DOCSLIB.ORG

Germany in EU: a Story of Mutual Success

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Germany in EU: a Story of Mutual Success Germany in EU: A Story of Mutual Success 2. Germany in the European Economic Community (1960-1970) The second Federal Chancellor of Germany Ludwig Erhard (1897-1977) Ludwig Erhard was born in 1897. Economist by education (Doctor of science). Career stages: • Until 1945 - work in research institutions, did not cooperate with the Nazis; • In 1945 - Minister of Economics of Bavaria, began to actively insist on the implementation of reforms to liberalize the German economy; • Since 1949 - Minister of Economics in the government of Konrad Adenauer, father of the Ludwig Erhard “economic miracle” of Germany, from 1957 vice- chancellor; • 1963-1966 - Second Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Erhard, like no one else, symbolized the economic growth in Germany, achieved great success in the post of Minister of Economics. Many - above all Adenauer himself - doubted that Erhard was suitable for the post of chancellor, and considered his choice to be a kind of compromise with the main task of achieving victory in the elections to the Bundestag in 1965. European Integration with Erhard The first half of the 1960s: tensions within NATO and the EEC. Source - General de Gaulle, Britain refused to join the EEC (due to pro-American policies). In 1959 de Gaulle delivered a famous speech about "Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals“. In the alliance of European countries he saw an alternative to NATO that led to a conflict with the United States. The German government in this conflict was on the side of the United States that did not mean a revision of the 1963 Elysian Treaty by France. The European initiatives of the Erhard government (deepening cooperation in the field of foreign policy, defense and culture), stumbled over the “empty chair policy”, boycotting the Charles de Gaulle meetings of the EEC and France’s decision- making. Germany tried to overcome this policy. Subsequently, German policy itself, for egoistic reasons, never provoked crises of the European integration, but was always aimed at overcoming them. The Third Federal Chancellor of Germany Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1904-1988) Kurt Georg Kiesinger was born in 1904. Career stages: • Since 1933 - a member of the NSDAP; • 1940 - entered Ribbentrop in the Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs, rose to head of the Radio Policy Department; • 1945 - spent in an internment camp for 18 months, recognized as the so-called “mode companion”, passive, or nominal Nazi; Kurt Georg Kiesinger • 1948 - joined the CDU, the next 10 years was a deputy of the Bundestag; • 1966-1969 - the third Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. 1966-1969 - the period of the first "big coalition" in the Federal Republic of Germany. The big coalition is the name of a coalition government formed by the two largest parties. In Germany, this is the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), conservatives and liberals, antagonist parties, the eternal main rivals in the elections. Foreign policy of the "big coalition" The main feature - inconsistency - is due to the discrepancy in the foreign policy approaches of the CDU and the SPD. The SPD advocated, for example, a more active Eastern policy, the CDU could not completely deviate from the course of Adenauer. European policy, 1967: • The first chairmanship of Germany in the EEC; • The Federal Union of German Industry publishes a Memorandum on the future of the EEC: it advocates the abolition of restrictions on competition in the movement of goods. First attempts on planning the European integration; • The Federal Republic of Germany supports applications for joining the EEC of Great Britain and Ireland, which France opposed in the 1960s. The apotheosis of student unrest of the 1960s. Protest Movement: • against the Vietnam War; • against the structure of higher education; • against the primacy of the economy and technocracy over society; • against the authorities of the older generation; • against the arms race of the cold war; • against diminishing the role and rights of women; • against obsolete norms and values. West Berlin. Demonstration May 1, 1968 Demonstration in Bonn on May 11, 1968 Willy Brandt (1913-1992) Willy Brandt was born in 1913 in the city of Lubeck. His real name is Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm. At the age of 17 he joined the Social Democratic Party, early began his journalistic activities in the local socialist newspaper. 1933-1945 - the period of emigration, flight from the Nazi regime. Publicist, journalist of Norwegian and Swedish publications. 