DOCSLIB.ORG

Subcontracting Relationships in the Dutch Manufacturing Industry, Which Is Characterized by a Predominance of Smes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Subcontracting Relationships in the Dutch Manufacturing Industry, Which Is Characterized by a Predominance of Smes SUBCONTRACTING RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: THE DUTCH CASE Denise M .J. Exterkate Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Economics of the University of London London School of Economics and Political Science June 1995 UMI Number: U084732 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U084732 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract The major changes that have taken place in the Western hemisphere in the last couple of decades have not only resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of SMEs but also in an improvement of their position in the production chain. The oil crisis of 1973 and the subsequent years of recession marked a turning point for SMEs because although large enterprises were particularly hard-hit, SMEs fared much better and in fact acted as an important stabilizing influence. SMEs were given another spur as a result of the development in technology and logistics in the early 1980s. The latest development that affects SMEs is the opening up of the Internal Market (‘1992’) of the European Union which is particularly significant for the Dutch economy because of its highly open character. This thesis will focus on subcontracting relationships in the Dutch manufacturing industry, which is characterized by a predominance of SMEs. The research stresses the small and medium-sized suppliers’ position but large contractors are also a critical component of the research. The objectives of the thesis are to develop an insight into the background of subcontracting, to identify the various types of subcontracting relationships and to analyze the shifts in subcontracting relationships and their causes. Acknowledgements There are many people that have made this thesis possible and whom I would like to thank. First and foremost, there is my supervisor Dr. Ian Hamilton who encouraged me to start and finish the PhD and was an inspiration throughout. Special thanks also to Dr. Ricardo Pinto for his recommendations on the final draft of the thesis. Many thanks to the Nevat and all suppliers and contractors which took part in this research and without whose participation this research would not have been possible. I would also like to thank the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for their financial support, and the British Council and Trudy Kragtwijk in particular. Thanks are also due to my family, friends and colleagues in S504. Finally, I especially want to thank my parents who taught me that you can achieve anything that you set your mind on. Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Contents List of figures List of maps List of tables Introduction Part 1 SMEs and subcontracting Chapter 1 Dutch manufacturing: the context 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The late industrialization of the Netherlands 2 1.3 The post-war period: recovery, growth and recession 9 1.3.1 Recovery 9 1.3.2 Growth 10 1.3.3 Recession 18 1.4 Dutch manufacturing: an international comparison 23 1.5 Conclusions 28 Chapter 2 Small and medium-sized enterprises: a review 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 SMEs in the manufacturing industry 31 2.3 SMEs: a definition 34 2.4 The characteristics of SMEs 37 2.4.1 The positive characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises 4 0 2.4.2 The negative characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises 42 2.4.3 Big versus small 47 2.5 SMEs in the Dutch manufacturing industry A 8 2.5.1 Firm-size distribution 53 2.5.2 Decreasing economies of scale 57 2.6 Conclusions 60 Chapter 3 Subcontracting and co-makership 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Background od subcontracting 65 3.3 Subcontracting: a definition 67 3.3.1 From Fordism to Flexible Accumulation 72 3.3.2 Globalization, specialization and cooperation 78 3.3.3 Flexibility for contractors 81 3.4 Subcontracting: from industrial linkages to complex networks 85 3.4.1 Linkages 86 3.4.2 Complex networks 93 3.5 The tiers of production 97 3.5.1 The Principal Firm 100 3.5.2 The Main-supplier 101 3.5.3 The Supplier 106 3.5.3.1 The Specialist Supplier 107 3.5.3.2 The jobber 108 3.6 The conditions for, and the results of, subcontracting 109 3.7 Make-or-buy 110 3.7.1 Make 111 3.7.2 Buy 112 3.8 Demand pull versus technology push 113 3.9 Trends in subcontracting 114 3.10 Western versus Japanese subcontracting 115 3.11 JIT and TQC 122 3.12 Conclusions 127 Chapter 4 The European and Dutch regional policy context 129 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 The European Union and the Single European