Student Handbook
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Student Handbook Data File Architecture ......................................................................644 Earth Science ....................................................................646 Economics ........................................................................648 Health & Fitness ..............................................................650 Sports ................................................................................652 Prerequisite Skills ..............................................................654 Extra Practice ......................................................................662 Preparing for Standardized Tests ....................................709 Technology Reference Guide ............................................725 English-Spanish Glossary ..................................................729 Selected Answers................................................................752 Photo Credits........................................................................782 Index ......................................................................................783 643 Data File Architecture Types of Structural Supports (Trusses) Used in Architecture Bridges of the World King-Post Queen-Post apex Bridge Height (feet) Data File Firth of Forth Bridge, Scotland 148 Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, New York 213 Sydney Harbor Bridge, Australia 171 Scissors Tunkhannock Viaduct, Pennsylvania 240 Garabit Viaduct, France 480 Brooklyn Bridge, New York 135 Fink Fan-Fink Sydney Harbor Bridge Notable Tall Buildings of the World Year Height Height Building City Completed Stories (meters) (feet) Petronas Tower I Kuala Lumpur 1998 88 452 1483 Petronas Tower II Kuala Lumpur 1998 88 452 1483 Sears Tower Chicago 1974 110 443 1454 Empire State Building New York 1931 102 381 1250 Central Plaza Hong Kong 1992 78 374 1227 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong 1988 72 368 1209 Petronas Towers I and II Amoco Building Chicago 1973 80 346 1136 John Hancock Center Chicago 1968 100 344 1127 644 Data File Noted Rectangular Structures Length Width Structure Country (meters) (meters) Parthenon Greece 69.5 30.9 Palace of the Governors Mexico 96 11 Great Pyramid of Cheops Egypt 230.6 230.6 Step Pyramid of Zosar Egypt 125 109 Temple of Hathor Egypt 290 280 Cleopatra's Needle (base) England* 2.4 2.3 Ziggurat of Ur (base) Middle East 62 43 Data File Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Monastery China 20 14 Izumo Shrine Japan 10.9 10.9 Kibitsu Shrine (main) Japan 14.5 17.9 Kongorinjo Hondo Japan 21 20.7 Parthenon Bakong Temple, Roluos Cambodia 70 70 Ta Keo Temple Cambodia 103 122 Wat Kukut Temple, Lampun Thailand 23 23 Tsukiji Hotel Japan 67 27 *Gift to England from Egypt Housing Units-Summary of Characteristics and Equipment, by Tenure and Region: One Recent Year (In thousands of units, except as indicated. Based on the American Housing Survey) Year-Round Units Occupied Total Item Housing Sea- Units sonal Total Owner Renter Northeast Midwest South West Vacant Total units 99,931 3,182 88,425 56,145 32,280 18,729 22,142 30,064 17,490 8,324 Percent distribution 100.0 3.2 88.5 56.2 32.3 21.2 25.0 34.0 19.8 8.3 Units in structure: Single family detached 60,607 1,834 55,076 46,703 8,373 9,368 14,958 19,984 10,766 3,697 Single family attached 4,514 64 4,102 2,211 1,890 1,431 814 1,212 645 349 2–4 units 11,655 134 10,217 1,996 8,221 3,324 2,515 2,426 1,952 1,304 5–9 units 5,134 73 4,372 344 4,029 903 967 1,408 1,094 689 10–19 units 4,558 99 3,760 261 3,500 818 766 1,360 817 699 20–49 units 3,530 146 2,913 287 2,627 904 603 651 756 470 50 or more units 3,839 135 3,230 438 2,792 1,540 661 583 446 474 Mobile home or trailer 6,094 698 4,754 3,906 848 440 860 2,440 1,014 642 Architecture 645 Earth Science Average Daily Temperatures (ºF) January February San Diego, CA March Milwaukee, WI April Data File May June July August Some Principal Rivers of the World September Length October River (miles) Amazon 4000 November Arkansas 1459 Columbia 1243 San Diego, CA Danube 1776 December Ganges 1560 Indus 1800 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° Mackenzie 2635 Mississippi 2340 Missouri 2540 Size and Depth of the Oceans Nile 4160 Ohio 1310 Greatest Ocean Square Miles Orinoco 1600 Depth (feet) Paraguay 1584 Pacific 63,800,000 36,161 Red 1290 Atlantic 31,800,000 30,249 Rhine 820 Indian 28,900,000 24,441 Rio Grande 1900 Arctic 5,400,000 17,881 St. Lawrence 800 Snake 1038 Thames 236 Tiber 252 Volga 2194 Zambezi 1700 646 Data File Measuring Earthquakes The energy of an earthquake is generally reported using the Richter scale, a system Data File developed by American geologist Charles Richter in 1935, based on measuring the heights of wave measurements on a seismograph. On the Richter scale, each single-integer increase represents 10 times more ground movement and 30 times more energy released. The change in magnitude between numbers on the scale can be represented by 10x and 30x, where x represents the change in the Richter scale measure. Therefore, a 3.0 earthquake has 100 times more ground Richter Scale movement and 900 times more energy released than a 1.0 earthquake. Richter scale 2.5 Generally not felt, but recorded on seismometers. 