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Atypical Employment • • an International Perspective Causes, Consequences and Policy

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Atypical Employment • • an International Perspective Causes, Consequences and Policy PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/156301 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-07 and may be subject to change. WOLTERS-NOORDHOFF Atypical Employment • • an International Perspective Causes, Consequences and Policy Lei Delsen Atypical Employment: an International Perspective Atypical Employment: an International Perspective Causes, consequences and policy PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Limburg te Maastricht, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof.mr. M.J. Cohen, volgens het besluit van het College van Dekanen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 6 april 1995 om 14.00 uur door Leonardus Wilhelmus Marleen Delsen Promotoren: Prof.dr. W. Albeda Prof.dr. A. Knoester (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam) Beoordelingscommissie: Prof.dr. J.A.M. Heijke (voorzitter) Prof.dr. W.J. Dercksen (Universiteit Utrecht) Prof.dr. C. de Neubourg 0 1 2 3 4 5 / 99 98 97 96 95 © 1995, WoltersgroepGroningen bv, The Netherlands. WoltersgroepGroningen is het samenwerkingsverband van de uitgeverijen Wolters-Noordhoff, Jacob Dijkstra en Martinus Nijhoff. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of op enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van art. 16b en 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht, Postbus 882 1180 AW Amstelveen. Voor het overnemen van een of enkele gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers of andere compilatiewerken dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. All rights reserued. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 90 01 20564 X For Jochem and Lorraine Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................... xi C H A PT ER 1 IN T R O D U C T IO N ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Scope of the stu d y .............................................................................................. 5 1.3 Plan of the book ................................................................................................ 11 C H A PT ER 2 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN ATYPICAL EM PLOYM ENT ............................... 17 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 17 2.2 International Developments in Part-time Employment................................. 17 2.2.1 Overall Size and Structure of Part-time Employment.................... 17 2.2.2 Growth of Part-time Employment..................................................... 20 2.2.3 Determinants of Part-time Employment................................. .. 22 2.2.4 Part-time Employment by Industry................................................... 24 2.2.5 Part-time Employment by Age and Sex ........................................... 27 2.2.6 Size of the Part-time Jo b s.................................................................... 32 2.2.7 Involuntary Part-time Employment................................................... 34 2.3 International Developments in Temporary Employment............................... 39 2.3.1 Overall Size and Structure of Temporary Employment.................. 39 2.3.2 Growth of Temporary Employment................................................... 41 2.3.3 Determinants of Temporary Employment......................................... 45 2.3.4 Temporary Employment by Industry................................................ 47 2.3.5 Temporary Employment by Age and S e x ......................................... 50 2.3.6 Involuntary Temporary Employment................................................ 53 2.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 54 C H A PT ER 3 ATYPICAL EMPLOYMENT AND EMPLOYERS POLICY ................................................... 57 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 57 3.2 The Flexible Firm .............................................................................................. 57 3.2.1 Flexible Labour .................................................................................... 57 3.2.2 External Labour Market D uality........................................................ 61 3.2.3 Theories of Internal Labour Market Segmentation: A Critique . 63 viii Contents 3.3 Employers Attitude Towards Atypical Employment...................................... 66 3.3.1 Flexibility, Efficiency and Employment Growth............................... 66 3.3.2 Marginal and Lower Level Jo b s .......................................................... 70 3.4 Rationales for Using Atypical Employment..................................................... 72 3.4.1 Rationales for Using Part-time Employment.................................... 72 3.4.2 Rationales for Using Agency Work and Fixed-term Contracts . 75 3.5 Business Economic Impact of Atypical Employment .................................... 78 3.5.1 Costs and Benefits of Part-time Employment ................................. 78 3.5.2 Costs and Benefits of Temporary Employment............................... 80 3.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 83 C H A PT ER 4 ATYPICAL EMPLOYMENT AND TRADE UNIONS POLICY .............................................. 87 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 87 4.2 Changing Trade Union Membership............................................................... 87 4.3 Trade Unions’ Attitude Towards Atypical Employment............................... 90 4.3.1 A Threat to Full-time Jo b s .................................................................. 90 4.3.2 Labour Market Segmentation............................................................. 95 4.4 Trade Unions’ Goals and Part-time and Temporary W o rk .......................... 99 4.4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 99 4.4.2 Reduction of Working Time ............................................................. 99 4.4.3 Employment and Unemployment..................................................... 102 4.4.4 Informal W ork...................................................................................... 104 4.4.5 Humanisation of W o rk .......................................................................106 4.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................108 C H A PTER 5 ATYPICAL EMPLOYMENT AND GOVERNMENTS POLICY ........................................... 111 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................111 5.2 Promotion of Part-time Work ......................................................................... 111 5.2.1 Labour L a w ...........................................................................................111 5.2.2 Social Security...................................................................................... 116 5.2.3 Financial Support................................................................................. 121 5.2.4 Organisational Support .......................................................................122 5.2.5 Job-sharing ...........................................................................................122 5.2.6 Gradual Retirement ............................................................................123 5.2.7 Part-time Parental Leave .................................................................... 126 5.2.8 Tax Policy and Social Security Contributions ................................. 127 5.3 Job Security Legislation...................................................................................... 129 5.3.1 Protecting the Insiders......................................................................... 129 5.3.2 Flexibilisation, Productivity and Employment Creation..................132 5.4 Promotion of Temporary W o rk .......................................................................134 5.4.1 Temporary Work Com panies.............................................................134 5.4.2 Fixed-term Contracts........................................................................... 138 5.4.3 Temporary Employment Schem es..................................................... 144 Contents ix 5.5 Atypical Employment and 1992 ......................................................................
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