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Shorea Johorensis Foxw Shorea Leprosula Miq ISBN: 978-602-9096-13-2 Nara Sumber: Sutedjo, Wahyuni Hartati, Marjenah, Wawan Kustiawan, Sumaryono, Djumali Mardji, Rujehan Shorea leprosula Miq dan Shorea johorensis Foxw Ekologi, Silvikultur, Budidaya dan Pengembangan Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kehutanan Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa 2014 Shorea leprosula Miq dan Shorea johorensis Foxw Ekologi, Silvikultur, Budidaya dan Pengembangan Shorea leprosula Miq dan Shorea johorensis Foxw : Ekologi, Silvikultur, Budidaya dan Pengembangan ©2014 Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa. Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-Undang Jl. AW. Syahrani No.68, Sempaja, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur, Telp. 0541-206364, Fax. 0541-742298 Dicetak di Samarinda ISBN: 978-602-9096-13-2 Pengarah: Kepala Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa Penanggung Jawab: Kepala Bidang Data, Informasi dan Kerjasama Penulis: Agus Wahyudi, Nilam Sari, Amiril Saridan, Deddy Dwi Nur Cahyono, Rayan, Massofian Noor, Andrian Fernandes, Abdurachman, Hartati Apriani, Rini Handayani, Asef K. Hardjana, Farida H. Susanty, Karmilasanti, Ngatiman, M. Fajri, Catur Budi Wiati, Tien Wahyuni. Photo Cover: Asef KH Cover Design & Layout: M. Sahri Chair Dilarang memperbanyak atau memindahkan sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dalam bentuk apapun, baik secara elektronis maupun mekanis, termasuk memphotocopy, merekam atau dengan sistem penyimpanan lainnya, tanpa izin tertulis dari penulis Penerbit: Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa, Jl. AW. Syahrani No.68, Sempaja, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur, Telp. 0541-206364, Fax. 0541-742298 Percetakan: CV. Mandiri Hutan Lestari KATA PENGANTAR Buku Shorea leprosula Miq dan Shorea johorensis Foxw: Ekologi, Silvikultur, Budidaya dan Pengembangan adalah hasil - hasil penelitian dari Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa dan merupakan salah satu outcome dari Rencana Penelitian Integratif (RPI) Dipterokarpa tahun 2012 - 2014 Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Buku ini terdiri dari 10 (sepuluh) bab yang mana setiap bab membahas masing - masing aspek mulai dari Ekologi dan Morfologi, perbenihan, Pembibitan dan Inokulasi Mikoriza, Teknik Aplikasi Media Tanam, Teknik Pengepakan dan Pengangkutan, Pengayaan, Pertumbuhan, Hama Penyakit dan Gulma, Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja dan Analisis Finansial. Hal ini dilakukan agar Buku Shorea leprosula Miq dan Shorea johorensis Foxw: Ekologi, Silvikultur, Budidaya dan Pengembangan dapat memberikan informasi secara menyeluruh. Terima kasih kami sampaikan kepada para pembahas buku tersebut yaitu Bapak Dr. Budi Leksono (Peneliti di Balai Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Pemuliaan Tanaman Hutan Yogyakarta), Prof. Dr. Ir. Ariffien Bratawinata, M.Agr (Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman), dan Prof. Dr. Ir. Soeyitno Soedirman, M.Agr (Praktisi Kehutanan) yang telah banyak memberikan masukan untuk penyempurnaan buku tersebut. Diharapkan buku Shorea leprosula Miq dan Shorea johorensis Foxw: Ekologi, Silvikultur, Budidaya dan Pengembangan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi para peneliti, akademisi dan mahasiswa, IUPHHK, Pemerhati Kehutanan dan pihak - pihak yang memerlukannya. Kami menyadari bahwa buku ini belumlah sempurna, namun diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan representasi kedepan. Samarinda, November 2014 Kepala Balai Besar, Ir. Ahmad Saerozi Nip. 19591016 198802 1 001 i DAFTAR ISI Kata Pengantar ............................................................ i Daftar Isi ..................................................................... ii Bab 1 Pendahuluan ................................................................ 1 Bab 2 Ekologi, Morfologi dan Upaya Konservasi 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 3 2. Ekologi ...................................................................... 3 3. Ciri Morfologi ............................................................. 6 4. Upaya Konservasi ....................................................... 9 5. Penutup .................................................................... 13 Bab 3 Perbenihan, Pembibitan dan Inokulasi Jamur Mikoriza di Persemaian 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 15 2. Perbanyakan Tanaman Secara Generatif ....................... 15 3. Perbanyakan Tanaman Secara Vegetatif ........................ 27 4. Pemeliharaan Bibit di Persemaian ................................. 33 5. Peningkatan Produktivitas Dengan Pemupukan .............. 33 6. Seleksi Bibit Siap Tanam ............................................. 34 7. Mikoriza .................................................................... 