Germany in EU: A Story of Mutual Success 2. Germany in the European Economic Community (1960-1970) The second Federal Chancellor of Germany Ludwig Erhard (1897-1977) Ludwig Erhard was born in 1897. Economist by education (Doctor of science). Career stages: • Until 1945 - work in research institutions, did not cooperate with the Nazis; • In 1945 - Minister of Economics of Bavaria, began to actively insist on the implementation of reforms to liberalize the German economy; • Since 1949 - Minister of Economics in the government of Konrad Adenauer, father of the Ludwig Erhard “economic miracle” of Germany, from 1957 vice- chancellor; • 1963-1966 - Second Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Erhard, like no one else, symbolized the economic growth in Germany, achieved great success in the post of Minister of Economics. Many - above all Adenauer himself - doubted that Erhard was suitable for the post of chancellor, and considered his choice to be a kind of compromise with the main task of achieving victory in the elections to the Bundestag in 1965. European Integration with Erhard The first half of the 1960s: tensions within NATO and the EEC. Source - General de Gaulle, Britain refused to join the EEC (due to pro-American policies). In 1959 de Gaulle delivered a famous speech about "Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals“. In the alliance of European countries he saw an alternative to NATO that led to a conflict with the United States. The German government in this conflict was on the side of the United States that did not mean a revision of the 1963 Elysian Treaty by France. The European initiatives of the Erhard government (deepening cooperation in the field of foreign policy, defense and culture), stumbled over the “empty chair policy”, boycotting the Charles de Gaulle meetings of the EEC and France’s decision- making. Germany tried to overcome this policy. Subsequently, German policy itself, for egoistic reasons, never provoked crises of the European integration, but was always aimed at overcoming them. The Third Federal Chancellor of Germany Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1904-1988) Kurt Georg Kiesinger was born in 1904. Career stages: • Since 1933 - a member of the NSDAP; • 1940 - entered Ribbentrop in the Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs, rose to head of the Radio Policy Department; • 1945 - spent in an internment camp for 18 months, recognized as the so-called “mode companion”, passive, or nominal Nazi; Kurt Georg Kiesinger • 1948 - joined the CDU, the next 10 years was a deputy of the Bundestag; • 1966-1969 - the third Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. 1966-1969 - the period of the first "big coalition" in the Federal Republic of Germany. The big coalition is the name of a coalition government formed by the two largest parties. In Germany, this is the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), conservatives and liberals, antagonist parties, the eternal main rivals in the elections. Foreign policy of the "big coalition" The main feature - inconsistency - is due to the discrepancy in the foreign policy approaches of the CDU and the SPD. The SPD advocated, for example, a more active Eastern policy, the CDU could not completely deviate from the course of Adenauer. European policy, 1967: • The first chairmanship of Germany in the EEC; • The Federal Union of German Industry publishes a Memorandum on the future of the EEC: it advocates the abolition of restrictions on competition in the movement of goods. First attempts on planning the European integration; • The Federal Republic of Germany supports applications for joining the EEC of Great Britain and Ireland, which France opposed in the 1960s. The apotheosis of student unrest of the 1960s. Protest Movement: • against the Vietnam War; • against the structure of higher education; • against the primacy of the economy and technocracy over society; • against the authorities of the older generation; • against the arms race of the cold war; • against diminishing the role and rights of women; • against obsolete norms and values. West Berlin. Demonstration May 1, 1968 Demonstration in Bonn on May 11, 1968 Willy Brandt (1913-1992) Willy Brandt was born in 1913 in the city of Lubeck. His real name is Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm. At the age of 17 he joined the Social Democratic Party, early began his journalistic activities in the local socialist newspaper. 1933-1945 - the period of emigration, flight from the Nazi regime. Publicist, journalist of Norwegian and Swedish publications. 