Market 132 4.2.1 Regional trading blocs 137 4.2.2 Key issues behind regional policy 141 4.2.3 Regional policy in the European Union 143 4.2.4 The impact of the Single European Market on the regions 146 4.2.5 The European Union and SMEs 148 4.2.6 EU regional policy and subcontracting 150 4.3 Regional policy in the Netherlands 152 4.3.1 The aims of regional policy 152 4.3.2 The objectives of regional policy 152 4.3.3 The evolution of Dutch regional policy 152 4.3.4 Dutch policy and SMEs 157 4.3.5 Dutch policy and subcontracting 159 4.4 Subcontracting policies in other major industrialized countries 165 4.5 Conclusions 168 Part 2 Methodology and empirical evidence Chapter 5 Methodology and areas of inquiiy 170 5.1 Introduction 170 5.2 Research questions and hypotheses 171 5.3 Areas of inquiiy 174 5.4 The research methodology 175 5.4.1 Definitions 176 5.4.1.1 Definition of SMEs 176 5.4.1.2 Definition of subcontracting 177 5.4.1.3 Selection of the business groups 177 5.4.2 The empirical research 179 5.4.2.1 The survey 179 5.4.2.2 Case studies 180 5.5 The mailing and the interview 181 5.6 Conclusions 183 Chapter 6 Background and production process 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Background 186 6.3 Production system 192 6.4 Product design 200 6.5 Quality control in the production process 208 6.6 Case studies -213 6.6.1 The main-supplier 214 6.6.2 The specialist supplier 218 6.6.3 The jobber 221 6.6.4 The contractor 223 6.7 Conclusions 226 Suppliers and contractors 231 Introduction 231 Type of supplier 231 Type of contractor 237 Case studies 248 7.4.1 The main-supplier 249 7.4.2 The specialist supplier 251 7.4.3 The jobber 253 7.4.4 The contractor 254 Conclusions 256 Subcontracting: Government and European Union policy support 260 Introduction 260 The support of the Dutch government and other organizations 261 1992: The Internal Market and the European Union 265 Conclusions 275 Summary and conclusions Summary and conclusions 278 Introduction 278 The empirical research 280 9.2.1 Background and production process 281 9.2.2 Type of suppliers and contractors 285 9.2.3 The external environment 286 Conclusions and policy suggestions 289 Appendix A Bibliography List of figures Figure 2.1 The contribution of SMEs in the manufacturing industry with respect to the number of enterprises (%), employment (%) and GDP (%), 1992 55 Figure 2.2 The contribution of SMEs in the total number of enterprises, employment and GDP in the manufacturing industry 5 6 Figure 3.1 The subcontracting pyramid 95 Figure 3.2 The tiers in the subcontracting pyramid 98 Figure 3.3 Network structures in Japan and the Netherlands 117 List of maps Map 1.1 Locational tendencies in manufacturing, 1930 List of tables Table 1.1 Employment by sectors in the Netherlands (1849-1930) {%) 2 Table 1.2 Employment structure according to firm sizes (%) 6 Table 1.3 Employment structure in the manufacturing industry according to firm size class (%) 12 Table 1.4 Economically active population of the Netherlands (%) 14 Table 1.5 Distribution of employment in six European countries by sector (%) 16 Table 1.6 Employment in industrial sectors by region, 1950-1970 (in absolute terms (x 1,000 man years) and in %) 17 Table 1.7 Distribution of employment in the manufacturing industry in worked hours (as a % of the total industry) 19 Table 1.8 Employment by sector 20 Table 1.9 Employment and labour supply by level of education (%) 21 Table 1.10 Employment by sector in the Netherlands (%) 22 Table 1.11 The world 'league table' of manufacturing trade 27 Table 2.1 Employment structure in manufacturing industry in the Netherlands according to firm size class (% employees) 32 Table 2.2 Contribution of SMEs to employment in manufacturing in the EU countries (%) 33 Table 2.3 Definition of SMEs in eight EU countries 35 Table 2.4 Share of the number of enterprises, employment and turnover by employment size class in the European Union (%) 51 Table 4.1 Budget for the Subcontracting Programme (T & U) (in Dfl.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Clever and Cool Generating Design Guidelines for Climate-Responsive Urban Green Infrastructure
    Clever and cool Generating design guidelines for climate-responsive urban green infrastructure Wiebke Klemm Clever and cool Generating design guidelines for climate responsive urban green infrastructure Wiebke Klemm Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr A. van den Brink Professor of Landscape Architecture Wageningen University & Research Co-promotors Dr S. Lenzholzer Associate professor, Landscape Architecture Group Wageningen University & Research Dr L.W.A. van Hove Assistant professor, Meteorology and Air Quality Group | Water Systems and Global Change Group Wageningen University & Research Other members Prof. Dr E. Turnhout, Wageningen University & Research Dr G.J. Hordijk, Delft University of Technology