DOCSLIB.ORG

Isaac Deutscher Papers 1915-1990 (-2006)1929-1967

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Isaac Deutscher Papers 1915-1990 (-2006)1929-1967 Isaac Deutscher Papers 1915-1990 (-2006)1929-1967 International Institute of Social History Cruquiusweg 31 1019 AT Amsterdam The Netherlands hdl:10622/ARCH00462 © IISH Amsterdam 2021 Isaac Deutscher Papers 1915-1990 (-2006)1929-1967 Table of contents Isaac Deutscher Papers................................................................................................................... 4 Context............................................................................................................................................... 4 Content and Structure........................................................................................................................4 Access and Use.................................................................................................................................5 ............................................................................................................................................................6 CORRESPONDENCE.................................................................................................................6 Correspondence of Isaac Deutscher. Alphabetically.......................................................... 6 Correspondence of Tamara Deutscher............................................................................ 10 Correspondence with A. Balabanoff, D. Bigelajzen, H. Brandler, Edward H. Carr, M. Eastman, Daniel Guérin, Ernest Mandel, Roman Rosdolsky, Alfred Rosmer, Bertrand Russell en N. Sedova........................................................................................................10 Other correspondence....................................................................................................... 11 MANUSCRIPTS........................................................................................................................ 12 MANUSCRIPTS BY DEUTSCHER.................................................................................. 12 Stalin: A Political biography. 1949.........................................................................12 Russia after Stalin. 1953.......................................................................................13 The Trotsky Trilogy. 1954-1963.............................................................................13 The Prophet Unarmed, Trotsky: 1921-1929..........................................................14 The Prophet Outcast, Trotsky: 1929-1940............................................................ 14 The Great Contest - Russia and the West. 1960..................................................15 Ironies of History: Essays on Contemporary Communism. 1966.......................... 16 The Unfinished Revolution - Russia 1917-1967. (Trevelyan Lectures delivered at Cambridge, January-March, 1967). 1967...............................................................16 The Non-Jewish Jew and other Essays. (Posthumous). Edited, with an introduction, by Tamara Deutscher. 1968...............................................................16 Russia, China and the West: A Contemporary Chronicle, 1953-1966. (Posthumous). Edited by F. Halliday. 1970.............................................................16 Lenin's Childhood. (Posthumous). Edited, with an introduction, by Tamara Deutscher. 1970......................................................................................................17 Marxism in our time. Essays. (Posthumous). Edited by Tamara Deutscher. 1972........................................................................................................................ 17 Miscellaneous writings, lectures and broadcasts.................................................. 17 Notebooks..............................................................................................................17 MANUSCRIPTS BY OTHERS..........................................................................................18 PERSONAL DOCUMENTS...................................................................................................... 18 OTHER DOCUMENTS............................................................................................................. 19 DOCUMENTATION................................................................................................................... 19 Accrual 2014...............................................................................................................................20 Isaac Deutscher................................................................................................................. 20 Personal documents and finances......................................................................... 20 Writing and publishing............................................................................................ 20 Correspondence with publishers. Alphabetically......................................20 Books, articles and broadcasts................................................................21 Notes and documentation........................................................................22 Documents by others..............................................................................................23 Tamara Deutscher..............................................................................................................24 Correspondence......................................................................................................24 Personal documents and finances......................................................................... 