As to Maintain the Al-Shami Pilgrimage Route of the Holy Sanctuaries of Islam in Mecca and Medina

Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / TRAVELLING Date Country Theme 1516 - 1916 Jordan Travelling The region enjoyed relative stability due to being the route of the hajj sharif (pilgrimage) caravans to Mecca. Sultans and governors took great care of the caravans. Khans, water installations and fortifications were built and maintained along the route and military patrols were formed to protect it. 1516 - 1916 Jordan Travelling Between 1516 and the mid-19th century the main interest of the Ottoman authorities in the territories of modern Jordan was to maintain the al-shami pilgrimage route of the holy sanctuaries of Islam in Mecca and Medina. To ensure the safety of the pilgrim caravans good relations were maintained with the local Bedouin tribes. An annual payment was paid by the state (khuwwa or surra) to their chiefs to facilitate the passage of the pilgrims or simply to leave them alone. During the 18th and 19th Germany Travelling centuries Travellers from Europe approached the notion of the Near East with dreams of a “holy world” and “treasuries of wisdom”. The European desire for the “Orient” arose partly as a result of the Enlightenment, which since the 1800s had already changed the public psyche, filtering down from the rationalism of intellectuals to the scientification of the public. In addition, the many wars of the period, especially the Napoleonic Wars, produced in the people nostalgia; a desire for distance, the unknown, and the halcyon days of the past. Romantic-era authors and philosophers, much disturbed by these very topics (e.g. Friedrich Schlegel), thus attempted to escape into something magical – the “Orient” seemed to them, and their readers, an ideal imaginary world. Around 1800 Germany Travelling The wealthiest among the bourgeoisie begin to undertake more exploratory and scientific journeys to “discover” the rest of the world. 1789 - 1791 Germany Travelling The Brandenburg Gate is built, today it a famous landmark of German reunification. 1800s - 1850s Italy Travelling The “Grand Tour” falls out of vogue; it used to be a period of educational travel, popular among the European aristocrats in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its primary destination was Italy. In the second half of the 19th century, vanguard artists no longer looked at Roman antiquities and Renaissance for inspiration. 1810 - 1920 Tunisia Travelling Multiple exploratory missions and studies scoured the Regency of Tunis. These missions provided the first opportunity to discover the remains of antiquity and to open up new fields of research. Date Country Theme 1812 - 1817 Germany Travelling John Lewis Burckhardt from Switzerland journeyed to the “Orient”, especially to Aleppo in Syria, to study the Near East and Islam. While there, under the pseudonym Sheikh Ibrahim ibn ‘Abd-Allah and living as a Muslim businessman, he not only translated from English to Arabic Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, but also rediscovered the city of Petra (Jordan) in 1812. 1816 Tunisia Travelling Queen Caroline of Brunswick visits the Regency of Tunis as a guest of the Bey. She is hosted at the Palais de la Rose in Manouba. 1817 Romania Travelling August–September: Habsburg Emperor Francis I and his wife Carolina visit the cities of Transylvania and are very well received by the population. 1820s - 1860s Germany Travelling The formation of modern tourism grows in stages, first the nobility, then the educated middle classes and finally citizens of much more modest means. Karl Baedeker, who published the first successful travel book in 1827, was one of the innovators of modern mass tourism. The first group- and corporation-travel tours were inaugurated by the English firm Thomas Cook in 1840. In 1863 the first travel agency opened in Breslau, followed in 1869 by the founding of the German Alp Society, which opened up the Alps to tourism. 1822 - 1930 Germany Travelling The building of Museumsinsel (Museum Island) in Berlin. 1822 Italy Travelling The Grand Duchy of Tuscany issues the first official ruling in Italy regarding “those who bathe in the sea in the open air”. Around that time, in Viareggio two wooden bathing establishments are built (one for men, the other for women). They are intended for seawater therapy. 1825 Italy Travelling More than half a million pilgrims visit Rome on the occasion of the Catholic “Holy Year”. In the Roman Catholic tradition, a Holy Year or Jubilee is a year of forgiveness of sins and reconciliation. Other Holy Years were celebrated in 1875 and in 1900. Rome always attracted Catholic pilgrims, especially during Holy Years. 1830 France Travelling From 1830, among artists and intellectuals of the 19th century the journey to the ‘Orient’ to discover ancient civilisations becomes a kind of ritual. 1832 France Travelling Date Country Theme Like many artists, the painter Eugène Delacroix travelled to North Africa, Morocco and Algeria, returning with many paintings and sources for inspiration. 