Prof. Dr M. Prominski, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany Prof. Dr P.J.V. van Wesemael, Eindhoven University of Technology This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE). Clever and cool Generating design guidelines for climate responsive urban green infrastructure Wiebke Klemm Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 19 November 2018 at 1:30 p.m. in the Aula. Wiebke Klemm Clever and cool Generating design guidelines for climate-responsive urban green infrastructure, 292 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2018) With references, with summaries in English, Dutch, German ISBN 978-94-6343-305-1 DOI https://doi.org/10.18174/453958 Voor Michiel, Lieke & Renske Propositions 1. Climate-responsive urban green infrastructure must not be ubiquitous, but clever.
    [Show full text]
  • Atypical Employment • • an International Perspective Causes, Consequences and Policy
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/156301 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-07 and may be subject to change. WOLTERS-NOORDHOFF Atypical Employment • • an International Perspective Causes, Consequences and Policy Lei Delsen Atypical Employment: an International Perspective Atypical Employment: an International Perspective Causes, consequences and policy PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Limburg te Maastricht, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof.mr. M.J. Cohen, volgens het besluit van het College van Dekanen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 6 april 1995 om 14.00 uur door Leonardus Wilhelmus Marleen Delsen Promotoren: Prof.dr. W. Albeda Prof.dr. A. Knoester (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam) Beoordelingscommissie: Prof.dr. J.A.M. Heijke (voorzitter) Prof.dr. W.J. Dercksen (Universiteit Utrecht) Prof.dr. C. de Neubourg 0 1 2 3 4 5 / 99 98 97 96 95 © 1995, WoltersgroepGroningen bv, The Netherlands. WoltersgroepGroningen is het samenwerkingsverband van de uitgeverijen Wolters-Noordhoff, Jacob Dijkstra en Martinus Nijhoff. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of op enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van art. 16b en 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht, Postbus 882 1180 AW Amstelveen.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhizoctonia Disease of Tulip: Characterization and Dynamics of the Pathogens Promotor: Dr
    Rhizoctonia disease of tulip: characterization and dynamics of the pathogens Promotor: dr. J.C. Zadoks Emeritus hoogleraar in de ecologische fytopathologie Co-promotor: dr. N.J. Fokkema Hoofd Afdeling Mycologie en Bacteriologie, DLO-Instituut voor Plantenziektenkundig Onderzoek, IPO-DLO J.H.M. Schneider Rhizoctonia disease of tulip: characterization and dynamics of the pathogens Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, dr. C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 15 juni 1998 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula Bibliographie data: Schneider, J.H.M., 1998 Rhizoctonia disease of tulips: characterization and dynamics of the pathogens. PhD Thesis Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands With references - With summary in English and Dutch - 173 pp. ISBN 90-5485-8524 Bibliographic abstract Rhizoctonia disease causes severe losses during the production cycle of tulip. The complex nature of the disease requires a precise characterization of the causal pathogens. Typical bare patches are caused by R. solaniA G 2-t. Bulb rot symptoms are, apart from AG 2-t isolates, caused by R. solaniA G 5. AG 4 isolates seem of little importance in field-grown tulips. Anastomosis behaviour showed AG 2-t to be a homogeneous group, closely related to the heterogeneous group of AG 2-1 isolates. Pectic enzyme patterns discriminated tulip infecting AG 2-t isolates from AG 2 isolates not pathogenic to tulip. Geographically separated AG 2-t and AG 2-1 isolates, both pathogenic to tulip, differ in nucleotide number and sequence of ITS rDNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Care, Cost and Questions of Control
    Care, Cost and Questions of Control Dutch Health Care Reform 1987-2006 Roland Marnix Bertens Master’s Thesis History and Philosophy of Science, Utrecht University Supervisor: Prof. dr. F.G. Huisman Examination date: 15-1-2016 1 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Research Questions ......................................................................................................................... 5 Approach ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Prologue: A Short History of the Dutch Health Care System ............................................................ 10 Taking Solidarity to the System: Dutch Health Care Policy in the 1950s and 1960s ..................... 10 ‘Planning’ the Welfare State: Attempts at Control 1974-1987 ..................................................... 