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1993
Archeological Investigations at Two Sites in Dinosaur National Monument: 42UN1724 and 5MF2645
James A. Truesdale
National Park Service
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Recommended Citation Truesdale, James A. and National Park Service, "Archeological Investigations at Two Sites in Dinosaur National Monument: 42UN1724 and 5MF2645" (1993). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 547. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs/547
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'-1' By \ James A. Truesdale , . 1,1)* " t _.DQ"" ".0" co •• •• ., ',d~ l onal ! ,.II'. S t!r\' ~ \.e r.o. Cu' Z,2 7 o l orchlCl 0,- J
~ (' 11" ',01 fro tl1(~ JlvIS1C111 of Cui Ufd' Rcsour'te~ . i,u, .1. tiO" ' .' ~"o jI' 'l·, , ·~') C·,ilon~ . - "~l·{o'r :.J- l 'PJ ·r~~- Serv-"ce- ·- ,· 2 ) ? "1 ·\' ! ~L'VI(,jjh.. ..s (;'CdVcl Ions In l)ill ()~ I'" '.I ~.l ' lJ· "~ on en l ~ W O } '1;'C ,'e con(Ju c. led cJ l S! ra :, ".: : & r l'" - lhC ruol ... n:t.' Sltt:' In :·v.:> an.! Ipe" Ledge Sheller ) in on . . The h"l ~::"'t III Or" J Ion ft'o hesc t,,:o si t~ • II, · .. , .. " ' lonal ar cheoloqical ddla obldined tClW 0 , '. ;" :. 1 , r " f l • dfli.l 1 ' ,2 . ndve e , nanJed 0 ,1 III ~, ~I' .J" l , e PdS l 3700 JOdi'S of Ir • dn occupation ne J I;.l' J"CO. J ... 1I1 ,j \." LeJ';e Shelter ol 2~ ;:l;..:.': \ IS .J souti.·southeast l aCing roclshcller '" he Jones liole !IW' • ". ~ ' ,~ ,'it·,: £1/ ( fCC~ clt'Cd of the onu cnt. [.caVdtlOn 0 cl tvlO " Cler Squd'"C unlt. orod ccd evid ne :J , ,-, .. .,:' ':'' of tnree O\.C cJt.ional co oonenlS dnd d rrCl cnl bUf1d i of an adult. ale \,l1th ds,soc.id ed ;..;;. ," J;H t ~ ¥ dt't.tfdc ls, cuper t.wo cO' ponen sat c SHe I ;-"'1uc d inf on' a Ion on the ,rt· r. onlt:l...r ic
'. ". C ""' ~ f O :ra ~l tlon, \'Ihlle nc lo\,,; st coo ponen conldlnea e ldence of cdr' l, corn ort,leul r,
:or- . "'[·ovc.. [:. rl':'_[ 7I. \.' rool ~ 1'Cl'~ Sit£!' s ~~ r ... ~ 5 lS d rl'e- ont open habildtl~fl sile Sl l IJd t ed on '" rtdJ ) . ", ':",:, · Co... [ cJs t of Pool 1.. 1'£:11'- wllhln the sttC{) Cd , , ~,on syste- of the Green Jnd jal I' d ?ivers. ( ' \. d Ii lOllS ncovereJ a rl'e' ont 1 nouse wit" associateo fea ul'es dnd ill'tHdC s and a rfc. ont l.Jl'lll \':i her ): dlns of dn dd It e ale dnd an infant. udld f,'o .• , Ui ~ I_.l an.1 ~-1 r2 6 S ,'OVltJe Jero·flol'dl , pollen , faunal , dnd radlocdr" on Qatd on ffc ont set.tl . cnt cJuJ subsis t ence pal e t'ns . ortuar/ prac ices , and e rnr." ont/ :.u It tldn, lll0n.
,;rc eulo f~lcal Sludies/ flcl0 InvCSlll~clt10ns / Labo " dlOt'y A alyses/P,-chlstOI"lC RC"'" dl0S! \.. u 1 :. ... l'cJ I Reso.Jr"LcS
J l00ScJoJf ',alional ;·00 toOL Fr" ont.;, f.1 cfJo: est1c C ullH~ens/:'loflUdl'J PrJcllc"'S/Burlals
1 1 He ...... n SELECTIOSS rrom the 01\,1 lOS OF C LT RAL RESO RCES L ': • 1': 1 t.t'O; So. -I Rocky Mountain Region nc ldsslfled 10 s.c. ... 1r (t.. " f' ''~ .... c. 1'1 "'0< " "'alion.1 Park S.rvire Unc IdSS i ICO FOREWORD ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT TWO SITES IN DINOSAUR NATIONAL MONUMENT: As part of the National Park Service mi ssion In both studies, ~,posed human remains 42UN1724 AND 5MF2645 10 protect and interpret its resources, it is were excavated 10 prevenl further loss important to maJce valuable, scientific through erosion and vandalism. Excavalion, information readily available. Therefore, I analysis, final reporting, and ultimate am pleased to present th is volume in Our dispositiOlI of the human remains and occasional series of publications on the associated funerary objects were carried out Rocky Mountain Region'S past . DATA RECOVERY AT JUNIPER LEDGE SHELTER in consultation with the Uintah and Ouray Ute Tribe, including review of the final text (42UNl724) These two reports were prepared by James and all figures . This project represents A. Truesdale, when he was the Dinosaur cooperation between the National Park By National Monument Archeologist, and Service and the Uintah and Ouray Ute Tribe James A. Truesdale present new data on Fremont occupation of to achieve the goal of sensitive and the park. This work extends the known appropriate management of these very sequence of radiocarbon dates and With Contributions By important remain ~ while enabling scientific documents a 3700' year record of prehistoric investigations to proceed. occupation in what is now Dinosaur Linda Scott Cummings National Monument.
and
Clay J ohnson Regional Dircctor Rocky Mountain Region
ARCHEOLOGICAL TESTING AT SITE SMn64S AND DATA RECOVERY OF THE POOL CREEK BURIAL
By James A. Truesdale Mission: As the Nation's prinCipal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering wise use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation . The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the
U.S. DtpartlDf'Ot oIlk lottrio,. best interests of all our people. The Department also promotes the goals of the Take Pride in fUtiocu.l Park Scn-irt' America campaign by encouraging stewardship and citizen responsibility for the publ ic lands and Rod:, Mo:uatala RfIloo promoting citizen participation in their care. The Department also has a major responsibility for Diy-kio. of CwJtunl Raourca MUllf1Dnu American l~d ian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under -.s.n.. U.S. Administration. NPS·D. 89. Dtot'tt. CokH-ado I99J ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
J lPER LEDGE SIIELTER
would like to thank Dinosaur National conversations and prof, ional consultati ns Monument Superint ndent (Dennis K. during the various pha of the Juniper Huffman) for allowing Jerry Ballard (DINO Ledge Sh Ite proj t. Yampa District Ranger), Cindy DoktorsJO (A istant Green River Naturalist), Fawn POOL CREEK BURIAL Curtis (DINO River Cone ions Assistant), and Rita H. Clagett (Seasonal Green River The author would like t thank Dino ur District Interpreter) to take time away from National Monument Superintend nt Denni their jobs to assist in the excavation. They K. Huffman and Chi f of Interpretation tolerated those cold overcast November David Whitman for th ir support. G rge days. Mich lie Riley cataloged and encoded W. Gill (University of Wyoming , the anifacts into the Automated National Departm nt of Anthropology) guided and Curation System (ANCS). Additional assisted the author in the osteological thanks go to David Whitman (Chief of analy is. Thanks to th taff of Beta Interpretation - DlNO) for his support and Analytic, Inc. for their service and editorial comments, and the Dinosaur Nature consultation. Thanks also 0 David A. Association (or funding all of the supporting Bretemitz. Kevin Jon (A istam 'Jtah State studies (radiocarbon dating, macro no ral, Archaeologist), David B. M d n (Utah pollen, fiber and com analyses). I would Stale Archaeologist), and Charles A. Reher like to thank Linda Scott Cummings (University of Wyoming, Departmnt of (PaJeoResearch laboratori) for the Anthropology) for num rous profe ional macron oral , 901Ien. and fiber analyses. conversations and consultations. I especially Thanks to the staff at Beta Analytic Inc. for appreciate the consultation and advice of numerous conversation concerning the Clifford Duncan (Uintah and Ouray Ute radiocarbon dating of com. Tribe) who helped with various aspects of the project. Thanks to Adrienne And rson In addition, I would like to thank Charles A. and Ann Johnson (National Park Service, Reh r (University of Wyoming), Blaine Rocky Mountain Region, Division of Phillip (Utah Bureau of land Managem nt , Cultural Resources Management) for lh ir Vernal District Archeologist), MIke Metcalf support and editorial comments. Also (Metcalf Archaeological Consultants), special thanks should go to the Dinosaur AdrieMe Anderson, Ann Johnson, Betty Nature Association for funding the LeFrec, and Helen Fairley (National Park supporting studies in this project. Service), David Madsen (Utah State Archaeologist), Kevin Jon (Assistant Utah State Archaeologist), Steven Creasman (Western Wyoming College), Clifford Jam A. Truesdale Duncan (Uintah and Ouray Ute Tribe), and Archeologist Clay Johnson (Vernal, Utah) fer valuable 1993
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table or Contents Appendix A: Analysis of Fremont Palc:obownical Materials at 42UN 1724, Dinosaur National Monument, by Linda Senu Cummings ...... 45 Foreword ...... i References Cited ...... 63 Acknowledgments ...... iii Appendix B: Radiocarbon Calibration Dates and Ages for C 14 Samples List of Figures ...... • ...... •...... •...... vii Collected at Juniper Ledge Shelter ...... 67
List of Tables ...... • ... • ...... •..•.. . .. xi Appendix C: McKee Spring Rock An Research: A Discussion ...... 71
List "f Appendixes ...... xiii References Cited ...... 87
DATA RECOVERY AT ]lJNIPER LEDGE SHELTER (42UNl724) . •• • • . • . •• • • I ARCllEOLOGtrAL TESTING AT SITE 5MF2645 AND DATA RECOVERY OF THE POOL CREEK BURIAL . • . ••• • •• •• • . • • .. • 89 Introduction ...... 3 Introduction ...... •...... •...... • ...... 91 Site Description ...... •...... • ...... • ...... • . ... . 5 Setting ...... •...... • ...• ...... • . ..•...... 91 Method of Excavation ...... • ...... • ...... •...... 8 Description ...... •...•...... 91 Excavation Results ...... • ...... • . . •. .. •...... • ...... 9 Test Excavation Results ...... •...... 96 Cultural Component I · ...... •...... •...... •...... 9 The Pool Creek Burial ...... •.. . •...... 100 Cultural Component 2 · . .•. ...• ...... 19 American Indian Concerns ...... •.....•...... • . . . • ...... 100 Cultural Component 3 · ...... • •...... •.. .. . •. . • . . • ... .. 27 Burial Description ...... • •...... •...... 101 Human Remains ...... •...... •..•...... • ...... 30 Results ...... • . . .•...... • . ... . •.... 101 Discussion and Conclulions ...•.. .•.• . •..• ...... ••...... 32 Skeleton Number I ...... lOS Cultural Component 3 · ...... •• ...... 32 Skeleton Number 2 ...... 105 Cultural Component 2 · •...... • ...... •...... •..•... 34 Summary ...... • ...... • ...... • ...... 108 Cultural Component I · ...... • ...... 36 Pool Creek Site Conclusions ...... •..••...... •.. . 11 5 References Cited ...... •...... 39 References Cited ...... 117
