Hydrologic Effects of the Earthquake Outside Alaska

THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964: EFFECTS ON THE HYDROLOGIC REGIMEN

Hydrologic Effects of the Earthquake Of March 27,1964 Outside Alaska

By ROBERT C. VORHIS

With Sections on HYDROSEISMOGRAMS FROM THE NUNN-BUSH SHOE CO. WELL WISCONSIN By ELMER E. REXIN and ROBERT C. VORHIS and ALASKA EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON GROUND WATER IN IOWA By R. W. COBLE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 544-C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1967

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - 45 cents (paper cover) THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE SERIES

The U.S. Geological Survey is publishing the results of investigation~of tho Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, in a series of six Professional Papers. Professional Paper 544 describes the effects of the earthquake on the hydrologic regimen. Other Professional Papers describe the history of the field investigations and reconstruction effort; the effect of the earthquake on communities; the regional effects of the earthquake; and the effects on transpor- tation, communications, and utilities.

CONTENTS

Page Page Page Geographic distribution of hydro- Geographic distribution of hydrologic effects-Continued logic effects-Continued Canada------C15 United States-Continued Alberta------15 Mississippi ------C28 British Columbia--__------15 Missouri -----_-_-____------28 Manitoba------16 Montana-____------29 Northwest Territories ------16 Nebraska ------__-----29 Ontario------__-_----__-_ 16 Nevada------29 Saskatchewan------16 New Hampshire ------29 United States------_---_---- 16 New Jersey --_------_-__----29 and charts------New Mexico------29 Recordable hydroseismic data--- New York ------_--_--- 30 Hydroseisms in wells ------North Carolina------30 Hydroseisms from surface- North Dakota ------___---_-30 water gages------_----- Ohio...... 30 Hydroseismograms from the Nunn- Oklahoma ------30 Bush Shoe Co. well, Wis- Oregon...... 31 consin, by Elmer E. Rexin Pennsylvania -----_------31 and Robert C. Vorhis ------Puerto Rico------__ 31 Geographic distribution of hydro- Rhode Island------31 logic effects------_ ------Hawaii------__------South Carolina--__--_-__---- 32 Africa-----__--_-_------Idaho----_-_------South Dakota..------_-_----- 32 Libya---_-_-_---__-____--_- Illinois------_ ------Tennessee------32 Republic of South Africa- - - - - Indiana------Texas...... 32 South-West Africa--- _ ------Iowa-Alaska earthquake ef- Utah ...... 33 United Arab Republic fects 'on ground water, by Vermont---__------_------33 (Egypt)------R. W. Coble------Virginia ...... 33 Asia------Virgin Islands ------33 Israel------_ ------Kentucky_---______-----.- Washington ------33 Republic of the Philippines- - - Louisiana - - _ - ______West Virginla ------33 Australia.. ------_ -,- _ _ _ Maine ------_ _ - Wisconsin --_---_------33 Europe------_------Maryland------_ _ _ - Wyoming------_-___------34 Belgium-- - _ - _ _ _ - - _ ------Massachusetts- - - - _ - - - _ _ _ - _ _ Hydroseisms from aftershocks--- - - 34 Denmark------_---_-_----_- Michigan-- _ - ______------.- Conclusion ...... 36 United Kingdom --______-___ References cited -______-- 36 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES

Page 1. Hydroseismic chart of a well in Mitchell County, Ga ...... C7 2. Typical records of hydroseisms caused by the,Alaska earthquake------8 3. Record of a hydroseism at the National Reactor Testing Station, Idaho ...... 9 4. Record of seismically induced decline in stage------_-_-__ - _------.------5. Bubbler-gage record at Tendal, La-__-_..-----_------___------..------6. Bubbler-gage records at three Kansas gages -----__------.------7. Record of stage of Paxton Creek, Pa., showing possible seismically induced discharge ------._ -_-. ------8. Hydroseismogram of Alaska earthquake from Nunn-Bush Shoe Co. well- ----_---___------_____------9-13. Records: 9. Hydroseismograms of aftershocks of the Alaska earthquake from the Nunn-Bush Shoe Co. well------10. Hydroseism at Heibaart, Belgium- -______----__-_____-__------..------..------..------11. Two dissimilar hydroseisms from two aquifers tapped by adjacent piezometers ------.- --- 12. Two similar hydroseisms from two aquifers tapped by adjacent piezometers------13. Part of a '&foot decline in water level of a Clay County, Fla., well------.------14. Stage and deflection records of the Alaska earthquake---_-_ _ _---- _ - - - -.. ------15. Index map of Georgia showing locations of gaging stations and size of seiches recorded from the Alaska earthquake------16. Index map of Iowa showing location of reported ground-water disturbances caused by the Alaska earthquake- _ 17-21. Water-level records from wells: 17. Redfield Dome, Iowa------.------.---- 18. Vincent Dome, Io~a---_____------.--~------19. Dakota Sandstone in northwest Iowa --______-_------_------.------.------20. Lohrville, Iowa--_--..------..------.------21. Elkader and Clinton, Iowa______------_..------.------..------..------22. Water-level record showing effect of the Alaska earthquake on a surface-water pool------______---_-_-_- 23. Record of hydroseism from well in York County, Pa ----__--__.____------..------..---..----.------24. Record of seismic seiche and wind seiches at Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake at Grand Coulee Dam, Wash- _ _... _

TABLES

Page 1. Gage-height ratio and time scales of 421 floabtype recorders that registered the Alaska earthquake-_------2. Chronological list of hydroseismic data from the Nunn-Bush Shoe Co. well at Milwaukee, Wis., March 28-30, 1964------_ - _-____ ------_------3. Number and maximum hydroseisms recorded in the United States from the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964------_ - - _ _ _ _ ------4. Summary of ground-water disturbances in Iowa caused by the Alaska earthquake- 5. Earthquakes recorded in seismically sensitive observation wells, March 27- April 4, 1964__--__----___------6. Seismic fluctuations in sensitive wells, March 28-April4, 1964- _ ------7. Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake--- -- THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27,1964: EFFECTS ON THE HYDROLOGZC REGIMEN

HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE OF MARCH 27, 1964, OUTSIDE ALASKA

By Robert C. Vorhis

ABSTRACT The Alaska earthquake of March 27, The Alaska earthquake is the first for next largest was 1.45 feet on Lake 1964, had widespread hydrologic effects which widespread surface-water effects Ouachita in Arkansas. throughout practically all of the United are known. The effects were recorded The largest fluctuation in a well was States. More than 1,450 water-level at stations on flowing streams, rivers, 23 feet registered by a pressure re- recorders, scattered throughout all the reservoirs, lakes, and ponds. The 755 50 States except Connecticut, Delaware, surface-water stations recording effects corder near Belle Fourche, S. Dak. and Rhode Island, registered the earth- are spread through 38 States, but are Fluctuations of more than 10 feet were quake. Half of the water-level records most numerous in the south-central and reported from wells in Alabama, Flor- were obtained from ground-water ob- southeastern States, especially in Flor- ida, Georgia, Illinois, Missouri, and servation wells and half at surface- ida and Louisiana. Most of the fluctu- Pennsylvania. A 3.40-foot fluctuation water gaging stations. The earthquake ations recorded can be referred to more was recorded in a well in Puerto Rico. is also known to have registered on water-level recorders on wells in Can- precisely as seismic seiches; however, The Alaska earthquake was regis- ada, England, Denmark, Belgium, a few stations recorded the quake as tered by about seven times as many Egypt, Israel, Libya, Philippine Islands, a minor change in stage. The largest watei-level recorders as recorded the South-West Africa, South Africa, and recorded seiche outside Alaska was 1.83 Hebgen Lake, Mont., earthquake of Northern Territory of Australia. feet on a reservoir in Michigan. The August 19, 1959.

INTRODUCTION

The hydrologic response to the from the great magnitude of the tions on streams, reservoirs, ponds, Alaska earthquake of March 2'7, quakethe largest to occur in and lakes. At most of the gaging 1964, was the most widespread of North America in this century. stations the charts show upward all previously registered seismic Of the previous large earthquakes and downward motions that were events. Some 716 wells in the recorded widely in the United about equal and that generally United States recorded water-level States, the Assam, India, earth- recovered to a normal level within fluctuations caused by the quake. quake of August 15,1950, affected a few minutes. On some lakes Outside the United States, wells in at least 161 wells, and the Hebgen and reservoirs the fluctuations con- Canada, England, Belgium, Den- Lake, Mont., earthquake of Au- tinued for an hour or more. mark, Libya, Israel, South-West gust 1'7,1959, was recorded in 185 A third effect caused by the Africa, South Africa, and Aus- wells. earthquake was roiling or muddy- tralia recorded the earthquake. Another important response was ing of well and spring water. This worldwide response results registered as water-level fluctua- This phenomenon, when reported C1 (22 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964 by well users, generally occurred 2. Seismically induced fluctuations rivers, canals, or ditches. It is in wells that required long-con- of water level. only necessary that the geometry tinued pumping to clear the water 3. Water-level fluctuations. of the water boundary define a at the time the well was drilled. 4. Earthquake-i n d u c e d fluctua- natural period of oscillation. The roiling is presumably limited tions. Where there are currents, part of to wells and springs tapping aqui- 5. Fluctuations in well water levels a seiche may be transformed into firs that contain considerable col- (the title under which hydro- a progressing wave. loidal material. seismic data have been pub- To restrict the term "seiches" to The purpose of this report is to lished annually in the U.S. those events caused by earth- assemble the hydrologic effects of Coast and Geod. Survey series quakes, Kvale (1955) qualified the the Alaska earthquake that were "United States Earth- phenomenon as seismic seiches. recorded outside Al~aska. The na- quakes"). Following his usage, in this paper ture and geographic distr?bution The following terms have been "seismic seiches" refer to symmet- of lthe hydrologic effects are de- used to describe hydroseisms in rical fluctuations (that is, those scribed, the seismic fluctuations in surface-water bodies : fluptuations where the water-level water wells in the United States 1. "Disturbances [as recorded] at rise is exactly equal to the water- are tabulated, and data on seismic stream-gaging stat i on s" level decline) typical of standing seiches in North Amerioa and well (U.S. Coast and Geod. Sur- waves set up on rivers, reservoirs, fluctuations outside the United vey, 1946, p. 26). ponds, and lakes at a time cur- States are summarized. Thus, the 2. "Range of stage recorded in responding with the passage of report is a compilation of both stilling wells * * " as the re- seismic waves from the Alaska published 'and unpublished data on sult of earth tremors" (Ster- earthquake. Where the record known hydrologic effects through- mitz, 1964, p. 144). does not correspond to what would out the world. Furthermore, a 3. Seismic seiches. be expected from a standing wave, background of previous work, a The term "hydroseism" is de- the more general term "hydro- discussion of several water-level rived from the Greek words vhp seism" is used. recording instruments, and obser- meaning water and actupos mean- vations of fluetuations during ing earthquake. As defmed and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS other earthquakes are presented in used in this report, hydrmism ap- order to provide la suitable basis plies to seismically indud fluc- The material on which this re- for future interpretive studies. It tuations in wells, streams, lakes, port is based has wme from many is haped that this framework will ponds, and reservoirs. As such, it sources and has been the work of encourage further studies so that is identical in meaning with any hundreds of persons engaged in the discrepancies that exist be- and all of the expressions listed various aspects of water-resource tween earthquake theory and ob- above. investigations. Most of these peo- served effects can be narrowed and "Hydroseismic data" includes ple are known to the writer only ul'timately bridged. both the charts that record hydro- by their affiliation with the orga- seisms and the information taken nization which transmitted the DEFINITION OF TERMS from the charts. data. "Hydroseismogram" is a hydro- The following organizations out- The term "hydroseism" is here seism recorded at an expanded side the United States have fur- introduced as convenient to include time scale. nished data on hydrologic effects all seismically induced water-level "Seiche" is a term first used in of the Alaska earthquake in their fluctuations other than tsunamis. Switzerland by Forel (1895) to countries, and their help is grate- Although this type of fluctwation apply to standing waves set up on fully acknowledged : has been described in many pre- the surface of Lake Geneva by Geological Survey of Canada vious papers, no one term nor one wind and by changes in baromet- Canadian National Commit- phrase has been used consistently. ric pressure. Richter (1958, p. tee for the International Terms and phrases which have 109) points out that seiches may Hydrologic Decade been used to describe hydroseisms occur not only in closed bodies of Canada, Ontario Water Re- in wells include : water but also in partially closed sources commission 1. Pressure fluctuations produced bodies such as harbors or channels Canada, Saskatchewan De- by seismic waves. and as lateral oscillations in partment of Agriculture HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

United Kingdom of Libya, The author is also grateful to Kenya : Water Development Ministry of Agriculture the many organizations which ex- Department State of Israel, Hydrological amined their recorder charts for Mozambique: Service for Ge- Service of Ministry of the period of the Alaska earth- ology and Mines Agriculture quake and verified that no fluctu- Nepal : South-West Africa, Geologi- ations caused by the earthquake Hydrological Survey De- cal Survey had been recorded. The coun- partment Republic of South Africa, tries and names of the organiza- U.S. AID Mission Geological Survey tions in which recorded charts Netherlands : Archives of Commonwealth of Australia, were found to show no apparent Ground-Water Levels Northern Territory Adrnin- reaction to the quake are the New Guinea: Australia De- istration following : partment of Public Works New South Wales, Snowy Afghanistan : New Zealand: Mountains Hydro-Electric Water and Soil Survey Ministry of Works Authority Authority Geological Survey Victoria, St a t e Electricity Commission U.S. AID Mission Nigeria : Belgian Ministry of Public Australia : Geological Survey Works, Hydraulic Research Sydney Metropolitan U.S. AID Mission Laboratory Water, Sewerage, and Norway : Water Resources United Kingdom, Geological Drainage Board and Electricity Board Survey and Museum, Water Irrigation and Water Papua : Australia Depart- Department Supply Commission ment of Public Works Denmark Geological Survey South Australia Engi- Portugal : Geological Survey Republic of the Philippines, neering and Water Rhodesia : Bureau of Public Works Supply Department Ministry of Water De- United Arab Republic, U.S. South Australia Director velopment, Hydrologi- AID Mission of Mines cal Branch Most of the records of hydro- Victoria Rivers and Ministry of Mines and seisms in the United States were Water Supply Com- Lands, Geological Sur- compiled and sent to the author by mission vey Office members of the Water Resources Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Division of the U.S.. Geological Austria : Hydrografisches Zentral- Petroleum and Mineral Re- Survey. The following organi- sources buro. zations in the United States have Spain: Institute of Geology British Guiana : Geological also made their records and data and Mines Survey Department available for use, and the author Sudan : Geological Survey is grateful to them for this help: Cyprus : Switzerland : Federal Office Orange C o u n t y [Calif.] Ministry of Commerce for Water Economy Water District and Industry Los Angeles County [Calif .] Syria: Ministry of Industry Geological Survey De- Taiwan : Geological Survey Flood Control District partment Idaho Bureau of Mines and Tasmania : Denmark : Meteorological In- Rivers and Water Sup- Geology stitute Illinois State Water Survey ply Commission Ethiopia : Water Resources Gas storage companies in Illi- Hydro Electric Commis- nois, Iowa, and Ohio Department sion Missouri Geological Survey Ghana : National Construc- Turkey : State Hydraulic and Water Resources tion Corp. Works Division of Water, Ohio De- Greece : Institute for Geology Uganda : Water Development partment of Natural Re- and Subsurface Research Department sources Hungary : Research Institute Union of Soviet Socialist Re- Tennessee Department of for Water Resources publics : Hydrometeorolog- Conservation, Division of Jamaica : Geological Survey ical Service Water Resources Department Zambia: Ministry of Lands Virginia Geological Survey Indonesia : Geological Survey and Natural Resources 2~29-356 0-66--2 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

During the preparation of this droseisms in wells throughout the seisms in California wells ; Stewart paper, the author has benefited United States from a single major (1958) for hydroseisms in Georgia immensely from the help, encour- earthquake, the Hebgen Lake, wells; Thomas (1940) for hydro- agement, and advice given by col- Mont., earthquake of August 17, seisms recorded in California by leagues in the Geological Survey. 1959. earthquakes of November 10,1938 Among the' many who have been Other published reports describe (in Alaska), and January 24,1939 helpful are 0. M. Hackett, J. T. hydroseisms that have been re- (in Chile) ; and Vorhis (1955) for Callahan, J. A. Adamson, S. M. corded in a single well. Parker hydroseisms in a Wisconsin well. Lang, Gerald Meyer, Melvin Wil- and Stringfield (1950, p. 456458) The theoretical effect of earth- liams, A. N. Cameron, and H. list earthquakes and their hydro- quake waves on a water well was B. Counts. The manuscript has seisms as recorded in a limestone originally studied from a seismo- profited from reviews by J. H. well at Miami, Fla. Eaton and logical point of view by Blanchard Feth, J. F. Poland, and Leo Takasaki (1959) made a similar and Byerly (1935). A reexami- Heindl. study of a well in basalt at Hono- nation of this theory was made Similarly, the members of the lulu, Hawaii, and were the first to by Rexin, Oliver, and Prentiss Hydrology Panel of the Commit- attempt to correlate earthquake (1962) who related the magnifica- tee on the Alaska Earthquake magnitudes with hydroseismic tion in the well to the period of have been of great assistance to data. Vorhis (1964a)) using the the seismic surface waves causing the author. Among these am same approach, made a study of the fluctuation. The A 1 aska Richard P. Goldthwait, chairman, hydroseisms recorded in a well earthquake reawakened interest in W. L. Petrie, coordinator, Roger penetrating crystalline rocks in the subject. Subsequent reports Waller, Troy P6w6, and W. 0. Dawson County, in the Piedmont hold much promise for providing Field. of northern Georgia. a theoretical understanding of PREVIOU8 Hydroseisms from one or a few hydroseismic data. Papers con- INVESTIGATIONS selected earthquakes as recorded in taining a development of theory wells scattered through a rather with emphasis cm the hydrologic Hydrologic effects of earth- restricted geographic area have controls have been prepared by quakes have been previously com- been described in many publica- Cooper and others (1965) and piled from observation wells and tions: Austin (1960) for wells in Bredehoeft and others (1965). at surface-water gaging stations. New Jersey; Davis, Worts, and The Richter scale of earthquake In some studies, recorders with ex- Wilson (1955) for hydroseisms in magnitudes has been applied to panded time scales have been oper- California wells caused by the hydroseisms (Eaton and Taka- ated to ascertain the types of seis- Kern County earthquake of 1952 ; saki, 1959 ; Vorhis, 1964a, 1965a), mic waves that produce hydrologic Hopkins and Simpson (1960) for but the many variables relating to effects. The Richter scale of earth- the effects of the Hebgen Lake a well, to earthquake waves, and quake magnitudes has been applied earthquake in mine-water pools in to their travel paths prevent a rig- to hydroseisms, and theoretical Pennsylvania ; LaMoreaux (1953) orous application of this method, studies have been developed to ac- for the effects in Alabama wells of at least for the present. count for hydrologic responses to the Kamchatka earthquake of No- Hydrologic effects of the Alaska seismic waves. No single study, vember 4, 1952; LaRocque (1941) earthquake have been discussed or however, has considered both the for hydroseisms in California wells mentioned in many publications. effects recorded by observation caused by five different quakes Fluctuations in Canadian wells wells and those recorded at sur- from 1933 to 1940; Leggette and were described for Alberta by face-water gaging stations. Taylor (1935) for hydroseisms in Gabert (1965) and for Ontario Utah wells; Piper (1933) for hy- and Saskatchewan by Scott and HYDROSEISMS IN WELLS droseisms recorded in the Mokel? Render (1965). Widespread hy- Data on hydroseisms in wells are umne area of California from the published annually by the U.S. Ilecember 20, 1932, earthquake at drologic effects of the quake as Coast and Geodetic Survey (1945, Lodi, Calif.; Piper, Thomas, and recorded in the United States were 1946, 1951-65). The years for Robinson (1939) for later hydro- published by Peterson (1964)) ~vhichthese data are now available seisms recorded in the Mokelumne Waller, Thomas, and V o r h i s include 1943, 1944, and 1949 area of California; Stearns (1928) (1965), and Vorhi s (196413, through 1963. Only one publica- and Stearns, Robinson, and Tay- 196513) . Local hydrologic effects tion (da Costa, 1964) lists hy- lor (1930, p. 145-151) for hydro- within the United States were HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA c5 discussed by Coble (1967), Fel- tions in New York on September Seismic seiches from the Alaska lows (1965), Puller (1964), Wil- 5, 1944, from an earthquake in the quake, recorded on the west coast son (1964), Hassler (1965), Mil- St. Lawrence Valley." Most of of Canada in lakes, rivers, and ler and Reddell (1964), The Cross these may be seismic seiches but, tidal waters, are mentioned by Section (1964), Mills (1964), not knowing whether they are Wigen and White (1964a, b). Rexin (1963, 1964a, b), Cooper standing waves, it seems safer to Some seismic seiches on rivers and and others (1965), and Bredehoeft refer to them as hydroseisms. lakes in central Canada are de- and others (1965). For the Hebgen Lake earth- scribed by Strilaeff (1964). quake of August 17,1959, Stermitz Donn (1964) mentions reports HYDROSEISMS ON SURFACE- WATER BODIES (1964, p. 144, table 10) lists 54 of waves as much as 6 feet high records for LLRangeof stage re- on the gulf coast caused by the Earthquake effects on river corded in stilling wells * * * as Alaska earthquake. He suggests gages were first mentioned by the result of earth tremors." that these waves and the fluctua- Piper (1933, p. 475, fig. 2). Two The hydroseisms mentioned tions on the Freeport, Tex., tide of six gages on the Mokelumne above were all recorded within n gage are probably seismic seiches River in California showed pro- few hundred miles of the epicenter generated in resonance with the nounced dots on the traces of the of the quakes. In Stermitz's list, seismic waves. water surface that were caused by the most distant event recorded McGarr (1965) formulated a the December 20,1932, earthquake was 340 miles northwest of the theory to explain the generation, at Lodi, Calif. Two other gages epicenter. The events discussed occurrence, and damping of seis- on a nearby diversion canal showed below are unusual in that they mic seiches. The theory was then double amplitudes of 0.08 and were recorded thousands of miles applied to a marigram at Pree- 0.04 foot for the same quake. Al- distant from the epicenter. port, Tex., that showed the Alaska though they were not designated Kvale (1955) discusses seismic earthquake. as such by Piper, they can prop- seiches in 29 fiords and lakes in Thus, seismic seiches represent a. erly be called seismic seiches. Norway caused by the Assam type of hydroseism that has re- The U.S. Coast and Geodetic earthquake of August 15,1950, but ceived little attention previously, Survey (1946, p. 26) lists 18 "Dis- does not mention that any seiches especially such seiches recorded in turbances at stream-gaging sta- were recorded in rivers. rivers.

