REVISION FLASHCARDS

Q. Why had France been so Q. Which powers formed the keen to form a Franco-Russian Q.Which countries formed the Triple Alliance? alliance? Triple Entente ?

A. Germany, Austria-Hungary, A. Protection against German A. Britain, France, Russia Italy. invasion, get back Alsace- Lorraine.

Q.Why did Britain end Q. Why had Russia been so Q. What was Britain’s ‘splendid isolation’? keen to form a Franco-Russian traditional policy of ‘splendid

alliance? isolation’? A. Concerns over Germany and A. France and GB made Austria-Hungary’s threat to Serbia, A. Most of nineteenth century GB had agreements over colonies, Russia had lost 1905 war against kept out of European affairs and Russia was weak, threat from

Japan concentrated on Empire. Germany

Q. Who did Germany expect to Q. What war plan did the Q. Which country was Austria- have to fight in the event of Germans create? Hungary most concerned over? war?

A. The Schlieffen Plan. A. Russia A. France and Russia

Q.What war plan did Russia Q. What was the French war have? Q.What was the British war plan? plan?

A. Overwhelm German and A. Plan 17 – attack deep into A. Send BEF to fight alongside Austrian armies with sheer Germany forcing surrender. French. numbers.

Q.What were the consequences Q.What did the Kaiser do in of the Kaiser’s actions in Morocco Q.What did Britain and France Morocco in 1905? in 1905? form in 1907 (after 1905

A. January 1906: Algeciras Moroccan Crisis)? A. Wilhelm visited Morocco Conference – Britain and Russia and promised to defend backed France – Germany was A. Triple Entente. Morocco against France. forced to back down (= Wilhelm was humiliated)

Q.What did the Kaiser do in Q. What treaty was held to Q.What impact did the Morocco (Agadir) in 1911? resolve the 1911 Agadir crisis? dealings over the Agadir Crisis

have on the Kaiser? A. Wilhelm sent The Panther gunboat A. Treaty of London: Germany to Agadir in Morocco, supposedly to backed down in return for 100,000 A. Wilhelm was determined not protect German citizens in Morocco square miles of the French Congo as to be humiliated again (= his (= this challenged Britain’s compensation (= another humiliation behaviour in 1914).. supremacy). for Germany). Q. What was Kaiser Wilhel.s Q. Why did the Kaiser want an Q. What aims did the Kaiser policy of ‘Weltpolitik’? empire? have in central Europe?

A.. Weltpolitik (meaning ‘world A. Germany, a new nation, had missed A. wanted a strong German- politics’) was Wilhelm II’s out on an empire in Africa; Wilhelm demanded an empire and the right to dominated central European aggressive, expansionist trade wherever Germany wanted (= state (‘Mitteleuropa’). foreign policy alarmed Britain).

Q. What did the Kasier call Q. What did the Kaiser order Q. What phrase did the Kaiser the English? Admiral Tirpitz to do? us for building an empire? A. 1898: Wilhelm ordered A. 1908: He gave an interview Admiral Tirpitz to build up a A. 1901: He publicly demanded ‘a place to the Daily Telegraph, in strong German navy (= alarmed in the sun’ for Germany (= led to the which he called English people Britain). 1904 Entente). ‘mad’.

Q.What problems were caused Q. What ideas were held by Q.What did the Kaiser promise by Turkey in southern Europe the Balkans nations that Austria in 1914? before WWI? caused war?

A. 5 July 1914: He promised A. Turkey was by 1900 ‘the A.The Balkan nations were Austria ‘full support’ against sick man of Europe’ and had nationalistic (‘panslavism’) and Serbia (the ‘blank cheque’). lost control of the area.. aggressive.

Q.How did the Balkans Q.What fears did Austria have situation convince the Tsar to Q. What reasons did France in the Balkans? be more warlike? have for building up arms?

A. Austria feared that growing A. France hated Germany for A. Russia allied with Serbia, Austria conquering Alsace-Lorraine in panslavism would destabilise annexed Bosnia and when Russia

Austria–Hungary. intervened Geramny threatened 1870 and wanted it back. war – Russia backed down..

Q.What was Britain’s greatest Q.What reasons did the Kaiser Q. What growth was there in fear about German military build have for building up arms? Germany’s army 1870-1914? up? A. Germany had the largest The British felt that Germany A. standing army – 2.2 million plus 6 A. Germany felt surrounded was trying to gain naval supremacy and intimidated by the million reservists (= this created a and threatening the empire; they belief that Germany wanted to Triple Entente. demanded that ‘Britannia rules the conquer the world). waves’.

A.