35 8. Penutup .................................................................... 41 Bab 4 Teknik Aplikasi Media Semai dari Limbah Biomassa Hutan dan Industri Hasil Hutan 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 45 2. Media Semai Yang Baik Untuk Pertumbuhan .................. 45 3. Limbah Industri Hasil Hutan Sebagai Media Semai .......... 46 4. Limbah Biomassa Hutan Sebagai Media Semai ............... 48 5. Kompos Sebagai Media Semai ...................................... 49 6. Penutup .................................................................... 50 Bab 5 Teknik Pengepakan (Packing) dan Pengangkutan (Trans-Plantation) Bibit 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 53 2. Pengangkutan (Trans-Plantation) Bibit .......................... 53 3. Pengepakan (Packing) Bibit ......................................... 57 4. Penutup .................................................................... 61 ii Bab 6 Pengayaan di Hutan Alam 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 63 2. Faktor Pendukung Keberhasilan Pengayaan ................... 64 3. Penutup .................................................................... 67 Bab 7 Pertumbuhan Tegakan Hutan 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 69 2. Tinjauan Umum Pertumbuhan Tegakan Hutan ............... 70 3. Tinjauan Umum Petak Ukur Permanen (PUP) ................. 72 4. Pertumbuhan Tanaman ............................................... 73 5. Model Pendugaan Pertumbuhan Tanaman ..................... 78 6. Riap Hutan Alam ........................................................ 80 7. Penutup .................................................................... 84 Bab 8 Hama, Penyakit dan Gulma 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 89 2. Hama ....................................................................... 89 3. Penyakit .................................................................... 102 4. Gulma ...................................................................... 106 5. Teknik Pengendalian Gulma ......................................... 110 6. Penutup .................................................................... 113 Bab 9 Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Pada Kegiatan Budidaya Dalam Pengusahaan Hutan Alam Produksi 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 117 2. Tenaga Kerja di Sektor Kehutanan ............................... 117 3. Penerapan Sistem Silvikultur Tebang Pilih Tanam Jalur (TPTJ) ................................................................ 119 4. Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja ........................................... 121 5. Permasalahan Tenaga Kerja ........................................ 127 6. Penutup .................................................................... 129 Bab 10 Analisis Finansial Budidaya dengan Sistem Silvikultur TPTI dan TPTJ 1. Pendahuluan .............................................................. 133 2. Pengelompokkan Biaya ............................................... 134 3. Perbedaan Biaya Berdasarkan Sistem Silvikultur ............ 136 4. Metode Analisis Finansial ............................................. 142 5. Analisis Penghasilan Pengembangan Usaha Tanaman Jenis Dipterocarpaceae dengan sistem silvikultur TPTI iii dan TPTJ .................................................................... 144 6. Analisis Finansial dan Sensitivitas Pengembangan Usaha Tanaman Jenis Dipterocarpaceae dengan Sistem Silvikultur TPTI dan TPTJ ............................................. 145 7. Penutup .................................................................... 148 Ucapan Terima Kasih ................................................... 151 iv Bab 1 Pendahuluan PENDAHULUAN Shorea leprosula Miq (meranti merah atau tembaga) dan Shorea johorensis Foxw (meranti majau) merupakan jenis-jenis dari famili Dipterocarpaceae yang tersebar mulai dari pulau Borneo (Kalimantan, Serawak, Brunei dan Sabah), Semenanjung Thailand dan Semenanjung Malaysia, dan Sumatra (LIPI, 1979 dalam Kusumawati, 1996) kemudian menyebar ke tempat lainnya. Kedua jenis kayu komersial ini mempunyai nilai ekonomi dan nilai jual yang tinggi karena kayunya disukai oleh industri pengolahan kayu. Dalam dunia perdagangan kedua jenis kayu ini dikelompokkan ke dalam meranti merah dan mempunyai nilai perdagangan yang cukup tinggi dan telah menjadi komoditi penting hasil hutan, sehingga banyak dieksploitasi sejak era tahun 1970-an sampai 1980-an dan menjadi penyokong utama produksi kayu dari hutan alam yang menghasilkan devisa yang cukup besar bagi negara dari sektor kehutanan. Eksploitasi terhadap jenis-jenis ini dimasa ekspor kayu bulat maupun dimasa kini begitu besar sejalan dengan kebutuhan kayu konstruksi dan pertukangan yang meningkat. Hingga kini sumber kayu komersil kedua jenis tersebut masih mengandalkan dari hutan alam, yang saat ini terus mengalami peningkatan intensitas
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