- HYDROSEISMIC DATA

TYPES OF WATER-LEVEL The hydroseismic data on water- Of the '716 \I-ells for ~vhicl~data RECORDERS AND CHARTS level recorder charts are affecte,d have been tabulated, copies of The water-level recorders cur- by the time scale and the vertical charts from 433 wells showing the rently in operation on observation or gqe-height ratio. Those re- earthquake record have been re- : 30, : Of these, wells throughout the United States corders equipped ~vitll1 1 24, ceived by the author. 1 : gears meet a wide variety of needs ;they :tncl 12 gage-height are 12 were from pressure recorders are adapted to fit all types of well most likely to record the extreme 2tnd 421 were from float-type reconstruction, are selected to fit eco- upper and lower limits of the fluc- corders. Table 1 (next page) nomical servicing schedules, and tuation. Those recorders with 1: 1 shows the various gage-height ra- must respond to many different :~nd1: 2 ratios are most likely to tios and time scales at ~~hichthese record the aftershocks. Thus there ranges in water-level fluctuation. 421 records were made. The gage- is no one ratio that is best for re- -1s a result, each well tends to give cording hydroseisms. Those re- height scale is chosen to give a a, record characteristic of itself. corders with a time scale of 2.4 record thak minimizes "back- (:onsequently, when charts from inches per day are more likely to ground noise" such as pumping many wells are gathered as they sllow hydroseismic detail than are effects and tides, and emphasizes have been in this study, they pre- those with a time scale of 0.3 inch water-level trends. The time scale sent an amazing variety of records. per day. is chosen primarily to get the C6 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

TABLE1.-Gage-height ratio and time scales of 4M float-type recorders that registered well near St. Augustine, Fla., but the Alaska earthquake lack of funds caused operation to Recorder time scale, in inches per day be discontinued about a month be- Gage-height ratio fore the Alaska earthquake. No ------0.3 1.0 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.4 9.6 676 data obtained from these recorders have been published. 1:30------3 ------__--- 1:24------1 ...... 1:12------2 ------19 ------9 ------_-_ RECORDABLE l:lO--___-_----_-_------28 ----_- 20 ------3 ------_--_-_ 1:6------2 ------39 ------_ 58 ------_-- HYDROSEISMIC DATA 1:5------54 2 10 ------1 ------_-_ 1:3------..------2 ------_ 1 ----_----__- HYDROSEISMS IN WELLS 1:2.4------_------4 ------2 ------1:2------_------50 ...... The water-level recorders cur- 1:1.2-----_--_------, 1 ...... 8 --_----__--- 1:1------73 1 20 ------5 1 1 ------rently maintained on observation 5:1------_------_------1 wells can at best record only limited data from any seismic event. Recordable hydroseismic data include the following : maximum of record with a mini- seismological study. Through mum cost. Fram the recorders this, Rexin, Oliver, and Prentiss 1. The depth to water in the well operating wibh a time scale of 2.4 (1962) identified nine types of at the start of the seismic inches per day, the arrival time waves additional to those reported record. of a seismic disturbance can be de- by Blanchard and Byerly. These 2. The maximum seismically termined at best to the nearest 10 waves were PKS, SKS, PS, PPS, caused water-level rise. minutes. For recorders operating SS, SSS, LQ, LR,, and LR,. This 3. The maximum seismically at 1.2 inches per day, time can be recorder was in operation at the caused water-level decline. read only to the nearest 20 minutes. time of the Alaska earthquake, 4. For the largest seismic events, On recorders operating at 0.3 inch and its hydroseismogram is the some wells record a coda por- per day it is extremely difficult to only one known from this earth- tion during a period of 1-2 determine a time closer than 1 to 2 quake. The record is discussed in hours following the maxi- hours. "Hydroseismograms from the mum fluctuation during The time-compressed record of Nunn-Bush Shoe Co. well," (p. which the fluctuations de- water-level recorders in normal use ClO) . crease to static level. has prompted the development and In recent years the Rensselaer 5. In especially sensitive wells, the operation of several recorders Polytechnic Institute has built surface wave that took the operating at a greatly expanded and operated expanded-scale re- long way around the world time scale. Rlanchard and Byerly corders on several shallow and (the Wz wave) may record as (1935, 1936; Byerly and Blanch- deep wells in New York State as a distinct fluctuation, and, ard, 1935) were the first to install part of a research program in ex- likewise, the wave traveling such a recorder. By maintaining plosion detection (Katz, 1961, in the opposite direction (the it on a well in California, they were 1962, 1963; Katz, Carragan, and Wa wave) may record as a the first to obtain a hydroseismic Michalko, 1962a, b ; Carragan, still smaller but distinct fluc- record similar to a seismogram. Katz, and Michalko, 1963; and tuation. These waves have From it, they identified several Carragan, Michalko, and Katz, been identified for the first types of waves (P, PP, PPP, S, 1964). Their work is of great in- time on records from the L, and M) . terest, and the equipment they as- Alaska earthquake. Since 1947, an expanded-scale sembled is the most advanced of 6. A change in water-level trend water-level recorder has been de- any used at present. Lack of due presumably to seismic- veloped and maintained by E. E. funds caused operation of these ally caused changes in the Rexin on a well at Milwaukee, recorders to be discontinued aquifer such as increase or Wis. Details on this instrument shortly before the Alaska earth- decrease in transmissibility have been published previously quake. and enlargement or contrac- (Rexin, 1952,1960; Rexin, Oliver, The U.S. Geological Survey op- tion of fractures. and Prentiss, 1962), and a few of erated sensitive expanded-scale re- 7. The water level at the end of the records have received detailed corders on a well in Arizona and a theseismicdisturbances, HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA C7

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

- 40 -

Alaska earthquake aftershocks '~laska earthquake main shock - 41 - !$:

Queen Charlotte Island earthquake d 0 Alaska earthquake m aftershocks a 0 - - 42 2 E N 0 0 m N 0% Ez-

43 PC

Times are Greenwich civil time

44 -

28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 MARCH 1964 APRIL 1964 1.-Hydroseismic chart of a well in Mitchell County, Ga.

which inay be quite different One of the more detailed hydro- size of the fluctuation is known to from the level at the start for seismic charts (fig. 1) shows the have been in excess of 5 feet with any of a number of reasons : very large fluctuation of water at least 3.5 feet presumably ac- Seismically induced change in level that occurred due to the counted for in the rise. Because aquifer stress, change in bar- Alaska earthqnake, seven after- many wells tend to have a water- ometric pressure, change in shocks, and the Queen Charlotte level rise equal t,o the decline, it tidal cycle, pumping effects, Island earthquake of March 31. is reasonable to assume that water or recharge. On the type of recorder in opera- in this well fluctuated more than 8. The approximate time of the tion, the pen reverses when it 7 feet. F1.0m examination of this disturbance.-- reaches the edge of the chart, so the chart, one can see how relatively ALASKA EARTHQUARE, MARCH 27, 1964

Vertical scale same as B

C MARCH 27 MARCH 28 2.-Typical records of hydroseisms caused by the Alaska earthquake. A, Record at Blakely Mountain Dam on Lake Ouachita, Ark. Record furnished by U.S. Corps of Engineers. B, Record at Oastor Creek near Grayson, La. C, Record at St. Francis River at Marked Tree, Ark. Central standard time.

few data can be taken from any HYDROSEISMS FROM SURFACE- rise and fall of water level consist- one chart. From the above list of WATER GAGES ing of only one or a few oscilla- possible data that can be recorded, SEISMIC SEICHES tions. That tlie iitunber of oscilla- only items 1,4,7, and 8 can be read Nost of the 753 surface-water tions is small is kiiown from tlie llydroseisms were recorded as from the record shown in figure 1. narrow width of tlle pen line on The most detailed of all the liy- seismic seiches. Included in this tlie chart (fig. 2C). droseismic records are from the category are the fluctu t'lolls start- One of the largest of the seismic Nunn-Rush Shoe Co. well in Mil- ing with a maximum oscilla t' 1011 waukee, Wis. From March 27 to that gradually diminished to a seiclles \\-as recorded by tlle U.S. 30, the water levels fluctuated in steady mter level (fig. 2A). A Corps of Engineers on Lake Oua- response to the arrival of P, S, and variant type includes some seiches rhita in Arkansas at tlie Rlakely L waves from the Alaska earth- t,hnt began with a small oscillatory Dam Headwater Gorge (fig. 2A). quake and aftershocks. The rec- rise and fall, increased \\-it11 time, This record shows 1.45 feet of fluc- ords (figs. 8, 9) are discussed in and then died back to normal (fig. tuation gradually diminishing to detail on page C10. 2B). Another variant is a sudden "normal" over about 2% hours. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA c9

6 V) One day >W aB 4919 Y Seismic seich Alaska earthquake

3.-Hydroseism caused by the Alaska earthquake, recorded at the disposal pond of the National Reactor Testing Station, Idaho. 3 26 27 28 One of the best recorded seiches MARCH 1964 was from a pond at the National 4.-~eismically induced decline in stage at Lime Haw Creek near Seville, ma. Reactor Testing Station in Idaho Eastern standard time. (fig. 3). ~lth&~hthe seiche had denly declined 0.20 foot, then rose quake level (fig. 6). Inasmuch as a maximum rise and fall in water all three charts were recorded by level of only 0.56 foot, the oscil- only 0.15 foot and remained level gages, lations continued over a period of for '7 hours even though the trend bubbler the traces may not 2 hours. The pond bottom is in before and after the quake was a represent a true decline in stage. alluvial sand and gravel of the slow steady rise. Because the bub- The author has not yet been able to Big Lost River. The sand and bler-type gage on which this was establish whether rise or fall is gravel overlie basalt. This geo- registered has a built-in delay, related either to the location of logic setting seemingly is favor- rapid fluctuations do not record. the gage on t.he cross section of able for the generation of a seismic The first motion detected by the the stream or to the seismic waves. seiche in the pond. instrument was a water-level decline. SEISMICALLY INDUCED FLOW( 1) SEISMICALLY INDUCED CHANGE IN STAGE Three surf ace-water recorders in Among the 755 charts examined, An unusual record is the one Kansas also registered the quake only one appears to show what from Little Haw Creek near Se- as a temporary decline in stage. niay be seismically induced flow. ville, Fla. (fig. 4). At the time small sharp decline in water The hydrograph from March 25- the seismic waves reached the gage, level was followed by a slightly 29,1964, of Paxton Creek in Penn- the water stage began to decline less rapid rise to the preearth- sylvania shows (fig. 7) the effect and dropped 0.33 foot in about 15 of a rain in the basin on March minutes. Then the trend reversed 26. On March 28 a smaller rise and the water level began to rise. Another unusual record was obtained on Tensas River at Tendal, La. (fig. 5). The water level sud-

L 5.5 _i^i 0.8 C 27 28 25 26 27 28 29 Alaska earthquake MARCH 1964 MARCH 1964

6.-Bubbler-gage records of the Alaska 7.-Stage of Paxton Creek, Pa., show- MARCH 1964 earthquake from Kansas. A, Big Blue ing increased flow on March 26 from River near Manhattan. B, Neosho 0.36-inch rainfall and possible seismi- 5.-Bubbler-gage r e c o r d of Alaska River near Chanute. C, Neosho River rally induced discharge from an aquifer earthquake for Tensas River at Tendal, near Burlington. Central standard on March 28, 1964. Eastern standard La. Central standard time. time. time. cl,o ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964 is shown, but the rise seems quite Carswell (oral comrnun., Septem- at surfacewater gages, although rapid and is followed by a gradual ber, 1964) as reflection of a slug far smaller in size than many of decline to or below the preearth- of ground water squeezed out of tkie hydroseisms in wells, are of quake trend. There was no known an aquifer into the creek some interest because they are so un- rainfall that could have caused this miles upstream. If this supposi- usual. Never before, to the au- rise. The time is inconclusive, tion is true, the slug then retained thor's knowledge, have seismic for the rise occurred 13hours after its identity for 13 hours during its seiches been reported in flowing the earthquake. This increased travel to and past the gage. streams at great (teleseismic) dis- flow has been interpreted by Louis The hydrologic efl'ects recorded tances from an epicenter.

HYDROSEISMOGRAMS FROM THE NUNN-BUSH SHOE CO. WELL, WISCONSIN BY ELMERE. REXIN and ROBERTC. VORHIB

The most detailed of all hydro- The senior author arrived 20 The more significant details shown seismic records of the Alaska minutes later and verified that the on these hydroseismograms (figs. earthquake are from the Nunn- chart (fig. 8) was recording a ma- 8,9) are tabulated below (table 2) Bush Shoe Co. well in Milwaukee, jor earthquake. The preliminary along wit11 the epicentral times of Wis. These were obtained from a movement was recorded at 21 :43 : the quake and the aftershocks that recorder built and maintained on 20 c.s.t., March 27 (03: 43: 20 were recorded. the well by Rexin. The recorder G.c.t., March 28) with a clear and The hydroseismograms from operates with a chart speed of 576 distinct initial drop in water level this well are truly unique in that inches per day and magnifies the of 0.005 foot. Movement contin- they are the only expanded-scde fluctuations to five times their ued small and somewhat indecisive records showing in detail the effect natural size. for 2% minutes, then the water of the Alaska earthquake on water The well, which is at Fifth and level quickly rose 0.034 foot. This levels. As such, they will un- Hadley Streets in Milwaukee, was was followed by a decline, and doubtedly be subjected to much de- drilled in 1925. It has a 10-inch rhythmical movements were re- tailed study in the years ahead. casing with welded joints to a corded for the next & minutes. Rexin's observations of the many depth of 10'7 feet, an 8-inch casing Then movement became more vio- earthquakes recorded in this well from 104 to 215 feet, and an 8-inch lent (apparently owing to arrival have shown that the long-period open hole from 215 feet to the bot- of the S wave) for a period of less waves such as followed the Alaska tom at 400 feet. than a minute. A lesser motion (in quake are invariably associated The artesian aquifer penetrated the sense that the motion was with major earthquakes that also by this well is formed by the Wau- barely within the recording limits generate tsunamis. He believes bakee and Niagara Dolomites of of the instrument) followed for a that this aspect may have an im- Silurian age. This aquifer char- 3-minute period. Immediately portance in itself that will make acteristically is not uniformly per- thereafter the water level began to further study worthwhile. meable, and water occurs chiefly fluctuate so violently that the range TABLE2.-Chronological list of hydro- in joints and along bedding planes. of movement exceeded the limits of seismic data from the Nunn-Bush Shoe On the night of March 27,1965, the recorder. The period of these Co. well at Milwaukee, Wis., March as the watchman marked 22 :00 violent fluctuations was about 15 88-30, 196.6 hours on the chart of the water- seconds each. The maximum [Greenwich civil time] level recorder, he found that some- movement during this phase could March 87, 196.6 20: 20------Measured depth to thing quite violent was being re- not be measured but was estimated water was 99.20 feet. corded. He immediately called to have been about 12-14 feet. March 88, 196.6 Rexin to report that the float was Large waves with periods meas- 03 :36: 13------[Time of Alaska earth- banging down in the well, the wa- ured in minutes, in addition to the quake, at epicenter.] ter was gurgling, and the pen was 15-second waves, are suggested if 03 :43- - - - _ _ - - - Arrival of P wave (fig. 8). flying back and forth from end to one sketches in a line that con- 03:49------Arrival of S wave (fig. end of the recording drum. nects the midpoints of fluctuations. 8). HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA c12 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

TABLE2.-Chronological list of hydro- 012 seismic data from the Nunn-Bush WATER LEVEL. IN FEET Shoe Co. well at Milwaukee, Wis., TIME. IN MINUTES March 28-50, 1964-Continued 1- 0 01 March 88, 1964-Continued 03~52------Start of L(?) wave (fig. 8). 03:55-- -- _-_ -- Start of major water- level oscillations. 04:24 --_-_ -_ Pen ran out of ink and had to be refilled. 04: 28-.. ------As recording resumed, the oscillations began to decrease in amplitude. The record suggests that there was a "super- wave'' of about 24 minutes in period and, as the record continued, the period gradually lessened to about 4 minutes. 05:12 ----_--_-Water level began a slow steady rise that continued to 11: 18 G.c.t. and, as measured from the charts, represents a mini- mum rise of 1.64 feet. 06:17 ----_-_-_A distinct water-level rise and decline that occurred over a 2f6 minute interval. End of chart 1. 09 :26------.. Start of distinct train of 16-second waves with maximum double amplitude of 0.008 foot superimposed on long con- tinuing waves of 4- minute period (fig. 9A). 09 :52: 54- - _ - - - Aftershock of magnitude 6.2 (as deter- I ' ' 04:46 on Mar 29 Un~dentifiedsurface wave; mined at Pasadena, / G period 16 sec; double arnpl 0.002ft Calif.). I 7 10: 1456-10: 20-- Record of aftershock, with wave of 16- - -y y'v- second period and -06:27 on Mar 29 I maximum double amplitude of 0.016 foot (fig. 9B).

10: 35 :39- - - - - .. Aftershock of magnitude 6.3 (Pasadena). 11 :00------_ - Aftershock recorded as a distinct train of %-(above and on p. C13).-Hydroseismograu~s of aftershocks of the Alaska 18-second waves earthquake recorded in the Nunn-Bush Shoe Go. well. Greenwich civil time. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA C13

March 29, 1964-Continued

WATER LEVEL. with period of 16-

TIME. IN MINUTES seconds and double amplitude of 0.002 foot (fig. 9G). 06:04: 43.4- - _.Aftershock of magni- t,udc 5.8 (Pasn- dena) . 06:31_-. -. -. .. L maximum with period of 18 seconds and double amplitude of 0.0068 foot (fig. 9H). 22:10__._._-__Measured depth to water W:LS 87.07 feet giving a water- level rise of 12.13 feet since preearthquake mea- surement on March 27, 1964. End of chart 3. 16:40:59.3- - - - Aftershock of magnitude 5.8 (Pasadena). 17: 11-17:20-- - Distinct wave train with waves of 16- second period and double amplitude of 0.02 foot (fig. 91). March SO, 1964 02: 18:05.6- - - - Aftershock of magnitude 6.6 (Pasadena). 02 :20- _ - - - - - _ - P? arrival. 02 :3534------S? arrival. 02:42-02 : 56.. _ - Surface waves with period of 17 seconds and maximum double amplitude of 0.062 foot (fig. 9J). 07 :09: 34-_ - _ _ - Aftershock of magnitude 6.2 (Pasadena). 07:35-_ - _ - - - - - S? wave. 07: 39------Surface waves with 12- March $8, 1964-Continued March 28, 1964-Continued second period and with maximum dou- 15:14-_ _ _ _ _..- L maximum with maximum double ble amplitude of period of 13 seconds amditude of 0.048 0.046 foot (fig. 9C). and double ampli- fooi (fig. 9K). 12: 20:48.8- - - tude of 0.04 foot - Aftershock of magni- 13 :03 :34.7- _ _ - Aftershock of magnitude 6.5 (Pasadena). (fig. 9E). tude 5.3 (Pasadena). 12 :44-13 :02- - - Aftershock recorded as 20:29:05.9- _ - .. Aftershoclr of magni- a distinct train of 18- tude 6.6 (Pasa- 13: 30-13: 40___ Very faint waves with period of 14 seconds second waves with dena). and maximum dou- maximum double 20:50-- - _ _ - - - - S? wave. ble amplitude of amplitude of 0.037 20:53- _ -.- - - - - L wave. 0.002 foot (fig. 9L). foot (fig. 9 D). 20: 54- _ - _ - - _ - _ L maximum with End of chart 2. period of 16 seconds 16:09: 27.2- _ - - Aftershock of magni- 14:47:38.7 and Two aftershocks of and double amplitude 5.5 (Pasadena). 14:49:15.0. magnitudes 6.3 and tude of 0.26 foot 16 :34-16 :45- - - Waves with maximum 6.5, respectively (fig. 9F). period of 25 seconds (Pasadena). and double ampli- 15 :02:40------P? wave. March 69, 1964 tude of 0.0022 foot 15:09:50------S? wave. 04:46------_ Small surface wave of (fig. 9M). 15:11------L wave. unidentified origin End of chart 4. C14 ALASKA EARTHQUAm, MARCH 2 7, 1964

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS

AFRICA penetrates shale and sandstone of tains and five in the coastal plain LIBYA the Beaufort Series of the Karroo of Israel (M. Jacobs, Director, A good record of the Alaska System (Permian-Triassic in age) Water Comm. Israel, written com- was made on a re- and is 130 feet deep, and the depth mun., May 19,1965). The double corder in w~di~~bd~h near to water is about 13 feet. The amplitudes of fluctuations ranged H~~~~,~ib~~(pituri ~~~h~i~~, Alaska earthquake caused a fluc- from 0.003 to 0.075 meters (0.01- Libyan Ministry of Agriculture, tuation OAO foot. 0.25 ft). written commun., Feb. 15, 1965): SOUTH-WEST AFRICA REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES The well (3236-1417-B) is about Hydroseisms from the Alaska 4 kilometers from the Mediter- The Alaska earthquake was reg- earthquake were recorded in 17 of ranean Sea, has a depth of 77 istered in an observation well at 25 instrumentally equipped wells meters and a diameter of 8 inches. Windhoek (Dr. W. L. Van Wyk, on the Island of Luwn, Republic It yields 40 cubic meters per hour. Assistant Director, Geol. Survey of the Philippines. The hydro- The fluctuation had a double am- of South-West Africa, written seisms ranged from 1 to 15 centi- plitude of 0.24 feet, and the rise commun., Aug. 25,1965). The re- meters (0.03-0.46 ft) in double was equal to the decline. Three corder chart, with a time scale of amplitude. (A. B. Delena, Bu- other wells at Bir a1 Ghanam, 12 mm per day and a gage-height reau of Public Works, written WSdi a1 Magiinin, and Qagr ratio of 1: 5, had a fluctuation of commun., April 13, 1966.) Khiar recorded the quake, but no 0.50 foot at about 05:OO G.c.t. The well is 600 feet deep, in other details have been furnished quartzite and mica schist. The AUSTRALIA (Hadi Ali Tarhuni, Libyan Min- water was struck in a fault zone, istry of Agriculture, written com- In the Northern Territory, two and the water level is 100 feet be- observation well recorders, 16 miles mun., Dec. 25, 1964). low land surface. southeast of Darwin, were in oper- REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC ation at the time of the ~laska earthquake and both registered About 100 charts from obser- (EGYPT) hydroseisms (R. N. Eden, Director vation-well recorders in the Re- The Alaska earthquake was recorded in an artesian well in of Water Resources, written com- public of South Africa were mun., Aug. 11, 1965). These two Kharga Oasis in the Western examined, but only three showed are 170 feet apart, are at lat 12'- Desert of Egypt. The initial re- a fluctuation caused by the Alaska 30'35" S. and long 131°04'50" E. sponse was a fluctuation with a earthquake (0.R. Van Eeden, Di Well MI, with a depth of 114 feet, double amplitude of 0.079 meter rector, Geol. Survey, written com- had a fluctuation at about 04:OO (0.24 ft) followed about 13/4 hours rnun., Sept. 8, 1965). Two of the G.c.t. of 0.10 foot. Well M2, with later by a fluctuation of 0.030 a depth of 227 feet, had fluctua- wells are on Eobben Island (lat meter (0.09 ft), and 5 hours after tions of 2.25 feet at 04:20 G.c.t., 33'49' S. and long 18O22' E.). the initial response by a fluctua- They penetrate Malmesbury 0.98 foot at 06 :00 G.c.t., and 0.08 tion of 0.007 meter (0.02 ft). (R. foot at 07:20 G.c.t. Hornfels of Precambrian age and 1,. Cushman, U.S. AID-USGS A seismic seiche was recorded at are 135 and 74 feet deep. The engineer, written commun., Janu- gaging station 1138 on the Vic- Alaska earthquake caused a fluc- ary 1966.) toria River at lat 16'22' S. and tuation at about 04:OO G.c.~., long 131°06' E. This station was March 28 of 0.23 foot in the shal- ASIA the only one of a large number in lower well and 0.20 foot in the ISRAEL operation in the Northern Terri- deeper well. The Alaska earthquake was re- tory of Australia that registered The third well, at Fauresmith corded in eight observation wells, any effect of the Alaska earth- (lat 29'45' S. and long 25"20' E.), of which three were in the moun- quake. The seiche had a double WDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA amplitude of 0.033 foot and was limestone in which the casing is recorded at 04 :20 G.c.t. seated. The water level in the A recorder on the Tatangara we11 at the time of the quake was Reservoir in New South Wales, at 14 meters below land surface. lat 35O47'53" S. and long 148"- 39'44" E., recorded a seiche at UNITED KINGDOM 04 :20 G.c.t. on March 28, 1964, The effect of the Alaska earth- that also was caused by the Alaska quake was recorded on 34 wells in earthquake. England (J. Ineson, Chief Geolo- Twelve charts from water-level WATER-LEVEL gist, Water Dept., Geol. Survey CHANGE, IN and Museum, written cornmun., recorders of the Victoria State CENTIMETERS Electricity Commission were ex- Feb. 12, 1965). Of these, 25 are amined closely for unusual move- in Cretaceous chalk, 7 in Jurassic ments on March 28, 1964, by G. limestone, 1 in Permo-Triassic Patterson, Engineer for Design sandstone, and 1 in the Lower and Construction (written com- Greensand. The maximum fluc- mun., Oct. 19, 1965). On only tuation was 1.08 feet in the Lin- one was there any discernible fluc- colnshire Limestone of Jurassic hation. This gage on the Melicke age. The maximum fluctuation in Munjie River recorded a seismic chalk wells was nearly as large, seiche at about the time of the being 1.05 feet. These wells range Alaska earthquake. in depth from 200 to 1,271 feet. EUROPE CANADA BELGIUM ALBERTA An extremely interesting and Hydroseisms of the A 1 a s k a unusual hydroseism was recorded quake were recorded in 24 of 48 at Heibaart, Belgium (fig. lo). A observation w e l l s in Alberta. large fluctuation preceded the Fluctuations ranged from greater maximum one, whereas all the than 5 feet to less than 0.02 foot. hydroseisms r e c o r d e d in the Three records showed a permanent United States seemingly showed change in water levels after the the maximum fluctuation at the quake. One of these is interpreted start of the record. Another un- by Gabert (1965) to result from usual feature of this hydroseism stress induced in the aquifer by is that the waves that went the the quake and which was dissi- long way around the world (W,, pated gradually wit,h time. None WS, . . .) were recorded dis- of the records showed any of the tinctly. A copy of the hydro- aftershocks even though Alberta seismogram was received from A. is closer to the epicenter than any Sterling, Director, Hydraulic Re- other geographic area from which search Laboratory, Belgian Min- hydroseisms were reported. istry of Public Works, and is Thirty seismic seiches from sur- reproduced as figure 10. face-water gages in Alberta were reported (R. H. Clark, Secretary, DENMARK Canadian Natl. Comm. Internat. The Alaska earthquake was re- Hydrologic Decade, written com- corded in 7 of 14 observation wells 12 24 PlllllIli,, ,llllli mun., Sept. 21, 1965). These in Denmark (Andersen, 1965, I 28 29 ranged from 0.01 to 0.32 foot. p. 40). The largest double ampli- MARCH 1964 tude was 0.12 meter (0.40 ft) in BRITISH COLUMBIA a well that is 66 meters deep, cased Three observation wells in Brit- to 62 meters, and 10 inches in di- 10.-Hydroseism of the Alaska earthquake recorded at Heibaart, Belgium. ish Columbia that penetrate uncon- ameter. The well produces from Greenwich civil time. solidated Pleistocene clay, till, and C16 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964 sand failed to record any effect of other seiches in the Northwest Ter- sponsible for the discoloration, he the Alaska quake (E. Carl Hal- ritories : Talston River (0.15 ft) , opened the well and pulled the stead, Canada Geol. Survey, writ- Willowlake River (0.03 ft) , Great casing to check on the ejector. ten commun., Oct. 30, 1964). Bear Lake (0.22 ft), and Lockhart The farm well is 6 inches in diam- The Alaska earthquake was reg- River (0.08 ft). eter, 111 feet deep, and had the istered on many surface-water re- ejector set at 90 feet. The static ONTARIO corders in operation in British level normally was 44 feet but Columbia. On most of these the Three out of 20 instrumentally when the well was opened the quake was recorded as a small jog equipped wells of the Ontario Wa- level was at 69 feet, about 25 feet on the chart. A total of 13 seismic ter Resources Commission re- lower than normal. Prior to the seiches ranging in size from 0.05 to corded hydroseisms of the Alaska Alaska quake, the purple colora- 1.25 feet are reported from British earthqua,ke (B. A. Singh, Division tion had never appeared. When Columbia by R. H. Clark (written of Water Resources, written com- sampled on April 24, 1964, the commun., Sept. 21,1965). In addi- mun., Jan. 3, 1966). Near To- well water still had a purple color. tion, 10 others, of which 7 are illus- ronto, two wells in a gravel aquifer The purple color faded gradually trated, are given by Wigen and recorded hydroseisms wit11 double and by midsummer had disap- White (1964b, p. 6, figs. 2, 4). A amplitudes of 0.14 and 0.08 foot. peared. (W. Nemanishen, Sas- peculiarity in the distribution of The third, a well in a sand and katchewan Dept. of Agriculture, the seiches was noted by H. T. gravel aquifer in the County of written commun., June 4,1965). Samsden (District Engineer, Can- Perth, recorded a double amplitude ada Dept. of Natural Resource, of 0.08 foot. UNITED STATES written commun., Dec. 1, 1964). A well record in the Ottawa area Hydroseismic effects were re- None of the recorders on Van- also showed the Alaska earth- ported virtually throughout the couver Island or in the Koanagan quake. This well, which pene- United States, although New Eng- River and Lake system in British trates an unconfined aquifer, land and the States east of the Ap- Columbia registered any effect of showed an initial increase of 0.20 palachians did not register many the earthquake. foot in water level followed by a hydroseisms. New Jersey, how- decline of 1.1 feet and a recovery ever, reported 40 hydroseisms in MANITOBA to the original level after several wells but only 1 from surface- Wells in the Red River Valley days (Scott and Render, 1965, water gages. Vermont reported near Winnipeg, Manitoba, showed p. 267). none from a well but two from fluctuations greater than 1 foot. Four small seismic seiches at gages. Hydroseisms were most These wells penetrate an artesian st.rean1 gages in Ontario are re- numerous and of largest size in the aquifer in the Red River Forma- ported by R. H. Clark (written southeastern States, the ones, sur- tion of Ordovician age. The aqui- commun., Sept. 21, 1965) : Gull prisingly, that are most distant fer is in fractured carbonate rocks River (0.03 ft) ,Skootamata River from the epicenter. and is confined by till and glacial- (0.04 ft), Mississagi River (0.07 Hydroseisms in the U n i t e d lake clay (Scott and Render, 1965, ft.), and Frenc,h River (0.03 ft). States are listed by State in table p. 264). SASKATCHEWAN 3, and are broken down into In a tabulation of seiches in Can- K. H. Clark (written commun., ground-water observation wells ada (R. H. Clark, written com- Sept. 21, 1965) reported five seis- and surface-water gages. Listed mun., Sept. 21, 1965), seven are mic seiches from surface-water also are the maximum well and listed from surface-water gages in gages in Saskatchewan : Buffalo gage fluctuations recorded in each Manitoba. The largest fluctuation, Pound (0.06 ft) , Fond-du-Lac State. 0.39 foot, was at a gage on Nelson River (0.07 ft), Weyburn Reser- Data on individual hydroseisms River; the smallest, 0.03 foot, was voir (0.05 ft), Deloraine Reservoir in wells caused by the Alaska at a gage on Lake Manitoba. (0.45 ft), and Long Creek (0.32 earthquake are given in table 7 ft) . ( p. C39). NORTHWEST TERRITORIES A farmer in Saskatchewan re- Wigen and White (196413, p. 6) ports that on the day following the ALABAMA list a seiche of 0.30 foot at Cam- Alaska earthquake his well water Hydroseisms from the Alaska bridge Bay. R. H. Clark (written had a distinctive purple color. earthquake were recorded in 20 ob- commun., Sept. 21,1965) lists four Believing that the ejector was re- servation wells scattered through- HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