1945 - return to Germany as a correspondent Willy Brandt for Scandinavian newspapers. The collection "Criminals and other Germans" (1946) Since 1949 - deputy from the SPD, assistant burgomaster Ernst Reuter 1956-1966 - Mayor of West Berlin Since 1964 - Chairman of the SPD 1966-1969 - Foreign Secretary 1961, 1964, 1969 - Candidate for the position of SPD Chancellor in elections Kennedy, Brandt and Adenauer in Berlin 1963 The Fourth Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt 1969-1974 - Federal Chancellor. The election results of 1969: 46.1%, or 250 seats in the parliament - at the CDU / CSU; 42.7%, or 237 places - at the SPD; 5.8%, or 31st place - at the FDP. Coalition of the SPD-FDP. Domestic policy is not so successful (since 1973, the slowdown in production growth, inflation and unemployment due to the energy crisis), early response due to the spy scandal Willy Brandt (one of the assistants, Guillaume, turned out to be a Stasi spy). The main merits are in the field of foreign policy and spiritual overcoming of the Nazi past. Brandt was keenly aware of the historical collective responsibility of the Germans for the crimes of Nazism, the first of the chancellors to visit Israel. The main thing in the realization of Brandt is that without affecting the fundamentals, that is, Western integration, he restored friendly and constructive relations with Eastern Europe, the region that suffered most from Hitler’s aggression. European policy of Willy Brandt Brandt managed to establish a constructive relationship with the French president Georges Pampidou. In the course of a number of summit meetings it was possible to agree on issues of agrarian policy and England’s entry into the EEC. 1969 - a plan for the development of the European economic community was adopted at the conference in the Hague. New objectives and benchmarks: a common currency, European foreign policy, further expansion with a general goal of creating a comprehensive political and economic union. In 1970 a phased plan for the creation of a monetary and economic union was presented. Western integration received a new impetus, a qualitatively new stage of deep integration was launched, ending with the signing of the Maastricht agreements and the creation of the European Union (EU) in 1992. Brandt was an active supporter and participant in the process. Brandt insisted on substantive negotiations on the accession of new members to the EEC: in 1973, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland joined the organization (the first expansion of the EEC after its creation). Eastern policy of Willy Brandt Willy Brandt entered German history with his “new Eastern policy”. The basics of the course: theories of convergence (gradual rapprochement) and peaceful coexistence, “changes through rapprochement and tactics of small steps”. Before that the FRG had tense relations with the USSR, did not recognize the GDR and the post-war borders. In November 1969 Germany joined the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Brandt concluded from 1970 to 1973 a number of so-called “Eastern treaties” that were based on the recognition of borders, rejection of the use of military force, development of humanitarian relations. Knee bending Brandt in Brandt recognized the GDR, began to Warsaw - recognition guilt cooperate with the East German regime. All symbol for the Second this contributed to the future reunification of World War Germany, the restoration of relations between the west and east of the European continent. Eastern policy of Willy Brandt In November 1969 Germany joined the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. 1970 - Moscow Treaty 1971 - negotiations in Oreanda (Crimea). Egon Bar: “The destruction of prejudice and enemy images on both sides was tangible” 1973 - Brezhnev's visit to Germany Brandt and Brezhnev Treaties with Poland (1970) and in Oreanda, Crimea 1971 Czechoslovakia (1973), recognition of the GDR, quadrilateral agreement on West Berlin (1971) Discussion with the USSR regarding Germany's membership in the EEC USSR Minister of Foreign Trade Patolichev (1971): “Our negative viewpoint towards this economic grouping does not change. We believe that the strengthening and development of relations on a bilateral basis is more in the interests of the peoples. If the "common market" already had the full economy. It is not known to the authorities how such large contracts could be concluded, for example, contracts for the supply of gas Nikolai Patolichev and pipes or a contract with FIAT”. German Foreign Minister Scheel (1970): “I informed Gromyko about the development of the EEC telling him that integration is proceeding at an accelerated pace and that there is a tendency towards the creation of a Western European union. This trend today can no longer be seen or disputed. Therefore, we consider cooperation between the EEC and the Warsaw Pact countries necessary. I also told Gromyko that the EEC is not some kind of dinosaur that intends to destroy Walter Scheel and devour everything. This animal is grown in a zoo and has good manners. ” Willy Brandt (1913-1992) In 1971 with the words “in recognition of concrete initiatives that resulted in easing tensions between East and West” Brandt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 1974 - the resignation. Since 1976 – was at the head of the Socialist International - the union of the socialist parties of the whole world.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 30Years 1953-1983