Appendix : Pool Creek Site - Description of Calibrated Radiocarbon Dates . . . • . . .. 121
v vi LIST OF FIGURES List or fiCU~
1UNIPER LEDGE SHELTER figure
13 . Grasshopper picceslparts (Nos. 12286, 12293, 12300) and a burnt insect larva (No. 12292) recovered from Feature 4 (Excavation Units 9· ION, 1. Location of the Juniper Ledge Sheller (42UNI724) ...... " 9.IOE), Cullural Component 2 at site 42UNI724 ...... 22
2. View to north at the location of Juniper Ledge Shelltr ...... 6 14 . Thread and cordage made from unidentified rodent hair recovered from levels 3, 4, and 5 (99.90-99.60 em), (Excavation Units 8· ION , 3. Sile map of Juniper Ledge Sheller (42UNI724) ...... 7 8-10E), Cultural Component 2 at site 42UNI724 ...... 23
4. Fn:quency of artifacts by excavation level recovered during data recovery 15. Thread and Cordage made from Flax a.inwn sp.) recovered from levels at Juniper Ledge Sheller ...... 10 3, 4, and 5 (99.90 to 99.60 cm), (Excavation Units 8· ION, 8·IOE). Cullural Component 2 at site 42UN 1724 ...... 23 5. Soil profile of the north wall of Excavation Unit 9·10 N, 7.5· IOE at Juniper Ledge Shelter ...... II 16 . Feature 5 (Excavation Units g·9N. g·9.5E) and the concentration of com cobs ~ and pumpltin (Cucurbjla oeoo) ...... 2S 6. Plan View of map of Cullural Ccmponent I at Juniper Ledge Shelter (42UN 1724) ...... 12 17 . Com Cobs ~ recovered from Feature 5, (Excavation Units 8·9N, 8.9.5E), Cullural Component 2 at site 42UNI724 ...... 26 7. Plan View of Cullural Component I, Excavation Units g·9E, 7.5·IOE, Juniper Ledge Sheller (42UNI724) ...... 13 18. Pumpltin (Cycurbjta oeoo) recovered from Feature 5 (Excavation Units 8·9N, 8.9.5E), Cullural Component 2 at sill 42UNI724 ...... 26 g. PUUl View of Cullural Component I after removal of the juniper bark noar covering, (Excavation Units g·9N, 7.5-IOE), at Juniper Ledge Sheller 19. Loosely woven juniper bark bu rden basket in situ; basket straps at top of 42UNI724 ...... 14 photo trending into nonh wall. The arrow points to location of com kernels ., 28
J. Unfired clay bowl uncovered in Cullural Component I , (Excavation Units 20. Portion of juniper basket strap (No. 12250) ...... 28 9· ION, g·9E), at Juniper Ledge Sheller 42UN I 724 ...... 16 21. Portion of juniper basket strap (front view) ...... • ..• .. .. 29 10. Cullural Component I artifacts recovtred during excavation at Juniper Ledge Sheller 42UNI724, (Excavation Units g· ION, 7.5·IOE) ...... 18 22 . ponion of juniper basket Sllap (back view) ...... 29
11. North wall profile, (Excavation Units 9·ION, 9·IOE), view of Features 3 23 . Human re mains recovered from Juniper Ledge Sheller ...... •...... 31 and 4 with juniper IUmpline Sllap vi~ ' ble below Feature 4 ...... 20
12 . Tanned leather stained with red ochre (No. 12263) and fragment of basket (No. 12199) recovered adjacent to Feature 4 (Excavation Units 9· ION, 9-10E), at site 42UNI724 ...... 22
vii viii THE POOL REEK BURI.\L figure
I. The Pool Cr Ie ite (SMF264S) site map ...... 92
2. Chipped ston tools reco ered during te t excavations of TU I, Area B, site SMF2645 ...... 97
3. Features re eaJed during exca ation of TU I, Area B, site SMF264S, (1S00±70 BP, B-27679) ...... 97
4. West wall profile of T t Unit I, Area B, site SMF264S. (Area designation in Photo hould read Area B) ...... 98
S. The Pool Cr k Burial, (I OO±80 years BP. Bcta-289:lS) ...... 102
6. The Pool Creek Burial. (1300±80 years BP. Beta-28935) ...... " 103
7. Plan View of the Pool Creek Burial excavation grid and map...... 104
8. Com cobs and kernels r overed during exca ation of the Pool r k Burial, ~ite 5MF2645 ...... " 106
9. Mandible from keleton No. 1 recovered during exca at ion of the Pool Creek Burial. ite SMF2645 ...... 106
10. Cia ic1es from sk leton No. I rceo e~ during excavation of the Pool Creek Burial, ite 5MF2645 ...... 107
I I. Scapulae from Skelelon No. I recovered during exea alion of the Pool Creek Burial. Sile 5MF2645 ...... " 107
12. Cclibraled radiocarbon d tes ...... 113
ix LIST OF TABLES
J IPER L DC II LT R
T bJ P ~e
1. Radiocarbon resu lts for mples reco ered from Juniper Ledge Shelter (42UNI724) ...... 9
2. In emory and description of hipped stone, bone, and antler artifacts recovered fr m ulturaJ omponent J at Juni per Ledg helter (2UNI724) ...... 17
3. Breakdown of debitag by materiaJ type meo ered from Ie el I th rough (surface to 99.85 cm). Exca at ion Units 8-ION, 8-IDE. at site 42UNJ724 ...... 17
THE POOL CREEK B tAL
T bl Pa 'e
1. In entory and description of stone tools recorded on the surf; ce from LocaJiti A and B at site 5MF2645 ...... 93
2. Breakdown of surface chipped tone debitage by materiaJ type from LocaJiti A and B, at sit SMF264S ...... 94
3. B~ kdown of chipped stone debitage by materiaJ type recovered during ex ation, Test Unit 1. Le cIs 1-4, Locality B, j te SMF264S ...... 99
4. Measurements and indices of the Pool Creek BuriaJ Skeleton No. I ...... 108
5. Description of calibrated radiocarbon dates ...... 112
xi LIST OF APPENDIXES
JUNIPER LEDGE SIIELiER
AP~Ddixes
A. Analysis of !'rcmont Paleobotanical Materials at 42U NI124, Dinosaur National Monument, by Linda Scott Cummings ...... 4S
B. Rad iocarb.>n Calibration Dates and Ages (or CI4 Samplr.s Collected at Juniper Ledge Shelt« ...... 67
C. McKee Spring Rock An Research: A di scussion ...... 71 DATA RECOVERY AT JUNII'ER LEDGE SHELTER (42UNl724) niE POOL CREEK BURIAL
Ap~ndix By Jalttl's A. Truesdale Pool Creek Site - Description o( Calibrated Rad iocarbon Dates ...... 12 1 Wilh Conlribulions fly
Linda Scoll Cummings
and
Clay Johnson
xiii lnlroductiOD Introduction INTRODUCTION
The Juniper Ledge Sheller was discovered Ranger indicaled !hal 60 10 80 boalers on Seplember 29, 1989, during a pedeslrian frequent !he Ely Creek area every day survey for archeological resources in Ihe during !hese months. A conservative Jones Hole/Ely Creek area of Dinosaur estimale on visitalion per day for the Jones National Monumenl (DINO) in nonheaslern Hole/Ely Creek area between !he heavy Uiall (Fig. I). The sile is localed in Uiniall river use period and summer monlhs alone County, Uiall, al an elevation of is 1800 10 2400 individuals. The main approximately 1585 m (5200 feel) AMSL. allractions 10 this area are Deluge Shelter (42UNI78), a slralified prehisloric Due 10 !he presence of human remains rockshelter wi!h its "Fremonl" piclograph posed on Ihe site, an evaluation to panels, fishing in Jones Creek, and a nalural consider manage men I aClions was conducled walerfall on Ely Creek. OIHO S AU~ NATIONAL y!he DINO Archeologist on Seplember 29, MONU W£N T 1989. A decision 10 salvage Ihe in lermen! In addition, Ihe Jones Hole/Ely Creek area 0'2 4 81 was made based upon several crileria: (I) may have Ihe highest densily of human bone was exposed on !he surface and archeological shes per square mile in the was continuing 10 erode, endangering Ihe Monumem. Pasl and presenl archeological bu,ial's exislence; (2) Ihe remains continued investigations in Ihe area indicale that 90 10 be impacted by rodenl activilies; (3) there percem of Ihe siles ha e evidence of was polenlial for Ihe remains 10 be unauthorized COllection and/or vandalism . deslroyed by unau!horized colleclion and vandalism due to the close proximily and A Data Recovery Plan wu wrillen for site easy access from !he Jones Hole/Island Park 42UNI724 (J uniper Ledge Shelter) lrail , and (4) !his would be an opponunily 10 (Truesdale 1989) to outline field and determine Ihe nalurc, exlent, and integrily of laboratory methods and address specific !he sile's buried cullural deposits for research domains. In addition, !he Data nominalion of the sile 10 the N?ional Recovery Plan addressed Native American Regisler of Hisloric Places. concerns and the curatilJn and ullimate disposition of huma.1 remains and associated The Jones Hole/Ely Creek area is one of !he artifacts. American Indian Consultation was mosl heavily visiled section ~ of DINO. initiated on October 2, 1989, wi!h a letter to Access can be gained by lrails slarling from the Uiniall and Ouray Indian Agency !he Jones Hole fi sh halchery IWO miles 10 notifying them of the discovery of human !he nOM, !hree campgrounds localed on the remains and the management decision to Green River IWO miles 10 Ihe south , and salvage the intermenl. As a result, Clifford from Island Park 4 miles 10 Ihe wesl. The Duncan (Director of the Uiniall and Ouray campgrounds localed on the river are Ute Cultural Rights Protection Office) occupied conlinuaJly for Ihree monlhs (mid visited the site while excavation was in June Ihrough Mid-Augusl) by boaters on ran process. "uncan burned sweet grass and trips . The Monumenl Green River Districi prayed at the site. Figu", I _ Location of the Juniper Ledee Shelter (42UNJ724)
3 4 Site Description Site Description The data recovery program was designed to are sagebrush, mountain mahogany, prickly insure lhal lhe informalion polential of lhe pear cactus, rabbilbrush, several varieties of Juniper Ledge burial is nOllcssened lhrough wheat grass, and Ind ian rice grass. A dcslrUction, collection andlor vandalism, or riparian vegetation community may be found lhrough physical modifications to lhe sile 300 m to the nonhcast. The site is located selting wh ich would effectively make in the Weber Sandstone Formation (Middle deposits inaccessible lO investigalions. In Pennsylvanian). November of 1989 lhe DINO Archeologisl and a crew of volunteers began lesl The sile consists of low densi ty chipped excavalions of Juniper Ledge Sheller. stone tools and debitage, fire cracked rock, and a concentra tion of ponery scanered in All malerials and anifacls collecled during an area of 66 sq m. This scanc:- of anifacts lhe data recovery al Juniper Ledge Shelter is concentrated around two exposed firepit have been curaled under the AUlomated features which exhibit charcoal and charcoal National Curation Syslem (ANCS) and stained soil eroding from the front slope of accession number DINO-220. All anifacts lhe shelter. The front of the shelter is are curaled al Dinosaur Nalional Monumenl eroding because of a small wash that runs headquaners, Dinosaur, Colorado. south .