TABLE3.-Number and maximum hydroseisms recorded in the United the beaded cable to jump off the States from the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964 grooved pulley of the drum. Observation wells Surface-water gages Seismic seiches were recorded at - 25 gaging stations on rivers in Number Maximum Number Maximum recorded double recorded double Alabama. The maximum double amplitude amplitude (feet) (feet) amplitude of 0.22 foot was re- -- corded at Buttahatchee River be- Alabama------20 >lo 27 0. 22 low Hamilton, Ala. A double Alaska------3 >24(?) 32 1. 53 Arizona------12 1. 1 9 .35 amplitude of 0.18 foot was re- Arkansas------5 3. 3 41 1. 45 corded at t>wogaging stations, one California-- _ ------42 2. 4 27 .42 Colorado------1 .3 14 . 30 on the Tennessee River at Triana, Connecticut- - - - .. ------0 ------_--- 0 a ------the other on Locust Fork at Sayre. Delaware------No report -- _------No report _ ------Florida------92 17 93 . 66 Georgia------24 >10 26 . 22 ALASKA Hawaii------18 4. 6 5 . 17 For hydrologic effects in Alaska, Idaho--_------24 >5 5 . 56 Illinois------21 >lo 8 . 10 see Waller (1966a, b). Indiana------22 8. 2 16 .39 Iowa------13 4. 7 3 .02 ARIZONA Kansas ------1 .4 12 .34 Kentucky--___-_----__- 20 1. 8 4 . 57 Water levels in wells in several Louisiana------.. - - .. 37 >5 69 . 68 areas in Arizona fluctuated as a Maine------1 .2 0 ------Maryland------4 .3 3 .04 result of the Alaska earthquake. Massachusetts------1 .6 0 ------.- The water level in a well in Avra Michigan- _ -.______- - - - 48 >5 16 1. 83 Minnesota- - - - - _ _ ------15 4. 4 1 . 03 Valley near Tucson, on the fringe Mississippi- _ ------11 2. 3 22 .90 of a highly developed agricultural Missouri- -- - - _ - - _ __-_ - - - - - 31 >10 18 .87 Montana----_------3 2. 9 16 . 10 area where large amounts of Nebraska- - _ _ - - _ _ ------9 4. 1 14 . 18 wound water are withdrawn for Nevada_------5 1. 7 0 ------? New Hampshire- - - _ - --- 0 ------1 Trace ~rrigation, fluctuated a b o u t 8 New Jersey ----_----_-- 40 4. 4 1 (?) . 08(?) inches, and lesser fluctuations con- New Mexico----_----_-- 12 >5 27 .26 New York -_---__---_-- 2. 1 4 Trace tinued for several hours after the North Carolina -__.----- initial shock. The water level in North Dakota ------another well near Phoenix fluctu- Oklahoma------_ ------ated about 6 inches as a result of Oregon----__--__------Pennsylvania- - - _ _ ------the earthquake. Other measur- Puerto Rico __--__---_-- Rhode Island ---__------able changes in water level oc- South Carolina-- -_--__- curred near Bowie where ground South Dakota --__----_- Tennessee-.. _ - _ - _ ------water is under artesian pressure. Texas- - - - - _ - - - _ - - - _ _ - - Hydroseisms were recorded in 10 Utah-----__---___-_--- Vermont- - _ - _ - - _ _ _ - - - - - wells in the Colorado River valley. Virgin Islands- - _ ------Virginia- _ - - - _ _ _ - - - - - The largest hydroseisms were in Washington- _ - - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ two of these wells; fluctuations ex- West Virginia--_-_ -- _ __- Wisconsin-- _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - - - ceeded 1 foot, but only one well Wyoming- - _ - - - ______recorded any aftershocks. Total-- - - _ - - - _ ._ _ The largest seiche in the State was recorded at Coolidge Dam on the San Carlos Reservoir. The maximum double amplitude was out the Valley and Ridge, Pied- fact that the drum made more than 0.35 foot, and fluctuations con- mont, and Coastal Plain provinces one rotation. Drums in three tinued for nearly 2 hours. Seiches of the State. A water-level fluc- other wells equipped with 1: 2 mere recorded at five other gages, tuation of more than 10 feet in one and 1: 1 gears also made complete a minor drop in stage was recorded well in Jefferson County (Jef-1) rotations. In a well in Lawrence for the earthquake at two other that is equipped with 1: 10 gage- County (Law-2), the water mo- gages, and a slight trace was re- scale gears was indicated by the tion was so severe that it caused corded at another. c18 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

ARKANSAS In two other similarly adjacent The hydroseisn~sreported from piezometers, 1Q4 and 1Q6, in T. 6 five wells in Arkansas were all S., R. 11 W., the hydroseisms re- rather large : Two that rotated the corded almost identically in both recorder drum sllowed movement the upper aquifer (fig. 12A) at in excess of 1foot; the other three 70-170 feet and the lower one (fig. ranged from 1.49 to 3.30 feet in 12B) at 300-360 feet. These two double amplitude. Even though wells are the only ons known to the hydroseisms are large, none of the author in which hydroseisms the wells recorded any after- from the same quake have been re- shocks. corded for two different aquifers. Nearly all the 41 hydroseisms The second deepest well known from surface gages in Arkansas from which a hydroseism has been were recorded as seiches. The recorded is in Fresno County largest was 1.45 feet on Lake Oua- (well 19S/l?'E-35N1). It is 2,030 chita near Hot Springs (fig. 2A). fegt deep (measured depth, 1,955 The record from Piney Creek near ft), and the casing is perforated Dover seems to show a second from 608 feet to bottom. seiche recorded an hour later than In California, 27 hydroseisms the main shock. The amplitudes mere recorded at gaging stations. were 0.24 foot for the first seiche On the chart from Lower Twin Il.-Two dissilnilar hydroseisms re- Lake near Bridgeport, tlle seiche and 0.03 foot for the second. The corded from two aquifers tapped by gage on South Fork of Ouachita adjacent piezometers in Orange County, was recorded during a 4-hour pe- River near Mount Ida recorded a Calif. riod. The gage at Lake Success seiche of 0.11 foot followed by a near Success, Calif., registered a drop in stage of 0.015 foot. At T-2A 0.02-foot rise over shout n 10-min- Six Mile Creek subwatershed near ute period at the time when the Chismville, the earthquake was re- quake was recorded at the other corded as a brief 0.03-foot decline gages in the State. in stage. The gage on LaFayette Reser- voir east of Berkeley sllo\~-edfluc- CALIFORNIA tuations above the normal water The hydroseisms recorded in level but none below. The earth- California were rather uniformly quake-induced, water-level move- small. The maximum reported ment continued for possibly as long as 4 hours, but tlle maximum rise mas 2.39 feet, and only 3 wells out was only 0.02 foot. The Yuba of 42 had movement greater than River at Englebright Dam re- 1 foot; however, some of the rec- corded a seiche that seemingly ords are unusual. Two adjacent lasted about 8 hours. The gage at piezometers, 7E2 and 7E4, in T. 6 Merced River diversion showed n S., R. 10 W., Orange County, re- 0.01-foot permanent drop in water corded hydroseisms, one from an level at the time of the eartllquake. aquifer (fig. 11A) at 90-120 feet, The largest seiche, of 0.42 foot, was the other from an aquifer (fig. recorded on the gage at Cliabot 11B) at 300-330 feet. The con- Reservoir, and fluctuations died trast between these two records is down in about 3 hours. interesting because the upper COLORADO aquifer registered a rise of only Three recorders were in opera- 0.03 foot but a fall of 0.1'7foot. tion in Colorado wells, but only one In the lower aquifer the relative recorded a hydroseism. It is on 12.-Two similar hydroseisms recorded mas the reverse-a rise from two aquifers tapped by adjacent the flood plain of the Arkansas of 0.11 foot and a fall of 0.06 foot. piezometers in Orange County, Calif. River in southeastern Colorado. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

The distribution of hydroseisms were recorded in only one well, County, enabled the author to at Colorado gaging stations was that at Perry, Fla. score a scientific "first." Upon unusual. Fourteen were recorded A few wells in Florida were re- examining the recorder chart on on the western slope of Colorado, sidually affected by the earth- the day after the earthquake he but not one was recorded in the en- quake. A well in Clay County on realized from study of previous tire eastern half of the State. the crest of a water-table high re- hydroseisms from this well that About 40 stations were out of oper- corded a "normal" hydroseism of the earthquake was of great mag- ation due to ice conditions at the large size, but immediately after- nitude. He telephoned his find- time of the quake. No doubt some ward the water level began a slow ings to the Atlanta Journal-Con- of these stations would have re- decline (fig. 13). This decline stitution, and the Sunday paper corded the earthquake if they had continued for several weeks until reported that the quake was been operating. The largest seiche the water level finally stabilized greater than an 8.3 magnitude and of 0.30 foot recorded at White about 4 feet below the preearth- "may be bigger than any quake yet River near Meeker was unusual; quake level. This prolonged de- recorded instrumentally." This is for so large a fluctuation, there was cline may indicate that the earth- the first and only instance known no coda portion. The water level quake caused water-table highs to where a hydroseism has provided returned instantaneously to nor- be lowered slightly by somehow an estimate of earthquake magni- mal level. facilitating drainage. Water lev- tude as quickly as one furnished els in other wells seemed to show by seismologists. CONNECTICUT a change in trend coincident in Of the 24 hydroseisms recorded Neither wells nor stream gages time with the earthquake. A well in Georgia wells, 20 were larger in Connecticut recorded the earth- in Hardee County (731-145-1) than 1 foot. Seismic seiches were quake. showed a sudden drop of 0.4 foot also recorded at 26 gaging stations DELAWARE coincident with the initial phase scattered throughout the Valley No report received from Dela- of the earthquake, and a "coda" and Ridge, Piedmont, and Coastal ware. portion then registered at the Plain Provinces (fig. 15). Most FLORIDA lower level. From the chart it of these stations are on fairly The Alaska earthquake gave would appear that the drop in deeply entrenched streams. The Florida two distinctions. Even level must have some physical maximum double amplitude was though it is the State farthest from significance. 0.18 foot. the epicenter, more wells and more Practically every surface-water No seiches were recorded or re- streams in Florida recorded th.e gage in Florida recorded the ported from Brunswick or Savan- earthquake than in any other Alaska earthquake. The records nah on the Atlantic coast. This State. It furnished 92 well records were so numerous that copies of absence was unexpected because compared with 48 from Michigan, only the 93 best records were sub- seiches were so large and numerous which had the second largest num- mitted. The maximum hydro- on the gulf coast. ber. Likewise, the fluctuation of seism at a gage was 0.66 foot. At Hrunswick, the water levels 17 feet in a well (Taylor 35) at The gages on some tidal streams began to rise in all the wells imme- Perry, Fla., is the second largest and canals of coastal Florida are diately after the quake, and a slow recorded fluctuation for any well equipped to mord both stage and steady rise continued for about 15 outside Alaska and is the largest deflections of velocity vanes. days. The measured rise was 3.3 reported fluctuation in an open- From the record of the deflections, feet in well E-143, 2.9 feet in well hole well. The earthquake evi- the changes in velocity and in di- 5-35, 3.0 feet in well 5-36, and 2.6 dently caused violent water move- rection of flow can be calculated. feet in well 5-67. The water level ment in some wells, especially in Two examples of such records are in well 5-67 continued to rise after the Tampa area, for there one shown in figure 14. The records the others leveled off. Residents of recorded pen was dislodged, and of these gages promise some inter- the area reported that after the at six wells the beaded cable was esting interpretations if studied earthquake their wells yielded wa- thrown off the recorder pulley. further. ter containing black sooty mate- Of the 92 wells in which the earth- GEORGIA rial. The earthquake seemingly quake was recorded, 49 had fluctu- The hydroseism recorded in a produced a surge so violent that it ations with a double amplitude Piedmont well at the Georgia loosened black iron sulfide that had greater than 1 foot. Aftershocks Nuclear Laboratory, Dawson gradually coated well casings, ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

MARCH 1964 APRIL 1964

13.-Part of a 4-foot decline caused by the Alaska earthquake in water level in a well in Clay County, Fla. Eastern standard time. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

Stage -

I I 27 28 MARCH 1964

14.-Alaska earthquake shown on stage and deflection records. A, Biscayne canal near Miami, Fla. B, Snake Creek Canal at North Miami Beach, Fla. Eastern standard time. ALASKA EARTHQUAICE, MARCH 27, 1964

15.-Map of Georgia showing locations of gaging stations and size of seiches recorded from the Alaska earthquake. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA C23 pipes, and iron fixtures of water was only 126 feet, or 55 p.s.i. Lake at Chicago and Money Creek systems. Others reported that for- (pounds per square inch). It was at Lake Bloomington. These mer flowing wells began again to this pressure that fluctuated 4.60 seiches were both recorded at 10 :00 flow. Most of these were old wells feet owing to the earthquake. p.m. c.s.t. on March 27, 1964, and that had been drilled to a water- Five seiches were recorded at had a double amplitude of 0.08 foot bearing unit of sand and calcareous gages on the Islands of Kauai and at the former and 0.05 foot at the sand that lies above the principal of Hawaii, the largest having a latter. The Illinois Water Sur- artesian aquifer. These old wells double amplitude of 0.17 foot. vey reports that two river gages, are from 450 to 500 feet deep and The others were all small and one on the West Branch, the other obtain water from sand at depths hardly noticeable on the charts. on the East Branch of DuPage of 350450 feet. No seiches were recorded at gaging River, recorded seiches from the The rise in ground-water level stations on the Islands of Oahu, Alaska earthquake. The fluctua- due to the earthquake was seem- Maui, or Molokai. tions were 0.04 foot and 0.03 foot, ingly a permanent change in the respectively. IDAHO Brunswick area. When piezo- A well in Cook County (37N metric maps for the end of 1962 A total of 24 hydroseisms was 14E-22.lb), which taps a Cambro- reported from Idaho. The most and 1964 were drawn and com- Ordovician sandstone and has a outstanding is from a well in Latah pared, the seismic boost in water depth of 1,648 feet, reportedly County where the double ampli- level made the two maps look simi- pumped sand following the quake. lar despite increased consumption ture was more than 5 feet and Two wells in Union County reportedly yielded muddy water af- that normally would have caused a where nine aftershocks were reg- ter the quake. decline in regional water levels. istered. No other well in the State The spring flow used as a public is known to have recorded more INDIANA supply at Cave Spring and water than one of the aftershocks. Twenty-one hydroseisms having from the city supply wells at The largest seiche reported from double amplitudes ranging from Cedartown became turbid at the Idaho was recorded in a pond in 0.08 to 8.25 feet were reported from time of the earthquake and re- Butte County (fig. 3). The depth Indiana wells. Well Marion Ma- mained so for several days. The of water in the pond at the time 32 was exceptional in that it re- earthquake coincided with ex- was 14.10 feet. The maximum corded 12 aftershocks, one of the tremely heavy rainfall, so it is not double amplitude was 0.56 foot, most complete records in any well certain whether one or the other or and the fluctuations continued for in the United States. This well both were the cause of this tem- about 2 hours and diminished is equipped with a recorder oper- porary deterioration in water slowly to a static level. The pond ating with 1: 1 vertical gears, so quality. bottom is in alluvial sand and the Alaska earthquake itself was HAWAII gravel of Big Lost River. Only shown only as greater than 1 foot, Sixteen hydroseisms reported four other seiches were reported but oscillations of this amount or from wells in Hawaii had recorded from gages in Idaho. These were more continued throughout at least double amplitudes ranging from 0.04 foot or less in size and were a 2-hour period. 0.05 to 1.85 feet. A comparison of all in the Idaho Falls area. Seismic seiches were recorded at seven of these with the tidal effi- The earthquake worsened the 16 stations in Indiana. Of these, ciencies of the wells suggests that pumping problem at the Clayton t,he maximum fluctuation was 0.39 tidal efficiency of a well has no re- Silver Mines in Custer County, foot at an auxiliary gage on the lation to the amplitude of a hydro- Idaho. After the earthquake the White River near Nora where seism. flow of water in the mine increased fluctuations were recorded over a The largest fluctuation in Ha- from 750 to 1,150 gallons per period of 55 minutes. Four of the waii mas not recorded in a well but minute. seiches were on lakes and one was in a horizontal tunnel 1,614 feet ILLINOIS on a reservoir. long. The tunnel, driven into a A total of 28 hydroseisms was IOWA-ALASKA EARTHQUAKE mountain for water, has the inner- reported from I11 i n o i s wells. EFFECTS ON GROUND WATER most 24 feet shut off by a 10-foot Only two aftershocks were re By R. W. COBLE bulkhead that holds water at 160- corded, and both were registered The Alaska earthquake caused 180 feet of pressure. At the time in well DuPage ANL-10. the water levels to fluctuate in of the Alaska earthquake the wa- Seismic seiches were recorded in many wells in Iowa. The earth- ter was discharging and pressure Illinois at two lake stations : Wolf quake occurred at 9:36 p.m. c.s.t., ALASKA EARTHQUARE, MARCH 2 7, 1964 and the L wave arrived in Iowa A A. A Scarville about 9 :50 p.m. The L wave was Rock Rapids Milford A ~akeMills calculated to have arrived at Loras ) o Sioux Center Center College Seismograph Station, Du- Clayton Clairon buque, Iowa, at 952 p.m., c.s.t., or Humbolt. mHampton 03 :52 G.c.t. (Dr. William Stauder, Fort A1dei.mAckley Dubuque St. Louis Univ., written commun., ~~d~~.. Vincent Dome Iowa Falls Feb. 26,1965). The timing mech- A. Lohrville Whittier anisms on the water-level recorders .Ames . on wells in Iowa are not precise Laurel Cedar Redfield enough to determine the exact Dome .Des Moines minute that the earthquake af- AB fected the aquifers in the State, Cf PL.."l,.. Cairo "t. ",.a'l=n but there were many indications .Melcher Dome. that something happened just be- Burlington fore 10 p.m. A Aquifers in Iowa responded to I the earthquake waves as shown by 0 40 80 MILES (1) the seismic fluctuations on some recorder charts; (2) turbid water in some wells and springs, 16.-Location of reported ground-wakr disturbances in Iowa caused by the Alaska earthquake. *, seismic fluctuation ; A, permanent change; .,turbid water. probably caused by the disturbance and movement of silt, clay, and colloidal particles within the aqui- TABLE4.-Summary of ground-water disturbances in Iowa caused by the Alaska earthquake fers; and (3) in some wells a permanent change, either a rise or I Aquifer I Effect fall, of the water level. These ef- Locality Seismic Water-level change fects are summarized in figure 16 System and in table 4. At Redfield Dome, the water Ackley...... X levels in several different aquifers Alden ...... Lowered. Ames...... Quaternary-. ... Sand and gravel. 0.15 ...... showed various types and amounts Buffalo Center ...... X Burlington ...... Mississippian Carbonate...... Lowered 2 ft. of seismic fluctuations as is shown and Devonian. Ordovician...... Sandstone...... Lowered 1.8 It. in figure I?'. In this same area, Cairo Dome 1..... Silurian ...... Carbonate...... 1.2 ...... Ordovician...... -..--do ..---.----.4.7(+?) ...... two of the four observation wells Cedar Rapids..... Silurian...... -----do ...... 4 ...... Clarion ...... Raised. drilled to the St. Peter Sandstone Clayton...... X Clinton--...... Cambrian and Sandstone...... (2) ...... Raised 15 ft.3 of Ordovician age showed a seismic Ordovician. Des Moinea...... -----do do.. Raised 18 ft.3 fluctuation; the other two showed Elkader.-...... -----do ...... -....do Raised 40-50 fL3 Fort Dodge----.-- no effect. Why some walls are af- Hampton-- ...... Humboldt ...... Misslasippian.-- Carbonate ...... fected and others are not is yet to Iowa Falls ...... Lake Mil@...... Several reported be determined. lowered. Sev- 1 1 1 1 ' 1 eral reported The best record of a seismic fluc- raised. Laurel ...... Miasissippian.-- Carbonate ...... X tuation is sho\vn on n recorder Lohrville...... ---..do ...... -...-do ...... X Lowered 10 ft.3 Melcher ...... Quartemary.. -- Sand and gravel- .05 ...... chart from an observation well ill Milford ...... X Lowered. Norwalk ...... Raised. RedAeld Dome b--- Ordovician...... Carbonate- ...... 5 ...... the Franconia Sandstone of Cam- -...-do ...... -..--do ...... Lowered 1 ft. --...do ...... Sandstone ...... 1.25 ...... brian age at Vincent Dome (fig. do...... do. .25 ...... Cambrian ...... -....do ...... Do. 18). A seismic fluctuation of 0.23 Rook Rapids...... Cretaceous...... do...... Raised 8 fL3 St. Charles...... Mississippian..- Carbonate ...... 1.1 ------foot occurred just before 10 p.m. Scille...... uatemary-. ... Sand and gravel...... Lowered 5 or 6 It. Sioux city...... 8retaeeoua ..... Sandstone ...... a 2.54- ...... Raised 5 ft.3 -1 series of smaller fluctuations ton...... Lowered 30 ft in 2 days. Raised were recorded after the main one. 40 ft after 7 days. Vincent Dome 4..- Cambrian ...... Sandstone-...... 23 ------Many of these can be matched with Whitter ...... 1 ...... Carbonate ...... X some aftershocks; however, many 1 Data from Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of 3 Known to have lasted more than 7 months. America. 4 Data from Northern Natural Gas (70. aftershocks were not recorded. a Pumpiug rate fluctuated. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALAS- c%

199 I Book 1 well St. Peter Sandstone 200

201 25 26 27 28 MARCH 1964 MARCH 1964

17.-Water-level fluctuations at Redfield Dome, Iowa. Central standard time.