26 Writings and film..................................................................................................... 27 Publishing................................................................................................................27 The Isaac Deutscher Memorial Price..................................................................... 28 Martin Deutscher................................................................................................................28 International Institute of Social History 2 Isaac Deutscher Papers 1915-1990 (-2006)1929-1967 Image and sound material.................................................................................................29 Documentation................................................................................................................... 29 International Institute of Social History 3 Isaac Deutscher Papers 1915-1990 (-2006)1929-1967 Isaac Deutscher Papers Collection ID ARCH00462 Creator Deutscher, Isaac Other Creator(s) Deutscher, Tamara Period 1915-1990 (-2006)1929-1967 Period (bulk) 1929-1967 Extent 14.35 meters archival material, 24 photographs 14.35 Meters 24 Photographs Language list English Language of Material English Context Biographical Note Born in Chrzanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary 1907, died in Rome 1967; journalist, Marxist historian; moved to Cracow in 1923, to Warsaw in 1925; joined the Komunistyczna Partia Polski (KPP) in 1926, member of the Polish section of the International Left Opposition from 1929; expelled from the party in 1932; became supporter of Trotsky and followed the `entrance-tactic' by joining the Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (PPS) 1935-1937; edited and contributed to many periodicals (most of them illegal and irregular); emigrated to Great Britain in 1939; regularly contributed political commentary on developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to The Economist, The Observer, the Tribune and other periodicals; at the same time engaged in historical research; published biographies of Trotsky and Stalin and wrote on cold war issues. Tamara Deutscher-Lebenhaft; born in in Łódź, Poland, 1913, died in London 1990; writer and editor; married Isaac Deutscher 1947; see obituaries in The New York Times and in Revolutionary History. Acquisition Papers purchased by the IISH from Tamara Deutscher in 1977, see Annual Report IISH 1977, p. 15. Contract 07.05.1977. With an accrual in 2014. Content and Structure Content Correspondence, mainly from the early fifties with political friends and left-wing historians like Edward H. Carr, Daniel Guérin, Ernest Mandel, Roman Rosdolsky, Alfred Rosmer, Bertrand Russell and others; correspondence with his publishers; 23 prewar letters from Leon Trotsky to Trotskyists (all published); original drafts etc., sometimes heavily edited, of his publications `Stalin, `Russia after Stalin', `The Trotsky Trilogy', `Heretics and Renegades', `Russia in Transition', `The great Contest', `The Age of Permanent Revolution', `Ironies of History', `The unfinished Revolution', `The Non-Jewish Jew', `Russia, China and the West', `Lenin's Childhood', `Marxism in our Time'; drafts of miscellaneous writings: articles, lectures and broadcasts; file on the International War Crimes Tribunal in Stockholm 1967; press clippings of most of his articles from 1944 onwards. Accrual 2014: Correspondence; personal and financial documents of Isaac and Tamara Deutscher; books, articles and broadcasts; notes; documents concerning writings, film and publishing of Tamara Deutscher; documents belonging to Martin Deutscher; image and sound material; documentation. Arrangement International Institute of Social History 4 Isaac Deutscher Papers 1915-1990 (-2006)1929-1967 The IISH acquired the Isaac Deutscher Archive in 1977; for the convenience of visitors of the Institute letters from Heinrich Brandler, M. Eastman, Roman Rosdolsky, Alfred Rosmer and others were removed from the alphabetical files, where they
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction: Origins
    Copyrighted Material Introduction: Origins In “The Non-Jewish Jew,” the Polish social revolutionary Isaac Deutscher, who began his education as a yeshiva student, argued that those who re- jected their ancestral religion and their people in favor of secular universal- ism had historical precursors. In a paradoxical formulation that captured something of his own identity, Deutscher wrote: “The Jewish heretic who transcends Jewry belongs to a Jewish tradition.”1 This “Jewry” is Judaism— not only the religion but all of the traditions built up over nearly three millennia. Yet, in transcending Judaism, the heretic finds himself or herself in a different Jewish tradition, a tradition no less Jewish for being antitradi- tional. Secular universalism for these heretics paradoxically became a kind of Jewish identity. Many of these ideas originated in the European Enlightenment, but they also often had a Jewish provenance or at least were believed by secular Jews to have such a provenance. Deutscher, for example, started his famous essay on an autobiographical note, remembering how, as a child in the yeshiva, he had read the story of the heretic Elisha ben Abuya (or Aher—the Other— as he is known). Elisha’s favorite student, Rabbi Meir, became one of the towering legal authorities of his generation, yet he never renounced his wayward teacher. By raising the question of the relationship of the Ortho- dox Rabbi Meir and the heretic Elisha, Deutscher implied that even the heretic remains somehow connected to that which he rejects, for the source of his heresy may lie within that tradition. For Deutscher, Elisha was the prototype of his modern heroes: Spinoza, Heine, Marx, Rosa Luxemburg, Trotsky, and Freud.
