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The Obligate Endobacteria of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Are Ancient Heritable Components Related to the Mollicutes
The ISME Journal (2010) 4, 862–871 & 2010 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE The obligate endobacteria of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ancient heritable components related to the Mollicutes Maria Naumann1,2, Arthur Schu¨ ler2 and Paola Bonfante1 1Department of Plant Biology, University of Turin and IPP-CNR, Turin, Italy and 2Department of Biology, Inst. Genetics, University of Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been symbionts of land plants for at least 450 Myr. It is known that some AMF host in their cytoplasm Gram-positive endobacteria called bacterium-like organisms (BLOs), of unknown phylogenetic origin. In this study, an extensive inventory of 28 cultured AMF, from diverse evolutionary lineages and four continents, indicated that most of the AMF species investigated possess BLOs. Analyzing the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a phylogenetic marker revealed that BLO sequences from divergent lineages all clustered in a well- supported monophyletic clade. Unexpectedly, the cell-walled BLOs were shown to likely represent a sister clade of the Mycoplasmatales and Entomoplasmatales, within the Mollicutes, whose members are lacking cell walls and show symbiotic or parasitic lifestyles. Perhaps BLOs maintained the Gram-positive trait whereas the sister groups lost it. The intracellular location of BLOs was revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and confirmed by pyrosequencing. BLO DNA could only be amplified from AMF spores and not from spore washings. As highly divergent BLO sequences were found within individual fungal spores, amplicon libraries derived from Glomus etunicatum isolates from different geographic regions were pyrosequenced; they revealed distinct sequence compositions in different isolates. -
Diversiteit En Functie Van Arbusculaire Mycorrhiza Van Vicia Faba in De Tropische Hooglanden Van Ethiopië
Faculteit Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2015 – 2016 Diversiteit en functie van arbusculaire mycorrhiza van Vicia faba in de tropische hooglanden van Ethiopië Reindert Devlamynck Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. Pascal Boeckx Copromotor: Dr. Olivier Honnay Tutor: Dr. Amsalu Nebiyu Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de bio-ingenieurswetenschappen: Landbouwkunde English translation of the title: Diversity and function of arbuscular Mycorrhiza of Vicia Faba in the tropical highlands of Ethiopia Acknowledgements Ik ben iedereen dankbaar voor hun hulp en medeleven. Toch wil ik van de gelegenheid gebruik maken om één iemand speciaal te bedanken. Papa, bedankt voor de 22 prachtige jaren en voor je onvoorwaardelijke steun. Bedankt om je genen, normen en waarden door te geven aan mij. Wie ik ben, komt door wie jij was. Ik hoop dat je het resultaat van jouw boetseerwerk verder kunt volgen in de hemel en dat je fier bent op wat ik heb bereikt. i Table of contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. i Table of contents ..................................................................................................................................... ii List of symbols and abbreviations .......................................................................................................... iv Summary ................................................................................................................................................ -
Ordovician Land Plants and Fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee
PROOF The Palaeobotanist 68(2019): 1–33 The Palaeobotanist 68(2019): xxx–xxx 0031–0174/2019 0031–0174/2019 Ordovician land plants and fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee GREGORY J. RETALLACK Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. *Email: gregr@uoregon. edu (Received 09 September, 2019; revised version accepted 15 December, 2019) ABSTRACT The Palaeobotanist 68(1–2): Retallack GJ 2019. Ordovician land plants and fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee. The Palaeobotanist 68(1–2): xxx–xxx. 1–33. Ordovician land plants have long been suspected from indirect evidence of fossil spores, plant fragments, carbon isotopic studies, and paleosols, but now can be visualized from plant compressions in a Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian or 460 Ma) sinkhole at Douglas Dam, Tennessee, U. S. A. Five bryophyte clades and two fungal clades are represented: hornwort (Casterlorum crispum, new form genus and species), liverwort (Cestites mirabilis Caster & Brooks), balloonwort (Janegraya sibylla, new form genus and species), peat moss (Dollyphyton boucotii, new form genus and species), harsh moss (Edwardsiphyton ovatum, new form genus and species), endomycorrhiza (Palaeoglomus strotheri, new species) and lichen (Prototaxites honeggeri, new species). The Douglas Dam Lagerstätte is a benchmark assemblage of early plants and fungi on land. Ordovician plant diversity now supports the idea that life on land had increased terrestrial weathering to induce the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event in the sea and latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) -
Occurrence of Glomeromycota Species in Aquatic Habitats: a Global Overview