The seismic fluctuation was so Dome that the recorder pens be- of Mississippian age. This water rapid in observation wells drilled came disengaged from the float- had al\vays contained less than 5 to the Dakota Sandstone of Creta- pulley mechanisms. At Sioux ppm (parts per million) of sus- ceous age at Sioux City and the City, the water-plant operator pended matter. On the morning of Ordovician dolomite at Cairo could feel air moving in and out March 28, the turbidity ranged of the mell casing as the water level from 70 to 80 ppm. Nearby, water llIIIIII// fell and rose. He noted that this from several small springs that "sucking and blowing" of air, discharge through the river bed wllich gradually increased in in- was observed to be red, brown, or tensity and then slowly dimin- blackish brown. The turbidity di- ished, lasted from 5 to 10 minutes. minished on March 30, but in- Several wells produced turbid creased agzzin after a few rainy water after the earthquake. The days during the first part of April. water generally became clear after It did not completely disappear for a few hours or a few days of nor- another 2% weeks. mal pumping. Similarly, water In several localities the ground- from several springs, the water 26 27 28 29 water levels seem to have been per- MARCH 1964 supply for Humboldt, also became manently changed. At Sioux City, turbid. These springs, on the bank 18.-Seismic fluctuations in the Peter- the water level in an observation son 1 well at Vincent Dome, Iowa. Cen- of the West Fork of the Des mell, tapping the Dakota Sand- tral standard time. Moines River, flow from limestone stone, rose 6 feet and remained C'26 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964 high for at least the rest of the year l5 Ldul city\~~~~~~~l~i~~~~~~~~~I~1~~111~111~ (fig. 19). At Rock Rapids, 75 -- miles north of Sioux City, the - ;4..,..\t, yT'1 water level in another well ldrilled - I - to the Dakota Sandstone rose 8 20 - - - feet. A third well, bottoming in r- * the same aquifer at Sioux Center, which is almost midway between Sioux City and Rock Rapids, showed no seismic fluctuation or permanent change whatsoever. Limestone of Mississippian age yields water to the municipal well at Lohrville. The nonpumping t- water level had been 97-98 feet 269 1Sioux Center below the land surface for more than 1 year before the earthquake (fig. 20). On March 28, the water level had dropped 3 feet, and after 1% months the total drop was 10 feet below the original level. This diminished level persisted through the rest of the year. The water level in a well in the Jordan (Cambrian) and St. Peter (Ordovician) Sandstones at the Ford Motor Co. plant in Des Moines rose 18 feet (from 101 to 83 ft) after the earthquake. The level was still high in June 1965. 19.-Water levels in the Dakota Sandstone in northwest Iowa. The town of Elkader has several percent just at 9:55 p.m. c.s.t. not be large, even where the level wells that produce water from the (03 :55 G.c.~.). increased as much as 50 feet as at Jordan-St. Peter interval. Shock A permanent change in water Elkader. Such a change would waves from the Alaska earthquake levels implies a change in the require only a change of 22 psi affected all of them in the same physical properties of the aqui- in the hydrostatic pressure in the manner-the water level rose 40- fers. A logical assumption is that aquifer. Considering only the 50 feet and has remained high the porosity and thickness of the Jordan Sandstone, which is 100 aquifers have decreased where the feet thick near Elkader, and as- (fig. 21). In the city of Clinton, water levels rose and increased suming that it has a porosity of adequate records are available for where they fell. This change need 15 percent, the compression of the two of the wells which produce water from the Cambrian and Or- dovician interval (Mount Simon Sandstone and several overlying /Alaska earthquake sandstone formations through the 1

Prairie du Chien Group). Im- Lohrville 3 well mediately following the initial Mississippian limestone shock, the water level rose more than 20 feet in city well 7 (fig. 21). Seismic fluctuation was inferred in city wells 3 and 7 in that the pumping-rate recorders show a total fluctuation of more than 1 20.-Water levels in the city well at Lohrville, Iowa. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA foot, was recorded on Buckhorn Reservoir at Buckhorn. The next largest, 0.40 foot, was recorded on Nolin River Reservoir near Kyrock. The Louisville Courier-Journal (Mar. 31, 1964) carried an article describing the effect of seismic 3 ------seiches on two other Kentucky ,- lakes : 1140 Cllnton 7 well Witnesses said water about 4 miles t Pralroe du Chlen Grow 150 - through Mount Slmon from Dix Dam at Lake Herrington Sandstone We11 3 -.\. slopped around like it does in a dish- belng pumped I\ I 160 . . pan, but people at either end of the I \ lake reported nothing unusual. 170 .-.I I The superintendent of Lake Cumber- land State Park confirmed * * * reports by fishermen of a series of mysterious waves that swept across Lake 21.-Water levels in wells at Elkader and Clinton, Iowa. Cumberland at about the time of the Alaska quake. Superintendent John water would have to be only about it had a double amplitude of 0.37 Flanagan said the waves were a foot 1.5 X feet to raise the pressure foot. Only 7 surface-water re- to 18 inches high, and snapped two 20 psi. This amount of compres- corders out of 150 or so in opera- cables on the Jamestown boat dock. sion would decrease the thickness tion gave noticeable evidence of Other reports told of the lake falling the Alaska earthquake. Gaging and rising from 3 to 4 feet several times. of the aquifer from 100.000000 The boat-dock operator called up and feet to 99.999985 feet and the stations close to those that were said the lake was acting funny--calm porosity from 15.000000 percent to affected went through the period in the middle but whirling in circles 14.999985 percent. These compu- without recording the slightest near the shore. tations take into account only the change. Three gages that re- LOUISIANA compression of the water. If the sponded noticeably to the earth- A total of 37 hydroseisms was sandstone itself were compressed, quake each showed (fig. 6) a sud- reported from Louisiana wells as it probably would be, the thick- den drop in stage with complete with double amplitudes ranging ness of the aquifer would be de- recovery in 15-30 minutes. There from 0.04 foot to greater than 5 creased somewhat more than 1.5 X was no rise above normal level at feet. One record (EB-90) is from feet. This decrease in poros- any of the three stations. These a well 2,120 feet deep cased to ity is extremely small and can be three hydroseisms were recorded 2,025 feet; this is the deepest well considered insignificant with re- at stations equipped with bubbler in the Nation from which a hydro- spect to the productivity of the gages, so the response probably re- seism was reported. Eight identi- aquifers. flects instrumental failure to re- fiable aftershocks were recorded in The earthquake was recorded at cord rapid fluctuations. Thus, 1 well (SJB-17). In no other two surface-water gages in Iowa. some interesting-looking records well in the State are aftershocks Shell Rock River at Northwood of the earthquake may be worth- known to have been recorded. declined 0.02 foot in stage between less as far as indicating true Seismic seiches along the gulf 03: 00 and 04: 00 G.c.t. on March water-level response to the seismic coast and in the bayous were large 28. The stage was steady then un- waves. enough to cause destruction. The til 05 : 30 G.c.t. and rose 0.01 foot KENTUCKY New Orleans States-Item (Mar. by 06 : 00 G.c.t. (midnight). A Twenty hydroseisms were re- 28, 1964) reported: seiche of 0.02 foot was recorded on corded in a total of 60 observation Boats were sunk and some roads in Lake Ahquabi. wells in Kentucky, but only one communities close to the Gulf of Mexico KANSAS well had a fluctuation greater than were flooded by a wave that rolled in, In Kansas, in only 1out of 12 ob- 1 foot. This well is at Mammoth then subsided. Other boats were torn servation wells is a hydroseism Cave National Park. from their moorings. At Golden Mead- ow on Bayou Lafourche a big oyster ves- from the Alaska earthquake Four seismic seiches were re- sel was thrown against a store building known to have been recorded, and corded by gages. The largest, 0.57 on the bayou. For a brief instant a C28 ALASKA EARTHQUARE, MARCH 2 7, 19 64 foot and a half of water covered roads three which showed normal hydro- on the Cass River on the northern on both sides of the bayou at Golden seisms. In the fourth well (Dor- peninsula of Michigan. Meadow and neighboring Galiano. Cd 40) the water-level dropped Grand Isle, located right on the Gulf, MINNESOTA apparently didn't get a ripple from the 0.20 foot during a 25-minute pe- strange wave action. At Delacroix riod, but this drop is coincident Although some of the 15 hydro- Island, where several boats were washed with a decline due to earth tide, seisms reported from Minnesota from their moorings, one man crawled and it is impossible to separate were rather large, no aftershocks along his dock to land on hands and knees to keep from getting washed away visually the effect of each. were recorded. In each of two by the tide. The earthquake was also re- wells in Hennepin County, the wa- Between midnight and 01 :00 c.s.t. on corded at three gages on streams, ter level declined 2 feet in 40 hours March 28, I%, in the midst of a TV but the maximum fluctuation was following the earthquake. This bulletin giving the first news of the only 0.04 foot. decline may have been caused by Alaska earthquake, a special bulletin announced that a tictal wave had xtruck local pumping, but the similarity the Louisiana coast, sunk small boats in of record and the timing suggest Chef Menteur pass, and is now enter- The earthquake was recorded in that the response may represent ing Lake Pontchartrain. one well in western Massachusetts. some local effect induced by seismic A large barge-mounted drilling The well, which penetrates Stock- waves from the earthquake. In rig on location in Lake Ponchar- bridge Limestone, registered a another well, the water level train at lat 30°09.6' N. and long fluctuation of 0.62 foot. changed so rapidly that the ink of 89'56.8' W. experienced a seismic the pen did not flow fast enough to MICHIGAN wave also. The barge was lifted give a complete record. approximately 2 feet as tanks were The State of Michigan reported Only one seiche was reported being flooded to sink it to the bot- 48 hydroseisms in wells-second from surface-water gages in Min- tom. Only one wave was noted. only to Florida in the number re- nesota. It had a double amplitude Tugs in the Industrial Canal, ported; however, only two wells of 0.03 foot and was recorded on which with the Gulf Seaway con- recorded aftershocks. A well in the Roseau River at Ross. nects Lakes Pontchartrain and Genessee County, which recorded MISSISSIPPI Borgne, reported they experienced three aftershocks, is unusual in momentary tides of 6 feet or more that it bottoms in an old water- The instruments on observa- (Rex Meyer, written commun., filled coal mine. This type of tion wells in Mississippi recorded June 12, 1964). construction may possibly be fa- 11 hydroseisms. Of these, five Almost all the gages throughout vorable for recording hydroseisms were on or near the Tatum salt Louisiana recorded seismic seiches because many have been reported dome. The response was some- from the Alaska earthquake. The from this well over the years. what anomalous in that the water largest was 0.90 foot in double am- Two partly buried reservoirs level declined instantaneously and plitude. Many others were of owned by the city of Lansing and then took several hours to rise to large size, but none showed a coda equipped with recording gages the preearthquake level. portion lasting more than an hour. showed seismic seiches. In one Of the 22 hydroseisms reported reservoir, having a capacity of 7 from surface-water gages in Mis- MAINE million gallons, a fluctuation of sissippi, all were recorded as seis- One hydroseism of 0.19 foot was 1.84 feet was recorded; in the mic seiches, and 10 had double recorded in a well at Brunswick, other, having a capacity of 10 mil- amplitudes of 0.10 foot or greater Maine. This is one of the fen- lion gallons, a 1.25-foot fluctuation The largest seiche, 0.90 foot, was hydroseisms recorded in the New was recorded. The time of occur- recorded on the Pearl River gage England States. No surface-wa- rence at Lansing was 03.55 G.c.t. at Monticello. ter gages in the State showed any on March 28. effe~tof the quake. The 16 seiches recorded at MISSOURI MARYLAND gaging stations were all small ; the Of the 28 llydroseisms in wells The earthquake was recorded in largest was 0.06 foot in double am- reported from Missouri, some were four wells in Maryland. Al- plitude. Lasting changes in stage quite large and others were quite though the four all bottom in sand mere recorded at two gages : a 0.01- unusual. One well in Greene aquifers, the response of one was foot drop on the Cedar River at County had a fluctuation greater markedly different from the other East Lansing and a 0.01-foot rise than 10 feet and, following the HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA earthquake, the water level rose 50 Bozeman has been maintained for were recorded. This record is to feet between March 28 and June 2, many years by Dean C. C. Bradley be expected because hydroseisms 1964. The same reaction but on a of Montana State College and has have consistently been clearly re- smaller scale occurred in Madison registered many other earthquakes. corded in this well. The Billings Gazette (Mar. 30, County where well 33N/7E-20bcd NEW HAMPSHIRE had a water-level rise of 5.55 feet 1964) reported that a "small wave in the first 40 hours after the earth- developed on Hauser Lake north- Hydroseisms were not recorded quake and an additional 1.65 feet west of Helena a few minutes after in New Hampshire wells, but one of rise in the next 98 hours. In the Alaska quake and tore a boat surface-water gage registered the Polk County well 33N/ZlW-5adc dock from its moorings." earthquake. the water level fell 1.1 feet in 1% Of the 21 hydroseisms from NEW JERSEY hours after the quake. stream-gaging stations in Mon- The largest seiche of 0.87 foot tana: the largest double amplitude A total of 40 hydroseisms was was recorded by the Black River was 0.16 foot. Practically all the reported from wells in New Jersey. gage at Poplar Bluff, but no coda records came from the mountain- Of these, only six had fluctuations portion was recorded. ous part of the State, and none greater than half a foot. The Several stations in Missouri were recorded on the main stem of maximum fluctuation, 4.3'1 feet, equipped with bubbler gages re- the Missouri River. Gages on the occurred in Hillside well 4 in corded the earthquake, but water- North Fork of Milk River and Union County. One distinct af- level change was recorded either as Sage Creek, both on the interna- tershock was recorded by this well, an upward or downward motion, tional boundary, showed a rise in which is the one in New Jersey never as both up and down, evi- water level of 0.01 or 0.02 foot at m o st sensitive to earthquake dently because of the relative unre- the time the earthquake was re- shocks. sponsiveness of this type of instru- corded at other gages. Only one somewhat questionable ment. hydroseism was recorded by a sur- NEBRASKA According to Fellows (1965), face-water gage in New Jersey. many home wells and the munici- The largest hydroseism in Ne- The large number of wells that pal wells at Rogersfield and Mans- braska for the seven wells reported responded to the quake seem in ville, in southwestern Missouri, was 4.10 feet, but no aftershocks odd contrast to the one question- yielded turbid water, some of it were recorded. This well had a able record from a stream gage. reportedly "blood red," for a few fluctuation 18 times as great as that NEW MEXICO hours to a few days following the which was recorded for the Heb- In New Mexico hydroseisms earthqmke. gen Lake, Mont., earthquake of were recorded at 12 observation Fellows (1965, p. 3, 4) reports August 17, 1959. A w el 1 in wells. Of these, two had fluctua- further that : Thayer County (4-1-9bac) had an tions of more than 5 feet, but Within two months after the quake, unusual response : The water level neither one showed any after- static water levels in two deep wells in rose 0.87 foot but at no time de- shocks. The Hot Springs well 6 Springfield rose by several tens of feet. clined below the prequake level. Unfortunately, these wells were not in Sierra County had a fluctuation equipped with automatic depth re- The 14 hydroseisms from Ne- of more than 1 foot, and some af- corders and static water levels were braska stream gages were all re- tershocks were registered. The not determined at regular intervals. corded as seismic seiches. This main shock thus may have caused Fishermen at Table Rock Lake in the recorder drum to rotate many Taney County, Mo., observed mysterious response was unusual in that waves on the lake the night of the quake. seiches were sparsely recorded times, so the actual fluctuation must have b e e n considerably MONTANA elsewhere in the northern Great greater than 5 feet. At another Hydroseisms were recorded in Plains. NEVADA well the motion caused the pen to only three wells in Montana. In pull the paper off the recorder, and one of these wells (Gallatin County All five of the hydroseisms re in another the motion was so rapid well A1425dc) the response was corded in Nevada were in Clark that the ink could not flow fast greater than 1 foot for the main County wells. The one in well enough to give a complete record. quake, and seven of the major af- S19/60-9bcc caused the recorder C. V. Theis (written commun., tershocks were recorded. The re- drum to make a complete rotation, Aug. 4, 1964) furnished the fol- corder on this well in alluvium at and four of the major aftershocks lowing comments : a0 ALASKA EARTHQUARE, MARCH 27, 1964

In New Mexico, the Alaska earth- State, 21 hydroseisms were re- Jamestown, showed a rise in water quake produced a fluctuation of the corded of which 19 were seismic level of 0.07 foot in about 10 min- W- Greenfield olbserva~tionwell in the seiches and 2 were minor changes utes, declined 0.05 foot during an well artesian aquifer of about 13 feet. This well is comparatively shallow, is in stage. approximate 20-minute interval, and then remained steady for the just below the lip of the confining beds, NEW YORK and is in a part of the aquifer with next 9% hours. transmissibility in the millions. The Nine hydroseisms were recorded Artesia recorder well, located where in New York State wells. These OHIO the aquifer is: deeper, with a trans- did not include Saratoga 529 and Observation wells in Ohio re- missibility of only 100,000 or so, and Queens 64 which previously had where the strata are becoming more corded 32 hydroseisms from the calcareous near the old reef, had a shown rather outstanding re- Alaska earthquake. The largest fluctuation of only a small fraction of sponses to earthquakes. Recorders fluctuation was 5.8 feet in a well in a foot. * * * Lea Lake; east of the had been removed from both these Van Wert County. Even with so Pecos and approximately east of Ros- wells before the Alaska earth- large a fluctuation, the aftershocks well, the largest of the Bottomless quake. The Chautauqua 10 well, Lakes, about 300 feet deep, and an acre were not strong enough to be re- or so in surface area, produced a water however, had a fluctuation of 2.10 corded, perhaps because the gage- spout said to be about 15 feet high. feet and also recorded one after- scale gears were 1:10, and the Maddox 1U.S. Geol. Survey, Roswell] shock. It is interesting to note record was so compressed that the saw old tires and other objects floating that this well had a fluctuation of minor fluctuations were obscured. on the surface of the lake the next 0.22 foot for the Hebgen Lake A total of 188 analog recorders day, these having been cast up from earthquake of August 17,1959. At the bottom. me brine observation was in operation in Ohio at the wells at Malaga Bend near Carlsbad, another well, the recorder pen time of the Alaska earthquake, but which fluctuated about a foot from the failed during the Alaska quake. only 25 showed any noticeable ef- Turkish earthquake of about 1939, lost Only four seiches, each less than fects. The seismic seiches prob- the record of the Alaskan quake because 0.01 foot, were recorded at stream ably were obliterated at a few of the pen of the Fries recorder was thrown over the cylinder. gages in New York State. In addi- the gaging stations because of nor- tion, one record from the Mahwah mal river surging or fluctuation Roy Foreman, who runs a con- River near Suffern showed a drop caused by wind action. The maxi- cession at Lea Lake, N. Mex., obin stage of about 0.01 foot. mum double amplitude was 0.25 served the effects of the Alaska foot on a lake gage near Jefferson, quake on the lake and the follow- NORTH CAROLINA Ohio. Another gage, 800 feet ing is a summary of his observa- Three hydroseisms were re- away on Mill Creek, recorded a tions : ported from North Carolina wells; sharp drop in stage of 0.04 foot fol- A'bout 9:40 p.m., March 27, 1964, the largest hydroseism had a dou- lowed by a rapid rise of 0.03 foot. waves about 10 feet high rose on Lea ble amplitude of 1.85 feet. The water level then remained Lake. At this time my wife and I heard steady at this slightly lower level. a loud noise, which sounded like a NORTH DAKOTA The Mahoning River gage at Al- strong wind although it was a calm eve- North Dakota reported three ning. The water flowed over a %foot liance, Ohio, showed a drop of 0.01 high guardrail which is 54 feet from hydroseisms from wells that pene- foot at the time of the earthquake. the normal port margin. A section of trate glaciofluvial sand and gravel. One other gage, at Atwood Reser- the guardrail was washed out by the The earthquake was also re- voir near New Cumberland, also flow of water. corded at two surface-water gages showed a similar reaction. Before the earthquake a small trickle in the State. The record from one, of water flowed from the lake through OKLAHOMA a 12-inch culvert. The morning after on the Cheyenne River near Kin- the quake, the 12-inch culvert was car- dred, is questionable in that it Hydroseisms were noted in wells rying a full capacity of outflow. The seemingly was made an hour ear- equipped with water-level record- discharge as of August 1964 was still lier than it should have although ers in the Oklahoma Panhandle, more than the prequake discharge. this may be due to clock error. central, and eastern parts of the In the Carlsbad area, 6 of 21 The record looks like a seiche of State. The fluctuations in water gages on flowing- streams recorded 0.05 foot double amplitude fol- levels were more than 1 foot in llydroseisms, but the 6 hydroseisrns 1011-ed immediately by a decline in wells in the panhandle, in Grady recorded were all of small double stage of 0.02 foot. The other gage, County, and in the Arbuckle amplitude. Elsewhe,re in the on Jamestown Reservoir near Mountains; about 0.4 foot in a well HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA C31 in Washita County; and about 0.1 corders were in operation at the foot in one in the Arkansas Valley. time of the quake. Inasmuch as Hydroseisms are tabulated for Oregon is fairly close to Alaska, six observation wells (table 7). unrecorded water-level fluctua- In one well the water movement tions probably occurred in many was so rapid that the beaded cable wells. slipped on the pulley of the re- Seismic seiches were recorded by corder. Two wells in sec. 25, T. eight gages in Oregon. The 6 N., R. 18 E. provide an interest- largest had a double amplitude of ing contrast. Both penetrate the 0.14 foot. Ogallala Formation to a depth of PENNSYLVANIA 99 feet, and both are equipped with recorders which show similar Among the 19 hydroseisms re- responses to barometric changes ported from Pennsylvania wells and rainfall. However, one are some that are unusual. The showed rapid water-level fluctua- earthquake records in seven wells tions due to the earthquake, in Dauphin, Luzerne, and York 4 0 d Counties all were at the bottom whereas the other showed no F! N response. 4 of a "lo~v" superimposed on a At Byrd Mill Spring south of 27 28 water-level "high." This type of Ada, a surface-water pool showed MARCH 1964 response may have been caused by a drop of 0.15 foot in water level 22.-Effect of the Alaska earthquake on local barometric changes rather at the time of the quake, and it the surface-water pool formed by Byrd than by the earthquake (fig. 23). took about 1% hours to recover to Mill Spring, Okla. Central standard A stream gage on Paxton Creek time. the preearthquake level (fig. 22). did not record a seiche but it registered a sudden increase in stage The spring originates along a Glover Creek near Glover, Okla., 13 hours after the quake. No rain faulted limestone section in the Sand Creek at Okesa, and Verdi- Arbuckle Group and seemingly the was reported in the basin. This gris River near Claremore. shock wave for a time partly rise in stage may represent water closed the opening along which OREGON squeezed from an aquifer cropping water flows to the spring. out upstream (fig. 7). Only one hydroseism of 0.055 A total of 45 seismic seiches Only two seismic seiches were foot was recorded in Oregon caused by the Alaska earthquake recorded in Pennsylvania al- was recorded in Oklahoma. Of wells; however, only three well re- though 102 gaging stations these, the largest had a 0.44-foot equipped with analog recorders double amplitude recorded on were in operation at the time. Lake of the Cherokees at Langley. The double amplitudes recorded Minor decline in stage seemingly viere 0.05 and 0.04 foot. caused by the earthquake occurred PUERTO RICO at gages on Little River near Wright City, Muddy Boggy Creek Of the four hydroseisms re- near F'arris, and Verdigris River ported from wells in Puerto Rico, near Inola. A slight rise in stage one mas surprisingly large. The seemingly caused by the earth- fluctuat.ion measured 3.40 feet and quake occurred at the gage on Sal- was recorded so fast that the lisaw Creek near Sallisaw. The beaded cable slipped on the pulley. decline and recovery of water level This well (Jauca 2) is in a graben as described above for Byrd Mill near n fault zone. Spring Pond was also recorded at RHODE ISLAND four other gages, but the maxi- MARCH APRIL 1964 1964 No trace of the Alaska earth- lnum decline was only 0.04 foot. 23.-Hydroseism fro111 well Yo 180 in quake was recorded either at ob- These four gages are on Lake Pork County, Pa. Eastern standard servation wells or surface-water Texoma near Denison, Tex., time. gages in Rhode Island. C32 ALASKA EARTHQUARE, MARCH 2 7, 196 4