    [Show full text]
  • ALL-ROUND DEVELOPMENT of VLADIMIR LENIN's PERSONALITY Javed Akhter, Khair Muhammad and Naila Naz M.Phil Scholar, Department Of
    International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research Method Vol.3, No.1, pp.23-34, March 2016 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) ALL-ROUND DEVELOPMENT OF VLADIMIR LENIN’S PERSONALITY Javed Akhter, Khair Muhammad and Naila Naz M.Phil Scholar, Department of English Literature and Linguistics, University of Balochistan Quetta Balochistan Pakistan ABSTRACT: The study investigates the personality of Vladimir Lenin, in the light of Stephen R. Covey’s suggested habits, expounded in his books, “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People” and “The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to greatness”, following the most eminent Russian physiologist and psychologist I. P. Pavlov’s theory of classical behaviourism. Stephen R. Covey’s thought provoking and trend breaking book: “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People” suggests seven habits and paradigms to become highly effective personality. He introduced the eighth habit in his innovative and challenging book “The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness.” Therefore, his suggested eight habits, and paradigms, which are based on I. P. Pavlov’s theory of classical behaviourism. This paper would use the popped up chunks of I. P. Pavlov’s behaviourist theory to analyse how the process of habit formation influenced the effective and great personalities of the world. Therefore, the present study will enable the readers to confront Pavlov’s classical behaviourist theory of habit formation through stimuli and responses. The readers are also expected to abandon the bad habits and adopt the good ones. These infrequent but subtle hints serve as a model of effective as well as great personality of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Quarrel: Joe Salsberg, the 'Jewish' Question, and Canadian Communism
    Family Quarrel: Joe Salsberg, the ‘Jewish’ Question, and Canadian Communism Gerald Tulchinsky WHEN JOE SALSBERG (his full name was Joseph Baruch Salsberg but everyone called him Joe; Yiddish-speaking intimates called him Yossele, the Yiddish dimin- utive for Yosel) left the Canadian Labor-Progressive Party of Canada [LPP] in early 1957, he effectively ended a 30-year career of intense activity in the communist cause, including momentous contributions to the labour movement, to progressive legislation as a member of the Toronto City Council and the Ontario legislature, and to the Jewish radical left in Ontario. But while his departure was an anguished one, it was based essentially on his identity as a Jew and his conviction that in the Soviet Union not only had Jewish culture been suppressed under Josef Stalin but that his successors were also determined to continue that policy. Joe believed that the communist family had rejected him and other Jewish devotees of the great cause — and it broke his heart. Salsberg, a capmaker by trade, was born in Lagov, Poland, in 1902 and had im- migrated with his parents to Canada in 1913. To help support his family, he began a full-time working career when he was a mere thirteen years old. Joe’s parents were devout Orthodox Jews, his father Abraham (known as Avremele in the community) was a follower of the Hasidic tradition who prayed that Joe, his firstborn, would be- come a rabbi, while his mother, Sarah-Gitel, was a veritable dynamo who had founded and carefully managed Toronto’s important Malbush Aromin (clothing the poor) Society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wandering Jew As Thinker and Revolutionary Isaac Deutscher
    Universities & Left Review 4 summer 1958 The Wandering Jew as Thinker and Revolutionary Isaac Deutscher This article is based on a paper read before a large audience for the Jewish Book Week, in February 1958, under the title The Non-Jewish Jew in Modern European Thought. It has produced world-wide controversy, and is published here for the first time in its complete form. REMEMBER that when as a child I read the Midrash affection? Why did he defend him against other rabbis? I I came across a story and a description of a scene which My heart, it seems, was with the heretic. Who was he? I gripped my imagination. It was the story of Rabbi Meir, the asked. He appeared to be in Jewry and yet out of it. He great saint, sage, and the pillar of Mosaic orthodoxy and co- showed a curious respect for his pupil's orthodoxy when he author of the