    30Years 1953-1983 Group of the European People's Party (Christian -Demoeratie Group) 30Years 1953-1983 Group of the European People's Party (Christian -Demoeratie Group) Foreword . 3 Constitution declaration of the Christian-Democratic Group (1953 and 1958) . 4 The beginnings ............ ·~:.................................................. 9 From the Common Assembly to the European Parliament ........................... 12 The Community takes shape; consolidation within, recognition without . 15 A new impetus: consolidation, expansion, political cooperation ........................................................... 19 On the road to European Union .................................................. 23 On the threshold of direct elections and of a second enlargement .................................................... 26 The elected Parliament - Symbol of the sovereignty of the European people .......... 31 List of members of the Christian-Democratic Group ................................ 49 2 Foreword On 23 June 1953 the Christian-Democratic Political Group officially came into being within the then Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community. The Christian Democrats in the original six Community countries thus expressed their conscious and firm resolve to rise above a blinkered vision of egoistically determined national interests and forge a common, supranational consciousness in the service of all our peoples. From that moment our Group, whose tMrtieth anniversary we are now celebrating together with thirty years of political
    [Show full text]
  • Smes in the Idea of Ludwig Erhard's Social Market Economy
    SMEs in the idea of Ludwig Erhard’s Social Market Economy Matthias Schäfer Head of Team Economic Policy Konrad-Adenauer-Foundation, Berlin 4 The „Entrepreneur“ in the eyes Ludwig Erhard Matthias Schäfer Head of Team Economic Policy [email protected] Schmöckwitz, 22 August 2018 www.kas.de Content › Ludwig Erhard and the model of Social Market Economy › The role of entrepreneurship in a Social Market Economy: The „honourable“ entrepreneur › The current situation of entrepreneurship in Germany The „Entrepreneur“ Ludwig Erhard › 4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977 › 1949-1963 Minister of Economic affairs › Chief architect of the „Social market economy“ and the „economic miracle“ › 1963-1966 Chancellor of West Germany The „Entrepreneur“ 7 © Bundesarchiv The social market economy › Is based on „free entrepreneurship“ › Has an economic and socio-political function › Regulatory Policy instead of Planned Economy The „Entrepreneur“ 8 © Bundesarchiv Economic Models after WW II Laissez-faire liberalism Socialistic Centralised Economies e.g.: UdSSR e.g.: : USA 1. Socialism will always fail!! 2. Capitalism (understood as laissez-faire liberalism) is curable!! The social market economy How to cure capitalism? Keynesian thinking: • Public intervention during an ecomimic crises via fiscal policy or monetary policy • Public withdrawing in times of ecomic upsing Ordoliberal thinking of founding fathers of Social Market Economy (Walter Eucken, Freiburg School of Economics): • Public framework for the markets (automatic stabilisation in opposition to market
    [Show full text]
  • Central Europe
    Central Europe Federal Republic of Germany Domestic Affairs s JULY 1, 1979 Karl Carstens of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) took office as the new president of the Federal Republic. He had been elected by the federal parliament to succeed Walter Scheel. Also in July CDU and the Christian Social Union (CSU), the opposition parties in the federal lower house, chose Franz Josef Strauss as their candidate for chancellor in the 1980 elections. In the state parliament elections in Berlin and Rhineland-Palatinate on March 18, the governing parties retained their majorities; the results in Berlin were CDU, 44 per cent; Social Democratic party (SDP), 43 per cent; and the Free Democratic party (FDP), 8 per cent; the results in Rhineland-Palatinate were CDU, 50 per cent; SPD, 42 per cent; FDP, 6 per cent; and the National Democratic party (NPD), .7 per cent. In the parliamentary election in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, on April 29, CDU maintained its absolute majority against SPD and FDP; the results were CDU, 48 per cent; SPD, 42 per cent; FDP, 6 per cent; and NPD, .2 per cent. In the election for the city-state parliament in Bremen, on October 7, SPD retained its absolute majority, while CDU and FDP lost a number of seats. The election for the first European parliament, in June, produced the following outcome in the Federal Republic: SPD, 40 per cent; CDU, 39 per cent; CSU, 10 per cent; FDP, 6 per cent; and the German Communist party (DK.P), .4 per cent. The voter turnout was 66 per cent.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment with Extensive Bibliography