SOUTH CAROLINA from a paper by Hassler (1965) : TEXAS The hydroseisms recorded from Hydroseisms recorded at Geologi- Data on some of the hydroseisms South Carolina were large. In cal Survey wells ranged from a from the Alaska earthquake as re- Beaufort County well 304, the re- trace to 3.90 feet. The shock was corded in Texas wells have already corded fluctuation was 8.98 feet, so violent that recorder pens were been published. Miller and Red- but the beaded cable was thrown flipped off the charts at Jellico and dell (1964) list five wells in the off the pulley, so the fluctuation New Johnsonville. Two major High Plains area that recorded may have been even larger. Be- aftershocks on March 29 and 30 such fluctuations. Montgomery cause of this disruption, no after- were also recorded at the Caple- (1964) describes three from wells shocks were recorded; however, ville (J-1) well. Only two wells in Bexar County. Mills (1964) Jasper County well 46, which had (Sloanville, U-1 and U-2) were lists 28 recorded in U.S. Geologi- a fluctuation of only 4.72 feet, re- equipped with Stevens A-35 re- cal Survey observation wells in corded five aftershocks. corders with large time scales (2.4 Texas; the data from these 28 rec- Seismic seiches were recorded in. per day). Records from these ords are included in table 7. Af- instruments indicate the first by eight gages in South Carolina. tershocks are known to have been The largest double amplitude was waves arrived at approximately recorded in only two Bexar County 10 p.m. c.s.t., and the major fluctu- 0.12 foot. well-five in one and four in the ations occurred about 20 minutes other. Most of the largest hydro- SOUTH DAKO'IlA later. Water levels in both wells jeisms occurred in wells penetrat- Only two hydroseisms were re- fluctuated for about 3 hours after ing the Edwards Limestone. ported from South Dakota, but the major shock. A list of seismic seiches in Texas one is the largest recorded for this Hassler (1965) also reported compiled by W. B. Mills (written quake in any well outside of that seismic seiches were recorded commun., November 1964) shows Alaska. This one was recorded at approximately 20 percent (22 that 69 gages were affected by the on a pressure recorder in a test gages) of the surface-water gag- earthquake. The up and down well drilled to an artesian aquifer, ing stations equipped with analog amplitudes were all equal except which had an original pressure recorders. This figure w o u 1 d for Lake Winnsboro near Winns- head of 266 feet above land sur- probably be much higher had not boro where the entire motion was face. At the time of the quake the many streams been receding from down (0.03 ft). The largest dou- pressure head was 121 feet above fairly high stages at the time the ble amplitude was 0.68 foot re- land surface, so a pressure recorder quake occurred. The duration of corded at Sabine River near Ruliff. of 200 feet capacity was mounted the oscillations ranged from about The next largest was 0.64 foot re- on the well. This unusual situa- 5 minutes to 35 minutes. corded on Angelina River near tion permitted the full range of the The three largest seiches in the Zavalla. The duration of the dis- Alaska earthquake-pressure effect State were all recorded at gages on turbance at both of these stations of 23 feet to be recorded in the well. the Cumberland River : 0.36 foot at was 60 minutes. At Lake Hous- The well produces from sandstone Carthage, 0.42 foot below Old ton near Sheldon, the double am- of the Opeche (Permian) and Hickory, and 0.42 foot at Rome. plitude was only 0.13 foot, but the Minnelusa (Pennsylvanian and The other seiches recorded were disturbance continued for 90 Permian) Formations and is at all much smaller ;ranged from 0.10 minutes. the northwest edge of the Black to 0.14 foot, and 13 were less than The earthquake was recorded at Hills. Because 4% inches on the chart represents 200 feet of pres- 0.10 foot. two stations equipped with bub- sure, it is not surprising that no In Dickson, Knox, and Mont- bler gages: one on the Guadalupe aftershocks appear on the chart. gomery Counties, muddy water River at Cuero and the other on Six seismic seiches were re- was reported in many wells tap- the Nueces River at Mathis. Both corded by gages in South Dakota. ping the Fort Payne Chert. The gages recorded only a downward The maximum double amplitude quake coincided with a period of motion of the water level, 0.29 foot was 0.14 foot. heavy precipitation, so it is not at the former and 0.06 foot at the TENNESSEE known whether the heavy rains, latter. The bubbler gages have a The following information con- the earthquake, or a combination built-in delay of a few seconds. cerning Tennessee wells is ex- of both produced the muddy water The gages probably responded to tracted with slight modification in wells. the first motion to reach them and WDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA were unable to respond quickly is 280 feet deep, and penetrates edly was caused by waves from the enough to the upward surges of the metabasalt of the Catoctin Forma- earthquake. seiche. Consequently, the records tion of Precambrian ( ?) age. The The gage on Franklin D. Roose- of these gages may be proof that total fluctuation was 1.60 feet, velt Lake at Grand Coulee Dam re- the first motion to affect them was which is divisible into a rise of 0.45 corded an interesting seiche (fig. a decline in water level. foot, an upward displacement of 24). Prior to the seismic seiche a the water level of 0.55 foot that long train of wind seiches had been UTAH apparently occurred at the time of recorded. Four other smaller but Fourteen hydroseisms were re- maximum fluctuation, and a de- typical seismic seiches were recorded on observation wells in cline of 0.60 foot. corded elsewhere in the State. Utah. Of these, two were on pres- No surface-water gages in the Several atypical seismically sure recorders, but the 2-foot and State showed a trace of the earth- caused water changes were re- 1.2-foot fluctuations recorded are quake. corded at other gages in washing- small compared to the 23 feet for ton. At Whitestone Lake near VIRGIN ISLANDS the pressure recorder in South Da Tonasket, the gage recorded a sud- kota. Two wells recorded after- The most distant hydroseism to den 0.03-foot rise of water level shocks: seven in a Tooele County be recorded in United States terri- followed by the recording of a well and one in a Weber County tory was a 0.05-foot fluctuation in a seiche. Slight residual upward well. Both wells were equipped well in the Virgin Islands. changes in water level were re- with recorders that would meas- WASHINGTON corded at two gages, and slight ure a maximum fluctuation of 1 temporary changes were recorded Seven hydroseisrns were re- foot-less than the fluctuation for at three other gages. The gage at ported from Washington, of which the main quake. A well that had Lenore Lake near Soap Lake re- one had a fluctuation of 3.92 feet a measurable fluctuation of 2.50 corded seiches from wind all day and was follo~redby six after- feet seemingly recorded one after- on March 27, but beginning at shocks. The other hydroseisms shock, so the fluctuation in the 8 p.m. P.s.t. the Alaska earthquake were all relatively small in ampli- others probably was more than 2.5 surface waves increased the am- tude and none was follo~redby feet. plitude of the seiches. Eight seismic seiches were re- aftershocks. In one well, which corded at gages in Utah. The had an instantaneous fluctuation WEST VIRGINIA largest was 0.06 foot in double am- of only 0.16 foot, the water level Only one hydroseism was found plitude. The others were minor, rose 1.20 feet during a 4-hour in West Virginia, and it was re- ranging from 0.01 to 0.03 foot. period immediately after thequake corded in a well at the extreme and then stayed at this higher VERMONT east tip of the Stab (see table 7). level. This well in Berkeley County pen- Two seismic seiches were re- The gage on Snohomish River at corded in Vermont. The larger etrates Beekmantown Limestone Snohomish sho~veda strong fluctu- seiche, at the Wrightsville Deten- of Ordovician age and had a 0.30- ation of about 0.45 foot superim- tion Reservoir gage, had a fluctua- foot fluctuation. posed on a much larger tidal cycle. tion of 0.23 foot. The smaller, at WISCONSIN the East Barre Detention Reser- This fluctuation occurred at 03 : 50 G.c.t. on March 27, so it undoubt- Of the 17 hydroseisms recorded voir gage, had a fluctuation of 0.06 i11 Wisconsin, the most detailed is foot. The general lack of hydro- the partial record obtained by E. seisms at both wells and stream E. Rexin at the well of the Nunn- gages in New England makes it Bush Shoe Co. in Milwaukee, dis- surprising that these were re- cussed on page C10. corded. The pages were both an In three wells, the water level reservoirs; no seiches were re- rose and stayed at the higher level. corded on streams anywhere in In the Nunn-Rush Shoe Co. well New England. MARCH 1964 there was an apparent rise of VIRGINIA about 12 feet. In another Mil- One well in Virginia recorded 24.-Seismic seiche and wind seiches at waukee County well the water Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake at Grand the Alaska earthquake. The well Coulee Dam, Wash. Pacific standard level rose 7.3 feet after the quake. is at Shenandoah National Park, time. In a Monroe County well the c34 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964 water level rose 1.43 feet and re- that were recorded at surface- was about 2 feet, but no after- mained at this level. water gages contrast markedly shocks were recorded. Six surface-water gages in Wis- with the large size and the large The earthquake was recorded at consin recorded small seiches number that were recorded at nine stream gages, all in western caused by the Alaska earthquake. wells. Wyoming. Thus the distribution The largest seiche was 0.02 foot, WYOMING of the records corresponds to the and the others were barely visible The Alaska earthquake was re- distribution in Colorado where ef- on the charts. Both the small size corded in two observation wells fects were recorded only in the and the small number of seiches in Wyoming. In one the motion western part of the State.

HYDROSEISMS FROM AFTERSHOCKS

The Alaska earthquake gener- earthquakes that occurred during wells. Some of the aftershocks re,- ated literally thousands of after- tzheperiod from March 28 to April ported as having been recorded in shocks, but few of the major after- 4,1964, and that generated hydro- one, two, or three wells may have shocks occurred near the epicenter seisms are also listed. One oc- been misidentified. of the main shock. Instead, many curred on March 31 in the Queen The aftershocks \\-ere recorded occurred 2O-8" southwest of the Charlotte Islands of British Co- in only about 4 percent of the wells epicenter, and practically none oc- lumbia. The other occurred on in -which the main shock was re- curred to the northeast. A mag- April 3 off the northwest coast of corded. In general, those wells nitude-8.4 earthquake normally Sumatra. that recorded the aftershocks are would have generated a few The aftershocks were not re- those in which earthquakes are best shocks of magnitude 7, but the corded consistently in wells. For and most frequently recorded. No largest magnitude of any of the example, of the two aftershocks of aftershocks were recorded at any Alaska aftershocks was 6.6. magnitude 6.6, the one 011 March surface-water gages outside of Those aftershocks that generated 28 at 20 : 29 G.c.t. was recorded in Alaska. The aftershock records a hydroseism in one or more wells 14 wells, but the one on March 30 from the more seismically sensitive are listed in table 5. Two other at 02: 18 G.c.t. was recorded in 30 wells are listed in table 6.

TABLE5.-Earthquakes recorded in seismically sensitive observation wells, March $7-April 4, 1964

I Epicenter ( Number of I -- Magnitude wells in Date Epicentral time (Q.c.~.) measured at which North ( West Pasadena recorded I (O) I latitude longitude (')

March 28...... 61.05 56.5 59.7 57.2 eo. I 56.5 60.4 59.8 March 29 ...... 56.2 59.8 March 30 ...... 56.6 59.8 m. 5 56.6 March 31...... 50.8 April 2 ...... 6.1 April3 ...... 61.7 i -4pri14...... 56.3 6 $4 59. 5 Not reported

1 Earthquske in Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 2 East. 3 Earthquake off northwest coast of Sumatra. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

TABLE6.-Seismic fluctuations in sensitive wells, March $&April 4, 1964 [Greenwich civil time]

Fluctuations, in feet

March 28 March 29 March 30 Mar 31 State, county, and well 14:47 03:36 W:01 W:52 10:35 1l:M 12:20 and 20:29 06:04 16:40 02:18 07:W 13:03 16:09 09:Ol 14:49 ------Arizona: Yuma, (c-11-24)23bcb--- >1 ...... 0.025 ...... 0.014 0.005 ...... 0. MI3 Florida Taylor, 35 ...... 117 ...... 15 0.20 0.05 ...... lo .04 ...... 06 Georgia: Daason, 12-3 ...... >1 0.042 0.018 0.014 ...... ,020 .014 TI.? ...... 02 .005 ...... Tr.? Dougherty, 13L4...... >5 ...... 5 .035 .054 ...... 0.02 .054 .016 ...... 03 Mitchell, 10G313...... >5 ...... 0 .046 .034 ...... ,072 .042 ...... -. ,036 Hawaii: Oahu, 83 ...... 1.85 ...... 05 . CC.5 ...... 0.008 ...... OLX ...... 04 Idaho: Cassia, 35-21E-l8bbl---- 1.44 ...... 04 ...... Tr...... Latah. 39N-4W-7 ...... >5 .....05 ...... 1 .05 .14 Tr. .05 .10 .06 ...... 14 Illinois: DuPage, ANL-10 ...... 7.70 ...... Tr.? ,025 ...... 07 ...... 03 Indiana: Marion, Ma-32 ...... >1 ,021 ,020 .021 0.027 ,052 .034 .040 .008 .OW .21 .044 ...... ,011 Pulaski, Pu-6 ...... >1 ...... 03 .02 ...... Louisiana: St. John The Baptist, SBJ-17 ...... >1 ...... ,058 .012 ...... W8 Michigan: Genesee, 7N-7E-:7-1---- >2 ...... 076 ,032 ...... M ...... 02 Kent6N-12W-34-1------>5 ...... 02 .012 ...... Missouri: Barton, 32N/30W-30cd.-- >5 ...... 07 .05 .04 ...... (2) Franklin, 44NllW-27 .... >3.90 ...... 04 ...... 04 ...... Montana: Gallatin, Al-4-25dc. _ >1 ...... ,0097 ...... 002 .02 ...... ,026 ,024 ...... 05 Nevada: Clark, S19/60-9bccl-.-.-- >1 ...... 03 (3) ,014 ...... LE-2 ...... 016 New Jersey: Union, Hillside 4...... 4.37 ...... Tr...... 06 ...... New Mexico: Sierra, Hot Springs 6.... >1 .012 ...... 005 ...... 04 (3) ,024 ...... 166 .02 ...... 06 New York: Chatauqua, Cu-10 ...... 2.10 ...... 04 ...... Pennsylvania: Luzerne, Dennison St. borehole ...... >2 ...... 06 .04 ...... ,076 ,020 ...... ,022 South Carolina: Jasper, 46 ...... 4.72 ...... 03 ,035 ,015 ...... 03 ,025 ...... Ol Tennessee: Shelby, Sh:J-1 ...... 2.27? ...... ,034 ...... Texas: Bexar, F-172 ...... >5 ...... 06 .O1 Tr.? ...... 05 ...... J-17 ...... >3.80 ...... 02 ...... Jackson, PP-8&03-101 ... 1 5.8 ...... 04 . 01 ...... 02 Utah: Tooele, (C-3-2)14bad-I-- >1 . 7 ...... 0 Tr. Tr...... 2 Tr...... 025 Weber, (B-6-1) 3Occa-1.. >I ...... ,012 ,004 ,005 Tr. Tr. ,022 . W .. ? ,018 Washington: Pierce, 2013-18c1 ...... 3.92 ...... 03 ...... 03 ...... 08 .03 ...... 07 Wisconsin: Milwaukee, MI-120 ...... 016 5 . 7 ...... 02 ,062 ,048 0.002 0.0022 ......

1 Estimated. 2 Pen ran out of ink? 3 Masked by water-level change. C36 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 2 7, 196 4 CONCLUSION

This report is the first in which dal, whereas some well records to amplify the seismic motion and hydrologic effects of a major earth- show only a brief rise or fall from especially the horizontal ground quake have been gathered from static level. acceleration. This factor seem- throughout the world. Little at- Theory as yet explains ade- ingly is minimal in importance or tempt has been made at interpre- quately neither the "draining" of nonoperative in Colorado, Wyo- tation because the major effort so a piezometric high nor the ob- ming, and Vermont. In the west- far has been concentrated on as- served "recharging" of a cone of ern half of both Colorado and sembly of the data. Interpretive depression, phenomena that were Wyoming many seiches were re- studies will possibly show that the both observed in the weeks im- corded, and two were recorded in areal distribution of effects has mediately following the Alaska Vermont, places where sedimen- some significance. Several inter- earthquake. Thus there is still a tary deposits are thin to absent, but pretive studies are in progress but gulf between theory and observa- in eastern Colorado, eastern Wyo- are not ready. tion. ming, and through the northern The theory of "The response of Similarly, the rigorous mathe- Great Plains, no seiches were re- well-aquifer systems to seismic matical interpretation of seismic corded although this area is under- waves" as developed by Cooper and seiches by McGarr (1965) goes far lain by a sizable thickness of such others (1965) goes far toward ex- toward explaining thb many deposits. Thus, there is also a gulf plaining seismic fluctuations in seiches that were recorded. How- between theory and observations wells, but no theory as yet explains ever, one of the two major factors concerning seismic effects on sur- adequately the lasting change in which he states (p. 853) "help to face-water bodies. water level that was observed in convert the energy of large-magni- It is hoped that the data pre- many wells. Similarly no theory tude earthquakes efficiently to pro- sented in this report will encourage accounts for the asymmetry of duce seiches at large distances from further studies so that the discrep- water-level response in wells. The the epicenter" is "a very thick layer ancies that exist between theory theory of Cooper and others as- of soft sediments." According to and observation can be narrowed sumes seismic waves to be sinusoi- McGarr (1965), this layer serves and ultimately bridged.

REFERENCES CITED

Andersen, L. J., 1965, Korttidsvaria- an open artesian n-ater well: U.S. Coble, R. W., 1967, The Alaskan earth- tioner i grundvandstanden i rela- Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 5254, p. quake of March 27, 1964, and its tion ti1 jordskaelv og barometer- C51-C57. effect on ground-water levels in stand : Vand Teknik, v. 33, June, p. Byerly, Perry, and Blanchard, F. B., Iowa : Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc., 1965, 3W2 ; August, p. 5S55. 1935, Well gages as seismographs : v. 72. (In press.) Austin, C. R., 1960, Earthquake fluc- Nature, v. 135, no. 3408, p. 303-304. Cooper, H. H., Jr., Bredehoeft, J. D., tuations in wells in New Jersey: Carragan, William, Katz, Samuel, and Papadopoulos, I. S., and Bennett, New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Michalko, Frank, 1963, Shallow and Supply, Water Resources Circ. 5, deep --ells in earthquake and ex- R. R., 1965, The response of well- 13 p. plosion detwtion : Rensselaer Poly- aquifer systems to seismic waves : Rlanchard, F. B., and Byerly, Perry, technic Inst. Dept. Geology, Semi- Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 70, no. 1935, A study of a well gage as a ann. Tech. Rept. 4, Contr. AF 19 16, p. 3915-3926. seismograph : Seismol. Soc. America (604)-8376,18 p., 18 figs. Costa, J. A. da., 1964, Effect of Hebgen Bull., v. 25, no. 4, p. 313-321. Carragan, William, Michalko, Frank, Lake earthquake on water levels 1936, The effect of distant earth- and Katz, Samuel, 1964, Water in wells in the United States : U.S. quakes on water level in wells: wells in earthquake and explosion Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 435-0, p. Bm. Geophys. Union Trans., 17th Ann. Mtg., pt. 2, p. 405-406. detection : Rensselaer Polytechnic 167-178. Bredehoeft, J. D., Cooper, H. H., Jr., Inst. Dept. Geology, Final Rept., Cross Section, The, 1964, Alaskan earth- Papadopoulos, I. S., and Bennett, Contr. AF 19(604)-8376, 44 p., quake damages water wells: Lub- R. R., 1965, Seismic fluctuations in 40 figs. bock, Tex., v. 10, no. 11, p. 1. 'DROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

Davis, G. H., Worts, G. F., Jr., and Katz, Samuel, Carragan, William, and and at stream-gaging stations in Wilson, H. D., Jr., 1955, Water- Michalko, Frank, 1962a, Shallow the Mokelumne area, California, level fluctuations in wells, in Earth- and deep wells in earthquake and during the earthquake of Decem- quakes in Kern County, Calif., explosion detection : Rensselaer ber 20, 1932: Am. Geophys. Union during 1952 : California Div. Mines Polytechnic Inst. Dept. Geology, Trans., 14th Ann. Mtg., p. 471-475. Bull. 171, p. 9%106. Semiann. Tech. Rept. 2, Contr. AF Piper, A. M., Thomas, H. E., and Robin- Donn., W. L., 1964, Alaskan earthquake 19(604)-8376, n p. son, T. W., 1939, Fluctuations re- of 27 March 1964-remote seiche 1962b, Shallour and deep wells lated to earthquakes, in. Geology stimulation: Science, v. 145, no. in earthquake and explosion de- and ground-water hydrology of the 3629, p. 261-262. tection : Rensselaer Polytechnic Mokelumne area, California : U.S. Eaton, J. P., and Takasaki, K. J., 1959, Inst. Dept. Geology, Semiann. Tech. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper Seismological interpretation of Rept. 3, Contr. AF 19(104)-8376, 780, p. 131-132. earthquake-induced water-level 16 p. Rexin, E. E., 1952, A water well oscilla- fluctuations in wells [Hawaii] : Kvale, Anders, 1955, Seismic seiches in tion seismograph : Earthquake Seismol. Soc. America Bull., v. 49, Norway and England during the no. 3, p. 227-245. Notes, v. 23, no. 2, p. 14-16. Assam earthquake of August 15, Fellows, L. D., 1965, Effects of the Good 1960, A well ~baterseismometer : 1950 : Seismol. Soc. America Bull., Friday Alaskan earthquake in Earth Sci., v. 13, no. 1, p. 15-18, 29. v. 45, no. 2, p. 93-112. southwestern Missouri : Missouri 1963, Sensitive wells take earth- LaMoreaux, P. E., 1953, Water-level Geol. Survey and Water Resources, quake's pulse: Plant Eng., v. 18, fluctuations in observation wells in Mineral Industry News, r. 5, no. p. 122-123. Alabama caused by the Kamchatka 1, p. 2-4. 1964a, Seismic sea waves as Forel, F. A., 1895, Le LBman-mono- earthquake on November 4, 1952: recorded from a remote phreatic graphie limnologique. v. 2, Meca- Alabama Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 25, p. seismometer : Earthquake Notes, nique, Chimie, Thermique, Optique, 37-39. r. 35, nos. 34, p. 45,54. Acoustique : Lausanne, F. Rouge, LaRocque, G. A., Jr., 1941, Fluctuations 196413, Alaskan earthquake ex- 651 p. of water level in wells in the Los cites Nunn-Bush well : Earth Sci., Fuller, D. L., 1964, Water wells in Mis- Angeles Basin, California, during v. 17, no. 4, p. 152-156. souri disturbed by the Alaskan five strong earthquakes, 1933-1940 : Rexin, E. E., Oliver, Jack, and Prentiss, earthquake : Miwouri Geol. Sur- Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 22, David, 1962, Seismically induced vey and Water Resources, Mineral p. 374-386. fluctuations of the water level in Industry News, v. 4, no. 5, p. 3. Leggette, R. M., and Taylor, G. H., the Nunn-Bush well in Milwaukee : Gabert, G. M., 1965, Groundwater-level 1935, Earthquake instrumentally Seismol. Soc. America Bull., v. 52, fluctuhtims in Albenta, Oanada, recorded in artesian wells : Seismol. 110. 1, p. 17-25. caused by the Prince William Soc. America Bull., v. 25, no. 2, p. Richter, C. F., 1958, Elementary seis- Sound, Alaeka, earthquake of 169-175. mology : San Francisco, Calif.. Maroh 1964 : Canadian Jour. Darth McGarr, Arthur, 1965, Excitation of W. H. Freeman and Co., 768 p. Sci., v. 2, no. 2, p. 131-139. seiches in channels by seismic Seobt, J. S., and Render, F. TV., 196G. Hassler, Milburn, 1965, Hydrologic ef- waves : Jour. Geophys. Research, v. Effect of an Alaskan earthquake on fects in Tennessee d Alaskan 70, no. 4, p. 847-854. water levels id wells at Winnipeg Miller, W. D., and Reddell, D. L., 1964, earthquake, March 27, 1964: U.S. and Ottawa, Canada: Jour. Hy- Geol. Survey open-file report. Alaskan earthquake damages Texas drology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 262-268. high plains water wells: Am. Hopkins, W. B., and Simpson, T. A., Stearns, H. T., 1928, Record of earth- 1960, Montana earthquakes ztoted in Geophys. Union Trans., v. 45, no. 4, quake made by automatic recorders Pennsylvania mine-water pools : p. 659-663. on wells in California: Seismol. Montgomery, Porter, 1964, Effects of dm. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 41, Soc. America Bull., r. 18, no. 1, no. 2, p. 435-436. Alaskan earthquake on water levels p. 9-15. Katz, Samuel, 1961, Shallow and deep in the Edwards underground reser- Stearns. H. T., Robinson, T. W., and wells in earthquake and explosion voir in Bexar County : South Texas Taylor. G. H., 1930, Geology and detection : Rensselaer Polytechnic Geol. Soc. Bull.. r. 4, no. 8, p. 6-10. water resources of the Mokelumne Inet. Dept. Geology, Semiann. Tech. Parker, G. G., and Stringfield, V. T.. area, California : U.S. Geol. Survey Rept. 1, Contr. AF 19(604)-8376, 1950, Effects of earthquakes, trains, Water-Supply Paper 619, 402 p. 14 p. tides, winds, and atmospheric pres- Stermitz, Frank, 1964, Effects of the 1962, Use of water-level detec- sure changes on water in the geo- Hebgen Lake earthquake on surface tors in shallow and deep wells, in logic formations of southern Flor- water: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Vesiac specie1 report deepborehole ida : Econ. Geology, r. 45. no. 5, p. Paper 435-L, p. 139-150. seismtc research : Michigan Univ. 441-460. Inst. Sci. and Technology Acoustics Peterson, G. T., 1964, Fluctuations in Stewart, J. Mr.. 1958, The effects of and Sei-smics Lab., p. 78-82. well water levels, in Prince Wil- earthquakes on water levels in 1963, Shallow and deep wells in liam Sound, Alaskan earthquakes, wells in Georgia : Georgia Geol. earthquake and explosion detec- March-April 1964 : U.S. Coast and Survey Mineral Newsletter, v. 11, tion : Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Geod. Survey, Seismology Div. Pre- no. 4, p. 129-131. Dept. Geology, Semiann. Tech. lim. Rept., p. 56-57. Strilaeff, P. TV., 1964, Effect of Alaska Rept. 5, Contr. .IF 19(604)--8376, Piper, A. M., 1933, Fluctuations of earthquake on recorder charts : 4 P. water surface in observation wells Canada Dept. Northern Affairs and C38 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 2 7, 1964