SITE DESCRIPTION Ceramic sherds were rccu. <, cd from the surface. The sherds exhibil a gray to black The Juniper Ledge Shelter (42UNI724) is interior core, a gray interior and exterior sillUlled on a long narrow ledge which trends surface, a finely soned paste, and a poorly soulhwesl-nonheasl along lhe nonh side of soned crushed limestone temper, which is a Sleep walled canyon (Fig. 2). The sile is visible through the exterior surface. The a wide open alcove which measures II m lemper may be exposed due to surface (NE-SW) across lhe front by 6 m (NW-SE) erosion of lhe sherds. The ceramics arc from the drip line lO lhe back wall and 15 lO similar in morphological attributes to Uinta 20 m in heighl (Fig. 3). In addition , an grayware which is associated with the alcove approximalely 50 melers lO lhe Fremont of the Uinta Basin. In addilion, a Figure 2_ View to north at the location of JuoJper Ledee Sbelter nonheasl contained the remains of a slorage hafted stone knite was recovered adjacent to SlrUClure (granary). The slorage structure the ceramic scaner at lhe site (Fig. 3). This consisted of a slab of sandstone wedted knife was made from a Ian to gray chen, vertically in a small alcove, one small piece exhibits wide-open side-nolches, and of adobe, and a com cob fragment. measures 6.99 Cm in length, has a blade widlh of 2.34 cm, is .61 cm in lhickness, Vegetation on the site is characteristic of a has a ~afting elemenl width of 1.22 cm, a juniper shrub community wilh juniper hafting clement heighl of 1.06 cm, and a dominating lhe landscape. Addilional base widt~ of 1.57 cm . specics observed on and surrounding lhe site
5 6 SUe Desaiption
Method or Excavation
The burial is a primary inhumation of Th" provenience of the excavation block is unknown biological and ethnic affinity. and 8-10 m N and 8-10 m E (Fig. 4) . An age. The burial was thought to be situated arbitr..ry datum was established with an between the back wall of the rockshclter and eleva tion of 100.00 m and all other several large sandstone blocks. which have elevations were measured relative to th is fallen from the roof or wail of the shelter elevation. The excavation consisted of two (Fig. 3) (Truesdale 1989). A human 3rd adjacent I x 2 sq m units, (8-9 N, 8-10 E) cervical venebra was located on the surface and (9-10 N, 8-10 E). The excavation eroding from a rodent burrow which extends represents an area of approximately 3.4 back into an opening between two sandstone percent of the shelter sedirr,ents and cultural blocks. The venebra was exposed on the deposits. The first two levels (I and 2) in surface and . hows signs of weathering each unit were 5 cm in depth and the (bleaching, dry bone breaks and splintering). remaining levels (3 through 7) were 10 cm. In addition, juniper bark behind these All sediments were screened through a 1/ 16 sandstone blocks was exposed by rodent inch wire mesh . Macronoral , pollen, and burrowing and subsequent erosion and the carbon samples were collected from fi repit juniper bark is suspected to be pan of the features. Macronoral and pollen ar..llyses interment. Strips of juniper bark have been were conducted by Linda SCOIt Cummings recorded covering human remai ns in (PalcoRcsearch Laboratories) (Appendix A) . southwestern Wyoming and nonhwest Rad iocarbon dating was conducted by Ikta Colorado (Truesdale 1987, 1989; Truesdale Analytic Inc. A recalibration program and Gill 1987). Sediments on the site (Stuiver and Ikcker 1987) that convens consist of a tan to light brown loosely radiocarbon dates to calendric age (cal age) SC ALE compacted silty sand mixed with colluvial was util ized and the results may be found in deposits, and exfoliated pieces of sandstMe. Appendix B. 1.0 I . ~ M£ f £A S In addition, juniper seeds and branches, cactus spines, and rodent scat are mixed in The human remains recovered were handled with the shelter's deposits. The depth of with dignity and respect. The values deposits in the shelter is approximately one inherent in the remains, by vi nue of their meter. very nature, requi red special handling. At all phases of the project, the human remains METHOD OF EXCA VATION were carefully protected, not open to view or handling by individuals not involved in The excavation consisted of a two meter the determination of their disposit ion and square block orientated to true Nonh and evaluation, and were not treated as objects positioned over the strips of juniper bark of curiosity. suspected of being the human interment .
Figure 3. Site map of Juniper Ledge Sbelter (42UN I724)
7 8 Excavation Results Excavalion Results EXCAVATION RESULTS .- Data rO':ove-y at site 42UNI724 (Juniper collapsing of excavation walls, and (2) .) cLpJo Lodge ': ~~ Iter) identified the remains of displacement through previous rodent 15 1\ STONE three cultural components. The cultural activity. The sediments consist o( a loosely 160 ARTIFACTS levels were primarily defined by radiocarbon compacted sandy silt mixed with sticks, 4. dates crable I), frequ 'ncy, and type of cactus spine, and scat from rode.nts, and I", anifacts recovered in ea~ h excavation level small and medium sized mammals. The (Fig. 4), superimpo<:uon of levels and overall stratigraphic context of Cultural .. IT-:-r-f-- (eatures (Fig. 5), ar..J the (ollowing data. l~ Compone.nt I was fairly uniform and flat, (ollowing a natural surface o( the shelter. 00 VI U BURNT CULTURAL COI\lPONENT I f- 4. BONE Cultural Level I contained a floor covering U 30 Cultural Component I extends from the <{ o( juniper bark strips laid down and l.L. 15 ground surface to approximately 10 to 15 incorporated in and around Features I, 2, ( ~t'-. f- II T1\ cm (Sur(ace to 99.90 cm) below the surface and 3 (Figs. 6, 7, and 8) with an unfired 0:: 60 <{ and was predominately contained within clay bowl. The juniper bark floor varied in 45 BURNT txcavalion levels I and 2. However, thickn.'ss (2 to 5 cm) and exhibited strips of ,» ,BONE anifacls considered to be associated with juniper bark covering the ground in the area l.L. 15 this occupation level were (ound in all between three large (allen sandstone blocks 0 / iT' 1 excavation levels due to two main reasons. n and the back wall of the shelter. These eauses included (I) the slumping and ; 30 " I ~SEC~ 0:: PIECES - PARTS w IS (IJ Tn Ie I. Radiocarbon results (or samples ~overed (rom Juniper Ledge Shelter :!E ::l (42UNI724) II~ Z CO RN 90 15 I Cultural Beta Analytic CI4 Age 60 I / Level No. Lab No. Years B.P. Comments 45 V '" 15 ,. &ta-34324 700 ± 60 I--T ~ Charcoal from Feature I I - DRY GooOS- 2 &ta-34325 30 111O±50 Charcoal from Feature 4 .. LEATHER , C O~E,BASKETRY 3 &ta-36605 1650 ± SO" T Com kernels LEVEl I 2 , 4 • 6 lSurloc 99.95 99,90 99.80 " .10 99.60 99,50 [LEV.TI 99,_0 4 &ta-34326 2330 ± 80 Juniper bark burden basket OH .... 99.90 99.eo '9,10 99.00 99. 50
"CorrtCUd for isotopic fnctJon:ation; 6 IJC • ·23.8 0/00 Figure 4. Frequency or artifacts by excavation level ~overed during data recovery al Juniper Ledee Shelter
9 10 Extavallo" Results Excavation Results
42UNI724 -TU (9-IO N,8-IOE) 2U 17?4 NORTH WALL PROFILE JI"FR Ln ,(jE "Tt HFL C"R IION.Il) DATUM UO~.IOE) '.:.JL • U".\L L f\ n ·1 • (UVTOrf 10<..00 ' (' . ~!~ ('.:.