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1971 Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment With Extensive Bibliography. George Alexander Everett rJ Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Everett, George Alexander Jr, "Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment With Extensive Bibliography." (1971). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1980. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1980 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 71-29,361 EVERETT, Jr., George Alexander, 1942- PRECEPTIVE INTENT IN THE WORKS OF GUNTER GRASS: AN INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT WITH EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1971 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PRECEPTIVE INTENT IN THE WORKS OF GUNTER GRASS; AN INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT WITH EXTENSIVE BIBIIOGRAPHY A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Foreign Languages by George Alexander Everett, Jr. B.A., University of Mississippi, 1964 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1966 May, 1971 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of the GHI Washington Supplement 1 (2004)
    Bulletin of the GHI Washington Supplement 1 (2004) Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. “WASHINGTON AS A PLACE FOR THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN”: THE U.S. GOVERNMENT AND THE CDU/CSU OPPOSITION, 1969–1972 Bernd Schaefer I. In October 1969, Bonn’s Christian Democrat-led “grand coalition” was replaced by an alliance of Social Democrats (SPD) and Free Democrats (FDP) led by Chancellor Willy Brandt that held a sixteen-seat majority in the West German parliament. Not only were the leaders of the CDU caught by surprise, but so, too, were many in the U.S. government. Presi- dent Richard Nixon had to take back the premature message of congratu- lations extended to Chancellor Kiesinger early on election night. “The worst tragedy,” Henry Kissinger concluded on June 16, 1971, in a con- versation with Nixon, “is that election in ’69. If this National Party, that extreme right wing party, had got three-tenths of one percent more, the Christian Democrats would be in office now.”1 American administrations and their embassy in Bonn had cultivated a close relationship with the leaders of the governing CDU/CSU for many years.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Europe
    Central Europe West Germany FOREIGN POLICY wTHEN CHANCELLOR Ludwig Erhard's coalition government sud- denly collapsed in October 1966, none of the Federal Republic's major for- eign policy goals, such as the reunification of Germany and the improvement of relations with its Eastern neighbors, with France, NATO, the Arab coun- tries, and with the new African nations had as yet been achieved. Relations with the United States What actually brought the political and economic crisis into the open and hastened Erhard's downfall was that he returned empty-handed from his Sep- tember visit to President Lyndon B. Johnson. Erhard appealed to Johnson for an extension of the date when payment of $3 billion was due for military equipment which West Germany had bought from the United States to bal- ance dollar expenses for keeping American troops in West Germany. (By the end of 1966, Germany paid DM2.9 billion of the total DM5.4 billion, provided in the agreements between the United States government and the Germans late in 1965. The remaining DM2.5 billion were to be paid in 1967.) During these talks Erhard also expressed his government's wish that American troops in West Germany remain at their present strength. Al- though Erhard's reception in Washington and Texas was friendly, he gained no major concessions. Late in October the United States and the United Kingdom began talks with the Federal Republic on major economic and military problems. Relations with France When Erhard visited France in February, President Charles de Gaulle gave reassurances that France would not recognize the East German regime, that he would advocate the cause of Germany in Moscow, and that he would 349 350 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1967 approve intensified political and cultural cooperation between the six Com- mon Market powers—France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
    [Show full text]
  • German Jews in the United States: a Guide to Archival Collections
    GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE,WASHINGTON,DC REFERENCE GUIDE 24 GERMAN JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES: AGUIDE TO ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS Contents INTRODUCTION &ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 ABOUT THE EDITOR 6 ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS (arranged alphabetically by state and then city) ALABAMA Montgomery 1. Alabama Department of Archives and History ................................ 7 ARIZONA Phoenix 2. Arizona Jewish Historical Society ........................................................ 8 ARKANSAS Little Rock 3. Arkansas History Commission and State Archives .......................... 9 CALIFORNIA Berkeley 4. University of California, Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Archives .................................................................................................. 10 5. Judah L. Mages Museum: Western Jewish History Center ........... 14 Beverly Hills 6. Acad. of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: Margaret Herrick Library, Special Coll. ............................................................................ 16 Davis 7. University of California at Davis: Shields Library, Special Collections and Archives ..................................................................... 16 Long Beach 8. California State Library, Long Beach: Special Collections ............. 17 Los Angeles 9. John F. Kennedy Memorial Library: Special Collections ...............18 10. UCLA Film and Television Archive .................................................. 18 11. USC: Doheny Memorial Library, Lion Feuchtwanger Archive ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Zero Hour 1945
    REVISITING ZERO-HOUR 1945 THE EMERGENCE OF POSTWAR GERMAN CULTURE edited by STEPHEN BROCKMANN FRANK TROMMLER VOLUME 1 American Institute for Contemporary German Studies The Johns Hopkins University REVISITING ZERO-HOUR 1945 THE EMERGENCE OF POSTWAR GERMAN CULTURE edited by STEPHEN BROCKMANN FRANK TROMMLER HUMANITIES PROGRAM REPORT VOLUME 1 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. ©1996 by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies ISBN 0-941441-15-1 This Humanities Program Volume is made possible by the Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program. Additional copies are available for $5.00 to cover postage and handling from the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Suite 420, 1400 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-2217. Telephone 202/332-9312, Fax 202/265- 9531, E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.aicgs.org ii F O R E W O R D Since its inception, AICGS has incorporated the study of German literature and culture as a part of its mandate to help provide a comprehensive understanding of contemporary Germany. The nature of Germany’s past and present requires nothing less than an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of German society and culture. Within its research and public affairs programs, the analysis of Germany’s intellectual and cultural traditions and debates has always been central to the Institute’s work. At the time the Berlin Wall was about to fall, the Institute was awarded a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to help create an endowment for its humanities programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Expellee Monuments and the Contestation of German Postwar Memory
    To Our Dead: Local Expellee Monuments and the Contestation of German Postwar Memory by Jeffrey P. Luppes A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Germanic Languages and Literatures) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Andrei S. Markovits, Chair Professor Geoff Eley Associate Professor Julia C. Hell Associate Professor Johannes von Moltke © Jeffrey P. Luppes 2010 To My Parents ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a dissertation is a long, arduous, and often lonely exercise. Fortunately, I have had unbelievable support from many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor and dissertation committee chair, Andrei S. Markovits. Andy has played the largest role in my development as a scholar. In fact, his seminal works on German politics, German history, collective memory, anti-Americanism, and sports influenced me intellectually even before I arrived in Ann Arbor. The opportunity to learn from and work with him was the main reason I wanted to attend the University of Michigan. The decision to come here has paid off immeasurably. Andy has always pushed me to do my best and has been a huge inspiration—both professionally and personally—from the start. His motivational skills and dedication to his students are unmatched. Twice, he gave me the opportunity to assist in the teaching of his very popular undergraduate course on sports and society. He was also always quick to provide recommendation letters and signatures for my many fellowship applications. Most importantly, Andy helped me rethink, re-work, and revise this dissertation at a crucial point.
