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Aerial Projection 3D Display Based on Integral Imaging hv photonics Article Aerial Projection 3D Display Based on Integral Imaging Wu-Xiang Zhao 1, Han-Le Zhang 2,*, Qing-Lin Ji 1, Huan Deng 1 and Da-Hai Li 1 1 College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; [email protected] (W.-X.Z.); [email protected] (Q.-L.J.); [email protected] (H.D.); [email protected] (D.-H.L.) 2 School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: We proposed an aerial projection 3D display based on integral imaging. It is composed of a projector, a lens-array holographic optical element (HOE), and two parabolic mirrors. The lens-array HOE is a diffraction grating and is made by the volume holography technique. The lens-array HOE can be produced on a thin glass plate, and it has the optical properties of a lens array when the Bragg condition is satisfied. When the display beams of the element image array (EIA) are projected on the lens-array HOE, 3D images can be reconstructed. The two parabolic mirrors can project 3D images into the air. The Bragg-unmatched light simply passes through the lens-array HOE. Therefore, the aerial projection 3D images appear to be imaged in the air without any medium. In the experiment, a BenQ projector was used for the projection of 3D images, with a resolution of 1600 × 1200. The diameter and the height of each parabolic mirror are 150 mm and 25 mm, respectively. The inner diameter of the parabolic mirror is 40 mm. The 3D images were projected in the air, and the experimental results prove the correctness of our display system. Keywords: 3D display; integral imaging; lens-array holographic optical element; parabolic mirror Citation: Zhao, W.-X.; Zhang, H.-L.; 1. Introduction Ji, Q.-L.; Deng, H.; Li, D.-H. Aerial Aerial projection or floating 3D display has been widely investigated. There are many Projection 3D Display Based on types of floating 3D displays. For example, the light-field display can present floating Integral Imaging. Photonics 2021, 8, glass-free 3D images in the air, but more projectors are needed [1–3], or scanning [4–6], 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ rotating [7–11], and processing are required. Therefore, the system of the light-field display photonics8090381 is quite complex and expensive. Volumetric displays can also float 3D images in the air, and they consist of bubbles [12,13], photoactivatable dye [14], nonlinear optical crystals [15], Received: 3 August 2021 quantum dots [16], fog [17,18], and water drops [19]. However, a special medium or multi- Accepted: 3 September 2021 Published: 9 September 2021 beam laser simultaneous projection is needed, so the volumetric display is impractical because of the difficulty of fabrication and construction. The holographic display can also Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral project 3D images in the air [20–26], but there are still some bottleneck problems, especially with regard to jurisdictional claims in the large computational amount and quantity of data. published maps and institutional affil- Integral imaging can also project 3D images floating in the air [27–30], which is an ideal iations. way to display 3D images. It can be formed via arbitrary viewpoint without supplementary glasses or tracking devices [31,32]. In addition, it can provide observer accommodation cues and smooth motion parallax [33–36]. The floating 3D display system-based integral imaging can be divided into two categories: one is swept type, and the other is static type. The swept-type floating 3D display system-based integral imaging generally consists of Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. a high-speed rotating motor [10,29,30]. The system is bulky and noninteractive. To solve This article is an open access article these issues, there are many studies on the static-type floating 3D display system-based distributed under the terms and integral imaging, because the system is free of spinning devices [27,28,32–35]. Therefore, conditions of the Creative Commons the static-type floating 3D display-based integral imaging has the advantages of simple Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// structure and easy implementation. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ In this paper, we propose a simple-structured aerial projection 3D display based on 4.0/). integral imaging, which is composed of a projector, a lens-array HOE, and two parabolic Photonics 2021, 8, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090381 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/photonics Photonics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 11 Photonics 2021, 8, 381 In this paper, we propose a simple-structured aerial projection 3D display based on2 of 11 integral imaging, which is composed of a projector, a lens-array HOE, and two parabolic mirrors. It can present a floating 3D display with only one projector and no spinning de- vices. The observers can touch the 3D images directly; the principles and the characteris- mirrors. It can present a floating 3D display with only one projector and no spinning devices. tics of the proposed aerial projection 3D display were analyzed through display experi- The observers can touch the 3D images directly; the principles and the characteristics of ments. the proposed aerial projection 3D display were analyzed through display experiments. 