Le Complexe De Cyrano 1

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Le Complexe De Cyrano 1 M. Chion Le Complexe de Cyrano 1 Michel Chion LE COMPLEXE DE CYRANO La langue parlée dans les films français Avant-propos p. 3 I. Les niveaux de langue en français p. 8 II. L’Atalante, 1934, de J. Vigo p. 16 III. La Grande illusion, 1937, de J. Renoir p. 22 IV. L’Hôtel du Nord, 1938, de M. Carné p. 29 “ V. Le Corbeau, 1943, d’H-G Clouzot p. 44 VI. Les Enfants du Paradis, 1945, de M. Carné p. 52 VII. Les Enfants terribles, 1949, de J-P Melville p. 60 VIII. Madame de, 1953, de M. Ophuls p. 68 IX. Les quatre cent coups, 1959, de F.Truffaut p. 74 X. À bout de souffle, 1960, de J-L Godard p. 79 XI. Le Cave se rebiffe, 1961, de G. Grangier p. 87 XII. La Jetée, 1962, de C. Marker p. 95 XIII. Themroc, 1973, de C. Faraldo p. 103 XIV. La Maman et la putain, 1973, de J. Eustache p. 110 XV. Vincent, François, Paul et les autres, 1974, de C. Sautet p. 121 1 M. Chion Le Complexe de Cyrano 2 XVI. Le Père Noël est une ordure, 1982, de J-M Poiré p. 131 XVII. Une chambre en ville , 1982, de J. Demy p. 139 XVIII. Pauline à la plage, 1983, d’É. Rohmer p. 146 XIX. Notre histoire, 1984, de B. Blier p. 155 XX. Les Compères, 1983, de F. Veber p. 161 XXI. La Discrète, 1990, de C. Vincent p. 165 XXII. Van Gogh, 1990, de M. Pialat p. 172 XXIII. La Haine, 1995, de M. Kassovitz p. 178 XXIV. Romance X, 1998, de C. Breillat p. 186 XXV. La Ville est tranquille, 2001, de R. Guédiguian p. 195 XXVI. Le Fabuleux destin d’Amélie Poulain, 2002 , de J-P Jeunet p. 201 XXVII. L’Esquive, 2003, d’A. Kéchiche p. 209 XXVIII. Brice de Nice, 2005, de J. Huth p. 217 XXIX. Flandres, 2006, de B. Dumont p. 224 Annexe: “NO MAN’S FRANCE”, 2010 p. 231 Glossaire p. 238 Index des noms propres et des titres de films p. 240 2 M. Chion Le Complexe de Cyrano 3 AVANT-PROPOS C’est en commençant à réunir, en vue d’en tirer le présent ouvrage, une série d’articles sur la langue française parlée au cinéma que s’est imposée à moi la figure de Cyrano. Il s’agit ici du drame de Rostand, non du personnage historique qui l’a inspiré. J’avais lu Cyrano de Bergerac adolescent, et comme beaucoup j’avais été marqué par ce personnage tout en croyant qu’il ne dirait plus rien aux générations suivantes: trop littéraire, romantique, trop lié à une culture qui s’éloignait. Mais le succès en 1990 du beau film de Jean-Paul Rappeneau est venu rappeler la popularité du personnage (et l’on sait que la pièce est également fameuse dans le monde entier: elle intéressa notamment Orson Welles, qui en savait un bout sur la question du nez1 ) Qu’incarne Cyrano de national, selon moi? D’abord, son individualisme, et ensuite cette façon écorchée de jouer le langage sur le plan de l’affirmation de soi, du défi, cette préoccupation de la bravoure verbale - ou au contraire de la nullité verbale. Cette fascination profond de l’échec aussi: il brille par ses mots mais il perd tout, et s’en targue. Il ne veut pas déclarer son amour à Roxane, sous le prétexte de sa laideur, mais peut-être il préfère exister à travers la personnalité de Christian, son double, lequel est aussi maladroit dans l’expression verbale qu’il est avenant physiquement. Comme si le langage servait moins à obtenir et à lutter, qu’à planter, affirmer.... Et Cyrano, c’est aussi un escrimeur qui parle: chez Rostand, on ne le voit pas écrire, il ne laisse pas de texte (contrairement au Cyrano historique), mais il est capable d’improviser de belles choses en se battant en duel. 1 Welles déclara à plusieurs reprises que dans n’importe quel rôle, il lui fallait porter un faux nez. Son faux nez est évident, éclatant, on ne voit presque que ça dans Monsieur Arkadin. Et Welles aimait jouer les perdants, ou bien il montrait les gagnants comme des perdants: tout Citizen Kane est fait là- dessus. 3 M. Chion Le Complexe de Cyrano 4 Or, le cinéma français regorge de perdants au verbe haut, ou de perdants piteux qui sont battus, en tout cas de battants et de battus qui le sont sur le plan du langage plus significativement que sur les autres plans. Le langage n’est pas seulement un moyen, mais aussi le champ même de la bataille. D’où l’écho d’un film récent comme L’Esquive: on n’y parle pas des problèmes que rencontre le jeune héros Krimo avec l’argent, mais avec le langage même. Lorsque ce film d’Abdellatif Kechiche est sorti, j’ai été frappé par son approche fataliste du sujet, mais aussi par l’adhésion du public français à cette façon de traiter l’histoire. Il me semblait