Q.What growth was there in Q.What did the British launch Q.How many dreadnoughts the Russian army 1870-1914? in 1906? were built 1907-14? Russia’s army was the fastest A. growing – 1.2 million (= in 1912 Britain launched HMS A. There was a race to build German General Moltke said: ‘I A. Dreadnought (made the Germany dreadnoughts; by 1914 Britain had believe war is unavoidable; war the 29; Germany 17. sooner the better’). navy obsolete).

Q. How had Serbia built up Q. Who were the Black Hand? Q. What does the acronym strength before WWI? MAIN stand for? A. The Black Hand (formed A. In the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, 1910) was a Serb terrorist A. Causes of WWI: Militarism, Serbia became the strongest Balkan group, led by Colonel Alliances, Imperialism, nation and its prime minister, Nikola Dimitrijevic.. In 1911, it tried to Pasic, said: ‘Now for the second assassinate the Austrian Nationalism. round – against Austria’ emperor Franz Josef.

Q. Who plotted to assassinate Q. What did Austria get from Q.What did the Austro-

Franz Ferdinand? Germany on 5 July 1914? Hungarian government send

A. Gavrilo Princip and five students Serbia on 23 July 1914?

plotted to assassinate Franz A. Austria welcomed an excuse to

Ferdinand as a protest against the invade Serbia; the Austrians A. an ultimatum containing ten Austrian annexation of Bosnia in approached their ally Wilhelm and tough demands (which, when 1908; the Black Hand provided got a promise of support (the 'blank rejected, would give Austria the them with weapons cheque'). excuse to invade). Q. How did Germany react to Q.Who did Germany invade on Q.What did Austria Hungary do Russian mobilisation in July 1914? once Serbia capitulated to all but 2 August 1914?

one of their ultimatums?? A. Germany asked permission to go A. The Russian mobilisation, said through Belgium but, when the Wilhelm, was like letting an enemy Belgians refused, invaded Belgium. A. Austria–Hungary declared war put a loaded gun to your head. The next day, when France refused anyway; the Serbs asked their Germany mobilised and declared to stay neutral, Germany invaded ally Russia for help. war on Russia. France. Q What was the Schlieffen Q. Why did the Schlieffen Plan Q. How did Britain react to the Plan.? cause war? invasions of Belgium and France? A. Based on the (wrong) idea that, if it came to a war on two A. Britain sent Germany an ultimatum A. It was a plan of attack, and it – and when that was refused, fronts against France and was Germany’s only plan; It declared war 'for a scrap of paper’ Russia, Germany could defeat involved going through Belgium – (the 1839 treaty with Belgium). France quickly and then turn to deal with Russia. which brought Britain into the war

Q.How was Germany to blame for Q. How was Russia to blame for WWI? Q.How was Austria to blame WWI?  A. German militarism had created a for WWI? A. Russia was seeking power in the climate of war. German actions Balkans and naval access to the (Tangier, Agadir) had increased A. Austria had planned to attack Serbia Mediterranean.It had let Serbia down in international tension. German since 1906; Sarajevo was only an 1908, so was under pressure to be excuse.It was unreasonable to insist on support for Austria encouraged warlike in 1914. clause 6 of the ultimatum. Austria to invade Serbia. Schlieffen Mobilisation against Germany on 30 July provoked Germany’s declaration of war Plan Q. How was Britain to blame for Q.Which country did Germany WWI? invade in August 1914, causing Q. Name the German war plan A. The British empire was the cause of which General von Moltke Germany’s desire for a place in the sun. Britain to declare war? attempted to follow in August British militarism – the dreadnoughts crisis of 1909 – created a war frenzy in A. Belgium. In 1839, Britain 1914? Britain.The British decision to come out of ‘splendid isolation’ and get involved signed a treaty promising in European politics was the thing that to guarantee Belgium’s A The Schlieffen Plan.. unbalanced the ‘balance of power’. neutrality. Q. What was ‘No Man’s Land’? Q. Who were the Q. On which side did Italy fight in ‘contemptibles’? WWI? A. The land between the two

front trench lines on the A The Allies (or Triple Entente). A. The BEF (British Italy entered war in 1915. Western Front controlled by Expeditionary Force) neither side.

Q.Apart from heavy artillery Q. In which battle were tanks Q. What gas was first used by barrages, name one thing that first used? the Germans in April 1915 made life in the trenches during the Second Battle of unpleasant. A. The Somme (in September Ypres? 1916). First used in large

A. Mud or frostbite or lice or rats or numbers in Battle of Cambrai, A. Chlorine. mundane food or cold or wet….. 1917. Q. How did the war on the Q. What is meant by ‘war of Eastern Front help Britain and Q. By what other name is the attrition’? France? 1917 Battle of Passchendaele

known? A. To defeat an enemy by destroying It forced Germans to divide more of their forces than they do of A. A. Third Battle of Ypres. yours. This led to heavy casualties on forces and fight on two fronts; both sides. helped cause failure of Schlieffen Plan Q. Why were U-boats such a Q. How did Britain deal with Q. Why did the Schlieffen threat to Britain? the U-boat threat? Plan fail?