1945 - return to Germany as a correspondent Willy Brandt for Scandinavian newspapers. The collection "Criminals and other Germans" (1946) Since 1949 - deputy from the SPD, assistant burgomaster Ernst Reuter 1956-1966 - Mayor of West Berlin Since 1964 - Chairman of the SPD 1966-1969 - Foreign Secretary 1961, 1964, 1969 - Candidate for the position of SPD Chancellor in elections Kennedy, Brandt and Adenauer in Berlin 1963 The Fourth Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt 1969-1974 - Federal Chancellor. The election results of 1969: 46.1%, or 250 seats in the parliament - at the CDU / CSU; 42.7%, or 237 places - at the SPD; 5.8%, or 31st place - at the FDP. Coalition of the SPD-FDP. Domestic policy is not so successful (since 1973, the slowdown in production growth, inflation and unemployment due to the energy crisis), early response due to the spy scandal Willy Brandt (one of the assistants, Guillaume, turned out to be a Stasi spy). The main merits are in the field of foreign policy and spiritual overcoming of the Nazi past. Brandt was keenly aware of the historical collective responsibility of the Germans for the crimes of Nazism, the first of the chancellors to visit Israel. The main thing in the realization of Brandt is that without affecting the fundamentals, that is, Western integration, he restored friendly and constructive relations with Eastern Europe, the region that suffered most from Hitler’s aggression. European policy of Willy Brandt Brandt managed to establish a constructive relationship with the French president Georges Pampidou. In the course of a number of summit meetings it was possible to agree on issues of agrarian policy and England’s entry into the EEC. 1969 - a plan for the development of the European economic community was adopted at the conference in the Hague. New objectives and benchmarks: a common currency, European foreign policy, further expansion with a general goal of creating a comprehensive political and economic union. In 1970 a phased plan for the creation of a monetary and economic union was presented. Western integration received a new impetus, a qualitatively new stage of deep integration was launched, ending with the signing of the Maastricht agreements and the creation of the European Union (EU) in 1992. Brandt was an active supporter and participant in the process. Brandt insisted on substantive negotiations on the accession of new members to the EEC: in 1973, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland joined the organization (the first expansion of the EEC after its creation). Eastern policy of Willy Brandt Willy Brandt entered German history with his “new Eastern policy”. The basics of the course: theories of convergence (gradual rapprochement) and peaceful coexistence, “changes through rapprochement and tactics of small steps”. Before that the FRG had tense relations with the USSR, did not recognize the GDR and the post-war borders. In November 1969 Germany joined the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Brandt concluded from 1970 to 1973 a number of so-called “Eastern treaties” that were based on the recognition of borders, rejection of the use of military force, development of humanitarian relations. Knee bending Brandt in Brandt recognized the GDR, began to Warsaw - recognition guilt cooperate with the East German regime. All symbol for the Second this contributed to the future reunification of World War Germany, the restoration of relations between the west and east of the European continent. Eastern policy of Willy Brandt In November 1969 Germany joined the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. 1970 - Moscow Treaty 1971 - negotiations in Oreanda (Crimea). Egon Bar: “The destruction of prejudice and enemy images on both sides was tangible” 1973 - Brezhnev's visit to Germany Brandt and Brezhnev Treaties with Poland (1970) and in Oreanda, Crimea 1971 Czechoslovakia (1973), recognition of the GDR, quadrilateral agreement on West Berlin (1971) Discussion with the USSR regarding Germany's membership in the EEC USSR Minister of Foreign Trade Patolichev (1971): “Our negative viewpoint towards this economic grouping does not change. We believe that the strengthening and development of relations on a bilateral basis is more in the interests of the peoples. If the "common market" already had the full economy. It is not known to the authorities how such large contracts could be concluded, for example, contracts for the supply of gas Nikolai Patolichev and pipes or a contract with FIAT”. German Foreign Minister Scheel (1970): “I informed Gromyko about the development of the EEC telling him that integration is proceeding at an accelerated pace and that there is a tendency towards the creation of a Western European union. This trend today can no longer be seen or disputed. Therefore, we consider cooperation between the EEC and the Warsaw Pact countries necessary. I also told Gromyko that the EEC is not some kind of dinosaur that intends to destroy Walter Scheel and devour everything. This animal is grown in a zoo and has good manners. ” Willy Brandt (1913-1992) In 1971 with the words “in recognition of concrete initiatives that resulted in easing tensions between East and West” Brandt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 1974 - the resignation. Since 1976 – was at the head of the Socialist International - the union of the socialist parties of the whole world.