13 Part I .................................................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter I: Change Assured? Putting Dutch Health Care on a New Footing ...................................... 19 The Dekker Plan: Market and More .............................................................................................. 19 From Willingness to Assurances ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    http://irhe.sciedupress.com International Research in Higher Education Vol. 6, No. 1; 2021 Qualitative Methods Research Through the Internet Applications and Services: The Contribution of Audiovisual Media Technology as Technology-Enhanced Research Constantinos Nicolaou1 1 Laboratory of Electronic Media, School of Journalism and Mass Communications, Faculty of Economic and Political Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Correspondence: Constantinos Nicolaou, Laboratory of Electronic Media, School of Journalism and Mass Communications, Faculty of Economic and Political Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 16, 2021 Accepted: April 9, 2021 Online Published: April 21, 2021 doi:10.5430/irhe.v6n1p1 URL: https://doi.org/10.5430/irhe.v6n1p1 Abstract This article discusses traditional methods and techniques of methodological qualitative research using the Internet applications and services as technology-enhanced research. The rapid developments of technology have reformed the methodology of qualitative research with new trends and perspectives of research methods, which are now carried out from and through the Internet (e.g., audiovisual methods from and through audiovisual media technology). The Internet is now a huge research challenge for researchers as an opportunity for action (such as the philosophy and the methodology of action research). Through extensive and rich literature, an attempt is made to understand the whole subject in relation to audiovisual media technology, which requires many new skills and abilities. The main purpose of this article is to become an important guide, but also a list of (new) methods for conducting a qualitative research, while its bibliography can be used as a source for further study.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Papers How the Dutch Government Stimulated The
    Working Papers Paper 47, October 2011 How the Dutch Government stimulated the unwanted immigration from Suriname Hans van Amersfoort DEMIG project paper 10 The research leading to these results is part of the DEMIG project and has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement 240940. www.migrationdeterminants.eu This paper is published by the International Migration Institute (IMI), Oxford Department of International Development (QEH), University of Oxford, 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK (www.imi.ox.ac.uk). IMI does not have an institutional view and does not aim to present one. The views expressed in this document are those of its independent authors. The IMI Working Papers Series IMI has been publishing working papers since its foundation in 2006. The series presents current research in the field of international migration. The papers in this series: analyse migration as part of broader global change contribute to new theoretical approaches advance understanding of the multi-level forces driving migration Abstract Increased population mobility has confronted the Western welfare states with various flows of immigrants varying from labour migrants to destitute refugees. A special category of migrants is formed by the immigrants from former colonies settling in their former mother countries. Welfare states have tried to keep control over immigration by implementing an increasingly refined set of laws regulating entry, residence and work of foreigners. The Netherlands have been no exception to this general trend. Moreover, immigration was a sensitive political issue in the Netherlands because the country was generally considered to be densely populated.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevention of Congenital Toxoplasmosis in the Netherlands