A. Britain needed to import B. Introduced convoy system A. Germans delayed by food to survive. By April in 1917; ‘dazzle’ ships; Belgians and BEF; Russia 1917, 25% of merchant hydrophones to detect mobilised; Germans failed to shipping was being sunk. submarines; depth charges. surround Paris. Q. What happened at the Q. What was the ‘race to the Q. Why did Britain (and Battle of the Marne 1914? sea’? ANZACs) and France attack Gallipoli in 1915?

A. French and BEF held up A. Germans tried to ‘race’ BEF and A. Turkey had entered war on Germany’s side; attempt to open Germans and stopped capture French to French/Belgian coast to outflank them after Battle of Marne. ‘Second Front’ to help end stalemate of Paris. Stalemate and trenches. on Western Front.

Q. Why did Gallipoli fail?? Q. Who was the ‘mastermind’ A. Naval attack went wrong – ships Q. Who were the ANAZCs? behind the Gallipoli plan? hit mines; landings followed four

weeks later when Turks had prepared A. Australian and New Zealand defences; Turks held the high land A. First Lord of the Admiralty, forces fighting for the British. that British/ANZACs failed to Winston Churchill capture; extreme weather, thirst and disease. Q. Who won the Battle of Q. Why were zeppelins not Jutland? Q. What were the airships used after 1917?

used by the Germans called? A. Neither side – British lost A. Too slow and vulnerable to more ships and lives but A. Zeppelins British aircraft, searchlight German High Seas Fleet never and anti-aircraft fire. left port again.

Q.What did the Royal Navy Q.When and why did the USA Q.When and why did Russia blockade? enter the war? leave the war?

A. German ports, preventing A. 1917; Lusitania sinking A. 1917; Bolshevik Revolution; supplies getting in and shipping caused outrage in US; Bolsheviks ended war on Eastern getting out. Major cause of Zimmerman Telegram was final Front and signed Treaty of Brest- Allied victory. straw. Litovsk with Germany, 1918.

Q Why did General Ludendorff launch an Q. What was the aim of the offensive in March 1918. German offensive on Verdun in Q. How many died at Verdun?

A. Russia pulled out of war; German 1916? troops moved to Western Front; A. 100,000. attempt to win war before US arrived A. To ‘bleed France white’.. on Western Front

Q. Which French general Q. How did the Somme Q.Who led the German forces became a hero for the defence Offensive help the French? at Verdun? of Verdun?

A. Germans had to move troops A. Falkenhayn. A. Petain. away from Verdun. Q. What impact did the Somme have Q. Why did Haig launch the 1917 Q. What happened on the first day on German forces? Passchendaele offensive? of the Battle of the Somme? A. Haig had long wanted a British A. The day was a disaster for the A. The British army inflicted heavy offensive in Flanders and, following a British. The Germans weathered the losses on the German Army. In March warning that the German blockade artillery fire in deep trenches. As the 1917, the Germans made a strategic would soon cripple the British war British soldiers advanced, they were retreat to the Hindenburg line rather effort, wanted to reach the Belgian mown down by machine gun and rifle than face the resumption of the coast to destroy the German fire. 19,240 British soldiers killed. Battle of the Somme.. submarine bases there.

Q. What were the results of Passchendaele? Q. What halted the Q. What types of gas were Passchendaele offensive? A. 325,000 Allied and 260,000 used?

German casualties. The BEF continued A. Chlorine, mustard and A. Rain, constant shelling, mud. to learn and apply the hard-won phosgene. lessons and by the summer of 1918, it had reached a peak of efficiency.

Q. What technology helped Q. Who was Commander in Q. What was ‘Operation the British success in the Chief of the BEF from Michael’? Battle of Amiens, August December 1915? A. Ludendorff’s Offensive in 1918? Spring 1918. A final attempt to

A. Douglas Haig. win the war. A. 800 aircraft and 400 tanks.

Q. What impact did the British blockade of German Q. When did Kaiser Wilhelm Q. When was the Armistice ports have? abdicate? signed?

A. Hunger in Germany and A. 9th November 1918. A. 11th November 1918. German army. A major reason for Allied victory.

Q.? Q.? Q.?

A. . A.. A..