R'altl. Resources, Water Ways, no. Vorhis, R. C., 1964b, Ground-water data Waller, R. M., Thomas, H. E., and Vor- 4, 1). 13-16. from the Prince William Sound his, R. C., 1965, Effects of the Good Thomas, H. E., 1W, Pluctua~tion of earthquake : Earthquake Notes, r. Friday earthquake .on water sup ground-water levels during the 35, nos. 34, p. 47. plies: Am. Water Works Assoc. earthquakes of November 10, 1938, 1965a, Earthquake niagnitudes .Tour., v. 57, no. 2, p. 123-131. and .January 24, 1939: Seisniol. from hydroseismic data : Ground Wigell, S. O., and White, W. R. H., Soc. America Bull.. v. 30, no. 2, p. Water, v. 3, no. 1, p. 12-20. 9%97. 1965b. Ground-water data froni l964a, Tsunami of March 27-29, the Prince William Sound eafih- I!%-&,we.st coast oi Canada labs.] : Iy.S. Coast aud Geodetic Surrey, 1945- A111. Geophys. Unimon Trans., r. 4.5, 1965, United States earthquakes. quake : Georgia Mineral Newsletter, r. 1W3-1963. 17, p. 46. no. 4, p. 634. Waller, R. M., 1966a, Effects of the -1964b, Tsunami of March 27-29, Vorhis. R. C., 1956, Interpretation of Jlarch 1964 Alaska earthquake on hydrologic data resulting from 1964, weslt coast of Canada : Canada the hydrology of south-central 1)ept. Mines and Tech. Surveys, earthquakes : Geol. Rundschau, v. Alaska: U.S. Geol. Surrey Prof. 12 11. 43. no. 1, p. 47-52. Paper 544-A, 28 p. 1Wa. Earthquake-induced wa- 1966b, Effects of the March 1964 I17ilson. .J. 3f., 1964. Effect of the ter-level fluctualtions from a well Alaska earthquake on the hydrol- Alaskan earthquake of March 27, in Dawson Coun~ty,Geargi,a : Seis- ogy of the Anchorage area, Alaska : 1964, on groundwater levels in Ten- mol. Soc. America Bull., v. 54, no. 4, 1'.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper nessee : Tennessee Acad. Sci. Jour., p. 1023-1033. 544-B, 18 p. r. 39, no. 3, p. 92-94. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake

Depth to water: Depth in feet below land surface unless otherwise indicated; a Pre- Water-level fluctuation: E estimated. ceding plus sign indicates height of the piezometric level above land surface; a Remarks: Because aftershbcks can be expected to record only in wells with the largest preceding plus or minus sign in parentheses indtcates depth to water above (t-) hydroseisms, failure to record aftershocks is mentioned only for those wells in which or below (-) sea level. LSD, land surface datum. Figure in parentheses following aftershocks might have been recorded. Recorder character as to inches of chart depth to water is rise (if plus) or fall (if negative) from the preearthquake to post- per day and gage-height ratio are given only for wells whose charts were examined earthquake water level; this change where reported is not due to water-level trend by the compiler. T, transmissibility; S, coefficient of storage. Other data are but is either change in stress on the aquifer caused by the earthquake waves or as reported. excessive friction in the recorder installation.

I First?!??: I I Water-level fluctuation (feet) I .. .."..( Ill 1 "3sewnd ::T;.n I I From pmarthquake I County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation I depth ;f 1 Depth,$,water 1 1 I 1 Remarks tude, N. tude, W, """.-- *.. Double amplitude casing, or Upward Down- 1M 1 O?&;;le 1 Alabama ' I I I I I I I I I Baldwin, Bal-1 ...... 30°24' Sand...... Calhoun, Cal-1 ...... 33'42' Conasauga Formation--.-- Coffee, Cof-l..---.--.---_--- Sand of Lisbon Formation. -.. Colbert, Col-1 ...... 34'46' Fort Payne Chert ...... No aftershocks rewrded; 0.3 in. per day 1:12. Col-2 ...... 34'41' 0 3 in per day 1!1. Franklin, Frsrl ...... 34'31' 1jr- rotated'mkv times. Jefferson, Jef-1 ...... 33'26' No sftershocks reoorded; day, 1:l. Henry, 0W-5--- ...... 3137' Clayton Limestone...... Fi% rigever recorded I in well. Lawrence, Law-2 ...... 34'40' Fort Payne Chert ...... 1 Cable thrown off pulley; 0.3 in. Der dav. 1:12. Limestone, Ct-2 ...... 34"4Et No aftershocks kmrded; 1.2 in. per day, 1:12. Madison, Ct.81 ...... 34'38' Tuscumbia Limestone- -.- Mad-1 ...... 34O44' Fort Payne Chert.------.. N-48 ...... 34'45' Tuscumbia Limestone. --. P-29 ...... 34'40' Fort Payne Chert ...... Another quake(?) on Mar. 29 hut no aftershocks rehrded; 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. Q-174 ...... 34"42' Tuscumbia Limestone.. - - Marshall, Mal-2 ...... 34O2IY Fort Payne Chert ------.. Monroe, MonS...... 31'31' Sand, gravel, and lime- No aftershocks rewrded; I I stone. ' 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. St. Clfiir, St. C-1 ...... 33%5' Floyd Shale Fort Payne Chert.. ~aurv" Forma- I I tion. Tslladega, Tal-2 ...... 33O10' Marble...... Tuscaloosa, Tus-2 ...... I 33°111 I Gravel......

Mariwpa, (C-1-4) 6bba ...... 33'23' 112042' Alluvium ...... 1,694 83.86(-. 24) 0.20 0.22 0.42 Pima (D-16-11) ~CCC...... 32009' 111°15' ..... do...... 712 324.65 .36 .36 .72 ~um;(6S/23E-32Rl) ...... 33'31' 114O44' Sand, gravel, and silt...... 560 88.48(-.12) .07 .25 .32 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. (B-2-9) 7abb ..------33'32' 113'13' Alluvium ...... 1,692 297.35(-. 51) .OO .51 .51 No rise; drop in level only. (B-6-21) 20ddd ------33'50' 114'26' Sand, silt, and gravel-...-- 5841E 11.70 .28 .25 .53 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. (C-4-61 18dad...---. 33'03' 112053' Alluvium ...... 35.68(+.08) ...... >1 No aftershocks recorded. (C410) Eabb-. .... 33'04' 113'17' .----do ...... 274 131.45(-. 035) .lo2 ,135 ,237 03inperdayl:l. (C9-22) 4dbc2 ...... 32026' 114'30' Sand, gravel, and silt...... 240 ...... 1.14 clock stopped 3 days before quake; 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. (C-9-25) 35bab ...... 32036' 114' do...... 1,190 17.14 .13 .17 .30 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. ((2-10-24) 15cdd.. .--32'33' 114'43' .....do ...... 202 ...... 73 Clock stopped 5 days before quake; 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. (C-10-25) 3lbbb ...-. 32'31' 114°40' Sand and gravel...... 286 80.31 .10 .13 .23 O3in. per day 1:l. (C-11-24) 23bcb ....- 32'27' 114'42' Silt, sand, and gravel....-- 1,038 77.98 ...... >I A~ershooksrewrded (see table 6); 0.3 in. per day 1:l. - ~p Arkansas

Craighead, 13N-ZE-35daaL- 35'42' 90°50' Quaternary sand- ...... 120 55.97 0.72 0.77 1.49 No aftershocks rewrded; 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. Dallas, 108-13W-34- ...----33'48' 9202.5' Sparta Sand...... 8881836 114 10 1. 70 >l3.30 Do. Desha, 118.2W.3ccal...... 33'46' 91'17' Cockfield Formation ...... 754 21.86 ...... 1.60 No aftershocks rewrded; 2.4 in. per day, 1:l.Z. Drew 1WW-12ddal.. .----33'24' 91°28' Sparta Sand...... 760 32.32 ...... >1 Do. inw win, 75-5~-17ccel ...... 34'06' 91'37' ~uaternarysand ...... 120/110 17.56 .95 1.15 2.10 No aftershocks recorded; 2.4 in. per day, 13. ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 2 7, 1964

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued

First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber de th 01' weT1; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude. N. tude, W. casing to (feet) - screen, per- Double forated amplitude casing, or open hole (feet)

Fresno, 15S/16E-20Rl------. 36'36' 120014' Alluvium: upper aquifer zone. 17S/17E-21N2 .--..-.36'26' 120008' 1$8/17ES5Nl----.-- 36'13%' 120°26' Imperial, 8 (14S/llE-32R).-- 32'54' 115O52' 0.3 in. per day, 1: 1. gravel. 11 (lbS/l8E-l5M)-- 32'35' 115°05' ----.do ...... Took 2 weeks for water level to recover to stage indicated by ~reauake Deltaic alluvial deposits.-- Alluvium------

Kern, 2SS128E-lA2 -..------0 ...... 875/200 352 56 329/28E-20Ql.-.-----...... 950 212 lo(-. 50) Los Angeles, llN/BW-13L1. - Tertiary basalt ...... 462 161.5 1 0.3 in. per day, 1:1 8N/lOW-8R3--- Alluvium- ...... 230 ? 6N/lOW-20Pl------do-. ------.-. ------260 21257 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. lS/9WSBl-..------do...... 108 103.92 1.0 in. per day, 1:l. 2S/llW-5L1 ...... do-- ...... 101 20.50(-. 10) 1.0 in. per day, 1:5. 29/12W-lOQ2--...... 552 109.30(-. 06) DO. Orange, 3S/9W-33Q2 ...... Alluvium- ...... 135 218.48 2.3 in. per day, 1:lO. 39/9W-i31J4.- ...... Alluvium (La Habra 400 158.06 Formation). 48/10W-1C2~.. ------Pleistocene sand and 514 102.05 Do. gravel. 117'52' -----do------Do. 118°02' Alluvium ...... 1.2 in. per day, 1:5. 117°59' Pleistocene sand and Pressure recorder; 51' per day, 1:7. Pressure records from two depths in adjacent iezometers; 51' per Say, 1:12. ) Do. 'Pressure recolder; 51' per day, 1:D. Pressure recorder: 51' Der

Riverside 78/22E-17P------33'34' 114'43' Gravel...... San ~ern&dino,ll/26~-31~1.35'00' 114°38' Alluvium ...... Santa Barbara, 6132-1103-. . 34'37' 120°14' .....do ...... 7/35-22N2--- 34'40' 7135-DR1- - - 34"3931' 7135-33R1- - - 34'38% Dd. 10133-7R1- - - 34'57' T=2XlO* S=0.15-0.30; 0.3 in. Ger day, 1:5. Banta Clara, 78/1E-BD2..... 37°20%' 121°52M' .....do ...... 7S/lE-l6C6 .... 37'19%' 121'52' ----.do...... Solano, SN/lW-33Al---...... do ...... 2.4 in. per day, 1: 12. Tulare, 236/25E-l6N3 ...... 35"55M1 119°17' .....do ...... 238/25E-16N4- ...... 35'55%' 119°17' .....do ...... 23S/'25E-l7Q3 ...... 35O55%' 119"17%' .---.do...... Yolo, 8N/lE-17Fl ...... do ...... 2.4 in. per day, 1:6.

Colorado prowers. ~23-42-13cdab..... 1 38O03' / 10Pml I blluvium...... / 48 7.45 10.12 0.15 /O.n IZ.4in.perday.l:6.

Connecticut

No wells recorded the quake.

Delaware

No report rsceived.

Florid.

Bay, 006-53l?-423 ...... 30°06' 85'36' Limestone of Floridan ...... 40.10 aquifer. 012~1...... 30012' U050' ....do ...... 25.W .75 1.2 in. per day, 1:12. 012-541-213...... 1 W12' I 85°41' / .....do ...... 11 6.13 .85 0.3 in. per day, 1:5.

C42 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27j 1964

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued

First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber de th off wee; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude. N. tude, W. casing to (feet) - screen, per- Double forated amplitude casmg, or Upward Down- open hole ward (feet)

Florids-Continued

Leon, 7(027-41€-I)--. - - -.- ---I 30'27' 1 84°16' 1 Limestone of Floridan 1 3141165 1 9.2. 1 1.2 in. per day, 1:12, Madison, 18(02&351) ...... do ...... 3221307 Pasw,13(816-22131) ...... do ...... 49/43 1.2 in. per day 1%. 821-217-221...... -----.---.--....6991206 6 hours after qiuake recorded, water level began to rise and rose 0.94 ft in 12 hrs. 826-211-214 ...... 28'26' 821 d0...... 227149 Pinellas, 661 (760-240-1) ..... 2PM)' 82'40' -----do...... 188 665(76&244-4) ..... 27'68' 82.... 0 ...... 299181 1.2 in. per day 1:12. 246 (768-247-1). .... 27'68' 82'47' .....do ...... ------.... 208 1.2 in. per day: 1:6. 687 (759-243-313) ... 27'69' 82'43' -----do...... 845 77 (804-246-1) .....- 28'04' 82'4.5' .....do ....------...... 282 1.2 in. per day, 1:12. 13 (806-246-1) .-..-.28'08' 8245' --0 .. 141133 no.- .. P0lk,753.16&311...... 27'53' 81'68' ..... do...... 7101237 7.68 DO. 810-144-1 ...... 2S010' 81.. 0 ...... 4%/102 3.63 Water level began to de cline after quake rewrded and fell 1.7 ft over 17 days. 1.2in. perday,l:6. 2.81 U 6).ward Water motion level blocked rose 1.7 ft during 6 days after quake recorded; 1.2 in. per day, 1:12. Seminole, 12.5(84l-122-1) ....- .....do ...... 1 168174 1.51 Water level rose 0.6 ft in 48 hrs after auake; 1.2 in. per day, 1:21. do...... 143120 Water level began to rise 6 hrs after quake and rQse 0.65 ft in 20 hrs; 1.2 in. per day, 1:6. Taylor, 35 (003-330-1) -.-----30'03' 83'30' do...... 246/189 Only well in Florida to record aftershocks; for list, see table 6; 1.2 in. per day, 124. 36 (003-331-1) --.-.--I 30'03' I Sand...... 35 83'31' Volusia, 31 (858-105-1) ...... 28O66' 81'05' Floridan aquifer...... 113 905-113-3 ...... 29'06' 81'13' .....do ...... 351193 806-106-4 ...... %"Mi' 81'06' ..0 ...... 2201162 Water level rose 0.25 ft in 18 hrs after quake; 1.2 in per day 1.6 .....do ...... 2341102 wa& level rAL0:6 ft in 6 hrs after quake; 1.2 in. per day, 1:12.

Chatham, 63 (37Q7) ...... 32006' 81°06' Ocala Limestone...... 52,51120 No aftershocks recorded. 99 (37Q16) ...... 32004' 81°04' .... -do- ...... DO. 143A (36 20) 32'00' 81°50' .....do- ...... "O0% Do. 317 (38Q8. 32'02' 80'54' do...... 3M/110 Do. 382 (36Q8) ...... 32'06' 81°08' .---.do...... 413/m Do. 429 (37Q34) ...... 32'00' 81'05' .....do ...... 327 Do. Dawson, 12-3 ...... 32'20' 84'05' Crystalline metamorphic 400/79 Aftershocks recorded (see rocks. table 6); 2.U. per day, 1:12. Dougherty, 133-4133-4 ...... 311 84"00' 1 Ocala Limestone...... Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 2.4 in. per day, ! 2431206 I 27.95 1:B. Clayton Formation-. .... 7601713 61.25 First quake ever recorded I -1 1 in well. Effingham, 7 (34R36) ...... 32'09' Ocala Limestone- ...... hllton, 26 ...... / 33'42' 1 :;% Injection complex ...... First quake ever recorded in this watertable well. Glynn, El43 ...... 31°10' 81°30' Ocala Limestone and T=l 4x106' 8=2X10-+ u per part of Claiborne no aftersdocks rewrded; I I Broup. 1.2 in. per day, 1:5. Ocala Limestone...... T=1.6XlOQ;S=3X10-4. Pressure recorder. Ocala Limestone and T=2.7X10a; 8=4X10-4; u per part of Clairbone no aftershooksrecorded. Broup. Pressure recorder. Ocala Limestone...... T=lOa; S=3X10-4; Pressure recorder. Laurens, 21T1...... 32'27' 83'04' ---- .do-- ...... Lowndes, l9E2...... -.. 30°50' 83°17' Suwannee Limestone----. . Miller, 82...... 3110 84'44' Clayton Formation-...... Mitchell, 10G313...... Ocala Limestone...... I I 43.00 HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued -- - First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber de th of1we%; second, From preearthquake Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level 1 1 Remarks tude, W. casing to (feet) screen, per- Double forated amplitude casmg, or Upward Down- open hole ward (feet) 1

Georgia-Continued

Thomas, 14E15...... 30050' 83O68' Ocala Limestone...... 195.20 ...... >5 Cable thrown off pulley and float stuck. 14E20...... 30051' 800571 Sumnee Limestone.....-) 1(01: 223.19(+. 04) 1.29 1.26 2.55 First quake ever recorded 1 / 1 / in well. 15E12...... 30'47' 8351 do-- . . - .. 1831136 (+.084) ...... >l Do. Tift, 17Kl...... 31°27' 83"311 Ocala Limestone...... 123.50(-. 40) Wayne, 30L3 ...... 31'37' 81'55' Tampa and Snwannee ic 65.18 1:. 1::; 2:;: Limestones. 1 1 1 1

Oahu, 1A...... 1 21'16' 1 157'46' 1 Basalt of Kolau Volcanic 1 131/100 1 8.27 1 ...... I...... l>l I Series. 157O48' .....d 0...... >I 167°51' -....do ...... 1.85 Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. 168'11' Basalt of Wainae Volcanic 47\47 +6.87 .08 Tidal efficiency= 10 Series. percent. lWW1 / Basalt of Koolau Volcanic 1 1 1 t2.98 Do. Series. 3 ...... 1 211 1 1 do...... 1 163188 1 9.14 1 .OB 1 .05 ( .14 ( Tidal efficiency=15 percent. - 2.3 in. per day 1.1. Tidal efficienc;='4 percent. 2.3 in. per day, 1:l. DO. Basalt of Koolau Vol- .83 1 1.58 1 Tidal efficiency= 15 per- canic Beries. cent. -----do...... 03 / .05 1 Tidal efficiencs=2- -ir- --..-do..-. .------33 1 .64 ( C?%pulledfrom drum by pen; 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. Rising float stuck between counterweight and casing; 1.2 in per day, 1:l. T-96 ...... 21'35' ( Reef limestone-...... -1 Tidal efficiency=30 per- rent. Shaft 4...... 21°29' Basalt of Koolau Vol- ...... 1 Trace 1 .. canic Series. Shaft 17 ...... 21'35' .....d 0...... ---- .05 1 .lo 1 Maui-type shaft, 608 ft. long...... do...... Pressure change on hori. zontal discharge line near the bulkhead.

Idaho

Bingham, 58-31E-23abl.. ... 42'58' 112°49' Basalt of Snake River 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. Blaine; 18-l9E-3cc2 ...... 43O21' 114°12' c~~%,sand, and Do. grivel. 2s-20E-1~2...... 43'17' 114°01' Basalt of Snake River Do. Group and alluvium. Butte, 3N-29E-14adl ...... 4395' 112'58' Basalt of Snake River 2.4 in per day, 1:6. Group. 7N-31E-34bdl--..-.. 43'55' 112'43' .....do ...... 05 .OB Canyon 2N-1W-7bM ...... 43'32' 116°31' Basalt of Idaho Group.. .. .05 .10 Cassia, i3~-21~-18bbl...... 42018' 114°03' Paleozoic limestone- ...... 76 1.42 Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. Elmore, 1S-4E-lOdal ...... 43'21' 115'57' Sand and gravel of Idaho .06 . 10 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Group. Gooding, 8s-14E-16bcl ...... 4Z044' 114°50' Basalt of Snake River 0i 04 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. Group. 1 1 Jefferson, 5N-32E-36adl ..... 43O43' 112'38' .....do ...... 50 1. 21 Do. 7N-36E-ZaM-.. .. B054' 112007' ..... do...... 0.3 in. per day 1:l. Jerome, 7S-l7E4acl--...... 42O51' 114°30' .....do ...... 0.3 in. per day:1:2. Latah, 39N-4W-7 ...... 46'45' 117' Columbia River Basalt...... Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 1.2 in. per day, Lincoln, 5s-17E-26acl ...... 42'58' 114'24' 1 Basalt of Snake River 1 .42 .86 0.312. per day, 1:2. I Group. 1 1 Minidoka, 7S-26E-19bal ..... 42%' --.--do ...... Do. 88-23E-2bal-.-. .. 42'46' .....do...... DO. 8s-24E-20dbl.. .. 42'43' .--.-do...... 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. 8s-24E-31dol ..... 42'41' .... -do-- ...... 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. 8S-25E-24hdL. -. 42043' ----.do .....-.-...... DO. Power, 5S-33E-36cCl- ...... 42056' Gravel...... Float hung on down movement; 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. a4 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued ------First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber, depth I I I of well; I From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation Remarks tude, N. tude, W. casing to screen, per- Double amplitude Upward Down- 1 ward

Idaho-Continned

Power, 78-30E-28hbl ...... 42'47' Basalt of Snake River 288 198.29 0.00 0.12 0.12 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. Group. Teton 4N-45E-l3adl_..---. 43'40' Alluvium- -.------.------. 304 201.46 ...... >5 1.2 in. per day, 13. Twin balls, 11S-19E-17aal.- 42O28' Basalt of Snake River 860 321.82 .22 .28 .50 0.3 in. per day, 12. Group. llS-20E-Zldcl-. 42'27' -----do...... 280 69.85 .24 .32 .56 Do.

Illinois [Data furnished by the Illinois Water Survey and the Northern Illinois Gas Co 1

Champaign, CHM 19N9E- 40'07' I a0n1IGiwa sand and gav&..../ 163 1 113. n I 0. 03 I 0. ffi 8.7h. Cook, COK 39NlZE-11.7f--- 41'53' Camhim and Ordovi- 553.0 ...... cian sandstone. DeKalb, DEK 40N3E- 41'56' -...-do ...... 1 130.87(+. 51) .51 .30 23.8e1. 1 1 1 DuPage, DUP 39NllE- 41°51' Silurian dolomite...... 350 40.90 .82 1.32 M.2g. DUP 38N10E- 41°47' .... -do-- ...... 53 13.08 .01 .OO 10.7a1. DUP 38N10E- 41'45' -....do-- ...... 114 47.20 .40 .33 27.6h. ANL-9 ...... 4Z0 Niagara Dolomite...... 140/90 96 09 + 03) ...... 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. ANL-10 ...... 42' .....do ...... 199 81: 12f+:21) 4.30 3.40 Aftershocks recorded (see tab!e 6); 1.2 in. per day, 1: 1U. LaSalle, Wealdon 9...... 89O Quake recorded at bottom of water level "low"; 1.2 in per day 1.10 Weldon 15...... 89' ~at;?rlevel ch&gid trend and rose 1.0 ft in 13 hrs

Amfahr 3...... 85O Roulston 3...... 89'

Fordyce 2 (or 31)-.. 89" AnmGas Storage -. Field. Scheuer 2...... 89' Garfield Gas Storage .. Field...... do ...... Glacial and and gravels. - ...... do.- ...... do- ...... I::------do...... -.- - .do ----.------Silurian dolomite......