Occurrence of Glomeromycota species in aquatic habitats: a global overview MARIANA BESSA DE QUEIROZ1, KHADIJA JOBIM1, XOCHITL MARGARITO VISTA1, JULIANA APARECIDA SOUZA LEROY1, STEPHANIA RUTH BASÍLIO SILVA GOMES2, BRUNO TOMIO GOTO3 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, 2 Curso de Ciências Biológicas, and 3 Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil * CORRESPONDENCE TO: [email protected] ABSTRACT — Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are recognized in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The latter, however, have received little attention from the scientific community and, consequently, are poorly known in terms of occurrence and distribution of this group of fungi. This paper provides a global list on AMF species inhabiting aquatic ecosystems reported so far by scientific community (lotic and lentic freshwater, mangroves, and wetlands). A total of 82 species belonging to 5 orders, 11 families, and 22 genera were reported in 8 countries. Lentic ecosystems have greater species richness. Most studies of the occurrence of AMF in aquatic ecosystems were conducted in the United States and India, which constitute 45% and 78% reports coming from temperate and tropical regions, respectively. KEY WORDS — checklist, flooded areas, mycorrhiza, taxonomy Introduction Aquatic ecosystems comprise about 77% of the planet surface (Rebouças 2006) and encompass a diversity of habitats favorable to many species from marine (ocean), transitional estuaries to continental (wetlands, lentic and lotic) environments (Reddy et al. 2018). Despite this territorial representativeness and biodiversity already recorded, there are gaps when considering certain types of organisms, e.g. fungi. Fungi are considered a common and important component of almost all trophic levels. -
Specificity of Assemblage, Not Fungal Partner Species, Explains
The ISME Journal (2021) 15:1614–1627 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00874-x ARTICLE Specificity of assemblage, not fungal partner species, explains mycorrhizal partnerships of mycoheterotrophic Burmannia plants 1 1 2 3,4 2 Zhongtao Zhao ● Xiaojuan Li ● Ming Fai Liu ● Vincent S. F. T. Merckx ● Richard M. K. Saunders ● Dianxiang Zhang 1 Received: 9 July 2020 / Revised: 29 November 2020 / Accepted: 7 December 2020 / Published online: 6 January 2021 © The Author(s) 2021. This article is published with open access Abstract Mycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) growing on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) usually maintain specialized mycorrhizal associations. The level of specificity varies between MHPs, although it remains largely unknown whether interactions with mycorrhizal fungi differ by plant lineage, species, and/or by population. Here, we investigate the mycorrhizal interactions among Burmannia species (Burmanniaceae) with different trophic modes using high-throughput DNA sequencing. We characterized the inter- and intraspecific dynamics of the fungal communities by assessing the composition and diversity of fungi among sites. We found that fully mycoheterotrophic species are more specialized in their 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: fungal associations than chlorophyllous species, and that this specialization possibly results from the gradual loss of some fungal groups. In particular, although many fungal species were shared by different Burmannia species, fully MHP species typically host species-specific fungal assemblages, suggesting that they have a preference for the selected fungi. Although no apparent cophylogenetic relationship was detected between fungi and plants, we observe that evolutionarily closely related plants tend to have a greater proportion of shared or closely related fungal partners. Our findings suggest a host preference and specialization toward fungal assemblages in Burmannia, improving understanding of interactions between MHPs and fungi. -
Molecular Diversity and Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at Different Elevations in Mt
fmicb-12-609386 March 4, 2021 Time: 11:24 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 March 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.609386 Molecular Diversity and Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at Different Elevations in Mt. Taibai of Qinling Mountain Mengge Zhang1,2,3, Zhaoyong Shi1,2,3*, Mei Yang1,2,3, Shichuan Lu1,2,3, Libing Cao1 and Xugang Wang1,2,3 1 College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 2 Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, China, 3 Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang, China Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) play a vital role in ecosystems, especially in ecosystem variability, diversity, and function. Understanding the AMF diversity, distribution, and their driver at different altitudinal gradients is a benefit for understanding the ecological function of AMF in mountain ecosystems. In this study, we explored the AMF molecular diversity and their distribution from 660 to 3,500 m a.s.l. in Mount Taibai of Qinling Mountains based on high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 702 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in 103 species of AMF are isolated from Edited by: soil samples, which belong to 18 identified and 1 unidentified genus in 10 families. The Siu Mui Tsai, University of São Paulo, Brazil fungi in the genus of Glomus is the most dominant, with the occurrence frequency of Reviewed by: 100% and the relative abundance of 42.268% and 33.048% on the species and OTU Heng Gui, level, respectively. The AMF colonization in root could be simulated by a cubic function Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China with the change of altitudes with the peak and trough at a.s.l. -
