DOCSLIB.ORG

Revisiting Ottoman Alliance Politics Before the Great

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Open PoliticalJo Science,urnal xyz 2017;2018; 1 1:(2): 143– 122–135152 The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Open Access Research Article Dogachan Dagi* Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder Balance of Power or BalanceWhat Is So ofDifferent Threat: About Revisiting Neuroenhancement? Ottoman Alliance PoliticsWas ist before so anders the am Neuroenhancement? Great War Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 https://doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0012 Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic while the war and the warring alliances had not initially received November 30, 2018; accepted December 12, 2018.Comparison The First Decade (1964-1972) Pharmakologischeinvolved undthe Ottoman mentale territories? Selbstveränderung im Abstract: The Ottoman alliance politics before ethischenthe Great VergleichThe Ottoman entry into the war and its alignment ResearchWar has Article not been explored for theorizing alliance politics with Germany has long divided opinions into two crude though it presents a unique example of alliance https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010formation camps in which the main disagreement stems from Max underMusterman, external threat.Paul Placeholder Thus, in this article, a neo-realistreceived February whether 9, 2013; accepted the Committee March 25, 2013; for published Union online and July Progress 12, 2014 (CUP) balance of threat theory is utilized to examine the was motivated to join the war by their rather untested What Is So Different About Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon Ottoman decision to align with Germany in the Greatas possible War. andidealistic success-oriented views toapplication, save the insights empire and or profits by a without realistic the Neuroenhancement?Unlike a historical account as to why the Ottomansreference sided to thecalculation arguments developedof power aroundpolitics 1900. to get The the main empire investigation out of alsoits with the German-Austrian alliance, this articleincludes develops the periodinternational between the isolation. entry into forceProponents and the presentation of the former in its thesiscurrent Wasa theoreticalist so andersapproach that am takes Neuroenhancement? insights fromversion. ‘alliance Their functionmaintain as thatpart ofthe the inexperienceliterary portrayal of and the narrative ruling technique.elite, the theories’ to explain the Ottomans’ fateful alignment.Keywords: Such Function, desire transmission, to regain the investigation, recently lost principal, territories, period naivety and Pharmacologicalan alliance theory and approach Mental underlines Self-transformation the dilemmas of in Ethican overestimation of German military might dragged Comparisonthe Ottoman decision makers and demonstratesDedicated ‘rational’ to Paul the Placeholder Turks into an irrational war. Those who oppose Pharmakologischeelements of their undstrategy mentale of balancing Selbstveränderung the main source imthis argument claim that the CUP leaders were neither of the threat. By bringing alliance theories and Ottoman gamblers nor pawns of a Great Power, but rather rational ethischen Vergleich historiography together it is argued that the Ottomans,1 Studies in actors and tryingInvestigations to get the most out of the crisis, prevent their search for an alliance before the Great War, sought the allied threat of partitioning the Empire, provide the https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 a “balance of threat” politics rather than a “balanceThe main of investigation urgent need also includes for economic the period assistance, between theand entry the demandinto force forand received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 power” politics. the presentationthe in abolition its current of version. capitulations. Their function1 as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and itsApart as soon from these historical accounts as to why the as possibleKeywords: and Alliancesuccess-oriented theories; application,Ottoman diplomacy; insights Greatand profits Ottomans without sidedthe with the German-Austrian alliance and referenceWar; to Ottoman-German the arguments developed alliance; Balancearound 1900.of power; The*Max main Musterman: investigationentered Institute ofthe Marinealso war, Biology, there National is a Taiwan more Ocean theoretical University, 2 Pei-Ningapproach includesBalance the period of threat. between the entry into force and theRoad presentation Keelung 20224,that in Taiwan itstakes current (R.O.C), insights e-mail: [email protected] ‘alliance theories’ to explain version. Their function as part of the literary portrayalPaul and Placeholder: narrativethe Institute technique. Ottomans’ of Marine Biology,fateful National alignment Taiwan Oceanwith University, Germany 2 Pei-Ning and its Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] subsequent entry into the war. Though it was an example Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Open Access. © 2017par Mustermannexcellence and of Placeholder, alliance published formation by De Gruyter. under external This threat, work is 1 Introduction licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. it has neither been explored by Ottomanist scholars nor Dedicated to Paul Placeholder Resembling the traditional disagreements over the origins by the students of alliance studies. Although the Central of WWI the Ottoman alliance with Germany and its entry Powers and Triple Entente have been utilized by various into the war have remained controversial. For many, the alliance theories, the Ottoman participation in the former 1 StudiesOttoman entryand into Investigations the Great War does not appear to has not been explored for theorizing alliance politics.2 Yet have been a rational choice. It is hard to understand that The mainthe Ottomans,investigation then also known includes as the period‘sick man between of Europe,’ the entry 1into M. forceAksakal, and Ottoman Road to War (Cambridge, MA 2008); M. the presentationexpected to in win its a current major Europeanversion. Their war. Howfunction can asone part then of theAksakal, literary ‘The por Limits- of Diplomacy’, Foreign Policy Analysis, 7, 2 (2011), 197. trayal explainand narrative the empire technique. entering into a major European war by 2 P. A. Weitsman, ‘Alliance Cohesion and Coalition Warfare: the aligning itself with Germany, one of its main protagonists, Central and Triple Entente’, Security Studies, 12, 3 (2003), 79-113; G. H. Snyder, Alliance Politics (Ithaca, NY 1997); B. Healy and A. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University,Stein, 2 Pei-Ning ‘The Balance of Power in International History’, Journal of Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Conflict Resolution, 17, 1 (1973), 33-61; J. A. C Conybeare, ‘A Portfolio Paul Placeholder:*Corresponding Institute author: of Marine Dogachan Biology, Dagi, National Bremen Taiwan University, Ocean University,Diversification 2 Pei-Ning Model of Alliances: The Triple Alliance and Triple Road KeelungBremen, 20224, Germany, Taiwan E-mail: (R.O.C), [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Entente, 1879-1914’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 36, 1 (1990), 53-85. Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Open Access. Open © Access. 2017 Mustermann © 2018 Dogachan and Placeholder, Dagi, published published by by De De Gruyter.Gruyter. This work work is is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- licensedNonCommercial-NoDerivatives under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 4.0 License. The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Dedicated to Paul Placeholder 1 Studies and Investigations The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 144 Dogachan Dagi the unorthodox case of Ottoman alliance politics of 1914 then, as Liska puts it ‘alliances are against, and only does have the potential to shed some new light on alliance derivatively for, someone
Recommended publications
  • World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives

    World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives

    AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria.
  • Major Powers and Global Contenders

    Major Powers and Global Contenders

    CHAPTER 2 Major Powers and Global Contenders A great number of historians and political scientists share the view that international relations cannot be well understood without paying attention to those states capable of making a difference. Most diplo- matic histories are largely histories of major powers as represented in modern classics such as A. J. P. Taylor’s The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918, or Paul Kennedy’s The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. In political science, the main theories of international relations are essentially theories of major power behavior. The realist tradition, until recently a single paradigm in the study of international relations (Vasquez 1983), is based on the core assumptions of Morgenthau’s (1948) balance-of-power theory about major power behavior. As one leading neorealist scholar stated, “a general theory of international politics is necessarily based on the great powers” (Waltz 1979, 73). Consequently, major debates on the causes of war are centered on assumptions related to major power behavior. Past and present evidence also lends strong support for continuing interest in the major powers. Historically, the great powers partici- pated in the largest percentage of wars in the last two centuries (Wright 1942, 1:220–23; Bremer 1980, 79; Small and Singer 1982, 180). Besides wars, they also had the highest rate of involvement in international crises (Maoz 1982, 55). It is a compelling record for the modern history of warfare (since the Napoleonic Wars) that major powers have been involved in over half of all militarized disputes, including those that escalated into wars (Gochman and Maoz 1984, 596).
  • CAUSES of WORLD WAR I Objective: Analyze the Causes of World War I