Allen, A14...... 4lom' Limestone...... 12in per day 1:5. Al-5 ...... 41'04' .....do...... NO aitershock; recorded; 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. Benton Be-2 ...... 40031' 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. ~linto; C1-4...... 4O017I .....do ...... 230 1.2 in. per day, 1:5. Jas r, Jp4...... 41'03' Limestone...... 300 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. ~egson,~f4 ...... 38'46' Ordovician rock-...... 75 1.2 in. per day, 1:5. Madison, Md-8 ...... 40°16' Limestone...... 415 1.2 in. per day, 1:lO. Marion, Ma-31.- ...... 39'51' Niagara Dolomite...... 3471210 03in perday 1:lO. Ma-32 ...... 39'52' .do ...... 322160 ~ftershocksremrded (see taple 6); 1.2 in. per day, 1:1. Marshall, MI-2 ...... 41°21' 86O19' Gravel...... 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. -4...... 4127 86'19' Sand ...... 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. Miami, Mi-2 ...... 40040' 86'08' Limestone. ...r...... 1.2 in. per day, 1:lO. Newton, Ne-3 ...... 40°47' 87O27' Sand and gravel...... 1.2 in. per day, 1:5. Parke Pa-3 ...... 3g048' 87°22' .....do ...... 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. pork;, Pt-9...... 41'28' 87O13' Limestone...... No aftershocks recorded; 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Posey, Py-2- ...... 38'07' 87'47' Pennsylvanian rock...... 1.2 in. per day, 1:5. Pulaski, Pu-6(29/4W4Ll). .. 40'59' 86'53' Niagara Dolomite...... Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. Ripley, Ri4...... 39'14' 85°06' Sand and gravel- ...... 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. Spencer, 14 ...... 37"59' 87°08' Sand-...... 0.3 in. per day, 1:1. Starke, Sk-2- ...... 41°14' 86'37' Gravel-...... no Tippecanoe, Tc-7...... 40026' 86'5.5' Sand and gravel- ...... 1.2 day, 1:l. Vanderburgh, Van-3.- ...... 37"59' 87'31' Sand.------.-. -. -. ------0.3 in. per day, 1:l. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska ea~thquake-Continued ------First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber de th of' we%; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-hearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude, N. tude, W. cesing to (feet) screen, per- Double forated amplitude casmg, or I open hole (feet)

Des Moines, 69-3-6A1- St. Peter Sandstone ...... I 1,2051854 I 182.75(-1.75)

Lee, 6743J1...... Sand and gravel- ...... 156 12.00 Linn, 83-7-28H1- ...... Silurian limestone and 420175 67.7(-. 1) dolomite. Cairo Dome of Natural Gas Pi eline Co. of America: Eouisa, .Tones G-1 ...... Ordovocian shale and 71376 149.9 Silurian rock. Hutchinson 0-1- ...... Galena Dolomite...... 11571 133.1

Madison, 75-2MA1. Miissippian limestone-. . 1,0581657 262.45 Marion, 74-21-LlKl 1 113176 1 44. a(-. 05) Story, 83-24-281- ...... Sand and gravel-...... Whgton7724Al ...... Keota Reservoir of Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of America: Washington, Anderson 1- ...... --...St. Peter Sandstone ...... 111,189 100.23(+. 4) Float seemingly hung for 7% hrs after quake; water level then began to rise (1.82 ft in 40 hrs); 1 1.2 in. &r day, 1:lO...... do ...... I8 36 1.2 in. per day, 1:lO. En 1 1 1 1 Flynn 0-1...... Galena Dolomite- ...... Do. Woodbury, 89-47-22B2...... 1 Dakota Sandstone- ...... : 1 1 / 2.4 in. per day. 1:LZ.

Kearny, 23-28-lldb- ...... 1 38" 1 101' 1 Unconsolidated deposits. .1 296 1 219.53 1 0.18 1 0.19 1 0.37 1 2.4 in. per day, 1:6.

Kentucky --- Christian, S-1,502.3-196.k..l 36'51' ( 87'27' 1 Ste. Genevieve Limestone. 0.07 Edmondson, S-1,901.4-311.9- 37O11' W05' ..-..do ...... No aftershocks recorded; 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. Elliott, N-2,315.1-210.7 ....-.I 38'04' ( 87"09' ( Rocks of Pennsylvanian / 70 / 22.60 / .06 .06 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. age. Graves, S-1,150.7-208.2 ...... Sand-...... S-1,154.15-139.90...... -..do ...... Jefferson, N-1,540.0-268.6-- -. Glacial sand and gravel. -. 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. N-1,566.W275.35.. Limestone...... Do. N-1,544.7-264.0- - .. Glacial sand and gravel.. . Johnson, S-2,864.Wi36.6.. ... Sandstone and shale of No sftershocks recorded; Breathitt Formation. 0.3 in. per day, 1:l...... do ...... 1 No aftershocks recorded; 0.3 in. per day. 1: 10. S-2,909.1-321.7- .... 37'10' 82'37' .....do ...... 5-2 858.0-299.9-. ... 37'06' 8Z048' .....do ...... Livingston, b-1,276.1-259.3.. 37"011 .88°14' Warsaw Limestone ...... S-1.276.6-347.9.1 37O15' 1 Wl4' 1 Fredonia Limeatone. 36.5 I ...... vieve Limestone. Lyon 8-1 298.8-270.2 ...... 37O03' 88'09' Warsaw Li~~~estone...... 99 ~arsAall,b-1,246.2-272.0.. .. 37003' 88°!M' Gravel and sand-- ...... 92 McCracken 6-1 119.0-310.2-. 37008' 88%' .....do ...... 86 0.3 in. per day, 1:6. Ohio 8-31 872.01396 7.. ..-.. 37'2.5' 86'52' Tradewater Formation .... 298 ~uleliki,~~2,332.3-2i3,3-. ... 36O59' 84O36' Limestone of Fort Payne 146 Formation. Warren. S-1.88B.l-265.3.-.) 37'03' 1 86'UB' 1 St. huh Limestone...... 1 941 71.51 1 .ID 1.09 1.18 1 Do. -. Louisiana

Acadia, AC-40...... 30'18' 92'25' Chicot aquifer ...... 303 53.28(?) Float hung after fluctuation; 2.4 in. per day, 1:12. Ascension, An-2 ...... 30'14' 90'55' Older alluvium ...... 5901550 1.64 No aftershocks recorded; pen hung; 0.3 in. per day, 12. Calcasieu, Cu-77 ...... 5121450 125.55 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. aquifer. cu-445 ...... 114.40 .80 1. 58 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. Cu-446...... 1 5@g 83.32 1.05 1 LOO Do. a6 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued

I I I I I I First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) her de th offwe?]; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude. N. tude, W. casing to (feet) - screen, per- Double forated amplitude casing or open hole (feet)

Louisiana-Continued

Calasieu. Cu-583 ...... / 30'13' I 93'17' I '70&foot1' sand, Chicot I 670,570 1 170.70(-.05) I 0.24 / 0.24 I 0.48 1 2.4 in. per day, l:6. mnifar

0.3in.perday 1:5. ' EB-155. 30'29' 91°10' "Wf00t" md...... 412/311 103.50(+.06) .40 .50 . W) 2.4 in. per day i.6. EB-293. 30'30' 91'11' "600-f~t"Sand ...... 6001540 129.50 1.07 1.10 2.17 2.4 in. per day' 1130. EB-652. 30'32' 91'08' "1,6O&foot" sand...... 1,34511,264 64.83 2.77 >l.14 >3.91 2 4 in. per day' 1:6. East FeUciana, El-1 ...... 30'52' 91°01' Quaternary upland ...... 143 7.45(+.008) .06 .06 .12 214 in. per day: 1:l.Z. IerveI ...... 3017 9114 u ...... 2801260 5.30 ...... >5 Reversed on both sides of !:! chart; 2.4 in. per day, I I I I I I I I I 1:o. IB-92.- ...... 2001180 +1.20 1.10 > .20 >1.30 2.4 in. per day, 1%. Jackmn, J8-49 ...... 570 158.35 62 1.41 2.03 Record unusual but diffi- 1 1 1 1 1 I cult to interpret because of reversal; 2.4 in. per Jefferson Jf-120 ...... 29O59' 700-foot" sand ...... ~eflerson'~avis,JD-485.. ... 30'13' Chimt aquifer...... Morehouse, Mo-5 ...... 3Z046' Sparta Sand ...... Orleans, Or4...... 2g057' 1 :: 700-foot" Sand ...... 2.4 in. per day; 1:6. Or47...... 30°02' ...... Do. St. Oharles, SC-9- ...... 30°00' ...... 0.3 iii-hr day, 1 :5. SC-14 ...... 30°00' 4Wfoot" sand...... Do. St. John The Baptist 30'03' ...... Aftershocks recorded (see ~~~117. table 6); 0.3 in. per day, 1:1. ..d0 ...... 3681324 0.3 In. per day, I:?. Pleistocene...... 3201305 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. S arts Sand ...... 7451670 Do. CPhicot aquifer...... 2141125 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. ....0 ..--...... 2491167 Do. Miocene...... 855'825 Do. one...... 6001525 DO. Sparta Sand ...... 3121231 DO. "1,200-foot" sand ...... 1,338 03in per day 1:5 Alluvium ...... 185/170 NO aftershocks)rewrded; 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. West Feliciana. WF-57. .-.-1 30°47' 1 91°23' 1 Zone 1 Tertiary ...... ( 351/311 0.3 in. per day, 1:2.

Cumherland -2.. OlacM sand and gravel loll81 3237 0.08 0.11 0.19 Well drilled to bedrock. I Barometric efficiency= 20 percent; 0.3 in. per 1 day, 1:l. Maryland

Charles, Ch-Ch7...... 38'34' 77'12' Sand of Patapsco Forms- 4001154 68.51 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.3 in per day, 1:5. tion. Dorchester, Dor-Cd40 ...... 38'34' 76'06' Sand of Piney Point 4011369 (-.20) .00 .20 .20 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. Formation. Prince Georges, PO-CW ..... 38'57' 76O44' Sand of Magothy Forms- 207/? +53.49(-.03) .10 .14 .24 0.3in.perday,1:1. tion. Pa-Fd39 ... 38'44' 76'50' --do.-.-...... -. 4561436 +39.25 .l3 .15 .28 2.4 in. per day, 1:6.

Berkshh, M...... I MI I 73'14' I Stackbridge Limestone .... ( 49 ( Pi3 1 0.31 ( 0.31 1 0.M ~0.3in.perday.1:2.

Michigan

Saginaw Formation-...... 0. 36 Marshall Formation ...... 2.28 0.3 in. per day, 1:5...... d 0...... 1.27 SagInaw Formation ...... 35 Munisin Sandstone 2.22 Olwial gift- ...... -.1:::: ....36 Saghaw Formation .--.-...... do- ...... 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. .. .--do- ...... aw Formation. Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 0.3 in. per day, I I I coal mine. i I I I i 1 1:2. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA (2-7

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued

First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber de th 01' we%; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude. N. tude, W. wing to (feet) . screen, per- Double forated amplitude casing, or Upward Down- open hole ward (feet) -. Michigan--Continued

Gogebic, 48N 47W 34-2 ...... 4691' W09' Glacial drift- ...... 35/35 0.71(+. 02) 0.00 1.35 1.35 48N 47W 34-3 ...... 46'31' 09' do...... 22/22 3.04 .88 .74 1.62 48N 47W 31-1 ...... 4iZ031' 1 do...... 115/115 22 40 .60 .58 1.18 Ingham, 4N 2W 24-1 ...... 42"43' 84'29' Saginaw Formation .-..... 453180 65.10 .92 .82 1.74 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. 4N 1W 27-1_--....- 42"42' 8425 do...... n8/77 6.85 ...... >1 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. 4N 1E 21-1- ...... 42'43' 84'20' .----do- ...... 265 21.525 .055 .055 .ll 3N 2W 23-2- ...... 42O3.8' 84'30' .....do-- ...... 7.33 .----.------..-.-.-.. >1 DO. 2N 1W 5-2 ...... 12035' 84'26' ..... do-- ...... %{ 22.50 .19 ,185 .375 Ionia, 7N 7W 26-1- ...... 42068' 85'05' Glacial drift...... 23 16.92 .015 .00 .015 Jackson, 38 1W 2-1 ...... 12014' 84'23' Marshall Formation...... 221 38.50 1.67 2.06 3.73 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. 35 1W 10-1. .---..-.42013' 84'25' Saginaw and Marshall 32-3/55 31.65 .73 .84 1.57 Formations. 35 1W-11-3 ...... 42014' 84'23' Glacial drift-...... 36/33 12.00 .04 .04 .08 Do. Kalamazoo, 28 11W ZQ-11 .... 42'17' 85'37' .....do--...... 81 17.20 .03 .03 .06 35 12W 11-1 ..... 4Z013' 85"41' .....do-...... 248 (+)0.365 .12 .08 .20 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Kent, 6N 12W 27-1--.....--- 42'53' 85'43' Marshall Formation ...... 2651207 52.65 .40 .40 .80 03 in per day 1.2. 6N 12W 34-1 ...... 42'52' 8542 do...... 3001150 68.21 ...... >5 Aftershocks recoided (see table 6); 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. 6N 9W 3-1 ...... 42'66' 86°22' Glacial drift- ...... 70 17.55 .02 .02 .04 5N 12W 4-7 ...... 42'50' 85' do...... 227/182 8.63 .I9 .22 .41 5N 12W 4-3 ...... 4Z050' 85'44' .....do- ...... 86 11.77(-.a) .43 .35 .78 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Livingston 2N 4E 3-I.-. ... 42'36' 83'58' Saginaw Formation ...... 148 12.75 2.27 2.27 4.54 Mackinac, i2~2W 7-1 -----..46'03' 84'36' Manistique Dolomite-. -.- 102 25.70 2.20 2.60 4.80 Manistee 21W 17N 14-1 ..... 44"14' 8602Qf ...... 212 33.06 .13 .I75 .305 Do. ~arquetie,47N 28W 1-1 .... &OW 87'45' Glacial drift ...... 216 19. IN(-. 01) .30 .45 .75 47N 28W 3-I--. .. 46'30' 87'47' .----do- ...... 75 ...... 70 Oakland, 3N 9E 36-1 ...... 42%' 83"20' .....do-- ...... 134 86.78 .03 .03 .06 3N 10E 13-2 ...... 12040' 83'13' .....do-- ...... 1831173 86.80 1.05 1.05 2. 10 3N 10E 31-1 ...... 12038' 8312 do...... 173/153 78.85 .35 .45 .80 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. 3N IOE 32-1 .....--42038' Boll .do...... 16017 79.90 .80 1.10 1.90 DO. 3N llE 4-1 ...... 12042' Si0l0' ..---do ...... 73 28.60 .25 .26 .50 Presque Isle, 33N 6E lM--. 45"15' 83'41' Traverse Qroup ...... 31/22 6.90 .45 .45 .90 Schoolcraft, 47N 16W 46'26' 86'21' Prairie du Chien Group-. 57/40 15.45 .07 .08 .15 Van Buren, 49 16W 22-I-. .. 42006' 86'09' Glacial drift ...... 134/119 27.46 ,005 .005 .01 Washtenaw, 39 6E 16-3...... 12013' 83'44' ....-do-- ...... 55/36 12.50 .35 .35 .70 3s 7E M...... 42015' 83'38' do-...... 69 3.34 .06 .05 .I1 39 73 9-3 ...... W14' 83°B' .....do-- ...... 05 .07 .12 35 7E 24-6 ...... 1201012' 83"34' .....d 0. ..-..------..----.. E\$ if .31 .86 1. 17 Wayne 1S 8E 17-1 ...... 4207.4' 83'31' .....do-- ...... 114 55.90 .58 .59 1. 17 exf ford, 21~9~ 4-1 ...... 44'22' &X024! .....do-- ...... 277 25.995 .l8 ,105 .285 0.3 in. per day, 1:l.

Min-ta

Dodge, 107.17.34dccl- ...... 44'01' 82050' St. Petar Sandstone ...... 1 500/118 1 88. 95 />0.5 Drum rotated more than once but no aftershocks I I recorded. Grant 129.42.9~~~1...... 45'58' 95O58' 11dt...... 214/200 77.02 . 06 Hennipin, 29.23. l9cddl ...... 44'58' 93'13' Hinckley Sandstone ...... 1,016/925 180.13 .39 117.21.1Bcca...... U056' 93O21' Jordan Sandstone ...... 421/280 76.5(-. 2) .5 1 117.22.5abd2...... 44'58' 93'29' Sandstone and limestone.. &/201 45.7 > 1 > 2 Drum rotated more than once; water level declined 2 ft in 40 hrs after quake. Jordan Sandstone ...... 503/228 22.26 >. 79 21. a(?) Do. do...... I 4371270 18.48(+. 32) (>I > 2 Drum rotated more than 1 once. 117.23.34daa2.. ... M053' M033' Sandstone and limestone 4681199 58.30 > 1 > 1 110. Itasca 55.25.17acdl...... 47'14' 93'32 Glacial sand and gravel. .. 1471143 32.80 .52 39 >2.91 owe; 102.18.2bddl ...... 43O40' 92058' Limestone...... 244 19.05(+2.35) 2.35 2.05 4.40 No aftershocks recorded. ~obles)102.40.27ccdl...... 43'36' 95O37' Glacial sand and gravel. .. 34/18 11.33 .09 .09 18 St. LO&, 57.20.6dadl...... 47'26' 92053' Biwabik Iron-formation ... 4301315 65.68(+. 40) .62 .00 62 57.20.31dbcl...... 47'22' 92055' Glacial outwash sand and 92/82 11. 26 .02 .02 :04 gravel. 1 58.18.12~~~1...... do...... 97/76 17.24(-.05) >. 26 >. 36 >.62 Ink flowed too slowly to record fluctuation. Yellow Medicine, do...... 62/44 8.71 19,I 39 114.45.4dcdl. 1 1

Mississippi

Forrest ...... 1 31'19' 1 89O15' Terrace sand and gravel-.. 011 bank of Leaf River; 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. 3l"1lr 111' Grenada ...... 1 33O50' 1 89'47' Lamar, HTl6 ...... 31'09' W33' Riovi syncline, Tatum salt dome. HT2A ...... 31°07' 8g034' DO. IIT5 ...... 31°08' 8g034' CatahoulaR) Sandstone ...I On top of Tatum salt dome. E7 ...... 31'08' 8g034' Limestone caprock of salt Do. dome. 9 ...... 3108 89O34' .....do ...... Do. Lowndes ...... 33O23' 88O26' Sand of Gordo Formation. C48 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued

I I 1- Water-level fluctuation (feet) From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation level Remarks tude, N. tude, W. I 1

Upward I Down- 1 a:g!kdei

Rankin ...... 32O18' C-eld Formation-. .... Washington ...... 1 33%~~I %% 1 Alluvium of Mississippi Valley.

Missouri [Data furnished by the Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources]

Barton, 32Nl30W-30cd ...... 37'29' 94'16' Dolomite ...... 9711553 22(.83(+. 4) >2. 85 >2.15 >5 Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 1.2 in. per day, 1:6. Bollinger, 28NIQE92dca-.... 37'03' 9OoO5' Quaternary alluvium...... 115170 7.15 .02 .04 ,013 Butler, 28N15E-34ca ...... 36'52' 90'31' Gasconade Dolomite...... 631 139.27(+.65) 2.45 >.23 >2.68 1.2in.perday,1:6. Callaway, MNI11W-15bab.. 38'36' 92'10' Quaternary sand ...... 99/91 32.07 .1 ...... 1 Cape Girardeau, 29N112E- 37°11' 8g045' Quaternary alluviurn--.... 75/70 18.1 .02 .20 .22 8db. Dunklin, ZZNllOE-34cdc. .-. 36'30' 89'58' WilcorO) Group...... 130/1W 14.9 .55 >l.l >1.65 Franklin, 42NllW-26dd ..... 38°21' W059' Dolomite ...... 256 67.8 .05 .12 .17 MN/lW-27cbbc- .. 38OW 91°01 do...... 1,360 75.0 >1.0 2.9 >3.9 Aftershocks recorded (see tablee); 1.2in. per day, 1.6. Greene, 29NIZZW-13bcc. .... 37'13' 93°17' do...... 1,346 393.9 >9.9 >. 1 >10 Between Mar. 28 and June 2, water level rose 50 ft; 1.2 in. per day, 1:12. Howell, UNIBW-2lca ...... 36'44' 9151' do...... 1 308.45 6.45 >1. 55 >8 28N/lOW-16-...... 36'66' 9 do...... 7801650 212.5 1.55 .5 2.05 1.2 in. per day 1:6. Howell (West Plains), 32N/ 36"45l 91'45' ..... do...... 148.4(+. 24) 6.5 >1.6 >8.1 1.2 in. per day: 1: 12. 30W-31. Jas r ZN132W-lbac ...... 1,7471375 42.7 1.95 .85 2.80 ~cFo~;ald,21N/33W-22ss..- 36'32' 94°291 ~olomite...... 2. 2 2.9 5. 1 23N130W-18aad.. 36"40' 94'14 Limestone-...... :5 1 .05 .15 Madison, 33N17E-20bcd.. ... 37'32' 9O018' Dolomite, sandstone, and 5W/187 103.55 ...... 1.1 >1.10 Waterlevel rose 5.55ft in 40 arkaw. hrs after quake and 1.65 ft more in next 98 hrs. Marion, 58N15W-10ab...... 39'51' 91°26' Alluvium...... 129181 23.98 .05 .12 .17 Mississippi, 25Nl16E-29ccb.. 36'47' 89'21' ..... do...... 1301113 8.15 .06 .06 .12 Pemiscot, 17N/llE-36ab ..... 36"04' 89'49' .....do ...... 195/126 15.9 .15 .15 .30 Perry, 34NI8E-34c.- ...... 37'36' 9O008' ...... 177.3 +. 60) 1.65 1.05 2. 70 Phelps, 34N19W-18 ...... 3703Q1 91°58' Dolomite ...... 4501273 189.0{-. 3) 2 3 >1.5 >3.8 1.2 in. per day. 1:6. Polk, 33N121W-5adc ...... 37O37' 93'15' .....do ...... 200/42 67. 66(-1. 1) ...... -...... Water level fell 1.1 ft in 1% hrs after quake. Ripley, 22Nl4E-3dd ...... 36'35' 90'37' Alluvium and dolomite ... 65/61 13.65 .04 .04 .08 St. Clair. 38N126W-22adc .... 38'02' 93'46' Dote...... 875/20 109. 4 .15 .15 .30 St. Louis, 44N/3E-34cdba.. . 38'30' 90'40' St. Peter(?) Sandstone.. .. 150 77.55 .05 .05 .10 47Nl8E-18 ...... 38'4.9' 90'09' Quaternary alluvium. .... 1251100 35.18 .05 .lo .15 Scott, 26Nll4E-21bab...... 36'53' 893 do...... 1451142 8.25 .25 .25 .50 Shannon...... Upper aquifer...... (-.55) ...... >5.00 ...... Lower aquifer-...... (-.55) ...... 2.95 Taaey XN/18W-l3d-. ... 36'45' 9Z053' Dolomite ...... 598/206 250.67(+1.17) 1.17 I 1. n ~exas,'30~111~-17dda...... 37'18' 92"10t .....do ...... 481150 272.57 . 13 . 13 .26

Montana

Gallatin, Al425dc- .... 45"48' 111°10' Alluvium...... 101 16.49(+. 02) ...... >1 Aftershocks rewrded (see table 6); 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Flathead, 2(t20-29bd.. ... 48O14' 114"111 Valley fill- ...... 151 26.52 0.385 0.22 0.605 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. ~Missoula,13-1-b ...... 46'54' 114°03' do...... 1 51.47 1.43 1.45 ?. 88 No aftershocks recorded; 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. - Nebrwks -- - -

Adam~,7-1C-23ab ..--. 40'34' 98'24' Pleistocene sand and 155 109 0. 10 0. 10 gravel. am llamilton, 10626bc...... 97'58' .....do ...... 13 .13 .26 I! 40048' 130 87.5(-.05) Keamey, 5-153ba ...... 40'26' 69'00' .....do ...... 122 96 .09 .03 .12 Lancaster. AlC-S36cdd. ... 40'47' 96'41' Dakota Sandstone...... 170 62.60 2.05 2.05 4.10 No aftershocks recorded. Merrick, 12-8-36hc ...... 40'58' 98"111 Pleistocene sand and 8 3.45 ,025 ,025 .05 gravel. I'olk, 14-2-21db...... 41°10' 97O33' ...... 180 81.45 Water level declined 0.20 ft 8 hrs after quake. Saline, AS-3-19ad...... 40°38' 97O07' Pleistocene sand and . 151 97.37(-0.07) .06 .14 gravel. Thayer, Cl-Qbac...... 40'20' 97O26' .....do ...... 95 89 .87 York, 9-4-6dd...... 40053' 97'35' .....do ...... 102 86 1. 18 1. 16 -- HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells 2n the Unzterl States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued - 1 I 1 1 First num- 1 1 Water-level fluctuation (feet) 1 ber de th of' we%; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude. N, tude, W. casing to (feet) _ screen, per- Double forated amplitude casing, or Upward Down- open hole ward (feet) -. Nevada

Clark, S 19153-32asal ...... 36'15' 116°02' Alluvium...... -... 300 Z.ll(+.W) 0.015 0.01 0.025 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. S 19/60-Qbccl...... 36O19' 115°19' ..... do ...... 8301140 106.02(-. 14) ...... >l Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 1.2 in. per day, 1:l. S 21/5&lOaacl...... 36021' 11553 do...... 8001472 71.69(-. 02) .51 1.22 1.73 Pen moved faster than ink could flow. 0.3 in. per day 1.2. S 21154-28bdl ...... 36'06' 115O55' --...do ...... 140 22.72 .03 .03 ,133 0.3 in.'&r day, 1:l. S 22/61-4bccl ...... 36'04' 115°10' --...do ...... 355 109.85(-.28) .18 .29 .47 1.2 in. per day, 1:l.

New Hamphire

No wells recorded the quake.