" .• 0 -.. iC~[ ~ i~~'::G ~ . ' tJ,( I.I III D .1.· IO ·~ " ,10 PR o JlA[(Cff hl
" .70 SC· 5CRAP(1I
RF' f R(TOUC~[ C rl.AJ([ J • 541.OSTO"(
SOIL OESCRIPTIONS ~.OXIOTIOH I . TAN TO Lla.4T '''OWH. LOOSUl' CO ..... CTf:O SILT' S AHO CUlTUIUlllvrlI700r lO,.,.." GlUT CH'''COAl STAINED r:c:J .CH.flleDAl STAlH loosru CON'ACTIED SIt.TY I"NO . (0'1("'0 WITH STft'PS L!.J ' ND ASH 0' .!UN",,, IA'He. AIO ' D"AHQ( OX IO " TI Ote III· CULTU"AllIVfLIllOO!)O,n ") TAN TO GlUT tH. "COAl nA'NIO l OOULY CO .. 'Aen:D SILTY "NO,IItfO OXIDATION IY. TAN lOOSllY COM'ACTED "trY SAND y. CUlTUItALl(Y[llU)()!eo".8PJ HUNAN Iru:N~"S AHO IU"'.t.l 0000' (rUNPLIH[ IASUT, COAOAGf ,OftOUHDSTOHIE,COftHI LOC.TlrO AT AN 'SIb (l[YATIO H Of' " .&0 VI . YUlO. TAN MOO(IIt'TElT CO N P ACY[O SILTY SAND WITH ..oi,)("ATE: TO HrAYY ''''OUNTS 0' COllUVIAL 'AHOSTONE
Flzure 5. SoU pror.Je or tbe north waU or Excavallon Units 9-10N, 7.5-10E at Figure 6. Plan View of map or Cultural Component 1 at Juniper Led&e Sbelter Juniper W&e Sbelter (42UN I 124)
12 Excavation R Its
Ftcure 7. Plan new or CulturaJ Compon nt J. (Excavation Units 1-9E, 7 . .!--lOE), Juniper Ledge Sbelter (42UNl714)
13 Exavalion Resu,1s Excavation Results
An unfired clay bowl or basin was finished point would have had side-notches uncovered near the back wall of the shelter and possibly a basal-notch removed rather (Fig . 9) . The bowl had been placed on top than comer-notches. The presence of of the juniper bark noor covering and various working edges represented on formed in a wet/plastic state. The bowl is utilized and retouched nakes, and the bone constructed of a grayish tan to light brown awl suggests that hide andlor clothing silty sandy clay and exhibits poorly sorted preparation and/or maintenance was an panicles of sand and pebbles (temper) activity associated with Cultural Component exposed on the interior and exterior surfaces I. Of the 261 pieces of complete or (Fig. 9). The bowl is oblong in shape and fragmented bone recovered from Cultural measures 37 em in length. 30 cm in width, Component I, 68 (".:5 percent) were bumt. 1-2 cm in Llickness and a basin depth of 10 Faunal analysis of the burnt and unbumt cm. bone recovered in excavation levels I and 2 identified elements of mule deer (Odocoileus Artifacts recovered from th is cultural level ~, desen cOllontail ~ include 653 pieces of chipped stone awI.uhwini.l, canyon mouse (promyscys debitage, three retouched nakes, two mv.ww and wood rat llimtw!!a sp.). preforms, one bone knapping tool, one bone Included in the bone of Cultural Component ~wl. a piece of cut wood, five pieces of I was a portion of a left maxillae and right fragmented cordage, and 261 complete or mandible of a mule deer. The wear pattern fragmented pieces of bone. The retouched exhibited on the tooth row of the deer nakes, preforms. bone awl and knapping maxillae suggests an age of 4.5 to 6.5 years tool are illustrated in Figure 10. A of age for the animal. This estimation of description of these artifacts may be found age suggests a fall ki ll. in Table 2. A breakdown of debitage by material type from levels I through 3 may Feature I was a shallow basin firepi t be found in Table 3. measuring 45 cm in diameter and varying from 5 to 10 cm in depth. The exterior F1&u a Plan .-lew of Cultural Componenl I aner removal of Ihe The high frequency of tertiary nakes (84.6 edge of the firepit exhibited an orange to red JUnl';er'bark Ooor coverin&. (Excavation Units S-SoN. 7.S-10E). al percent) and presence of a knapping tool band of oxidation varying from 2 to 6 cm in Juniper Ledee Shelter (41UNI724) suggests that tool manufacture andlor thickness. The fill of Feature I consisted of maintenance was a major activity associated charcoal and charcoal stained earth. with th is occupation . Clear chen from the Macronoral analysis of the firepit contents Cedar Mountain Formation represented 91.5 four.d that a large variety of both charred percent of the chipped stone artifact and uncharred remains were present. Most assemblage with the Morgan Formation of the uncharred remains are also brown (dendritic) chens representing 6.75 represen ted as charred remai ns in this percent. In addition. the presence of two feature . Evidence of both pine CfinJu) and preforms suggests that projectile points were juniper Ulu!iJl!:.DW is present, primarily in being manufactured as well . A preform the form of seeds and stems. The presence (Fig. 10, No. 12277) exhibits sharp squarM of both £inlI1 and ~ seeds suggests comers at the base suggesting that the that pine nuts and juniper berries may both
15 £'(cavation Results Excavation Results
Table 2. Inventory and descriplion of chipped stone, bone, and anller artifacts recovered from Culluml Componenl I al Juniper Ledge Sheller (42UNI724)
I. Gray quanzite retouched nake (single convex working edge), No. 12172. 2. Brown (dendritic) chen preform, No. 12 173. 3. Black chen ret'luched ter"Jary nake (double convex working edge), No. 12174. 4. Brown (dendritic) chen retouched teniary nake (typical end scraper and graver, double straight working edges), No. 12236. 5. Brown (translucent) chen utilized teniary nake (double straight working edge). 6. Brown (dendritic) chen retouched tcniary nake (single concavcleonvex \/Iorking edge). 7. Brown (dendritic) heat lteated ehen preform , No. 122n. 8. Dark gray ehen preform base (ragment.
Table 3. Breakdown of Jebitage by malerlal type recovered from excavation levels I through 3 (surf.: e to 99.85 em), urnvalion nils 8-ION, 8-IOE, at site 42UN I 724
MATl::RJAL TYPE PRI SEC TER SH BTh SPALL TOTAL %
CHERT:
Clear 0 0 506 92 0 0 598 91.S Brown (dendritic) Flcure 9. Uollred clay bowl uDCo,end 10 Cultural CompoLenl. I, I 0 36 3 4 0 44 6.75 Gray I (Excavation Units 9-ION, 8-9E), at Juniper LedCe SheJter dU"Nl724 I 6 0 0 0 8 1.2 Milky White 0 I I 0 0 0 2 .3 Maroon 0 I 0 0 0 0 I . IS
TOTAL 2 3 549 95 4 0 653 100.0
PERCENTAGES .3 .45 84.15 14.5 .6 0
16 17 Excavation Results Excavation Results
The pollet! analysis from Feature I revealed feature was approximately 50 em in a moderately large frequency of £illIu pollen diameter and 5 cm in depth and appears to (A ppendix A, Tables 2 and 4) and indicated be a rake off from a nearby firepit feature the proximity of pine to the rockshelter. and/or a discard zone for the deer remains. Lesser quantities of fi r <.AI!iW, 1.w!iJ1rou, The eastern portion of Feature ~ was // ~, '~ and £illIu pollen are noted. Betulaceae covered by strips of juniper bark. pollet! is noted in Feature I. The absence of Douglas fir (PseudotsYe» pollen is not Feature 3 was only panially disturbed by the /111l1lil1li III .. unusual , as Ps<:udolSyga is infrequently test excavation. Feature 3 was positioned et!countered in the pollen record even when between and to the nonh of Features I and it grows locally. Douglas fir is nearly 2 (Fig. 6). Feature 3 is a shallow basin absent from this arca today. firepit measuring, 60 cm (diameter) and 8 cm (99.96 to 99.88 cm) in thickness. ,.-' ~, Non-arlloreaJ pollen notei in this record is Feature 3 exhibits a thin (3 cm) layer of ash III dominated by sagebrush I..ammilia) in both and charcoal covering a thin (5 cm) layer of ... _III features. Small quan tI ties of Cheno-am, red oxidation (Figs. 5 and II). greasewood (SarcobaIYs), low-spine and ------high-spine Compositae, Mormon tea CULTURAL COMPONENT 2 (Ephedra neyadensjs-type), grasses (Gramineae), Leguminusae, Onagraceae, Cultural Component 2 extends from 99.90 to Ficure 10_ Culluml Component 1 ar1ifacts recO¥t~ dunne exravatillD at QJwn.ti.a, be 18 19 Excavation Results Excavation Results chipped stone debitage recovered during and a burnt insect/larva (Fig. 13), fibers, excavation of levels 3. 4. and 5 are similar and cordage made from rodent hair (Fig. in material type to the debitage recovered in 14), nax o..in.wn sp.) (Fig. 15), and one excavation levels I and 2. The chipped stalk fragment from a horse tail rush stone tools, preform, debitage and red ochre ~ sp.) were recovered from recovered during the excavation of levels 3, cxcavation levels 3, 4, and 5, Units 8.ION 4, and 5 are considered lU be associated by 8· IOE at ~ite 42UNI724. The threads with Cultural Component I because of three and cordage recovered from Cultural observations: I) there was some mi,;ng of Component 2 exhibit a single Z·twist and/or materials due to the unit walls caving and 2 or 3 ply, Z·twist and S·spun manufacture. Slumping in, 2) rodent activity may have displaced much of the debitage, and 3) the Feature 4 was only partially excavated. A frequency of chipped stone mifaClS (Fig. 4) little less than half of the feature still decr=es from the surface to bedrock remains to the ncnh of the excavation block. (99.40 cm). Feature 4 is a '.hallow basin measuring 80 cm in diamete' and 15 cm (99.83 to 99.68 Of the 178 complete or fragmented pieces of em) in depth and was situated 3 to 5 em bone, 128 (80 percent) wcre unbumt and 50 directly und':r Feature 3 (Fig. 6) . Feature 4 (20 percent) were burnt. Faunal analysis of exhibits a th in (I to 3 cm) band of ash the burnt and unbumt bone identified overlying a small concentration of chareoaJ elements of mule deer, desen cottontail, and in the center of the feature. Unde rlying the mouse. The frequency and type of bone ash and cha'coal is a large thick (8·9 em) recovered from excavation levels 3, 4, and band of red oxidized silt, sand which 5 are similar to the bone assemblage constitutes 80 percent of the feature (Figs. 5 recovered from excavation levels I and 2. and II). A charcoal sample was collected Due to this similarity and the concentrated from the center of Feature 4 and sent to frequency of burnt arid unbumt bone in Beta Analytic , Inc. for radiocarbon dating. vertical context (Table 2) , the bone from A date of 1110±50 years B.P. (Beta·3432S) excavations levds I through 5 are suspected was obtained. A radiocarbon recalibrat on Flcure 11. North waU proroJe. (ExcavatJon Uolts 9-ION. 9-IOE). view of Features 3 aDd 4 of being contemporaneous and associated age of A. D. 944 resulted. This places the wltb juniper tumplloe strap visible below Feature 4 with Cultural Component I. The bone occupation for Cultural Component 2 represented in excavation levels 3, 4, and 5 approximately 328 years before that of may have settled through the loosely Cultural Component I. compacted sediments in the shelter, andlor were displaced by rodent aclivity. The macronoral analysis of Feature 4 indicated that it contained evidence of both Also recovered was a fragment of a one rod ~ and fiIw.s although no pine seed and bundle stacked foundation coiled basket fragments were recovered. This record which measured 10.8 em (I), 1.0 em (w) suggests that perhaps only juniper berries and a .2 em (th), (Fig. 12). The basket wcre processed. Both charred and fragment was located adjacent to the western uncharred caetaceae spines were observed edge of Feature 4. Grasshopper pieces/pans suggesting that they may have been present 20 21 Excantlon Results Excavation Results Flcure U. TaDDed Jeathu stained wllb red oclIre (No. 12263) and fracment of basket (No. 12199) rec:o.eml adjacent to Feature 4 (Excavallon Units 9-ION. 9-IOEl. F1cure 14. Thread and cordage made from unidentified rodent hair recovered from at slle 42UNI724 levels 3. 