qu’un cinéaste britannique, par exemple, aurait mis une touche plus sociale et combative, un cinéaste italien une atmosphère plus collective. Mais qu’on ne voit pas un jugement moral dans ce mot de “fatalisme”. Est-ce bien, est-ce mal? Je n’en sais rien. C’est un fait. On n’a que l’embarras du choix pour en donner des exemples: Michel Poiccard qui meurt dans À bout de souffle le défi aux lèvres; Alexandre le dandy d’Eustache; Louis Jouvet dans Hôtel du Nord, Arletty au verbe haut qui s’éloigne seule dans Les Enfants du paradis, le Boeldieu de La Grande Illusion, avec ses formules caustiques et ses gants blancs, qui se fait tuer; Le Corbeau qui tue et se fait lui-même assassiner pour des phrases et peut-être par des phrases. Même le Doinel de Truffaut, l’Antoine de La Discrète (qui se fait plaquer) sont des hâbleurs, et certainement pas des gagneurs; même les phraseurs exaltés des Enfants terribles; et ce Brice de Nice que le public aime malgré ses défis stupides parce que ce n’est pas lui qui a la fille, et qu’il perd la compétition de surf! Mais ce livre n’est pas un livre à thèse. Bien des films dont je parle traitent de tout autre chose. Je n’ai pas voulu leur faire “avouer” ce qu’ils ne diraient pas, mais en tirer des observations sur le cinéma français, plus “un” qu’on ne croit. Il me semble en effet qu’une des originalités de ce livre, celle dont je puis être conscient en tout cas, consiste à situer dans une histoire commune des films, des auteurs, qu’il est habituel de séparer, parfois d’une manière hiérarchique. J’ai 4 M. Chion Le Complexe de Cyrano 5 voulu mettre le cinéma français en face de son unité, de ses constantes à travers l’histoire, au-delà du cordon protecteur qui isolerait un cinéma dit de la Nouvelle Vague et ses précurseurs dûment reconnus et autorisés (Bresson, Cocteau, Guitry, etc.) des autres cinémas français, aussi bien le cinéma populaire que celui dit de la Qualité Française. J’ai voulu montrer qu’ils appartiennent à une même histoire, et témoignent des mêmes problématiques, même si à certains il paraissent incompatibles ou concurrents. Tous ces films racontent une histoire de la langue française à l’écran, de la langue-française-d’écran, une langue spécifique qu’on n’entend que dans les films. Sur trois quarts de siècles depuis le début du parlant, cette histoire présente des constantes et des évolutions, des particularismes et des points communs. Entre autres: - en liaison avec le fameux “centralisme” parisien, le rapport complexe que le cinéma français entretient avec le pays réel, et donc avec la langue, ou les langues parlée dans le pays; c’est un cinéma qui fait rarement entendre la variété et la vérité des parlers français, qui folklorise rapidement certains parlers (l’exemple le plus connu étant représenté par le cinéma de Pagnol, et le plus récent le parler dit “de banlieue”), et qui crée son propre pays, sa ou ses propres langues. J’ai donné une certaine importance, au moins symbolique géographiquement, à des films qui sortent de Paris et nous amènent à Nice, Auvers-sur-Oise, Marseille, les Flandres. - le rôle particulier que le cinéma français donne aux acteurs étrangers à accent (anglais, américain, allemand, italien, etc.) parlant “parfaitement” ou imparfaitement notre langue; - la place particulière des noms de personnages dans le cinéma français (fréquemment désignés par leur seul prénom), et d’une manière plus générale les questions d’onomastique et de toponymie (noms de lieux); - le caractère réflexif de la langue française à l’écran: les personnages s’écoutent souvent parler, se donnent les uns 5 M. Chion Le Complexe de Cyrano 6 aux autres des leçons de français, s’interpellent sur la forme et pas seulement sur le fond. Les films sont souvent des réflexions en acte sur la langue française, ses richesses (lexicales notamment), et ses pesanteurs (difficulté de créer des nouveaux mots); - le goût parfois des extrêmes, entre Guitry et Melville (celui du Deuxième souffle), entre le laconisme et le verbalisme, la sobriété et le style fleuri; - l’absence ou la faiblesse en français d’un niveau de langue dit “neutre”, absence ou faiblesse obligeant à basculer entre parler familier et parler hyper-châtié, tutoiement et vouvoiement, prosaïsme et langue littéraire, contrairement à d’autres pays où la langue n’oblige pas à choisir, et comporte une façon “neutre”, non connotée, de s’adresser à l’autre, ou de parler des sentiments et des choses.
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