Fungi, Glomeromycota, Glomerales) As Being of Neuter Gender
TAXON 58 (2) • May 2009: 647 Kuyper • (1888) Conserve Glomus PROPOSALS TO CONSERVE OR REJECT NAMES Edited by John McNeill, Scott A. Redhead & John H. Wiersema (1888) Proposal to conserve the name Glomus (Fungi, Glomeromycota, Glomerales) as being of neuter gender Thomas W. Kuyper Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. [email protected] (1888) Glomus Tul. & C. Tul. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. Anno 1, griseus” respectively, and continues to use the masculine 2(1): 63. 11 Mai 1845, nom. et gen. neut. cons. prop. form, whereas new species in the genus Tuber, which they Typus: G. macrocarpum Tul. & C. Tul. (‘macro- treated as neuter, the diagnosis starts as “mediocre globo- carpus’) sum”, “globosum” and “rotundatum”. Which gender should The majority of plant species form mycorrhiza, a mu- then be correct? Article 62 of the ICBN (McNeill & al. in tually beneficial symbiosis between plant roots and certain Regnum Veg. 146. 2006) provides the answer to that ques- root-inhabiting fungi. The presence and type of mycorrhiza tion. The article mentions three criteria in descending order is also an important character in plant taxonomy and phy- of importance, viz., botanical tradition, the author’s original logeny. The arbuscular mycorrhizal association is by far usage, and classical usage (even though Note 1 tries to link the most important kind of these symbioses. Evolution of original usage and classical usage, which is a bit confusing the group made the conquest of the land by the first root- in an otherwise clear rule). I have been unable to find in- less plants possible. -
The Vicia Faba Leghemoglobin Gene Vflb29 Is Induced in Root Nodules and in Roots Colonized by the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus Fasciculatum
MPMI Vol. 10, No. 1, 1997, pp. 124-131. Publication no. M-1996-1209-01R. © 1997 The American Phytopathological Society The Vicia faba Leghemoglobin Gene VfLb29 Is Induced in Root Nodules and in Roots Colonized by the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus fasciculatum Martin Frühling,1 Hélène Roussel,2 Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson,2 Alfred Pühler,1 and Andreas M. Perlick1 1Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany; 2Station de Génétique et d’Amélioration des Plantes, INRA, BV 1540, F-21034 Dijon cédex, France Received 11 July 1996. Accepted 30 October 1996. To investigate similarities between symbiotic interactions linked to proliferation of the microsymbiont and its develop- of broad bean (Vicia faba) with rhizobia and mycorrhizal ment into pleomorphic intracellular forms, the bacteroids in fungi, plant gene expression induced by both microsymbi- nodules and the arbuscules in mycorrhiza. Both bacteroids and onts was compared. We demonstrated the exclusive ex- arbuscules are separated from the plant cytoplasm by a host- pression of 19 broad bean genes, including VfENOD2, derived perisymbiotic membrane (Mellor 1989). The peribac- VfENOD5, VfENOD12 and three different leghemoglobin teroid membrane (in nodules) and the periarbuscular mem- genes, in root nodules. In contrast, the leghemoglobin gene brane (in mycorrhiza) are suggested to be extended interfaces VfLb29 was found to be induced not only in root nodules, between the symbiotic partners where bidirectional exchange but also in broad bean roots colonized by the mycorrhizal of metabolites takes place (Smith and Smith 1990). fungus Glomus fasciculatum. In uninfected roots, none of The development of an effective, nitrogen-fixing symbiosis the 20 nodulin transcripts investigated was detectable. -
1 a Native and an Invasive Dune Grass Share
A native and an invasive dune grass share similar, patchily distributed, root-associated fungal communities Renee B Johansen1, Peter Johnston2, Piotr Mieczkowski3, George L.W. Perry4, Michael S. Robeson5, 1 6 Bruce R Burns , Rytas Vilgalys 1: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 2: Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 3: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A. 4: School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand 5: Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 6: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA Corresponding author: Renee Johansen, Ph: +64 21 0262 9143, Fax: +64 9 574 4101 Email: [email protected] For the published version of this article see here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1754504816300848 1 Abstract Fungi are ubiquitous occupiers of plant roots, yet the impact of host identity on fungal community composition is not well understood. Invasive plants may benefit from reduced pathogen impact when competing with native plants, but suffer if mutualists are unavailable. Root samples of the invasive dune grass Ammophila arenaria and the native dune grass Leymus mollis were collected from a Californian foredune. We utilised the Illumina MiSeq platform to sequence the ITS and LSU gene regions, with the SSU region used to target arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The two plant species largely share a fungal community, which is dominated by widespread generalists. -
Potential of Microbial Diversity of Coastal Sand Dunes: Need for Exploration in Odisha Coast of India