    PREVENTION OF CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN THE NETHERLANDS MARINA CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd in het Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene in samenwerking met vele verloskundigen, huisartsen en wouwenansen in Zuid Holland. ISBN 90-9004!79-6 @ M.A.E. Conyn-van Spaendonck 1991 Sculptuur: Bol met inwendige vorm; Barbara Hepworth 1967. Foto ter beschikking gcsteld door het Rijksmuseum Kr6ller-MU.ller tc Otter1o alwaar bet beeld in de bceldentuin te bezichtigen is. Omslagontwcrp: Emilie Claassen-van Spaendonck. Druk: Van Spaendonck Drukkerij B.V.• Tilburg. PREVENTION OF CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN THE NETHERLANDS PREVENTIE VAN CONGENITAL£ TOXOPLASMOSE IN NEDERLAND PROEFSCHRIFT Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus U niversiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof.dr. C.J. Rijnvos en volgens besluit van het College van Dekanen. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op woensdag 15 mei 1991 om 13.45 uur door MARIE ANTOINETTE ELISABETH CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK geboren te Tilburg PROMOTIE-COMMISSIE PROMOTOR: Prof.dr. J. Huisman CO-PROMOTOR: Dr. F. van Knapen OVERIGE LED EN: Prof.dr. P.T.V.M. de Jong Prof.dr. H.C.S. Wa!lenburg Prof.dr. H.J. Neijens 5 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 11 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13 1.1 Introduction 13 1.1.1 Biology of Toxoplasma gondii 14 1.1.2 Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and life cycle 18 1.2 Prevalence of toxoplasma infections in animals 20 1.2.1 Livestock 21 1.2.2 Cats 23 1.2.3 Implications for transmission 23 1.3 Toxoplasma
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plant Species Management Techniques
    APPENDIX A SPECIES SPECIFIC REMOVAL METHODS Charlottesville Parks and Recreation: Invasive Plant Inventory: Management Index Charlottesville Parks and Recreation: Invasive Plant Inventory: Management Index TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Tree of Heaven 15. Kudzu Ailanthus altissima...1 Pueraria montana...113 2. Porcelain-berry 16. Princess Tree Amepelopsis brevipedunculata...12 Paulownia tomemtosa...115 3. Mimosa 17. Multifl ora Rose Amepelopsis brevipedunculata...15 Rosa multifl ora...117 4. Garlic Mustard 18. Hydrilla Amepelopsis brevipedunculata...17 Hydrilla verticillata...125 5. Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus...35 6. Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellata...45 7. Winter Creeper Euonymus fortunei...49 8. English Ivy Hedera helix...51 9. Honeysuckle vine Lonicera japonica...53 10. Honeysuckle shrub Lonicera sp...71 11. Chinese Privet Ligustrum sp...83 12. Japanese Stilt Grass Microstegium vimineum...93 13. Bamboo Phyllostachys...101 14. Japanese Knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum...103 Charlottesville Parks and Recreation: Invasive Plant Inventory: Management Index Charlottesville Parks and Recreation: Invasive Plant Inventory: Management Index TREE OF HEAVEN ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-Heaven To the User: Element Stewardship Abstracts (ESAs) are prepared to provide The Nature Conservancy’s Stewardship staff and other land managers with current management-related information on those species and communities that are most important to protect, or most important to control. The abstracts organize and summarize data from numerous sources including literature and researchers and managers actively working with the species or community. We hope, by providing this abstract free of charge, to encourage users to contribute their information to the abstract. This sharing of information will benefi t all land managers by ensuring the availability of an abstract that contains up-to-date information on management techniques and knowledgeable contacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Urban Traffic Patterns Using Clustering
    Analysis of urban traffic patterns using clustering Wendy Weijermars Dissertation committee: prof. dr. F. Eising Universiteit Twente, chairman/secretary prof. dr. ir. E. C. van Berkum Universiteit Twente, promotor prof. dr. ir. B. van Arem Universiteit Twente prof. dr. ir. M. F. A. M. van Maarseveen Universiteit Twente prof. dr. M. C. Bell University of Leeds dr. T. Brijs Universiteit Hasselt prof. dr. E. Chung University of Tokyo/EPFL TRAIL Thesis Series T2007/3, The Netherlands TRAIL Research School This thesis is the result of a Ph.D. study carried out between 2002 and 2006 at the University of Twente, faculty of Engineering Technology, department of Civil Engineering, Centre for Transport Studies. TRAIL Research School P.O. Box 5017 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Telephone: +31 15 2786046 Telefax: + 31 15 2784333 E-mail: [email protected] The research is part of the Dutch TRANSUMO (TRansition SUstainable MObility) program. Cover picture: detail of an artwork designed by Olaf Mooij on a roundabout in Enschede. The picture is taken by Wendy Weijermars Typeset in LATEX Copyright °c 2007 by W.A.M. Weijermars, Enschede, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the author. Printed by Gildeprint BV, Enschede, The Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-365-2465-0 Analysis of urban traffic patterns using clustering PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Twente, op gezag van de rector magni¯cus, prof.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Stadiums As Centers of Large Entertainment Areas