    CAUSES of WORLD WAR I Objective: Analyze the Causes of World War I

    CAUSES of WORLD WAR I Objective: Analyze the causes of World War I. Do Now: What are some holidays during which people celebrate pride in their national heritage? Causes of World War I - MANIA M ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war Alliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s Ncountry I mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically Assassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand Causes of WWI - Militarism Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s (British pounds). 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73% Causes of WWI - Alliances Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Great Britain Germany France Austria-Hungary Russia Italy Causes of WWI - Nationalism Causes of WWI - Nationalism Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries Germanic Countries Austria * Luxembourg Belgium Netherlands Denmark Norway Iceland Sweden Germany * Switzerland * Liechtenstein United * Kingdom * = German speaking country Causes of WWI - Nationalism Pan-Slavism - movement to unify all of the Slavic people Imperialism: European conquest of Africa Causes of WWI - Imperialism Causes of WWI - Imperialism The “Spark” Causes of WWI - Assassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the city of Sarajevo in Bosnia – a country that was under the control of Austria. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914. Causes of WWI - Assassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.
  • Turkey Highlights

    Turkey Highlights

    Turkey highlights. Tour designer: İbrahim Ünlü Telephone: +00 90 242 310 30 00 Email: [email protected] TURKEY | 6DAYS / 5NIGHTS Route: Round-trip from and to Istanbul Type of tour: Culture and nature Departure days: Tuesday 1 TOUR OVERVIEW Turkey is more than the crossroads between east and west, it is the link that binds the present to the past, a diverse country where history and culture can be found at every turn. This six-day tour begins and ends in Istanbul, taking in the city’s top cultural treasures before journeying to deepest Anatolia to discover most breathtaking natural scenery known to mankind. Domestic flights are used for long journeys thus sparing you hours sitting on a coach. Groups vary in size but are typically made up of about 6-10 travellers. TOUR HIGHLIGHTS Istanbul: Visit Hagia Sophia, the Topkapi Palace, the Blue Mosque, the Hippodrome and the Grand Bazaar as well as the Egyptian Bazaar before enjoying a Bosphorus cruise and crossing to Asia to discover the Beylerbeyi Palace and taking in the views from Camlica Hill Cappadocia: Explore Love Valley and see the ‘fairy chimneys’ of Pasabagi and the carved rock churches of Goreme Open Air Museum before discovering Devrent Valley. Wander through the ancient underground city of Kaymakli, enjoy the panoramic views from Uchisar Castle and hike in the Rose Valley DON'T MISS Istanbul: Head to the cool cafés off Cappadocia: Visit the ‘cave town’ of Magical mosaic: Turkish lanterns made İstiklal Caddesi to sip on a Turkish tea… Urgup in the evening to enjoy a local from multicoloured glass mosaics are or something a bit stronger dinner or have a fun night the most dazzling souvenirs you’ll see DAY BY DAY DAY 1 | ARRIVAL ISTANBUL Meet at the airport and transfer to your hotel.
  • Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago During the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933

    Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago During the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933

    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Summer 2019 Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933 Samuel C. King Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Recommended Citation King, S. C.(2019). Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5418 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933 by Samuel C. King Bachelor of Arts New York University, 2012 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2019 Accepted by: Lauren Sklaroff, Major Professor Mark Smith, Committee Member David S. Shields, Committee Member Erica J. Peters, Committee Member Yulian Wu, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Abstract The central aim of this project is to describe and explicate the process by which the status of Chinese restaurants in the United States underwent a dramatic and complete reversal in American consumer culture between the 1890s and the 1930s. In pursuit of this aim, this research demonstrates the connection that historically existed between restaurants, race, immigration, and foreign affairs during the Chinese Exclusion era.
  • Global Shifts in Power and Geopolitical Regionalization

    Global Shifts in Power and Geopolitical Regionalization

    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Scholvin, Sören Working Paper Emerging Non-OECD Countries: Global Shifts in Power and Geopolitical Regionalization GIGA Working Papers, No. 128 Provided in Cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Suggested Citation: Scholvin, Sören (2010) : Emerging Non-OECD Countries: Global Shifts in Power and Geopolitical Regionalization, GIGA Working Papers, No. 128, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/47796 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue.
  • Navigating Great Power Competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH

    Navigating Great Power Competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH

    THE NEW GEOPOLITICS APRIL 2020 ASIA BEYOND BINARY CHOICES? Navigating great power competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH TRILATERAL DIALOGUE ON SOUTHEAST ASIA: ASEAN, AUSTRALIA, AND THE UNITED STATES BEYOND BINARY CHOICES? Navigating great power competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Brookings Institution has launched a new trilateral initiative with experts from Southeast Asia, Australia, and the United States to examine regional trends in Southeast Asia in the context of escalating U.S.-China rivalry and China’s dramatic rise. The initiative not only focuses on security trends in the region, but covers economic and governance developments as well. This report summarizes the main findings and policy recommendations discussed at an inaugural trilateral dialogue, convened in Singapore in late 2019 in partnership with the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) and the Lowy Institute. A key theme running throughout the dialogue was how the region can move beyond a binary choice between the United States and China. In this connection, Southeast Asian countries could work with middle powers like Australia and Japan (admittedly a major power in economic terms) to expand middle-power agency and reduce the need for an all-or-nothing choice. Yet, there was little agreement on the feasibility of such collective action as well as doubts about whether the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has the capacity to create independent strategic space as U.S.- China competition continues to grow. Southeast Asian participants noted that Beijing has successfully leveraged its signature Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to expand its soft-power in the region, to the detriment of U.S.
  • World War I 1914-1918

    World War I 1914-1918

    A Significant War Over 16 million people died in WWI and over 20 million were wounded, totaling over 37 million. There are 317 million people in the United States today. That means, that if the casualties from WWI were applied to the United States today, one in every nine people would be dead or wounded. That is how much of an impact this war had on the world, especially Europe, and why it is important to know and understand. World War I What was the correlation between the Age of Imperialism and the outbreak of World War I? Long Term Causes Militarism- Glorifying Military Power Keeping a large standing army prepared for war Arms race for military technology Long Term Causes Nationalism- Deep Devotion to One’s Nation Competition and Rivalry developed between European nations for territory and markets (Example France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine) Long Term Causes Imperialism- European competition for colonies Quest for colonies often almost led to war Imperialism led to rivalry and mistrust amongst European nations Long Term Causes Alliance System- Designed to keep peace in Europe, instead pushed continent towards war Many Alliances made in secret By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente The Two Sides Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany England Austria-Hungary France Italy Russia Central Powers Allied Powers Germany England, France, Austria-Hungary Russia, United Ottoman Empire States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Switzerland Game of Allegiance Did it get confusing trying to keep your allegiances
  • Great Power Politics and the Structure of Foreign Relations Law

    Great Power Politics and the Structure of Foreign Relations Law

    University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship 2009 Great Power Politics and the Structure of Foreign Relations Law Daniel Abebe Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/journal_articles Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Daniel Abebe, "Great Power Politics and the Structure of Foreign Relations Law," 10 Chicago Journal of International Law 125 (2009). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Great Power Politics and the Structure of Foreign Relations Law Daniel Abebe* I. INTRODUCTION Foreign relations law serves as an internal constraint on the unilateral exercise of foreign relations powers through the distribution of authority within the national government. Given the predominance of the executive branch in foreign affairs, courts routinely resolve questions regarding the breadth of the executive's authority by reference to the Constitution, legal precedent, historical practice, and functional considerations. Though courts generally focus on these domestic factors, they have been historically quite sensitive to the international political implications of their decisions. But we don't have a clear understanding of how or when courts consider international politics in resolving foreign relations law questions. We lack a framework to begin thinking about the relationship between international politics and the allocation of decisionmaking authority. This short Article frames foreign relations law as a function of international politics to explore the relationship between the strength of external international political constraints on a state and the levels of judicial deference to the executive in that state.
  • As to Maintain the Al-Shami Pilgrimage Route of the Holy Sanctuaries of Islam in Mecca and Medina

    As to Maintain the Al-Shami Pilgrimage Route of the Holy Sanctuaries of Islam in Mecca and Medina

    Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / TRAVELLING Date Country Theme 1516 - 1916 Jordan Travelling The region enjoyed relative stability due to being the route of the hajj sharif (pilgrimage) caravans to Mecca. Sultans and governors took great care of the caravans. Khans, water installations and fortifications were built and maintained along the route and military patrols were formed to protect it. 1516 - 1916 Jordan Travelling Between 1516 and the mid-19th century the main interest of the Ottoman authorities in the territories of modern Jordan was to maintain the al-shami pilgrimage route of the holy sanctuaries of Islam in Mecca and Medina. To ensure the safety of the pilgrim caravans good relations were maintained with the local Bedouin tribes. An annual payment was paid by the state (khuwwa or surra) to their chiefs to facilitate the passage of the pilgrims or simply to leave them alone. During the 18th and 19th Germany Travelling centuries Travellers from Europe approached the notion of the Near East with dreams of a “holy world” and “treasuries of wisdom”. The European desire for the “Orient” arose partly as a result of the Enlightenment, which since the 1800s had already changed the public psyche, filtering down from the rationalism of intellectuals to the scientification of the public. In addition, the many wars of the period, especially the Napoleonic Wars, produced in the people nostalgia; a desire for distance, the unknown, and the halcyon days of the past. Romantic-era authors and philosophers, much disturbed by these very topics (e.g. Friedrich Schlegel), thus attempted to escape into something magical – the “Orient” seemed to them, and their readers, an ideal imaginary world.
  • The Disharmony of the Spheres the U.S

    The Disharmony of the Spheres the U.S

    The Disharmony of the Spheres The U.S. will endanger itself if it accedes to Russian and Chinese efforts to change the international system to their liking By Hal Brands and Charles Edel AKING THE STAGE at Westmin- A “sphere of influence” is traditionally under- ster College in March 1946, Win- stood as a geographical zone within which the most ston Churchill told his audience he powerful actor can impose its will. And nearly three “felt bound to portray the shadow decades after the close of the superpower struggle which…falls upon the world.” The that Churchill’s speech heralded, spheres of influence former British prime minister fa- are back. At both ends of the Eurasian landmass, the mously declared that “from Stettin authoritarian regimes in China and Russia are carv- in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain ing out areas of privileged influence—geographic hasT descended across the Continent.” He went on to ex- buffer zones in which they exercise diplomatic, eco- plain that “Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, nomic, and military primacy. China and Russia are Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia all…lie in what I must seeking to coerce and overawe their neighbors. They call the Soviet sphere.” Though the Westminster ad- are endeavoring to weaken the international rules dress is best remembered for the phrase “iron curtain,” and norms—and the influence of opposing powers— the way it called attention to an emerging Soviet sphere that stand athwart their ambitions in their respective of influence is far more relevant to today’s world.
  • French Historical Studies Style Sheet

    French Historical Studies Style Sheet

    The French Historical Studies Style Guide comprises three parts: (1) a style sheet listing elements of style and format particular to the journal; (2) starting on page 6 of this guide, the Duke University Press Journals Style Guide, which offers general rules for DUP journals based on The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. (CMS); and (3) starting on page 12, an explanation with examples of the journal’s format for citations and reference list or bibliography. French Historical Studies Style Sheet ABBREVIATIONS In citations and in reference lists the names of the months are given as follows: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. ABSTRACTS For every article (but not for review articles or contributions to a forum), an abstract must be provided in both English and French, with both an English and a French title. Neither version of the abstract should exceed 150 words. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments, headed “Acknowledgments,” appear at the end of the article’s text and are written in the third person. The author thanks the anonymous reviewers of French Historical Studies, whose suggestions were inspirational and invaluable. EPIGRAPHS An epigraph, which may appear at the start of an article or a section, has an attribution that includes the author’s name or the author’s name and the work’s title. No other bibliographical information is required, and the source is not included in the references list unless it is cited elsewhere in the text. No footnote should be attached to an epigraph. I propose that the figurations of women to be found within Rousseau’s texts are constitutive of the organization of public and domestic life in the post-revolutionary world of bourgeois propriety.