New Jemey

Atlantic, Plsuuotville .. 39'24' / 74'30' Kirkwood Formation ....I (SWft sand). Amatol--...... Cohansey(?) Sand ...... Wharton ZG...... Cohansey Sand ...... Jobs Point ...... Kirkwood Formation.. ... Oceanville..-...... do ...... Burlington, Medford ...... Englishtown Formation. - ...... Raritan Formation ...... Lebanon l&V - - Cohansey Sand ...... Sawmill 1...... do ...... Sawmill 2...... do...... Camden, Egbert...... Raritan and Magothy Formations. Elm Tree 3...... 39'49' Englishtown Formation - - Esterbrook ...... 39'56' Raritan Formation ...... Oaklyn ...... 39'53' Raritan and Magothy Formations. N.Y. Ship ...... 39'64' Raritan Formation ...... New Brooklyn 1. - 39'42' .....do ...... New Brooklyn 2. - 39"42' Raritan and Magothy Formations. Cape May, Canal ...... 38"67' 74'65' Cohansey Sand ...... County Park.-.. 39'06' 74'48' Cohansey Sand- ...... Higbee Beach- -- 38'57' 74'57' ..... do...... ---..--- Essex, East Orange W.W-. .- WU' 74'20' Wisconsin terminal i I moraine. Ballantine ...... Brunswick Shale...... Qlouoester, Shell 6-. .---.-.- Raritsn and Magothy For- mations. Shell 7...... 39'49' 75'13' ----.do .....--...... --...- Texaco 3...... 39'62' 75'09' .....do ...... Hercul~ 39"I 75O16' Raritan Formation ...... (Qibbstown) 1 1 Middlesex, Forsgate 3..-.--- WW 74'5' 1 Raritan and Maeothv 1 1381128 1 (+)70.65 Formations. - Duhernal 1..... Old Bridge Sand Member of Rarftan Formation. Wisconsin drift ...... Byram Granite Gneiss-. .. Wisconsin glacial outwash. Wisconsin drift ...... Englishtowu Formation ... Mount Laurel Sand ...... Kirkwood Formation.. ... / Brunswick Shale...... 1 400 1 (+j24.40 Only one distinct aftershock recorded (see table 6); 1.2 in. per day, 1:5. White2 ...... White 4...... County Park ...... Hatfield ......

New Merieo

Chaves, Berrendo 33027' San Andres Limestone.. -- 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. (10.24.9.333) / Berrendo-Smith 33°26' --..-do ...... (10.24.21.212)

11.!23.3.342- ...... 33'22' ) 104'36' Eddy, 18.26.6.442...... I 3Z046' 104O24' C50 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964

TABLE7.-Hyd~oseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued

I I I I

New York

Chautauqua, Cu-lO(208- 42'09' 79'12' Sand and gravel...... I 232 1 30.06 One aftershock recorded 912-16) (see table 6); 1.2 in. per day, 1:lO. Erie, 256-812-2 ...... 42' 78' Glacial sand and gravel...I 81/81 / 4.93(-. 08) Water level rose 0.23 ft in 22 hrs after quake; 0.3 in. per day 1:l. -----do...... 54/51 21.04 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Magothy Formation- ..... 671/661 (+)5.75 .....do .....-.-....-...... 517/506 (+)3.35 Lock rt Dolomite----.--- 36 18.35 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. ~am%& Groq...... 160143 41.5 Coarse sand an gravel. - - 96 27.79 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Beekmantown Dolomite- - 180154 13.12 Pen quit recording during quake; 0.3 in. per day, 1:l.

North Carolina

I I I I I I Chowan, CHO-2 ...... 36'14' 76'39' ...... 320 9.21 0.17 0.00 0.17 2.4in.perday,1:6. Water level rose quickly 0.17 ft then declined to prequake level in 20 min. New Hanover-Kure Beach-. 34°00' 77'55' Castle Hayne Limestone.. 158 17.30 .92 .93 1.85 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. Onslow ...... 34O45' 77'25' ...... 240 9. 07 1. 00 .78 1.78 Do.

North Dakota - Burleigh, 138-77-22aad-...... Glaciofluvial sand and 1261118 12 ...... 1.9 7 in. per day, 1:12. gravel. 138-8-15cdd...... do ...... 168/140 36 ...... 32 7 in. per day, 1:6. Ward Test Hole 2216, 48' 101°30' .....do ...... 107 40.80 0.60 0.29 .89 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. 155-82-1Qdbd.

Ohio

Anglaize, Au-2...... 40'32' 84'23' Gravel-...... lo0 6.68(-. 08) 0.08 0.13 0.21 Belmont...... 40°02' 80'44' Alluvial sand and gravel. . 59 24.37 .14 . .13 .27 Coda lasted 40 min. First detectable motion 15 min before L max; 9.6 in, per day, 1:l. Carroll C-1 ...... 40'37' 81'05' Sandstone...... 60 23.51(-.07) .16 .l6 .32 ~hamp)aign,Ch-2 ...... 40'06' 83O45' Gravel ...... 29 19.63 - .05 .05 .lo Clark, C1-1...... 3g058' 83'43' Glacial outwash gravel .... 57 4.6 .52 .68 1.20 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. C1-2 ..-...... 39'55' 83'51' Gravel...... 74 5.80 .20 .20 .40 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. C1-8 ...... 3g058' 83"48' Limestone...... 75 21.90(+. 06) .39 .33 .72 Delaware, Dl-3...... 40°21' 83'04' Columbus Limestone-. ... 135 29.92(+. 48) .79(?) .77 1.567 Do. Fulton, Fn-1 ...... 41'35' 84'00' Gravel ...... 130 61.11 .08 .04 .12 Oeanga, Ge-3a ...... 41°25' 81'22' Sandstone of Cuyahoga 120 40.28(+.08) .50 .20 .70 Formation. Hamilton, H-1 ...... 39'11' 84'47' Gravel ...... 124 25.36 .06 .06 .12 -2...... 3917 84O39' ..... do ...... 89 12.50 .36 .36 .72 Do. H-9 ...... 39'13' 84O27' .....do ...... - 168 104.10 .22 19 .41 Do. H-10 ...... 3g012' 84O28' -..--do ...... 170 92.35 .30 .27 .57 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. Holmes, Ho-1 ...... 40°35' 81°54' San"3toneof Logan 43 3.58 .58 .46 1.04 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. Formation. LUcaS, Lu-1 ...... 41°37' 83'36' Limestone...... 250 95.26 .lo .I0 .20 Marion, Mn-1- ...... 40°34' U023' -.--.do- .- ...... -...... 100 9.05 .25 .28 .53 0.3 in. per day, 1:s. Miami, Mi-1 ...... 40'02' 84°12' Gravel ...... 49 9.04 .13 .12 .25 HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA

TABLE7.-Hydrosa'sms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued .- First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber, depth of well; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude, N. tude, W. caslng to (feet) - screen, per- Double fo~ated amplitude casmg, or Upward Down- open hole ward (feet) - Ohio-Continued - - -- Montgomery, Mt-6 ...... 3g045' 84'11' Gravel ...... 60 36.05 0. n 0.23 0.45 0.3in.perday,1:10. Mt-49...... 3g04V 84 16' .--..do ...... 220 18.69 .04 .03 .W Pickaway, Pk-2 ...... 39'42' 82057' Gravel ...... 87 18.2 ...... 62 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. Portage, Po-3 ...... 41'10' 81'02' Sandstone ...... 172 25.60 .08 .04 .12 Po...... 41 81°06' .....do ...... 225 28.72 .ll .13 .24 Ross, Ro-6 ...... 3Q015' 83O09' Gravel ...... 78 2.62 .46 .44 .90 0.3in.perdayl:l. Seneca, Se-2 ...... 41°08' 83'09' Limestone ...... 250 20.3(-.15) .15 .15 .30 0.3in.perday:l:5. Stark, St-5s ...... 40049' 81°20' Gravel ...... 132 29.25 .37 .30 .67 Do. Trumhull, T-2 ...... 41°16' 80°51' Sandstone...... 124 48.89(+. 09) .17 .13 .30 Tuscarawas, Tu.1...... 40'36' 81°32' GraveI...... 23 10.50(-. 05) .18 .26 .44 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. Tu-2 ...... 40036' 81°32' .....do ...... ZOO 48.89(+. 09) .10 .16 .26 Tu-3 ...... 40'32' 81'29' .--..do ...... 63 5.35 .30 .28 .58 0.3 in. per day, 1:lo. Tu-4 ...... 40036' 81°32' .....do ...... 43 .7.05 .30 .30 .60 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. Van Wert, Vw-1 ...... 4P52' 84'33' Limestone ...... 340 27.10 3.10 2.70 5.80 No aftershocks recorded; 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO.

Oklahoma

Qrady, 4N-8W-33 ...... 34"46' 98'03' Rush Springs Sandstone-- 254 84.70 ...... >1 No aftershocks recorded; 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Pontotoc, IN-6E-4 ...... 34O34' ffi040' Arbuckle Limestone ...... 1,707 128.85 ...... >I Aftershocks recorded(?); 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. lN-5E-27.-...... do ...... Beaded cable slipped at time of quake. Texas, IN-12E-35 ...... 36O30' 101°44' Ogallala Formation ...... 386 192.37(-. 13) ...... >1 No aftenhocks recorded; 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Wagoner, 19N-16E-26 ...... 36O0.5' 95'34' Alluvium ...... 31 28.40 0.05 0.05 .10 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Washita, ION-19W-10 ...... 35"21' 99'12' Elk City 'Member of 55 37.17 .18 .18 .36 Do. Quartermaster Forma- tion.

Oregon

Tamhill, 4W-24Jl ...... 45"11' 1I0W' Alluvium ...... 1 114/94 ( 5. 44(+. 01) I 0. DPl ( 0.01 / 0. 055 1 Recorder tends to "hang Ill up"; 2.4 in. per day, 15.

Chester, Ch-152 ..---.....---I 40'08' 1 75'30' 1 Stockton Formation ...... -I 750 I LSD Flow at 2.18 2.18 Flowing well; no after- LSD. shocks. Cumberland Cu-2 ...... M002' 77'18' Ledger Dolomite- ...... 37 .00 .08 .08 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. Dauphin, 0264-6468...... 40'30' 76'46' Martinsburg Shale....-... 400 .10 . .71 .81 Do.' 020-646-9-...... - 40°20' 76'46' ..... do...... 185 .OO .20 .m 0.8 in. per day, 1:l.l 020-646-10- ...... - 40'20' 76'46' ..--.do ...... 225 .00 .28 .a DO.' 02+64&2...... 40°21' 76'46' Limestone ...... ---...... >I Do. Franklin, Fr-2- ...... 39'59' 77'39' Stones River Limestone ... 441/60 1.10 .65(+?) 1.75(+?) Tape came off pulley; 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. Fulton, Fu-1 ...... 40'03' 78°08' Mauch Chunk Formation. 108 3.45 .06 .09 .15 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. Lackawanna, Dodge shaft.-- 41'23' 75'41' Coal mine ...... 594.78 .61 .64 1.25 0.3 in. per day, 1: 10. Olyphant 41'21' 75'36' .....do ...... 716.61(+. 03) .32 .!B .60 Do. shaft. Storrs 2 shaft.. 41'21' 75'38' .....do ...... -...... 604.82 1.30 .88 2. 18 0.3 in. r day 1.5. ' Lancaster, Ln-32(Ln-242). -- 40°09' 76'33' New Oxford Formation.. . 300 6.14(1) ...... >2 ~eadercabled&e off pulley; 0.3 in. per day, Catskill Formation ...... >l Dennison St. Bore- Coal mine ...... >2 hole. Mercer, Mr-1364 ...... Cussewago Formation ..... 235 .13 .12 .25 DO. Montgomery, Mg-225 ...... Stockton Formation ...... 30 .008 ,308 Quake recorded at bottom of "low" in water level; 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. New Oxford Formation.. . .61 .97 1.48 Quake recorded at bottom of "low" in water level; 0.3 in. per day, 1:5. .49 .96 1.45 Quake recorded at bottom of "low" in water level; 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. .24 .53 .77 Quake recorded at bottom of "low" in water level; 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. -- I I I I I 1 Records atypicsl, but similar in all three wells. c52 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 2 7, 1 9 6 4

TABLE7.-H~droseisms in wells in the United States mused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued

First num- Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber de th of' we%; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude. N. tude, W. casing to (feet) _ screen, per- Double forated amplitude casing, or open hole (feet) - Puerto Rico

Santa Isabel, Jauca 2...---.. 18°01' 66°22' Tuffaceous elastics- ...... 300 82. W(9) 1.60 1.80 3.40 No akshoeks recorded; beaded cable slipped on pulley. Well Is in a graben of a fault zone; 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. Lajas La Parguera...... 17'58' 67'02' Limestone ...... 92 38.30 .30 .29 .59 24in perday 1:l. ~ayakbn,Fort Buchanan-. 18'24' 66'08' Sand limestone, and 242 37.52 .01 .01 .02 ~uakirecord& at bottom cla;. of water-level "low"; 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Vega Alta, Sabana Hoyos- .. 18O26' 66'20' Limestone--...... 94 +29.22 .CE~ .06 .14 Another quake(?) recorded 60 hrs later; 0.3 in. per day, 1:l.

Rhode Island

No wells recorded the earthquake.

South Carolina

Beaufort, BFT.101...... 3'2'10' 80'44' Owla(?) Limestone ...... 15.14(-.36) ...... >2 BFT-304 ...... 32'08' 80'50' ----.do ...... 649 7.4(?) 1 49 4.49 8.96 Beaded cable thrown off pulley. Florence, FLO-126 ...... Upper Cretaceous sand- .. 705 ...... 22 Jasper, J-46 ...... 32'18' 80°58' Ocala(?) Limestone ...... 334 22.83 1.97 2.75 4.72 Altershocks recorded (see table 6). Lexington, LEX-79 ...... U Cretaceous sand.-- 280 ...... 1.17 Orangeburg, ORB-5 ...... 33" 81' ~l%ehornblende 1,839 ...... 90 schist. ORB-7...... 33' 81' .....do ...... -....--..... 1,969 ...... 30 Richland, RIC-200 .--..--.-34' 81° rer ...... 21

South Dakota Beadle, Huron 2--...... I 44' 1 98' I B**sand.....". of glacial I 74 15.27 1 0.06 1 0.06 1 0.12 0.3in.perday.1:5. 113-03-2bbbb ...... 44'37' Glaolal outwash ...-...... 155171 28.52(--. 05) .05 .07 .12 03in per day 1:2. 111-63-16h2...... 44'25' .....do ...... 5212 16.66(+.03) .053 ...... 053 o'8in:perday)l:l. Lawrence, A-7-2-lobado-. .- 44' e and Minnelusa 1,30811,268 +I21 12 11 23' Pressure rewr6er; 51' OPormations. per day, 1:558, no aftershocks recorded.

Campbell. Cb: 0-6 ...... I 36'34' / 84'07' 1 Rockde(?) Bandstone-- 0.3 in per day 1:l. Pen thrown off rhwrder by 1 620 1 quake. Crockett, Ck: B-5.-...... 35'42' Claiborne Group ("500"- 0.3 in. per day, 1:2. foot sand). Dickson Di: F-19 ...... 36'04' Fort Pa e Chert...... 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. .Fayette.'~a: W-1 ...... 35O22' wilcox $our, ("1~~- 0.3 in. per aay, 1:2. foot sand).- Fa: W-2 ...... 35'22' 89'33' Claiborne Group...... DO. Franklin, Fr: F-1 ...... 35'03' 96'16' Fort Payne Chert...... DO. Humphreys, Hs: H-1 ...... 36'01' 87'57' ..--.do.....------..----.... 0.3 in per day 1:l. Pen thrown off rhwrder by quake. Madison, Md: N-1: ...... 35'42' Ripley Formation ...... 659 03 in per day 1.1 Shelby, Sh: J-1 ...... 35'00' Claiborne Group...... one ~ftecshocir&rded (see table 6); 0.3 in. per day 1.2. Sh: K-75 ...... 35'05' Terrace deposit...... 91 0.3in:pir day, l:2. Sh: L-I...... 35'03' Claibome Group ...... 578 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. Sh: 615...... 35'04' .....do...... 220 DO. Sh: 0-170 ...... 35'09' Wilwx Group...... 1,387 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. Sh: 0-179 ...... 35'09' Claiborne Group...... 472 DO. Sh: P-1 ...... 35'13' .. ..-do- ...---...... --...... 344 03in per day 1:2. Sh: Q-1 ...... 35'09' .....do-...... 384 Obin'perdaytl:l Water level decline'd 0.i3 ftin 24 hrs after quake. Sh: Q-24 ...... 35'13' 89'52' .....do...... 336 0 3in per day 1:2. Sh: U-1 ...... 35021f 89'57' Wileox Group...... 1,558 2:4 in: per day: 1:2.4. Sh: U-2 ...... 35'21' 89'57' Claiborne Group...... 440 DO. Ti ton Tp' E-3 ...... 35'26' 89'47' .....do .....-.-...... 4961466 ~&iar;lson;~m: M-1 ...... 35055' 86'54' Knox Dolomite ...... 1,160 HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OUTSIDE ALASKA (353

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in weUs in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued -- - - I I Water-level fluctuation (feet) I-- I From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation Depth to water level I Remarks :ude. N. tude, W. @ing to (feet) screen, per- Double forated amplitude casmg, or Upward / Do;? open hole (feet)

Teas

Bexar, D-59 ...... 2g034' Edwards Limestone ...... Float hum after m%or wave. F-172 ...... 29'32' -.---do...... Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 2.4 in. per day, 1%. F-214(168a) ...... J-17 ...... Do. Comal, Q-49...... H-36-...... H-39--. .-- - -.:. . - - - - Dallas, C-19-.------..-.-- El Paso, Q-WCR-1) ...... I 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. Q-176(CR-2) ...... Do. Q-181. - - - --..- - ---...... do...... $:I82 (OR4...... uuviurn...... Do. 203(CR-5) ...... Bolson deposits...... -42.. - - - -.------..---do. - - .- - -.-. .- -.- - - - -.- Galveston, E-93 ...... mud------.- Do. L-61- -.-...... -.---do...... 2.4 in. per day, 1:12. Harris, W-109 ...... Beaumont Clay...... 0.3 in. per day, 1:l. 895- ...... Gulf Coast aquifer--...... 1 Jackson, PP-80-03-101...... do...... Aftershocks recorded (see table 6); 2.4 In. per day, 13. PP-Bg-80-605.. - .. - 29'03' 96031t .---.do ...... 140 ...... 21 .17 .38 Medina, C-9-53 ...... 2g029' 99'08' Edwards Limestone ...... 247 ...... 52 .36 .88 1-2-25s ...... 29'27' W017' -..--do ...... 538 ...... >5 J-1-82 ...... 29O21' 98'53' - - - - - do-. .--. - -. - - -.-. ------7l2 ...... >2 Uvalde, H-2-23 ...... 29027' 99'40' Edwards Limestone ...... 237 ...... 24 .35 .59 H-2-30 ...... 29022' 99'42' ..... do---...... 1 ...... 25 .16 .41 H-3-23 ...... 29'26' W030' .....do...... 201 ...... >5 H.5-1 ...... 29"12' 9Q046' --...do ...... 350 ...... 55 .50 1.05 Val Verde, XV-la ...... 29O22' 100°48' .....do-...... 750 80.2 .65 .65 1.30 2.4 in. per day, 1:6. I I I I I I I I I Utah

Davis, (B-2-1) 24bad3...... 111°54' 1 Alluvium ...... Pressure recorder. 519 per day, 1:115. Juab (D-11-1) 8aadl ...... 0.3 in. per day 1:l. ~illhd,(C-16-7) 12dcd.-.. - Pressure recorher. 51' per day 1.129. ('2-16-8) 2lbehl .... 2.4 in.'pir day, 1:6. ('2-le5) 4dddl ..... Do. Salt Lake, (C-3-1) 32cad2. .. 1.2in.perday 1:l. ('2-4-1) 23dbdl.. Float hung at iime of quake; 0.3 in. per day, 1:1. Tooele, (C-2-6) 36dcc.l...... 112°28' -...-do ...... 176 03in per day 12. ('2-3-2) 14hadl.-.. .. 112~1' ----.do ----...... 1,000 ~fterihoeksrebrded (see table 6); 2.4 in. per day, 1:1.2. (C-74)lOcbdl...... 112O44' Alluvium ...... 175 Float may not have moved freely; 2.4 in. per day, 1:1.2. (C-%4)33aac1...... 1.2in.perday 1:l. Utah (D-5-1)8dcc.l--.: ..... 1.2 in. per day,'l:6. we&, (A-B-I)IIC~~I...... 2.4 in. per day 15. (BB1)3Occal...... Aftershocks mbrded (see table 6). Water level rose 0.08 ft in 8 hrs after quake; 1.2 in. per day, 1:l.

Vermont

No wells recorded the earthquake.

Vimin- Ialanda St. Thomas...... 18°21' Andesite volcanic breccia a0 ...... / 0.02 lace I 0.05 I I I I and tuff. I I Virginia

Page ...... Basalt of Caioctin Forma- 10 (185(+0. 50) I. 16 045 1.61 The aquifer of metamor- 1 1 phosed basalt is steeply dipping; 2.4 in. per day, 1:12. ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 2 7, 1964

TABLE7.-Hydroseisms in wells in the United States caused by the Alaska earthquake-Continued

First hum. Water-level fluctuation (feet) ber de th of9 we%; second, From preearthquake County, well Lati- Longi- Water-bearing formation depth of Depth to water level Remarks tude, N. tude, W. casing to (feet) - screen, per- Double forated amplitude casing, or Upward Down- open hole ward (feet)

Washington

Grant, 14/25-!28El.-.-.--.._. MOW 11g042' Rhgold Formation --/ 472. "(-. 03) 0.05 15/%-28Q1 -...---...-M046' 119'41' Yakima Basalt--...... -- 307. SO(+. 66) . OS Water rose 1.20 ft within 4 hrs after flrst shock wave and stayed that way; 2.4 in. per day, 1:1.2. Pierce, 2013-l8C1 --....-... 47O10' 1 1Z023' Vashon outwash sand and I l85/152 I 101.60 ( 1.97 Aftershocks recorded (see gravel. table 6); 1.2 in. per day. 1:lO. Sand and gravel.--...... 01 .. - --do--- -... . . - -... . . -. .. . 1 2.4in. per day, 1:6. ..---do- -.- -. -. .. -. .. . . - - -.. Basalt ----... . . --. .. .- -.-. . .12

West Virginia 1I 28) 38.58 0.15 10.15 10.30 11.2in.perday,1:5, Berkeley, 20-5-7 ....-.-.-....3g027' 77"W 1 Be6kmantoun Limestone. /

Dane, Dn-9/11/34-4 --...... 43'12' St. Peter Sandstone ...... 0. 00 0.3 in. per day, 1: 1. Dn-8/6/26-11 --.....--.43'08' Pleistocene sand and 00 Do. gravel. 1 Dodge, Dg-11/16/5-4 --...... I 43O27' Cambrian and Ordovician .19 0.3 in. per day, 1: 10. sandstone Fond du Lac F1-15/17/11-12. 43'47' .. - --do--- --... . - - - -...... - - 67.97(-.42) .W .66 1.16 DO. Kenoshe, ~&2/20/18-19~.-.. 4217' Sand and gravel---...... 1.46(+. 02) .02 .05 .01 Ke-ll22/13-46----.. 42O32' Dolomite----. .- -.. . . . - - -.. 21.33 .13 .05 .18 Marinette, Mt-30/23/18-5.. .. 45'03' Cambrian and Ordovician 20.3S(+3) >3.35 >. 17 >3.52 Pen caught at edge of sandstone. chart; 1.2 in. per day, 1:lO. Milwaukee, M1-7/22120-45--- 43O02' 87'54' Milwaukee Formation- - - - 47.70 .43 .34 .77 0.3 in-per day 1:10. M1-7/22/17-120-. 43'09' 87O.54. 1 .....do ...-.....-.....--...- 1 7 8) ...... 12. ~fteihocksrehrded (.see table 6). M1-6/21/32-148-. 42'56' 8EoOl' .-..-do ---..--...... - - ..- - 36.57 .-.-...... ---...... >2 Monroe, Mo-8/2W/29-17 .... . 44'00' 9W39' 1 Cambrian sandstone-. ..../ 5.26(+1.43) 1.43 ...... 1.43 Permanent rise of 1.43 It; 1.2 in. per day, 1:6. 89"3G' Sand and gravel ...... 7.52(-. 01) .09 .09 .18 1.2in.perday,l:l. 89'46' Cambrian sandstone...... 81.78 .10 .lo .20 1.2 in. per day, 1:6. 87'59' Niagara Dolomite-...... -- 3.18 1.21 1.29 2.50 1.2 in. per day, 1:lO. 8E013' Cambrian and Ordovician 351.45(+. 45) .45 .00 .45 0.3 in. per day, 1:lO. sandstone. Waupaca, Wp21/11/%63-. .. 44'18' 8g01V Pleistocene sand and .35 .72 1.2 in. per day, 1:6. gravel. Wp-Z2/14/12-13- .. 44'23' 88O44' ...-.do- - -... . - -...... - - .I1 Do. .03 I - I Wyoming

20.26 0.03 0. 03 0.06 ,i 15.18 1.00 1.. 2E. No aftershocks recorded; 1 I 1 2.4 in. per day, 1:6.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRlNTlNG OFFICE: 1966 0-229-356