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Piracy: Lessons from the Past University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2016 Piracy: Lessons From the Past Trimboli, Michael Trimboli, M. (2016). Piracy: Lessons From the Past (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27362 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/3185 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Piracy: Lessons From the Past by Michael Lee Trimboli A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GREEK AND ROMAN STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST, 2016 © Michael Lee Trimboli 2016 Abstract Piracy has remained quintessentially the same from its inception to the present day. As piracy has reached all time heights in the past decade since the defeat of the Barbary pirates, there has been much research done in the area of piracy and finding solutions to this age old problem. Modern schools of pirate studies have all but ignored ancient history as a source in this search for a solution. This work outlines the characteristics of piracy in the ancient world, the laws developed in reaction to this menace, and the successful tactics and strategies employed by ancient civilizations in combating this terror which hails from time immemorial. These characteristics, laws, and methods will then be compared to modern piracy, showing the similarities between them and the possibilities for solutions to be incorporated in our present day. Key words: Ancient Piracy, Modern Piracy, Law, History, Rome, Greece. ii Acknowledgements I would first like to show appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. John Vanderspoel. The door to Dr. Vanderspoel’s office was always open to me and his guidance and advice helped me to both focus my thesis and keep on track. Dr. Vanderspoel has been sensitive to the needs of my family and helped guide me on the best path to compete my degree while being able to be with my wife and son. Likewise, there are many at the University of Calgary who have helped me and have made my graduate experience both pleasant and rewarding. Along with their efforts, I would like to thank the administrative staff who have been an invaluable part of my experience here in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies. I would also like to thank the members of my defense committee, Dr. Gavin Cameron, Dr. Lindsay Driediger-Murphy, and Mr. James Hume, for taking the time to read my thesis and help me reach a new academic level. Their suggestions and comments have been instrumental in expanding my understanding of the realities of implementing solutions for piracy on an international level. I offer my appreciation to the Government of Alberta, their grant and scholarship support has allowed me to complete a degree for Master of Arts while raising my family. I also offer my gratitude to the University of Calgary for scholarship support and the opportunity to gain experience in teaching at the academic level. Finally, I express my profound gratitude to my family, in particular my wife, Grace, and my son, Alexander, for their constant and continued encouragement throughout my years of study and through the research and writing of this thesis. I could not have accomplished this without their support. Thank you. iii Dedication I dedicate this to my loving wife and son; sine vobis nihil sum. iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................v List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE: SOURCES AND APPROACHES .........................................................6 CHAPTER TWO: THE NATURE OF PIRACY ..............................................................17 CHAPTER THREE: PIRACY – FROM HOMER TO ALEXANDER ............................36 CHAPTER FOUR: HELLENISTIC PIRACY ..................................................................58 CHAPTER FIVE: POMPEY AND THE PIRATES .........................................................78 CHAPTER SIX: LESSONS FOR TODAY .......................................................................94 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................105 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................108 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................112 v List of Abbreviations CAH Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. (1961– ; 1st edn. 1923–39) FGrHist Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, F. Jacoby, (1923– ) IG Inscriptiones Graecae (1873– ) MRR The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, T. R. S. Broughton, (1951–2); Suppl. (1986: supersedes Suppl. 1960) SEG Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum (1923– ) SIG Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd edn., W. Dittenberger (1915–24) vi Introduction Polyphemus, cyclops and son of the Greek god Poseidon, caught Odysseus on the island of the Cyclops (Sicily) and asked him this question: ὦ ξεῖνοι, τίνες ἐστέ; πόθεν πλεῖθ᾽ ὑγρὰ κέλευθα; ἦ τι κατὰ πρῆξιν ἦ μαψιδίως ἀλάλησθε, οἷά τε ληιστῆρες, ὑπεὶρ ἅλα, τοί τ᾽ ἀλόωνται ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι κακὸν ἀλλοδαποῖσι φέροντες;1 O strangers, who are you? Whence do you sail the waterways? Are you either on business, or thoughtlessly roaming, such as pirates, over the sea, who roam risking their lives and bringing evil to other lands? In one of the oldest Greek texts we find the pervasiveness of piracy in society. It is clear that even before the time this text was written, commonly agreed to be sometime during the 8th century BCE,2 that piracy was commonplace. According to Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian from the first century BCE, when writing about the first peoples to settle the island of Sicily: οἱ δ᾽ οὖν Σικανοὶ τὸ παλαιὸν κωμηδὸν ᾤκουν, ἐπὶ τῶν ὀχυρωτάτων λόφων τὰς πόλεις κατασκευάζοντες διὰ τοὺς λῃστάς.3 The Sicani, then, in times past inhabited villages, building their settlements upon the strongest hilltops on account of the pirates. All writings from antiquity are filled with mention of pirates and piracy. These works give us insight into the affect of piracy on ancient society and the methods and laws employed in antiquated times to deal with this menace. Today, we share a very similar threat. Of all the 1 Homer, Odyssey, 1. 9. 252-255. 2 Although the works attributed to Homer, namely the Iliad and the Odyssey, are believed to have been composed in the 8th century BCE, modern scholars have used information in the Odyssey to determine the date that these events took place. According to this research, which has been cross examined with the archeological evidence from the site of the city of Troy, the fall of Troy took place in 1188 BCE. For further details, see Constantino Baikouzis and Marcelo O. Magnasco, “Is an Eclipse Described in the Odyssey?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, no. 26 (June, 2008), 8823. And St. P. Papamarinopoulos, et al. “A New Astronomical Dating of Odysseus’ Return to Ithica.” Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, vol. 12, no. 1 (2012), 117-128. 3 Diodorus, The Library of History, 5. 6. 1 studies occupied with solving modern piracy few have taken the time to seek answers from the classical Greeks and Romans, thinking that ancient piracy is too different and too far removed to be of adequate benefit. In reality, piracy has evolved very little and remains similar in many ways. I contest that the study of ancient piracy can be beneficial to the understanding and combating of piracy today. This work will analyze in greater depth the nature of piracy in the ancient world, how the fear of piracy effected the creation of laws to deal with its growing affects, giving examples of both successful and unsuccessful cases of anti-piracy campaigns, and how these historical successes can be applied to modern deliberations in the creation of programs and laws to deal with recent piracy. The outline of this thesis will be as follows. In the first chapter, I begin by defining piracy and the importance of the definition in the context of both ancient and modern piracy, arguing that the most significant aspect of piracy is not included in modern definistions of piracy. Next, I explain the purpose of the chosen parameters of the work and the reasons for the limitations in both time and place. I continue by giving an overview of ancient approaches to piracy, highlighting some of
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