Mishna, who took lessons in theology from a sent him back to the Jews on the holy Sabbath; but he him- heretic Elisha ben Abiyuh, nicknamed Akher (The Stranger). self, disregarding canon and ritual, rode beyond the bound- Once on a Sabbath, Rabbi Meir went out on a trip with his aries. When 1 was thirteen or perhaps fourteen I began to teacher, and as usual they became engaged in deep argument. write a drama on Akher and Rabbi Meir and tried to find The heretic was riding a donkey, and Rabbi Meir, as he out more about Akher's character. What made him transcend could not ride on a Sabbath, walked by his side and listened Judaism? Was he a Gnostic? Was he the adherent of some so intently to the words of wisdom falling from heretical other school of Greek or Roman philosophy? I could not lips, that he failed to notice that he and his teacher had find the answers, and I did not manage to go beyond the reached the ritual boundary which Jews were not allowed to first act of my drama.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    MAOISM-ITS ORIGINS, BACKGROUND, AND OUTLOOK Isaac Deutscher WHAT does Maoism stand for? What does it represent as a political idea and as a current in contemporary communism? The need to clarify these questions has become all the more urgent because Maoism is now openly competing with other communist schools of thought for inter- national recognition. Yet before entering this competition Maoism had existed as a current, and then as the dominant trend, of Chinese communism for thirty to thirty-five years. It is under its banner that the main forces of the Chinese revolution waged the most protracted civil war in modern history; and that they won their victory in 1949, making the greatest single breach in world capitalism since the October Revolu- tion, and freeing the Soviet Union from isolation. It is hardly surprising that Maoism should at last advance politically beyond its national . boundaries and claim world-wide attention to its ideas. What is surprising is that it has not done so earlier and that it has for so long remained closed within the confines of its national experience. Maoism presents in this respect a striking contrast with Leninism. The latter also existed at first as a purely Russian school of thought; but not for long. In 1915, after the collapse of the Second International, Lenin was already the central figure in the movement for the Third International, its initiator and inspirer-Bolshevism, as a faction in the Russian Social Democratic Party, was not much older then than a decade. Before that the Bolsheviks, like other Russian socialists, had lived intensely with all the problems of international Marxism, absorbed all its experience, participated in all its controversies, and felt bound to it with unbreakable ties of intellectual, moral, and political solidarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Trotsky in the Ascendant [1954]
    19 Trotsky in the Ascendant [1954] This review was first published as “Trotsky’s Tragedy”, The Observer, London, 21 March 1954,p.8 and reprinted as “The Trotsky Tragedy”, The Hindustan Times, New Delhi, 28 March 1954, “Sunday Magazine”, p. 3 (B&R C54.07). Russell had initially declined an offer to appraise the first instalment of Deutscher’s three-volume biography, on account of his impending surgery. But he hoped that the newspaper’s editor, David Astor, “could let the review stand over until I am again fit for work…”(19 Jan. 1954). The Marxist intellectual, Isaac Deutscher (1907–1967), had a fascination with Trotsky dating back to the early 1930s and his own experiences of anti-Stalinist opposition in the Polish Communist Party. In 1932 he was expelled from the Party he had joined as a teenager six years previously, following a strict Jewish upbring- ing in Kraków. Deutscher arrived in Britain in 1939 knowing little English, but he had become by the end of the Second World War a respected journalistic authority on European affairs. Henceforth, he moved from reportage to historical writing and published his first major work, Stalin: A Political Biography,in1949. By ab- sorbing Gibbon, Macaulay and Trevelyan—all much admired by Russell for their literary flair—Deutscher also honed the rich and metaphorical prose style that stamped his oeuvre as much as the deep-seated, if idiosyncratic, Marxist convic- tions underpinning it. Even Deutscher’s critics—and he had many—acknowledged his literary gifts, although these talents were suspected of providing a seductive cover for his doctrinaire views and questionable methodology.