    [Show full text]
  • VI Analyse Der Wiederaufnahme Der Beziehungen
    VI Analyse der Wiederaufnahme der Beziehungen VI.1 Entscheidungsträger VI.1.1 Bundeskanzler Kiesinger 1966 wurde mit Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU) als Bundeskanzler und Willy Brandt (SPD) als Außenminister die Große Koalition gebildet. Während ihrer Regierung kam es zu ersten Annäherungen zwischen der Bundesrepublik und Ägypten. Die Sympathien der westdeutschen Regierung für Israel im Juni-Krieg 1967 führte zur Verschlechterung der Beziehungen zwischen der Bundesrepublik und Ägypten. Entscheidungen, die zur Wiederaufnahme der Beziehungen führten, wurden während der Großen Koalition nicht getroffen. Kurt Georg Kiesinger gelang es 1966, sich gegen seine Mitbewerber Schröder, Barzel und Gerstenmaier in der Fraktion als Kanzlerkandidat durchzusetzen654. Konflikte um die damalige Kandidatur für die Erhard Nachfolge hatten das Verhältnis zwischen ihnen belastet, und Rainer Barzel beschuldigte Kiesinger nach seiner Nominierung, daß er sich in das von ihm „gemachte Bett“ gelegt habe. Während der Kanzlerschaft Kiesingers arbeiteten die beiden jedoch eng zusammen655. Kiesinger war Außenpolitiker aus Leidenschaft. 1957 hatte er auf den Posten des Außenministers gehofft, Adenauer hatte sich jedoch für Heinrich v. Brentano entschieden656. Zu Beginn seiner Amtszeit wurde er wegen seiner Nazi- Vergangenheit, zunächst hauptsächlich im Ausland, kritisiert. Kiesinger war nominelles Mitglied der NSDAP und von 1940-1945 in der Rundfunkabteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes tätig gewesen657. Er soll sich aber gegen anti-jüdische Propaganda gestellt und sich für Juden und Gegner des Nazi-Regimes eingesetzt haben658. Seit Beginn seiner Amtszeit tauchten immer wieder Behauptungen auf, die ihn als “Erz-Nazi“ beschuldigten, sich jedoch nach eingehender Untersuchung als wenig plausibel herausstellten659. Erste Schritte in der Ostpolitik lassen sich auf die Regierungszeit Kiesingers zurückverfolgen. Seine Regierungserklärung beinhaltete einen Appell an Aus- 654 Vgl.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    Notes 1 Introduction 1. What belongs together will now grow together (JK). 2. The well-known statement from Brandt is often wrongly attributed to the speech he gave one day after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the West Berlin City Hall, Rathaus Schöneberg. This error is understandable since it was added later to the publicized version of the speech with the consent of Brandt himself (Rother, 2001, p. 43). By that time it was already a well known phrase since it featured prominently on a SPD poster with a picture of Brandt in front of the partying masses at the Berlin Wall. The original statement was made by Brandt during a radio interview on 10 November for SFP-Mittagecho where he stated: ‘Jetzt sind wir in einer Situation, in der wieder zusammenwächst, was zusammengehört’ (‘Now we are in a situation in which again will grow together what belongs together’). 3. The Treaty of Prague with Czechoslovakia, signed 11 December 1973, finalized the Eastern Treaties. 4. By doing this, I aim to contribute to both theory formation concerning inter- national politics and foreign policy and add to the historiography of the German question and reunification policy. Not only is it important to com- pare theoretical assumptions against empirical data, by making the theoretical assumptions that guide the historical research explicit, other scholars are enabled to better judge the quality of the research. In the words of King et al. (1994, p. 8): ‘If the method and logic of a researcher’s observations and infer- ences are left implicit, the scholarly community has no way of judging the validity of what was done.’ This does not mean that the historical research itself only serves theory formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Embassy Residence Bonn
    THE DAlL‘i DIARY OF PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER DATE ~Mo.. Day, k’r.1 U.S. EMBASSY RESIDENCE BONN, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 8:00 a.m. FRIDAY TIME ACTIVITY From i To The President had breakfast with: Cyrus R. Vance, Secretary of State Zbigniew Brzezinski, Assistant for National Security Affairs Hamilton Jordan, Assistant The President, the First Lady, and Amy Carter went to their motorcade. The Presidenti i~i p,~?,y motored from the U.S. Embassy residence to the Villa Hammerschmidt, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Chancellery grounds. The Presidential party was greeted by: Walter Schee1, President of the FRG Mrs. Walter Scheel Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the FRG Mrs. Helmut Schmidt Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Minister of Foreign Affairs, FRG Mrs. Hans-Dietrich Genscher 9:49 The President, the First Lady, and Amy Carter participated in an arrival ceremony in their honor. Members of the press The President and the First Lady were introduced to the FRG Official Party and U.S. Embassy officials. For a list of I attendees, see APPENDIX "A." 93 i The President went to the reviewing stand. He was accompanied by . I President Scheel 1 Chancellor Schmidt Franz-Jochen Schoeller, Chief of Protocol, FRG The President and President Scheel reviewed the troops. The President and the First Lady, escorted by President and Mrs. Scheel, went inside the Villa. The Presidential party participated in a photo opportunity with members of the press. The President and President Scheel went to the Cabinet Room. Tiif WHITE HOUSE THE DAlL’f DIARY OF PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER DATE No.
    [Show full text]