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Revisiting Ottoman Alliance Politics Before the Great Open PoliticalJo Science,urnal xyz 2017;2018; 1 1:(2): 143– 122–135152 The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Open Access Research Article Dogachan Dagi* Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder Balance of Power or BalanceWhat Is So ofDifferent Threat: About Revisiting Neuroenhancement? Ottoman Alliance PoliticsWas ist before so anders the am Neuroenhancement? Great War Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 https://doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0012 Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic while the war and the warring alliances had not initially received November 30, 2018; accepted December 12, 2018.Comparison The First Decade (1964-1972) Pharmakologischeinvolved undthe Ottoman mentale territories? Selbstveränderung im Abstract: The Ottoman alliance politics before ethischenthe Great VergleichThe Ottoman entry into the war and its alignment ResearchWar has Article not been explored for theorizing alliance politics with Germany has long divided opinions into two crude though it presents a unique example of alliance https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010formation camps in which the main disagreement stems from Max underMusterman, external threat.Paul Placeholder Thus, in this article, a neo-realistreceived February whether 9, 2013; accepted the Committee March 25, 2013; for published Union online and July Progress 12, 2014 (CUP) balance of threat theory is utilized to examine the was motivated to join the war by their rather untested What Is So Different About Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon Ottoman decision to align with Germany in the Greatas possible War. andidealistic success-oriented views toapplication, save the insights empire and or profits by a without realistic the Neuroenhancement?Unlike a historical account as to why the Ottomansreference sided to thecalculation arguments developedof power aroundpolitics 1900. to get The the main empire investigation out of alsoits with the German-Austrian alliance, this articleincludes develops the periodinternational between the isolation. entry into forceProponents and the presentation of the former in its thesiscurrent Wasa theoreticalist so andersapproach that am takes Neuroenhancement? insights fromversion. ‘alliance Their functionmaintain as thatpart ofthe the inexperienceliterary portrayal of and the narrative ruling technique.elite, the theories’ to explain the Ottomans’ fateful alignment.Keywords: Such Function, desire transmission, to regain the investigation, recently lost principal, territories, period naivety and Pharmacologicalan alliance theory and approach Mental underlines Self-transformation the dilemmas of in Ethican overestimation of German military might dragged Comparisonthe Ottoman decision makers and demonstratesDedicated ‘rational’ to Paul the Placeholder Turks into an irrational war. Those who oppose Pharmakologischeelements of their undstrategy mentale of balancing Selbstveränderung the main source imthis argument claim that the CUP leaders were neither of the threat. By bringing alliance theories and Ottoman gamblers nor pawns of a Great Power, but rather rational ethischen Vergleich historiography together it is argued that the Ottomans,1 Studies in actors and tryingInvestigations to get the most out of the crisis, prevent their search for an alliance before the Great War, sought the allied threat of partitioning the Empire, provide the https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 a “balance of threat” politics rather than a “balanceThe main of investigation urgent need also includes for economic the period assistance, between theand entry the demandinto force forand received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 power” politics. the presentationthe in abolition its current of version. capitulations. Their function1 as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and itsApart as soon from these historical accounts as to why the as possibleKeywords: and Alliancesuccess-oriented theories; application,Ottoman diplomacy; insights Greatand profits Ottomans without sidedthe with the German-Austrian alliance and referenceWar; to Ottoman-German the arguments developed alliance; Balancearound 1900.of power; The*Max main Musterman: investigationentered Institute ofthe Marinealso war, Biology, there National is a Taiwan more Ocean theoretical University, 2 Pei-Ningapproach includesBalance the period of threat. between the entry into force and theRoad presentation Keelung 20224,that in Taiwan itstakes current (R.O.C), insights e-mail: [email protected] ‘alliance theories’ to explain version. Their function as part of the literary portrayalPaul and Placeholder: narrativethe Institute technique. Ottomans’ of Marine Biology,fateful National alignment Taiwan Oceanwith University, Germany 2 Pei-Ning and its Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] subsequent entry into the war. Though it was an example Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Open Access. © 2017par Mustermannexcellence and of Placeholder, alliance published formation by De Gruyter. under external This threat, work is 1 Introduction licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. it has neither been explored by Ottomanist scholars nor Dedicated to Paul Placeholder Resembling the traditional disagreements over the origins by the students of alliance studies. Although the Central of WWI the Ottoman alliance with Germany and its entry Powers and Triple Entente have been utilized by various into the war have remained controversial. For many, the alliance theories, the Ottoman participation in the former 1 StudiesOttoman entryand into Investigations the Great War does not appear to has not been explored for theorizing alliance politics.2 Yet have been a rational choice. It is hard to understand that The mainthe Ottomans,investigation then also known includes as the period‘sick man between of Europe,’ the entry 1into M. forceAksakal, and Ottoman Road to War (Cambridge, MA 2008); M. the presentationexpected to in win its a current major Europeanversion. Their war. Howfunction can asone part then of theAksakal, literary ‘The por Limits- of Diplomacy’, Foreign Policy Analysis, 7, 2 (2011), 197. trayal explainand narrative the empire technique. entering into a major European war by 2 P. A. Weitsman, ‘Alliance Cohesion and Coalition Warfare: the aligning itself with Germany, one of its main protagonists, Central and Triple Entente’, Security Studies, 12, 3 (2003), 79-113; G. H. Snyder, Alliance Politics (Ithaca, NY 1997); B. Healy and A. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University,Stein, 2 Pei-Ning ‘The Balance of Power in International History’, Journal of Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Conflict Resolution, 17, 1 (1973), 33-61; J. A. C Conybeare, ‘A Portfolio Paul Placeholder:*Corresponding Institute author: of Marine Dogachan Biology, Dagi, National Bremen Taiwan University, Ocean University,Diversification 2 Pei-Ning Model of Alliances: The Triple Alliance and Triple Road KeelungBremen, 20224, Germany, Taiwan E-mail: (R.O.C), [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Entente, 1879-1914’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 36, 1 (1990), 53-85. Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Open Access. Open © Access. 2017 Mustermann © 2018 Dogachan and Placeholder, Dagi, published published by by De De Gruyter.Gruyter. This work work is is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- licensedNonCommercial-NoDerivatives under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 4.0 License. The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Dedicated to Paul Placeholder 1 Studies and Investigations The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 144 Dogachan Dagi the unorthodox case of Ottoman alliance politics of 1914 then, as Liska puts it ‘alliances are against, and only does have the potential to shed some new light on alliance derivatively for, someone
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