Hindawi e Scientific World Journal Volume 2019, Article ID 2758501, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2758501 Review Article Potential of Microbial Diversity of Coastal Sand Dunes: Need for Exploration in Odisha Coast of India Shubhransu Nayak , Satyaranjan Behera, and Prasad Kumar Dash Odisha Biodiversity Board, Regional Plant Resource Centre Campus, Ekamra Kanan, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar , Odisha, India Correspondence should be addressed to Shubhransu Nayak; [email protected] Received 10 April 2019; Accepted 2 July 2019; Published 14 July 2019 Academic Editor: Jesus L. Romalde Copyright © 2019 Shubhransu Nayak et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Coastal sand dunes are hips and strips formed by sand particles which are eroded and ground rock, derived from terrestrial and oceanic sources. Tis is considered as a specialized ecosystem characterized by conditions which are hostile for life forms like high salt, low moisture, and low organic matter content. However, dunes are also inhabited by diverse groups of fora, fauna, and microorganisms specifcally adapted to these situations. Microbial groups like fungi, bacteria, and actinobacteria are quite abundant in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and inside plants which are very much essential for the integration of dunes. Microorganisms in this ecosystem have been found to produce a number of bioactive metabolites which are of great importance to agriculture and industries. Many species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobia associated with the roots of dune fora are prolifc producers of plant growth promoting biochemicals like indole acetic acid. -
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Citrus Growth: Overview
ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY (ISSN: 2581-3226) Volume 2 Issue 6 June 2019 Review Article Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Citrus Growth: Overview Waleed Fouad Abobatta* Citrus Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt *Corresponding Author: Waleed Fouad Abobatta, Citrus Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt Received: March 27,2019; Published: May 07, 2019 DOI: 10.31080/ASMI.2019.02.0226 Abstract The important role of mycorrhizae for citrus orchards recognized from last century (1935), there are about 18 arbuscular Glomus aggregatum and Claroideoglomus etunicatum are the dominant species worldwide. mycorrhizae (AM) species belong to five families, however The arbuscular mycorrhizae are highly effective in citrus orchards particularly in low fertility soil, however, Glomus aggregatum is the dominant species in citrus orchards, AM hyphae inhabits plant roots and surrounding soils too. There are various benefits for arbuscular mycorrhizae in citrus orchards such as improve water uptake, increase phosphorus and inoculation citrus seedlings by arbuscular mycorrhizae enhancing seedling growth and increase survival rate after transplanting. micronutrient absorption, enhance plant tolerant for stress conditions, improved shoot and root growth of citrus rootstock, also, Keywords: Arbuscular Mycorrhizae; Citrus Orchard; Glomus aggregatum ; Water Uptake; Stress Conditions Background [4]. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) considered one of the main spe- ducer of orange throughout the world after Brazil, China, US, EU, cies symbioses into the soil, it could colonize more than 80% of the andCitrus Mexico trees are cultivated in various regions in Egypt and in di- higher plant species [1]. There is an imperative role for Arbuscular fferent types of soil, most varieties of citrus have small root hairs or mycorrhizae in the preservation of agro-ecosystem stability and short in soil systems, and are thus mostly dependent on AM hyphae sustainable agricultural development. -
Association of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Plants of Coastal Sand Dunes of West Coast of India
BEENA, ARUN, RAVIRAJA AND SRIDHAR 213 Tropical Ecology 42(2): 213-222, 2001 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology Association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with plants of coastal sand dunes of west coast of India K.R. BEENA, A.B. ARUN, N.S. RAVIRAJA & K.R. SRIDHAR1 Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri - 574 199, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract: An inventory of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal status of 28 plant species belonging to 14 families established on the coastal sand dunes of southwest coast of India was performed. Roots of 23 plant species were colonized by AM fungi, whereas the rhizosphere of only 20 plant species possessed AM fungal spores. Canavalia cathartica had the highest root colonization (83%) by AM, while the rhizosphere of Borreria articularis had the highest number of AM spores (1.6 g-1). Among 30 AM fungi recovered, Scutellospora erythropa showed a wide host range (colonized 13 plant species), while Scutellospora gregaria had high spore abundance per plant species (12.75). The mean species richness on the west coast dunes was 4.4, highest being in Ipomoea pes-caprae (11). Among the mat-forming creepers, the AM fungal diversity was highest in Alysicarpus rugosus. Resumen: Se realizó un inventario de la condición respecto a hongos micorrízicos arbus- culares (MA) para 28 especies pertenecientes a 14 familias establecidas en las dunas costeras arenosas de la costa sudoccidental de la India. Las raíces de 23 especies vegetales estuvieron colonizadas por hongos MA, mientras que la rizosfera de sólo 20 especies de plantas contuvo esporas de hongos MA.