3.5 Felt by many people. 4.5 Some local damage may occur. 6.0 A destructive earthquake that causes significant damage. 7.0 A major earthquake; about ten occur each year. 8.0 and above Great earthquakes; these occur once every five to ten years. Mount McKinley, Alaska Highest and Lowest Continental Altitudes Elevation Feet Below Highest Point Continent (feet) Lowest Point Sea Level Asia Mount Everest, Nepal-Tibet 29,028 Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan 1,312 South America Mount Aconcagua, Argentina 22,834 Valdes Peninsula, Argentina 131 North America Mount McKinley, Alaska 20,320 Death Valley, California 282 Africa Kilmanjaro, Tanzania 19,340 Lake Assai, Djibouti 512 Europe Mount El'brus, Russia 18,510 Caspian Sea, Russia 92 Antarctica Vinson Massif 16,864 Unknown – Australia Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales 7,310 Lake Eyre, South Australia 52 Earth Science 647 Economics Money Around the World Basic Monetary Chief Fractional Exchange Rate Country Unit Unit 1 US dollar ϭ Data File Australia dollar cent 1.44055 Canada dollar cent 1.34255 France euro cent 0.821272 India rupee paise 45.9797 Japan yen 100 sen 108.9 (not used) Mexico peso centavo 11.5511 Sudan dinar piaster 259.502 In the United States the basic monetary unit is the dollar and the chief fractional unit is the penny. One dollar - 100 pennies. Unless noted otherwise, the basic monetary unit equals 100 chief fractional units for the countries listed above. United States Foreign Trade (millions of dollars) U.S. exports U.S. imports Country 1996 2004 1996 2004 Canada 134,210 160,923 155,893 209,088 France 14,455 19,016 18,646 28,240 Japan 67,607 51,449 115,187 121,429 Mexico 56,791 97,470 74,297 134,616 Venezuela 4,749 4,430 13,173 15,094 648 Data File State General Sales and Use Taxes, 2004 Percent Percent Percent State Rate State Rate State Rate Alabama 4 Kentucky 6 Ohio 6 Arizona 5.6 Louisiana 4 Oklahoma 4.5 Arkansas 5.125 Maine 5 Pennsylvania 6 California 7.25 Maryland 5 Rhode Island 7 Colorado 2.9 Massachusetts 5 South Carolina 5 Connecticut 6 Michigan 6 South Dakota 4 Data File D.C. 5.75 Minnesota 6.5 Tennessee 7 Florida 6 Mississippi 7 Texas 6.25 Georgia 4 Missouri 4.225 Utah 4.75 Hawaii 4 Nebraska 5.5 Vermont 6 Idaho 6 Nevada 6.5 Virginia 4.5 Illinois 6.25 New Jersey 6 Washington 6.5 Indiana 6 New Mexico 5 West Virginia 6 Iowa 5 New York 4.25 Wisconsin 5 Kansas 5.3 North Carolina 4.5 Wyoming 4 North Dakota 5 NOTE: Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire, and Oregon have no statewide sales and use taxes. The Shrinking Value of the Dollar 5 lb 1 lb 1 qt 10 lb Year flour round steak milk potatoes 1890 $0.15 $0.12 $0.07 $0.16 1910 0.18 0.17 0.08 0.17 1930 0.23 0.43 0.14 0.36 1950 0.49 0.94 0.21 0.46 1970 0.59 1.30 0.33 0.90 1975 0.98 1.89 0.45 0.99 1995 1.20 3.20 0.74 3.80 1999 1.70 2.93 0.83 2.82 2003 1.56 3.84 0.69 4.59 Economics 649 Health & Fitness Calorie Count of Selected Dairy Products, Breads, Pastas, Snacks, Fruits, and Juices Approximate Food Energy Food Amount (kcal) Apple, raw 1 80 Apple juice 1 cup 120 Banana 1 100 Bread, white 1 slice 70 Butter or margarine 1 tbsp 100 Data File Cheese, American 1 oz 105 Cheese, cottage 1 cup 235 Corn flakes 1 cup 95 Crackers, saltine 4 50 Lemonade 1 cup 105 Macaroni with cheese 1 cup 430 Milk, skim 1 cup 85 Milk, whole 1 cup 150 Oatmeal 1 cup 130 Orange 1 65 Orange juice 1 cup 120 Pizza, cheese 1 medium slice 145 Raisins 1/2 oz package 40 Sherbert 1 cup 270 Spaghetti with meatballs 1 cup 330 Height and Weight Tables Men Women Height Small Medium Large Height Small Medium Large ft in. Frame Frame Frame ft in. Frame Frame Frame 5 2 128-134 131-141 138-150 4 10 102-111 109-121 118-131 5 3 130-136 133-143 140-153 4 11 103-113 111-123 120-134 5 4 132-138 135-145 142-156 5 0 104-115 113-126 122-137 5 5 134-140 137-148 144-160 5 1 106-118 115-129 125-140 5 6 136-142 139-151 146-164 5 2 108-121 118-132 128-143 5 7 138-145 142-154 149-168 5 3 111-124 121-135 131-147 5 8 140-148 145-157 152-172 5 4 114-127 124-138 134-152 5 9 142-151 148-160 155-176 5 5 117-130 127-141 137-155 5 10 144-154 151-163 158-180 5 6 120-133 130-144 140-159 5 11 146-157 154-166 161-184 5 7 123-136 133-147 143-163 6 0 149-160 157-170 164-188 5 8 126-139 136-150 146-167 6 1 152-164 160-174 168-192 5 9 129-142 139-153 149-170 6 2 155-168 164-178 172-197 5 10 132-145 142-156 152-173 6 3 158-172 167-182 176-202 5 11 135-148 145-159 155-176 6 4 162-176 171-187 181-207 6 0 138-151 148-162 158-179 650 Data File Patterns of Sleep Adult 10 years Data File 4 years 1 year Birth 6 P.M.