4. and 5 (99.90-99.6\) em). (Excavallon Units 8-ION. 8-10El. Cullural Component 2 at site 42UNI724 Flcure 13. Grasshopper pieces/parts (Nos. 12286. 12293. 12300) and 8 burnt lnsec:tllarva (No. 12292) recovered from Feature 4 (Excavation Units 9-ION. 9-IOEl. Flcure IS. Thread and cordage made from Flax CLInJun sp.) recovered from Cultural Component 1 at slle 42UNI724 levels 3. 4. 8.nd 5 (99.90-99.60 em). (E.~cayation Units 8-ION. 8.IOEl. Cultural Component 1 at slle 42UNI724 22 2:1 Excavation Results Excavatloo ResuJts through food processing act,v'tles. The type of charcoal present. The charcoal hedgehog cactus CEcbjnOCi!clYs) seeds and indicates use of a variety of fuel types. seed frngmenlS were also recovered, suggesting that these seeds were processed. Feature 5 (Fig. 16) is a small discard';r,uh Mounlain mahogany (CercOCi!rous) seeds pile placed between two rocks, consisting of and leaves were present in Feature 4, as com cobs and fragmenlS , and rem2.ins of they were in Feature I . Cheno-am seeds, one pumpkin. There was no indication of however, were much more abundant in wheth., the discarded culligens were placed Feature 4, and definitely suggest food in a pit. Feature 5 measured approximately processing activities. Compositae seeds are 2S cm in diameter and was situated between represented by only a few uncharred pappus a large sandstone slab and the inside portion frngmenlS, which may be present either of one of the large sandstone rocks in front through food processing activities or of the sheller. Due to erosion and rodent accidentally. A small quantity of charred ac tivi ty com cobs were found SC311ered to and uncharred mu stard (Crucifcrae) seed the southwest along a sandstone rock to frngmenlS suggests that muswd seeds may elevations of 99.50 cm. also have been processed in th is feature . Charred, probably wild. buckwheat All cobs recovered and associated wi th CEriogonum) seed frngments may also Cullural Component 2 are uncharred and represent food processing activities. contain no kernels. One of the cobs (Fig. Grnmineae is represented by charred seeds, 17, No. 12323) is impaled on a stick. as well as uncharred seeds and other parts. Another cob (Fig. 17, No. 12322) has a The presence of the charred grass seeds in hole in the base suggesting that it, too, may panicular points to food processing have been on a stick . Winter (1973) noleS activities. Charred Malvaceae seeds were several of the Fremont cobs he examined also noted, and may be present through food were impaled on a stick. Three of the five processing activities. Prickly pear cactus cobs have variable numbers of rows. One (Qwwlia) seed frngments and an embryo cob has 14 rows, one has twelve, two have were recovered as uncharred remains and 10 rows, and the founh is 8-rowed . All might be present through food processing cobs except the 8-rowed cob are wider at the activities. Alternatively they may have been base and taper toward the tip, a introduced either at the time of occupation charncteristic of Fremont cobs. The 8- or later as a contaminant. The charred rowed cob is narrower at the base than the elderberry ~ seeds are probably mid-section, which is typical of 8-rowed present through food processing activities '~ ai s de Ocho' and Chapalote cobs (Appendix A, Table 3). p i ~tured in Winter (1973:449) . Eight-rowed FifOre 16. Feature 5 (Excantloo Volts 8-!lN, 8-!l.5E) aod the cooceotratloo or corn cobs cobs are noted to be more common in 24 2S Excavatloo RtSUlts Excavation RtSUlts previously noted. two of the five cobs had cm (th) (Fig. 12). Sixtcen pieces of chipP"'l bct:n impaled on sticks, a trait common in stone debiJage were also recovered (rom the Fremont culture. 'ne recovered com is Cu ltural Component 3. However, it is most most similar to Fremont dent. likely that the chipped stone debiJage carne (rom a higher component due to caving and Feature S also contained a peduncle or stem slump;'., in of unit walls during excavation. of CucurbjJa oeoo and a seed identified to CucyrbjJa DeW (Figs. 16 and 18). The The remnants o( a loosely woven juniper peduncle compares favorably with ~ bark burden basket and tumpline were peduncles reponed by Gasser (1981). The recovered (rom this level. n le basket stem, seed, and rind fragments represent a measured S8 cm in length, 39 cm in width single pumpkin or squash. The cellular and was orientated nonh-south. The basket structure o( the rind was cxamined and exhibited a coarse elongated bag loosely compares most (avorably with ~ sp. woven with open simple and diagonal (Gasser 1981 :63). twining interlocking weave o( long strips o( bark venically and horizontally with a Z CULTURAL COMPONENT 3 twist weft (/ ,~ovasio 1986). The tu mpline strap was atJached to the main basket body. Flcure 17. COni Cobs (Zfa Mm> recovered from Feature 5, (Excavatloo Cultural Component 3 cxtends (rom 99.60 to The strap exhibited a Z-twist cordage Uolts S-9N, S-9.5E), Cultural Compooeot lat site 4lUNI724 99.40 cm. Sediments consist of a loosely to interlocking sti tCh on either side o( a 7 to 10 moderately compacted, tan to light brown cm wide strap of horizontal strips o( juniper sandy silt mixed wi th sandstone rock, sticks, bark (Figs. 20, 21, and 22). The upper cactus spines, and rodent scat. The overall portion or li p of the basket was I:ned wi th stratigraphic contex t o( Cultural c.. "'oonent grass. The basket was in relatively poor 3 was difficult to define vertically and condition, a portion o( it having bct:n horizontally. The cultural level appeared to removed and repositioned to the west by have an undulating surface due to the rodents. A piece o( the juniper (rom the presence o( sandstone rock (all. In addition, basket was sent to BeJa Analytic Inc. (or rodent activity had disturbed the level radiocarbon dating. A date o( 2330±80 causing much o( the irregular dispersal o( years B.P. (Beta-34326) and a recalibrated ani (acts. age o( 399 B.C. resulted. Cultural Component 3 consisted of a jJniper In direct association, posi tioned in the tumpline and bu rden bas! 26 27 ExcavatloD Results ExcavatioD Results Flcure 19. Loosdy WOYeD juoJper bark burd~D basket 10 situ; basket straps at top or Fla:un 21. PortlOD or juoJpu basket strap (rrODt view) pboto tnodina: Iota Dortb wall. The arrow polots to location or com kernels Fia:un 22. Portloo or Juniper basket strap (back view) Fla:un 20. PortlOD or juoJper basket strap (No. 12250) 28 29 Excavation Results Excavation Results radiocarbon dating. An age of 1650± 80 obvious sex differences in long bones is that years B. P. (corrected for isotopic typil..al ly male bones are longer and more fractionation) (Beta-3 6605) and a "massive" than typically female bones. The recalibration age of A.D. 408 resulled . The radius recovered at Juniper Udge Shelter is kernels of corn exhibited no modification clearly a female as it is small and lacks through rodent gnawing and/or chewing, and robusticity. Using Krogman (1962), the no evidence of rodent burrowing activity maximum length (212 .5 mm) of the radius was noticed in the area of concentration. falls into the range for females. Age is set between 30 and 40 years based upon HUMAN REMAINS arthritic lipping on the body of the cervicle venebrae and lack of arthritic abrasions on The burial at site 42UN I724 is a prehistoric the radius. Race is assigned to American primary inhumation of an American Ind ian Indian as the radiu \ was located below middle aged (30 - 40 years) female of Cullural Componen~ I and 2. unknown biological affinity. The burial is apparently situated between the back wall of A living stature of 5 feet I inch has been the rockshelter and several large sandstone calculated from the maximum length (212.5 blocks, which have fallen from the roof 01 mm) of the radius, according to the most wall of the sheller (Fig. 23) (fruesdale accurate Trotter formula for female 1989). A human 3rd cervical venebra was Caucasoids (Krogman 1962; Trotter 1970). located on the surface eroding fro:n a rodent The panicular formula used (Caucasoid) Figure 23. HUDllln remains rec:overed rrom JuoJper Ledee Shelter burrow which extends back into an opening produces the greatest internal consistency for between two sandstone blocks. The venebra Northwestern Plains Indian females as exposed on the surface shows signs of demonstrated in an earlier, more complete, dedu c,~d through reason. The primary individual (fruesdale 1987). In addition weathering (bleaching, dry bone breaks and analysis of long bone proportions (Gill landform and position is a canyon and an there is no indication with which culturai splintering). 1976). The formulae of Genoves (1967), alcove. The vehicle of disposal is unknown component at Juniper ledge Shelter the dcveloped from a skeletal series of Central however, it is most likely that the burial i~ burial is associated . It is the author's Only onc additional human bone was American Indians, are frujuently utilized hy a simple primary interment of a female opinion that the burial most likely dates recovered during the excavation. A human ostcologists working with North placed in a prepared area, possibly a pit, earlier than Cultural Component 2 and may complete right radius was located between American Indian populations, but Ihese between the rockfall and the back wall of be associated with Cultural Componelll 3. 8.361 m N, 7.5 m E and 8.575 m N, 7.479 produce especially unreliable results for ~h~ !