    [Show full text]
  • LENIN the DICTATOR an Intimate Portrait
    LENIN THE DICTATOR An Intimate Portrait VICTOR SEBESTYEN LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd v 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 First published in Great Britain in 2017 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 © Victor Sebestyen 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher. The right of Victor Sebestyen to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. HB ISBN 978 1 47460044 6 TPB 978 1 47460045 3 Typeset by Input Data Services Ltd, Bridgwater, Somerset Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Weidenfeld & Nicolson The Orion Publishing Group Ltd Carmelite House 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ An Hachette UK Company www.orionbooks.co.uk LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd vvii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 In Memory of C. H. LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd vviiii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 MAPS LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd xxii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 NORTH NORWAY London SEA (independent 1905) F SWEDEN O Y H C D U N D A D L Stockholm AN IN GR F Tammerfors FRANCE GERMANGERMAN EMPIRE Helsingfors EMPIRE BALTIC Berlin SEA Potsdam Riga
    [Show full text]
  • Russia in Transition ISAAC DEUTSCHER
    Universities & Left Review Spring 1957 Vol.1 No 1 Russia in transition ISAAC DEUTSCHER Who would still maintain nowa- crat or under that of a "collective A fresh gust of wind days that Soviet society has emerged leadership". The essence of collect- from the Stalin era in a state of The mind of the nation has stirred ive leadership is dispersal, diffusion, to new activity. Gone are the days petrified immobility, decayed and and therefore limitation of power. incapable of inner movement and when the whole of the Soviet Union When government passes from one was on its knees before the Leader change? Yet only a short time ago hand into many hands it can no and had to intone the same magic this was the opinion commonly longer be exercised in the same incantations, to believe in the same accepted; and a writer who defied it ruthless and unscrupulous manner bizarre myths, and to keep its and claimed that, despite all appear- in which it was exercised before. It thoughts tightly closed to any im- ances to the contrary, the Soviet pulse of doubt and criticism. To be universe did move seemed to argue becomes subject to checks and balances. sure, it is only slowly and painfully from mere faith or wishfulness. Yes, that people recover in their minds the Soviet universe does move. At It is not only Caesar's head that from monolithic uniformity and re- times it even looks as if it were still has vanished. What used to be his learn to think for themselves and a nebula unsteadily revolving around strong arm, the power of the pol- express their thoughts.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Hallett Carr: Historical Realism and the Liberal Tradition David Freelandduke
    Edward Hallett Carr: Historical Realism and the Liberal Tradition David FreelandDuke ABSTRACT: The works of Edward Hallett Carr represent an important contribution to thehistoriography ofSaviet Russiaand to die studyofinternational relations in general. Yet his work is often dismissed, primarily because Carr was considered 'ideologically unsound,' that is, a Stalinist. This essay examines the validity of that charge and concludes instead diat Carr was in fact firmly realistic in his writings on the Soviet Union and on international relations. In the case of the Soviet Union, this paper argues that Carr's realism produced works of balance and judgement in a period - the Cold War- when such characteristics were anathema to the historiography of the subject. In at least one of his works on international relations, The Twenty Years' Crisis, this realism represented a novel and revolutionary approach to the the subject. A significant characteristic of the British educational and social system of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the remarkable number of polymaths it spawned. Individuals such as Bertrand Russell, Robert Graves, and J.B. Priestley acknowledged the benefits that the liberal atmosphere ofBritish education afforded them. Interested individuals were free to study - and more impor tantly, to question - any subject that attracted them, and this questioning produced an environment of freedom which greatly enriched the British intellectual climate in the early twentiedi century. As die increasing complexity of the twentieth century resulted in a reaction against unrestrained free thinking, however, this freedom was soon revealed to be a double-edged sword. Both Russell and Priestley, in later life, were not only criticized but even placed under surveillance as they became more active in the peace and antinuclear movements of the 1950s and 1960s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of the First New Left in Britain
