Elaeagnus and more particularly E. latifolia, flowers during September-December and light E. umbellata, aungustifolia etc were reported pink coloured fruits are harvested during long back by Baker et al., (1979) and also March-April. recently reiterated by Bargali (2011). Besides, Panja et al., (2014) also concluded that a 70% Fruits are small fruits and among the choicest methanolic extract of Elaeagnus latifolia seasonal fruits for the locals. The fruit peel is contains small amounts of phenols, thin and dotted with scattered silvery patches. flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates and Fruit contains a single large seed having very tannins. Various in vitro assays indicate that less viability in seed due to recalcitrant in the extract exhibits moderate antioxidant and nature. Sour types are eaten raw with salt and free radical scavenging activities and, hence, used for making pickle and squash. However, the fruit is considered to be a significant sweeter types are preferred for fresh/desert source of natural antioxidants, which might be purposes. Singh et al., (2014) also reported helpful in preventing the progress of oxidative that the fruit of Elaeagnus species has stress in the body system. Therefore, in the digestive property and seeds are having present study, an attempt has been made to medicinal properties for curing cough. evaluate the physico-chemical and Besides, Elaeagnus conferta, known locally as biochemical marker for the screening of Sokkua found in Garo Hills of Meghalaya has variability of Elagneous. 316 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 315-321 Materials and Methods tritable acidity and vitamin C with standard of A.O.A.C. (1985) and observations were The study was carried out in Manipur which is analyzed in simple Completely Randomized located at 23º83ʹ N to 25º68Nʹ and 93ºE to Block Designed (CRD) as suggested by 94ºE covering with an area of 22,327 square Gomez and Gomez (1983). The genetic kilometers comprising of sixteen districts diversity of the selected genotypes is screen (Bishnupur, Chandel, Churachandpur, Imphal by using SDS PAGE method as described by East, Imphal West, Senapati, Tamenglong, (Nei and Li, 1979). Thoubal, Ukhrul, Kangkokpi, Tengnoupal, Pherzawl, Noney, Kamjong, Jiribam and Results and Discussion Kakching) inhabitat by Meitei community in the valley and Kuki and Naga tribes in the hill. In Manipur, still now there is no report about It is bordered by Assam in the West, by the variability of Elaeagnus species (Heiyai) Nagaland in the North, and Mizoram in the which is growing in the hill and valley regions South. as homestead garden. During our survey, it is observed that morphological variation in fruit Manipur shares an international boundary with shape and size, fruit colour, seed size and Myanmar in the East. The rainfall ranges from variation in silver covering in the fruit surface 933 mm in the valley to 2593 mm in the hills. (Fig. 1) and two types of in this region viz. The temperature ranges from a minimum of sweet (13° Brix) and acidic (7.6° Brix) based sub-zero to 36°C. The soil types comprises of on the sweetness character and the edible part red ferruginous in the hilly tracts to alluvium of G3 (Khurai) are larger (10.43g/fruit) and in the plain and are acidic in nature exhibiting smallest fruit size (04.47g/fruit) are found in a range of pH from 5.4 to 6.8. Of the total G2 (Wangkhei). geographical area, the hilly terrain occupies 90 per cent and whereas, the valley represents 10 The physical and physiochemical properties of %. the morphotypes of Heiyai are found to be significant viz. fruit pedicel length, fruit The average altitudes of the valley is about weight, seed weight seed length, seed breadth 750m above MSL and represent a typical and fruit pulp are presented in Table 1 and the subtropical zone with cool, dry winter, a warm quality parameters like protein, vitamin c, summer and a moderate monsoon season. The carbohydrate, TSS and acidity are presented in fruits were subjected for studies on physico- Table 2. chemical and SDS PAGE analysis for the genetic diversity found in this region and The physicochemical analysis of the selected collected from Imphal East (valley region) and genotypes was done at fully mature stage Senapati district
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