1834 United Kingdom Travelling A. W. Kinglake’s Eothen is the best known of the many travel books to the East. William M. Thackeray, Benjamin Disraeli and Anthony Trollope all travel to the Near East, others wander around Asia Minor and the Levant recording their impressions, often in search of classical inscriptions. 1834 Germany Travelling The Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam is connected to Berlin by rail, one of the first electrified railway sections in Old Germany. Since 1911, the Palace has been used as a film location (i.e. The Blue Angel, 1930). 1836 Lebanon Travelling The discovery of the Jeita Grotto, credited to Reverend William Thomson. Further expeditions reveal the depth and the importance of the cave. 1837 Lebanon Travelling The Galilee earthquake. In the 17th century, Fakhr-al-Din II took over Beaufort castle, but was defeated by the Ottomans who destroyed the upper portion. The earthquake causes further damage to the structure and the ruins become a quarry and a shelter for sheep. 1838 Portugal Travelling Building of Pena Palace in Sintra, close to Lisbon, begins. This eclectic summer residence, commissioned by King Fernando II, combines Neo-Manueline, Neo- Islamic and Neo-Renaissance styles. The use of the Islamic decorative influences in a royal palace contributes to the Portuguese society’s acknowledgement of its Islamic past. 1839 Portugal Travelling Silva Porto, born in poverty in Portugal, trader, farmer and explorer, settles in Bié, Angola, from where he, with his pombeiros (long-distance trade agents), tours Central Africa between 1839 and 1890. The descriptions of his travels that he sent to Lisbon became legendary and a precious source of data. 1840 - 1855 Tunisia Travelling Khayr al-Din, the reforming minister of Tunisia, conducts various missions in Europe and to the Sublime Porte (Sublime Gate), the honorific title used for Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire. 1841 - 1844 Germany Travelling Date Country Theme The Berlin Zoological Gardens was established in 1841 and opened to the public in 1844. The oldest zoo in Germany, today, it hosts more visitors than any zoo in Europe (around 3 million visitors per year). 1842 Italy Travelling A seaside hostel is opened in Viareggio (Tuscany) for the treatment of children affected by tuberculosis (the first of its kind in Italy). In Tuscany, experiments of “marine therapy” for children started in the 1820s. By 1882, 21 seaside hostels for medical purposes are active in Italy. 1843 Italy Travelling First bathing establishment created in Rimini. 1844 Turkey Travelling June–July: Sultan Abdülmecid visits #zmit, Bursa, Gallipoli and the Aegean Islands. 1846 Tunisia Travelling Ahmad Pasha Bey is received by King Louis Philippe at the Tuileries Palace. He stays at the Élysée Palace. He visits the parliament, the Hôtel des invalids, Napoleon’s tomb and the Palace of Versailles. 1846 Turkey Travelling May: Sultan Abdülmecid visits Varna. 1846 Egypt Travelling Ibrahim Pasha is received with respect and curiosity when he visits western Europe. 1846 - 1856 Tunisia Travelling A period of intense diplomatic activity between the Regency of Tunis and Western governments, which sees 20 diplomatic or consular agencies in Europe and the East represent the regency. 1848 Lebanon Travelling Established by Congregational and Presbyterian American missionaries, the National Evangelical Church of Beirut is the oldest and largest of nine congregations situated outside Beirut. 1850 Austria Travelling Archduke Maximilian visits Asia Minor and Egypt. 1850s - 1860s Italy Travelling Date Country Theme Mountaineering on the Alps becomes a sport and tourism activity. Local people had always climbed mountains. Since the end of the 18th century, scientists had started exploring the Alps for scientific purposes (Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786). In 1857, Irish mountaineer John Ball starts climbing the Dolomites and writing guidebooks about them. 1854 Tunisia Travelling A contingent of the Tunisian army is called upon to participate alongside the Ottoman Empire, France and England in the Crimean War. 1855 France Travelling From 1855, the spa towns of eastern France are developed: at Vittel, and at Contrexéville near Plombieres-les-Bains in the Pyrenees, where Napoleon III stays. 1857 France Travelling Visit by the Ambassador of Persia, Ferouk Kahn, to Napoleon III. 1857 Austria Travelling Sidi Muhammad Bey of Tunis presents a pair of pistols to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. 1857 France Travelling Development of resorts and the creation of the seaside resort of Arcachon on the Atlantic in south-west France, which is inaugurated by Emperor Napoleon III and Empress Eugénie. 1858 France Travelling Development of pilgrimages in France, in particular to Lourdes, thanks to faster modes of transport such as rail. 1860 France Travelling First trip by Napoleon III to Algeria; the second will take place in 1865. 1860 Portugal Travelling Travelling became a great cultural and social phenomenon with Romanticism. The “Grand Tour” through the countries of the known world, namely around the Mediterranean, became a means of developing cultural and social skills.

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