~dc.er . There was no evidence of body However, the burial may represent a fourth mEat an elevation of 99.77 cm. The distal specimens from the Rocky Mountain area. preparation, degree of nex , position of component at the site. end of the radius was pointing 175 degrees Therefore, the applicable Genoves formula arms, rotation of head, or deposition of the southeast and dipping slightly to the south at was not applied in this case. approximately 5 degrees. The radius was situated on its medial side. The radius The two human skeletal elements appear to exhibits weathering (bleaching, dry bone have been disl.xlged from their original breaks), and is beginning to splinter. position by rodent activity, and it is expected that the remainder of the burial is Sex determination was made by examining in the shelter. Since no burial feature was and observing features on the radius found, it is difficult to define its associated (robusticity and length) . One of the most attributes. However, some attributes can be 30 31 Discussion and Conclusions Discussion and Conclusions The 2330 years B.P. (399 B.C.) age would same archeological conte.t. Researchers DISCUSSION AND CO 'CL IONS be the oldest date for com in Utah and have fo und that much of the apparent age would further support the prescnce of com error in com carbon-14 dates resulted from CULTURAL COMPONENT 3 in the late Archaic. In addition , these data isotopic fractionation . Com ~ is would suggest that horticulture was practiced one of many grasses that select Near the beginning of the Christian era, 1989) suggest that horticulture was as far north as the Utah/Wyoming border proportionally more radioactive carbon a number of technologies attributed to the established in the region prior to the time of several centuries before the inlIoduction of during photosynthesis than virtually all Uinta Fremont lifestyle (horticulture with Christ. In addition, evidence from ceramic techno!og;'. The possible antiquity woody plants (Bender 1968; Browman 1979; com, be:ins, and squash , and the bow and northwestern New Mexico (Simmons 1986), of the com , situa ted as far north as the Hall 1967a, 1967b; Lowdon 1969). This arrow) were introduced to the Late Archaic northeastern Arizona (Benlacourt and Davis Jones Hole area of no rtheastern Utah, fractionation of C-14 is ex ac tly predictable cultures on the Northern Plateau (Creasman 1984) and central Utah (Wilde and Newman required a second rad iocarbon sample, from measurements of the stable carbon 1981 ; LaPoin t et aI . 1981 ; Weber et aI . 1989) indicate the practice was widespread preferably from the com kernels. A sample isotope ratio,C-12/C-13 , rout ine in most 1977) and inte;-mountain basins of the in the northern Southwest during the Late (15 grams) of the 104 com kernels radiocarbon dating labor:lIorics. The Rocky Mountains (Armitage et aI . 1982; Arehaic period 2,000 to 3,000 years agc'. associated with the burden basket was sent 1650 ±80 years B.P. com date in Cultural Breterniu 1970; Leach 1970; Schroedl Winter (1973) notes that dent com may have to Beta Analytic Inc. for rad iocarbon dating . Component 3 z; Juniper Ledge Shelter is a 1985; Sharrock 1966; Smith and Creasman been transported from Mexico through A C 12/CI3 recalibration of the date resulted C-12/C- 13 calibrated age. Creel and Long 1988; Truesdale 1989, 1990). When the western Arizona into southwestern Ut;,;l, in an age of 1650±80 years B.P. (A .D. (1986) studied radiocarbon dating of com actual emergence of com horticulture as far then diagonally up the Green River Valley. 408) (Bcta-36605). and concluded that a potential sample should north as the Uinta Basin began is unknown. Alternatively, the Fremont dent may have not be eliminated for dat ing merely bocause However, archeological data suggest a evolved in place from a primitive form of The differences in radiocarbon ages in it is com. mixture of horticulture. hunting, and pop or nint com and maize with "relatively Cultural Component 3 ini tiated numerous gathering appeared around A.D. 100-200 high amounts of Teosinte germ plasm" long conversations with the slaff at Beta When there is a discrepancy in radiocarbon and inspired a very well planned and (Winter 1973:450). Analytic Inc. Conclusions from these dates from samples in such direct association subsequent intensive strategy of seasonal conversations and a search of the with each other, such as the burden basket (winter) sedentism and early summer to fall The earliest cultural level (Cultural archeological literature were that both dates and com in Culwral Component 3, the habitation of the s.ecp canyons of the Green Component 3) at Juniper Ledge Shelter is are reliable for each sample. It is unlikely researcher must reiterate to himself the and Yampa Ri vers of Dinosaur National represcnled by a tumpline and burden basket that the basket was made earlier (399 B.C.) often ·made admonition of understanding the Monument (Truesdale 1989, 1990). made from juniper bark which radiocarbon and then found and reused 800 years later relation Shi p between the event (when the dated to 2330±80 years B.P. (399 B.C.) (A .D. 408) . In addition, no evidence of com was grown) vs . the feature (burden Evidence has been accumulating for the (Bela·34326) . Associated in the basket were rodent gnawing on the com kernels or basket) being dated, and the sample intended presence of preceramic horticulture in the 104 kernels of~ . The results of the burrowing around the basket suggested for radiocarbon dating. In the terminOlogy, Southwest. Much of the discussion on the 2330 ±80 years B.P. radiocarbon date transportation of the com to its discovered Dean (1978) concludes that one should topic concerns the presence and antiquity of initially suggested that the com associated context. r:cognize the potential difference between com (Berry 1982; Ford 1981; Minnis 1985; with the burden basket could be the oldest the "dated event" and the "wget event." Wide and Newman 1989), and the reported Fremont dent com . The open Creel and Long (1986) discuss how com has The dated event is the event that is actually development and spread of specific varieties simple and diagonal twininl interlocking secn litlie use in radiocarbon dating, bocause dated by chronometric technique while the (Upham et aI . 1987). Recently obtained weave, and the Z·twist weft of the basket it acquired a reputation for giving young "wget event" is that to which the date is to radiocarbon dates on com remains, as well recovered at Juniper Ledge Shelter is similar dates. Creel and Long (1986) state the uasie Je applied . Creel and Long (1986) conclude as com-associated dates from :.ther sites in in construction technique and material type reasons for this reputation are twofold : (I) that a com C-14 date not only gives an southern Arizona (Docile 1985 ; Fish et aI . to recorded Archaic baskets recovered in the the extent of isotopic fractionation in com, accurate approximation of the sampie's true 1986; Huckell 1984; Martin 1963), and Great Basin (Adovasio 1986). and (2) frequent lac k of agreement among age, but also can indicate the time of the northwestern Arizona (Janetski and Wilde dates on com and other materials from the "wget event" at leas: as confidently as other 32 33 Discussion and Conclusions Discussion and Conclusions sample types. Therefore, a greater environmental diversity from an Archaic pattern as broadly characteristic of Fremont, 944 (Beta-34325). Feature 4 contained confidence and reliability upon the 1650±80 base that had become regionally sedentary setting it off from both the Archaic Juniper, fin..us, and ~ charcoal, and years D.P. (A .D. 408) com dale from and spe...ruized (Truesdale 1~89, 1990). If hunting/gatherer foraging cultures and the thincen varieties of charred and uncharred Cultural Component 3 at site 42UN 1724 is agriculture developed out of non-agricultural similar Shoshonean cultures that followed. wild plant species (Appendix A). In favored . Archaic people then it seems reasonable to The Uintah Fremont never developed addition, Feature 4 contained dried suppose that it arose 10 solve an honiculture and sedentary villages as their grasshopper pieces/pam and one burnt An age of A.D. 408 is an earlier date for environmental andlor population problem neighbors in the prehistoric southwest insect larva. Cultigcns recovered from a com in nonheastem Utah and the Uinta that they were facing . Binford (1983) (Marwitt 1986). However, strong evidcnce discard pile (Feature 5) includ ..'<1 a ~.:duncle Ba!in than previously recorded (Ambler discusses "packing" a region with people for year rou nd sedentism has been suggested or stem of Cucurbil3 pepo and a seed 1966, 1969; Truesdale 1989, 1990). It has and concludes, h t as population continues th rough rock an studies in Dinosaur idcntifed to Cucurb ila PCp!!. The peduncle been proposed that by A.D. 400 to 500 to grow in an envoronment that offers no National Mon ument (Appendix C) . Fremont and cellular structure compares favorably limited numbers of ceramic vessels continual options, demand increases within village sites have been recorded in the Uinta with ~ reponed by Gasser (198 1:63). accompanied by maize began to appear in a space tha: is now constrained, and some Basi n (Ambler 1966; Marwitt 1970; Blaine In addition, five com cobs were recovered Utah (Aikens and Madsen 1986), and by form of inlensive production sys~m such as Phillips 1990, personal communication) and from Feature 5. Thc com cobs recovered A. D. 800 comlbeanslsquash honiculture was agriculture becomes mandatory. It appears in Dinosaur National Monument (Brotemitz are most similar to Fremont dent . widespread in the nonhem Colorado Plateau that th .. Archaic people in the Uinta Basin 1970; Leach 1966: Truesdale 1989, 1990). and the Uir,ta Basin (Marwitt 1970, 1986). were fairly sedentary, possibly due to the Binford (1983:210) indicates that mobility is Anderson (1948:92) states that com samples plenti ful faunal, noral, and tool stone Hu nting and gathering appears to have restricted when a region is packed with from Mantle Cave appear to have grown in resources available. Binford (1983:200) remained an important economic activity of people and resource exploitation becomes the area for a considerable period of time draws a conclusion from a similar type of the Fremont groups during the entire span concentrated. In