2. Principle2. Principle of the of Aerial the Aerial Projection Projection 3D Display 3D Display The principleThe principle diagram diagram of the of aerial the aerial projec projectiontion 3D display 3D display based based on lens-array on lens-array HOE HOE and parabolicand parabolic mirrors mirrors is shown is shown in Figure in Figure 1. Th1. Thee aerial aerial projection projection 3D 3D display display is iscomposed composed of of a projector,a projector, a alens-array lens-array HOE, HOE, and and a pair of parabolicparabolic mirrors.mirrors. TheThe lens-array lens-array HOE HOE is is made madeof of volume volume holographic holographic elements, elements, which which can ca ben producedbe produced on a on thin a thin glass glass plate, plate, and itand has the it hasoptical the optical properties properties of a micro-lens of a micro-lens array when array the when Bragg the condition Bragg condition is satisfied. is Thesatisfied. projection The projectionbeam from beam a projector from a isprojector called a is display called a beam, display and beam, it is collimatedand it is collimated through through relay optics relayand optics a telecentric and a telecentric lens. The lens. display The disp beamslay beams with elementwith element image image array array (EIA) (EIA) information in- formationare reflected are reflected by a mirror by a mirror and projected and project ontoed the onto lens-array the lens-array HOE, HOE, which which satisfies satisfies the Bragg the Braggcondition. condition. Then, Then, the 3D the images 3D images can be can reconstructed. be reconstructed. The light The rays light of rays the reconstructedof the re- constructed3D images 3D images are reflected are reflected three times three through times through the parabolic the parabolic mirrors, mirrors, and the and 3D the images 3D are imagesfloating are floating in the air.in the The air. Bragg-unmatched The Bragg-unmatched light rays light simply rays simply pass through pass through the lens-array the lens-arrayHOE, andHOE, hence, and thehence, lens-array the lens-array HOE has HOE the advantagehas the advantage of a see-through of a see-through display. Therefore, dis- play.the Therefore, 3D images the are 3D projected images are in theprojected air by thein the parabolic air by mirrors,the parabolic and the mirrors, floating and 3D the images floatingappear 3D images to be without appear any to be medium. without any medium. FigureFigure 1. Principle 1. Principle diagram diagram of the of aerial the aerial projection projection 3D display 3D display based based on a lens-array on a lens-array HOEHOE and a and pair a pair of parabolicof parabolic mirrors. mirrors. 2.1. Fabrication2.1. Fabrication Principle Principle of the of Lens-Array the Lens-Array HOE HOE The fabricationThe fabrication principle principle of the oflens-array the lens-array HOE is HOE shown is shownin Figure in 2. Figure The green2. The par- green allel parallelbeams are beams vertical are vertical incidents incidents into the into micro-lens the micro-lens array arrayto form to forma spherical a spherical wavefront wavefront array,array, and andthe thegreen green parallel parallel reference reference be beamsams are are incidentincident intointo the the holographic holographic plate plate (green- sensitive photopolymer material) with the angle θ. The green parallel reference beams (green-sensitive photopolymer material) with the angle θ. The green parallel reference and spherical wavefront array are incidents into the holographic plate in the opposite beams and spherical wavefront array are incidents into the holographic plate in the oppo- directions. The spherical wavefront array interferes with the parallel reference beams, site directions. The spherical wavefront array interferes with the parallel reference beams, and the interference fringes are recorded on the holographic plate. Then, the lens-array and the interference fringes are recorded on the holographic plate. Then, the lens-array HOE is fabricated. The thickness of the green-sensitive photopolymer material is 15 µm, HOE is fabricated. The thickness of the green-sensitive photopolymer material is 15 μm, the resolution is line/mm, the sensitive wavelength is 532 nm, the photosensitivity of the resolution is line/mm, the sensitive wavelength is 532 nm, the photosensitivity of pho- photopolymers is 10 mJ/cm2, and the averaged refractive index is 1.47. The micro-lens topolymers is 10 mJ/cm2, and the averaged refractive index is 1.47.
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