    © SYMPHONYA Emerging Issues in Management n. 2, 2004 www.unimib.it/symphonya The Development of Stadiums as Centers of Large Entertainment Areas. The Amsterdam ArenA Case * Henk J. Markerink ** , Andrea Santini *** Abstract On August 14 th 1996, the opening ceremony of the Amsterdam ArenA took place; the first stadium intended to be a multifunctional structure, a place where to host a wide variety of events, with a highway passing underneath the pitch and with a sliding roof. The Amsterdam ArenA case represents a successful example of private-public partnership. A win-win solution has brought benefits to both parties. In today’s competitive global markets, the event itself is no longer sufficient to motivate consumers to pay expensive tickets and parking fees. To be worthwhile, spectators expect to be immersed in an experience. AFC Ajax remains the stadium’s anchor tenant, Nevertheless the Amsterdam ArenA case also demonstrates the role that a stadium can play as a catalyst for urban renewal. Keywords: Sport Management; Sport Marketing; Stadium Management; Stadium and Urban Development; Real Estate Management; Project Financing; The Amsterdam ArenA Case 1. Sports and Stadiums The usage of stadiums and arenas as place where to host events and entertain people is not new. The birth of sport venues occurred in the fifth century B.C. during the Classic Period of Ancient Greece. Designed for fast races and field events, they pre-dated the Roman Circus and Amphitheater. Although these ancient venues still have much in common with their modern counter parts, football stadiums have undergone an intense evolution during the last century, as in the Amsterdam ArenA.
    [Show full text]
  • Future Perspectives Regarding Crime and Criminal Justice
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov./3/71.07 Future perspectives regarding crime and criminal justice Report for the Fourth Conference on Crime Policy organized by the Council of Europe on 9-11 May, 1990 in Strassbourg dr. J.J.M. van Dijk Head Department of Crime Prevention Ministry of Justice, The Hague 131767 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or pOlicies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by M:j nj stuT of ,Tusti ce ----The Hamle to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the copyright owner. 1 Future perspectives regarding crime and criminal justice In this paper I will first present some data about the development, size and nature of the crime • problem in some European countries. We will look at trends in rates of registered crime and at the results of an international victimization survey. Next we will discuss some trends in the crime policies of European countries. My main thesis is that the nineties will see the continuation of situational or victim-oriented crime prevention policies, emphasizing improved security and surveillance. In addition the nineties may also see a renaissance of offender-oriented strategies, including new types of programmes to reintegrate ex-offenders into society.
    [Show full text]
  • A Model of Family Change in Cultural Context Cigdem Kagitcibasi Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
    Unit 6 Developmental Psychology and Culture Article 1 Subunit 3 Cultural Perspectives on Families 8-1-2002 A Model of Family Change in Cultural Context Cigdem Kagitcibasi Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected] Recommended Citation Kagitcibasi, C. (2002). A Model of Family Change in Cultural Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1059 This Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Article is brought to you for free and open access (provided uses are educational in nature)by IACCP and ScholarWorks@GVSU. Copyright © 2002 International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-9845627-0-1 A Model of Family Change in Cultural Context Abstract This reading is about the psychological study of the family with a cross-cultural comparative orientation. It attempts to provide answers to some basic questions regarding the family in context - whether there are systematic global changes in the family, what might be some of the important factors that characterize family and family change, and how they function. A model of family change is proposed to address these questions and to shed light on the variations in family patterns in different socio-cultural-economic contexts. These patterns also help understand the development of the self in family and society. It is proposed that the modernization hypothesis of 'converging on the Western pattern' with socio-economic development around the globe is not being supported by the research results from various countries. Instead, a synthetic family pattern of emotional/psychological interdependence is emerging across different contexts, as it best satisfies the two basic human needs for autonomy and relatedness.
    [Show full text]