addition, mobility can be because of their mature, classic appearance. lifestyle and terms this the "Garden of Eden of their culture. Wood (1968) suggests that restricted VOluntarily through the All ears arc evenly tapered and have 16 or Proposition" and the "Slug Principle." there is no reason why hunting panics would introduction of a new rood stuff (Binford more rows and heavily dented kernels. If Truesdale (1990) suggests that the inlerior not originate in large permanent agricultural 1992, personal communication). Packing, the Mantle Cave Specimens were less well canyons of the Yampa and Green Rivers and settlements rniles away from the hunting in fact , is considered a hinderance upon the developed, the maize could be considered a surrounding environs were occupied grounds. This appears to have been normal strategy of hunters and gatherers, recent introduction. Because most varieties throughout most of the year by late Archaic especially true for the Fremont groups who and may have also hindered the adaptation of maize are closely adapted to the length of peoples and later by the Fremont to acquire occupied the steep canyons of the Green and strategy of the Uintah Fremont . A day in their own latitude, if they were faunal, noral, and tool stone resources, and Yampa Rivers of Di""saur National characteristic of "packing" is significant moved nonh it would take a number of replenish supplies diminished in the villages Monument from A.D. 100 to 1250 (Leach chang p in terms of the kinds of areas andlor generations before they became fully during the winters. Binford (1983:202) 1970; Truesdale 1989, 1990) and adjacent resources utilized, and may be represented adapted to their new habitat (Anderson suggests that a rich environment, much like arcas (Truesdale 1986; McKibbin 1992). by data obtained from Cultural Component \948:92). Data from Juniper Ledge Shelter the Uinta Basin and the inlerior environs of Cultural Component 2 at Juniper Ledge 2 and I at Juniper Ledge Shelter. Materials in Cultural Component 3 suggest that com the Green and Yampa River canyons, Sheller offers some insight to the recovered in Cultural Component 2 indicate was introduced into the Uinta Basin ar.d the encourages sedentism. Sedentism , in tum, environmental adaptation and subsistence an adaptaticn utilizing secondary canyons of Green and Yampa River canyons before is seen as encouraging production economy of the Uintah Fremont through the Green River seasonally for growing com A. D. 408 and very possibly during lale intensification or experime.ntation with ways seasonal utilization of a secondary canyon of and pumpkin, and gathering a variety of Archaic times. of producing sufficient food in the limited Ely Creek in the Gr en River canyon at wild plants and insects. The Fremont who space around a permanent settlement (hence, A.D. 944. formerly killed deer and mountain sheep and CULTURAL COl\lPONENT 2 agriculture). put up the meat for storage may have been Cultural Component 2 consisted of a shallow progressively forced to move to a heavier The Uintah Fremont culture developed in a It is difficult to characterize a uniform set of basin firepit (Feature 4) rad iocarbon dated reliance on agriculture, maximizing all geographically isolated area of c 34 35 Discussion and Conclusions Discussion and Conclusions and squash, while conlinuing 10 forage and opportunists feed upon this supply until it is galher for wild planls and smail faunal exhausted . The habitat is then allowed to I and 2 indicate the use of the Ely behavioral split of horticulture and resources such as grasshoppers. experience succession, reestablishing Creek/Jones Hole area at thi s time of hunting/galhering in lhe area. Poilen materials cycles, so I!,at it can be reused. significant environmental and climatic shift. analyses (rom Fealure I (Cultural Grushoppers arc a quality food source with Component I) and Feature 4 (Cultural The Uintah Fremont appear to have had an energy valuer of 3,010 Cal/kg (Madsen Cultural Component I at Juniper Ledge Component 2) indicale that lhe floral and Kirkman 1988; Jones and Madsen 1989) such a situation utilizing the moist mineral Sheller consisted of a series of firepi! environmenl of Ely Creek/Jones Hole area and may have Deen ulilized as a rich '\Oils in seeps of the Ely Creek/Jones features surrounded by a prepared floor with did not change over 400 years. However, supplemental rather than a major food Hole canyon area. This type of strategy strips of juniper bark wd an unfired clay lhe poslulaled droughts at Ih is time and the source while occupying the Ely Creek area. may have been w adaptation lhat occurred bowl. Artifacts associated wilh Cultu ral depletion of mineral resources in lhe soil Ihrough "paclci ng" of Fremont in lhe area. Component I include eight chipped stone may have affecled the cultigens grown by Small garden plots arc suspected of being As the "equilibrium communily" o( the Ely and two bone tools, 697 pieces of chi pped the Fremont. This may be evidenl al Creek/Jones Hole Mea aepleted of placed in peripheral side canyons and in w... stone debitage , and IWO pieces of red ochre. Jun iper Ledge Shelter by Ihe presence of many of the small alcoves which contain minerals in the soils, the use o( the area A firepit (Feature I) yielded a radiocarbon cultigens in Cultural Component 2, and lack continual water resources through seeps must have changed This process may have date o( 7oo±60 years B.P. (A .D. 1280). o( cultigens and increase use o( faunal (Truesdale 1990). These small garden plots occurred several times o\'er the 1000+ The macronoral analysis from the fill of resources in Cullural Component I. The could be maintained while gathering rounds years of Fremont occupation in the Ui nta Feature I indicatc,j the use of ten various presence o( certain mature wild planl species took place in the Ely Creek area. The Basin . wild plants species possibly consumed and lhe remains of a mature deer suggesl a presence of certain mature wild plan I species andlor processed during the occupation and specific seasonal occup.'tion for Cultural In the Dolores Canyon region an extended and cultigens would suggest a specific the use o( four different plant species for Componenl I belween la lC spring 10 fall. series of droughts circa A.D. 900 to 1250 seasonal occupation for Cultural Component (uel. A discard pile (Feature 3) contained The preparalion of lhe juniper bark floor, 2 between early summer to mid·(all. has been reported (Peterson 1986). These the remains of a mule decr. In addition, Ihe placemenl of lhe clay bowl on the During this season ilems were gathered for droughts may also have affected the Uinta burnt and unburnt bone represenling mouse, juniper near the back of the shelter and the food, as well as, (or the manufacture and Basin and the horticultural subsistence ground squirrel, rabbit, and deer were variely of chipped ston 1ebitage suggests a maintenance of textiles (threads, cordage, portion o( the Fremont life style. Liestman recovered from Cultural Component I. ralher lengthy occupation with several types (1985) states that climate in the Dinosaur basketry, clolhing). Data suggest that com Cultural Component I is considered to be of subsistence activities occurring. This area became drier at about A.D. 1000 and and pumplcin were consumed during the associal - ~ with the LaiC Uintah Fremonl lype o( intensive preparation of a site for 2 that by A.D. 1225 a (uil scale drought was occupation o( Cultural Componenl at site who were beginning to feel the impacl of long·lerm utilization was not new 10 the 42UNI724. in effect. climalic change and the cultural ecologic Fremonl lifestyle. CULTURAL CO!\1PONENT I Thus, Ihe Fremont may have had to abandon their sedentary lifeway and rely more on ultimate fate of Ihe Fremont has been hunting and gathering as their Arehaie ..cussed and debated (Aikens 1966, 1972; ancestors once did. Due to a shorter Husted and Mallory 1967; Liestman 1985; growing season in this reg ion, the cultural Simms 1990; Wright 1978), but has not yet transilion to hunting and galhering may not been resolved . have been as traumatic for the Uinta Basin Fremont as it was for their southern Hardesty (1977) contends that as "shifting and western Fremont neighbors who were farming" cultures search for soils containing aImost totally dependent on maize materials built up by an "equilibrium agriculture. Archeological data from community: they as domesticated Juniper Ledge Shelter Cultural Components 36 37 Rererences Cited REFERENCES CITED Browman, David. Ford, Richard I. 1979 Isclopic Discriminalion 2l1d 1981 Gardeni ng and Farming Berore A.D. Aikens. tvlelvin C. Annitage, C.L., S.D. Creasman, and Correclion Factors in Rad io· 100: Patterns or Prehisloric 1966 Fremont - Promontory · Plains J.C. Mackey carbon Dating. Advances in Cultivati on North of Mexico. Relationships: Including a Report 1982 The Deadman Wash Site: A Archaeological M~thod and Joumol 0/ £Ihnobiology 1:6-27. of Excavations at the Injun Creek Multicomponent Site in Southwestern Theory 4, edited by Michael J. and Bear River Number I sites, Wyoming . Joumalo/lr. .moUn/ain Schiffer, pp. 241·295. Academic Gasser, Robert C. Northern Utah . Un;"usiry 0/ Walt Archeology 1:1 ·10. Press , New York. 1981 The Plant Remains from WaJpi. Pan Anlhropological Pa~rs No. 82 SA . I in IValpi Archaeological Projeci • Bender, Margaret Creasman, Steven D. Phase II: A,chaeological Remains Aikens, Melvin C. and David B. Madsen 1968 Mass Speclrometric Sludic.s of 1981 Archaeological Investigalions in the Volume 7, by Robe rt E. Gasser and 1986 Prehistory in the Southeastern Art:!. Carbon·13 Varialions in Com and Canyon Pintado Districl, Rio Blanco Linda J. SCOll, pp. 1·326. In G,eOl Basin Handbook 0/ Nonh Other Grasses. Radioca,bon 10: CounlY, Colorado. R(porrs o/Ihe Museum of Northern Arizona, American Indians: Volume II, edited 468·472 . Lobo,alOry 0/ Public A,chaeology Flags lff. by Warren L. D' Azevedo, pp. 149· No. 34 Laboralory of Public 160. Smithsonian Press, Washington. Berry, Mic hael S. Archaeology, Colorado Sute Genoves, Santiago 1982 7ime. Space, and T,ansilion in Universily, Fort Collins. 