    THE MAKING OF THE FIRST NEW LEFT IN BRITAIN Jacob Clark Thurman Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of History, Indiana University December 2011 Accepted by the Faculty of Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Jason M. Kelly, Ph.D., Chair Kevin Cramer, Ph.D. Master’s Thesis Committee Michael D. Snodgrass, Ph.D. ii Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 82 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 100 References ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vladimir Ilich Lenin
    Overview - Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilich Lenin Encyclopedia of World Biography, December 12, 1998 Born: April 10, 1870 in Ulianovsk, Russia Died: January 21, 1924 in Moscow, Soviet Union Other Names: Lenin, Vladimir I.; Lenin, V.I.; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich; Lenin, Vladimir Illyich; Ulyanov, Vladimir I.; Lenin, Vladimir Ilych; Lenin, Nikolai; Ulyanov, Vladimir Illyich; Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; Richter, Joseph; Ulyanov, Vladimir Ilyich; Lenin, N.; Ulyanov, V.I.; Ulyanov- Lenin; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov Nationality: Soviet Occupation: Head of state The Russian statesman Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870-1924) was the creator of the Bolshevik party, the Soviet state, and the Third International. He was a successful revolutionary leader and an important contributor to revolutionary socialist theory. Few events have shaped contemporary history as profoundly as the Russian Revolution and the Communist revolutions that followed it. Each one of them was made in the name of V. I. Lenin, his doctrines, and his political practices. Contemporary thinking about world affairs has been greatly influenced by Lenin's impetus and contributions. From Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points to today's preoccupation with wars of national liberation, imperialism, and decolonization, many important issues of contemporary social science were first raised or disseminated by Lenin; even some of the terms he used have entered into everyone's vocabulary. The very opposition to Lenin often takes Leninist forms. Formative Years V. I. Lenin was born in Simbirsk (today Ulianovsk) on April 10 (Old Style), 1870. His real family name was Ulianov, and his father, Ilia Nikolaevich Ulianov, was a high official in the czarist educational bureaucracy who had risen into the nobility.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polish October: Twenty Years After
    THE POLISH OCTOBER: TWENTY YEARS AFTER by Wlodzimierz Brus Note from the Editors: This is the text of the Isaac Deutscher Memorial Lecture, which was delivered by Professor Brus on 7 December 1976 at the London School of Economics. Professor Brus was awarded the Isaac Deutscher Memorial Prize for 1976 for his book Socialist Ownership and Political Systems. We take this opportunity to recall that Isaac Deutscher died ten years ago, in August 1967, and to say how keenly we continue to feel his loss, both personally and also in terms of the contribution he would have made to the understanding of the developments which have occurred in these years, particularly in the Communist world. Isaac Deutscher grew up in the Polish revolutionary movement, and it is therefore particularly appropriate to commemorate his life and work with a discussion of the Polish October of 1956. Deutscher always retained, it should be noted, a special relationship with his native country: his Polish correspondence of 1956, for example, is only a particular illustration of his continuing interest. But the subject of my lecture is not only of relevance because of Deutscher's Polish origins; even more it is one with which Deutscher remained fascinated: the 'unfinished revolution'. This was the task which the Polish October attempted to accomplish: to eliminate the political and social degeneration which Stalinism had brought about and to begin to construct a society in which power becomes embodied within the working people. Naturally, for all of us today in the socialist movement this remains a central problem and concern.
    [Show full text]