1967 ProportionaJilY orthe Long Bones and Advasio, J.M. AnasOli Pultislory. University of Their Relation 10 Stalure Among 1986 Prehistoric Baske" y. In G,eOl Basin Utah Press, SaJI Lalce City. Creel, Darrell, and Austin Long. Mesoamericans. American Journal of Handbook 0/ Nonh American Indians; 1986 Radiocarbon Dating or Co 11 . Physical Anth,opology 26:67-n. Volume I!, edited by Warren L. Bentacourt, Julio L. and Owen K. Davis American Anriquiry51 (4) :826·837 D'Azevedo, pp. 194·205. 1984 Pacml Middens from Canyon de Gill , George W. Smithsonian Press, Washington . Chelly, Northeaslern Arizona: PaJeo Dean, Jerfrey S. 1976 Two Mummies from the Pilchrork ecological and Archaeological 1978 Temporal Dating in Archaeological Rock Sheller in Northweslern Ambler, J.R. Implications. Qualemory Research AnaJysis. AdlYlnces in Wyoming. Plains Anrh,opologisl 1966 Caldwell Vi lage. Unil'trsiry O/Ulalt, 21 :54 ·64. Archaeological Melhod and Theory, 21 :301·310. Anthropological Papers No. 84. ediled by Michael B. Schiffer, 1:223· Binford , Lewi~ R. 255 . Academic Press, New York. HaJl, Robert. 1969 Temporal Span of the Fremont. 1983 In Pursuil o/Ihe Pasl: Decoding lhe 1967a Those Late Com Dales: lS010pic Sou:It'wtslem Lo,e 34 (4): 107-117 Arciztuological Ruord. Thames and Doelle, William Fractionation as a Source of Hudson , GDR . 1985 Excavations at Ihe VaJencia Sile: Error in Carbon· 14 Dales. Michigan Anderson, Edgar A Preclassic Hoholcam Village in Arciztuoiogisl 13 (3) :1-9. 1948 RaciaJ Identity of the Com from BrelernilZ, David A. th e Southern Tucson Basin . Gcleta, Castle Park. The Archeology 1970 Archaeological Excavalions in Ca: Inslilult /0' American Research 1967b More About Com, Cahokia, and of Castle Park, Dinosaur NationaJ Dinosaur Nalional Monument, Repon 3. Carbon-14 . Paper presenled at 'he Monument. Written by: Colorado· Utah, 1964· 1965. Cahokia Field Conrerence, Robert F. Burgh and Charles R. Unil'ersiry 0/ Colo,ado Slut/its Fish, Paul R., Suzanne K. Fish, Austin Collinsville, Illinois. Scoggin, Unil'erslry 0/ Gelo,ado Series in Antlt,opology No. 17. Long, and Charles Miksicek Slut/its. Serits in Anthropology No.2, 1986 Early Com Remains from Tumarnoc Hardesly, DcnaJd R. pp.91·92. University of Colorado Hill , Southern Arizona. American 19n Ecological Anth,opology. John Wiley Press, Boulder. Anliquiry 51 : 563·572. and Sons, New York. 39 40 Referent Cit d Hu kell, Donald R. Leach, Larry L. 1977 The Archaic OccupMjon of the 1966 The Archaeology of Boundary Ro mont Area, northern Santa Village. Unh'ersllY of Ulah Rita Mountains, southeaslern Alllhropological PCr-1l No. 83 Arizona. Arizona Stalt Museum MiscellalUous Papers No. 13: Technical Series 85-99, Tempe. 85-129. Husted. Wilfred M., and Oscar L. Mallory 1970 Archaeological Investigations at 1967 The Fremont Culture: Its Derivation Deluge Shelter in Dinosaur and Ultimate Fate. Plains National Monument. Unpublished AlIlhropologist 12(36):22' -232. Ph .D. Dissertation. Anthropology D partment, University of Colorado • Jenetski, Joel D.• and James D. Wilde .Boulder. 1989 A Preliminary Report of Archaeological Excavations at Li tman, Terri L. Antelope eave and Rock Canyo!' 1985 Site 2UNII03: A Rockshelter in Sheller, northwestern Arizona. Dinosaur National Monument. Utah Archaeology 2(1) :88- 106. NationaJ Park Service, Midwest Ar:heological Center, Lincoln. Jones, Kevin T. and David B. Madsen 1989 Calculating the Cost of Resource Lowden, J.A. Transport.. Ion : A Great Basin 1969 Isotopic Fra tionation in Com. Example. CUrT< III AI .'1ropology Radiocarbon II: 391-393. 0(4):529-534 MadSC:l, David B. and James Kirkman Krogman. Wilton Marion 1988 Hunling Hoppers. American 1962 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Allliquiry 53 :593 -604 . Medicine. Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, Illinois. Martin, Paul 1963 The Last IO,()()() Years: It Fossil LaPoint, Halcyon, Howard M. Davidson, Pollen Record of the American Steven D. Creasman, and Karen Schebert SOUlhwtsl. University of Arizona 1981 Archaeological Investigation in the Press. Tucson. Canyon Pintado District. Rio Blanco County, Colorado: Phase fI Marwin, J.P. Inventory and Test Excavations. 1970 Median Village. Allliquilies Stetion Repons of Ihe Labora/ory of Public Seleeud Papers 4 (12). alt Lake Archaeology No. 53. Colorado Slate City. University. 41 Rererences Cited Refereoces Cited 1986 Fremont Cultures. GrtQ/ Basin Sharrock, Floyd W. Handbook of Nan" American 1966 Prehistoric Occupation Pauerns Truesdale, James A. Weber, David A., Kevin T. Jones, Indians: I 1:161 ·172 . Smithsonian in southwestern Wyoming and 1987 A Review of Wyoming Burials Herbert Rodriguez, Calvin H. Jennings, Press, Washington, D.C. Cultural Relationships with the and their Attributes. Paper and DarJy J. Daugherty Great Basin and Plains Cultural Presented at the 45th Annual 19TI Archaeological Reconnaissance Plains Anthropological Society McKibbin, Anne Areas. University of Utah of Nine in situ Oil Shale I..easc 1992 The Quesw Nonh·South Pipeline: Anthropological Papers No. 77. Conference, Columbia, Mis.souri. Tracts, Colorado-Utah. Repons of Final Repon on Archaeological lilt LaborQ/ory ofPublic ArchtJeology In vestigations. Metcalf Simmons, Aim H. 1989 Archaeological Investigations NO. 3. Colorado State University. Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 1986 New Evidence for the Early Usc of Along the Echo Park Road, Dinosaur National Monument, Prepared for Qucstar Pipeline Cul ti~ens in the American Southwest. Wilde, James D. and Deborah E. Newman Company, Salt Lake City. American Antiquity 51 :73·89 . Moffat County, Colorado. 1989 Late Archaic Com in the Eastern Dinosaur NQ/lonal MOIlU/! 'cnt Great Basin . American Cultural Resource Series Minnis, Paul E. Simms , Steven R. Anthropologist 9(13) :712·720. No. 1. 1985 Domesticating Plants and People 1990 Fremont Transitions. Utah in the Greater Southwest. In Arcluuology 3(1):1·18. Salt Lake Winter, Joseph C. Prehistoric Food Production in Nonh City. 1990 Archaeological Investigations 1973 The Distribution and Development of the 'Uinta Basin' Fremont America, edited by Richard 1. Fore:, "f Fremont Maize Agriculture: pp. 309·34C. Univcl>ity oi ;.f.ichigan Smith, Crcig S. and Steven D. Creasman in Dinosaur National Monument Some Preliminary Interpretations. (!ge8·1990), Utah·ColoradO. Museum of t.~thro polo&y, 1988 The Taliaferro Site: 5000 Years of Americon A.'1111ulty 3M :439-4S3 . Paper presented at the 48th Anthropological Papers 75. Ann Prehistory in Southwest Wyoming. Annual Plains Anthropological Arbor. wyoming Buuau of Land 19TI Maize from Backhoe Village and its MantJgtmtnt Culteral Resource Conference, Oklahoma City, Relations with the Fremont/Sevier Oklahoma. Peterson . Kenneth Lee Series No.6. Com Complex. Appendix n in 1986 Rcconstruction of Droughts for the Backhoe Village by Invid B. Madsen Dolores Project Area using Tree· Stuiver, M. and B. Becker Truesdale, James A. and George W. Gill and LaMas W. Lindsay. Antiquities ring Studies. In Dolores 19~6 High·Precision Decodel Calibration of 1987 The Bridger Gap Burial from Sterion Se/wed Papers !V(12): 105· Archaeological Program: Supponing the Radiocarbon Time Scale, A.D. Southwestern Wyoming. Plains 113. Studies: StIIlemtnt and Environment, 1950-2500 B.C. Radiocarbon Anthropologist 32(115): 17·20. edited by lJ~vid BreternilZ, pp.91· 28 :863·910. Wood, W. Raymond Upham, Steadman , Richard S. MacNcish, 102. 1968 Mississippian Hunting and Butchering Troller, Milfred Walton C. Galinat, and .Cllristopher M. Panerns: Bone from th~ Vista Stevenson Schroedl, Alan R. 1970 Estimation of Stature from Intact Shelter, 23SR20, Mis.souri. American 1987 Evid:nce Concerning the Origin 1985 Archaic and Late Prehistoric Long Limb Bones. In Ptrsolllll Antiquity 33(2) :170-179. Adapt.:ltion in southwestern IdtntijicQ/ion in M= Disasters, of Maize de Ocho. American Wyoming: The Frontier Pipeline edited by T.D. Stewan, pp. 71 ·83 . Anthropologist 89 :410-419. Wright, Gary A. Excavations. wyoming Burtau National Museum of Natural History, 1978 The Shoshoncan M.igr"tion Problem . of ulIId Management Cultural Smithsonian Institute, Washington Plains Anthropologist 23(80): 113- Resource' Series No. 3 D.C. 137. 42 43 Appendix A Analysis of Fremont Paleobotanic Materials at 42UN1724 Dinosaur National Monument By Linda Scott Cummings Analysis of Fremont Paleobotanic Materials Analysis of Fremont Paleobotanic Materials INTRODUCTION pouring the light fraction through a ISO Numic occupation dating to '/00 B.P. micron mesh sieve. Additional water was Individual remain.s of com and squash were light microscope was used to count th" added and Ootation process repeated until all Feature I was collected from the later submilted for analysis from an pollen to a total of 100 to 200 pollen grains visible macronoral material was removed Fremont occupation, dating to 700 B.P., Archaic/Fremont site (42UNI724) at at a magnification of 430x . Pollen from the sample (a minimum of three which may be Numic and associated with Dinosaur National Monument. In addition, preservation in these samples varied from times). The noated portion was then dried the Shoshone migration. This feature two pollen and two macronoral samples good to poor. Comparative reference and passed through 3 series of graduated contained 3 large quantity of bone. The were also examined . This analysis focused material collected at the Intermountain screens (US Standard Sieves with 4 mm, 2 1 ~'Vel associated with this feature contained on identification and description of the Herbarium at Utal1 State University and the mm, I mm, and O.S mm openings) to juniper t>ark on the Ooor. An unfired clay cultigens, and the relation of the com to Uni versity of Colo do Herbarium was used separate charcoal debris ~J1 d to initially son bowl and hundreds of chipped ston: Oakes previously reported Fremont corn to identify the pollen to the family, genus, the seeds. The contenlS of each screen were were also recovered . populations in Utah . Examination of the species level, where possible. then measured and examined. The mat~rial pollen and macronoral samples was aimed at which remained in the 2 mm, I mm, and A review of ethnobotanical literature identifying any other subsistence items from Pollen aggregates were recorded during O.S mm sieves was scanned under 3 describing uses for planlS represented in the Features I and 4. identification of the pollen. Aggregates are binocular stereo microscope at 3 macronoral and pollen samples provides clumps of a si ngle type of pollen , and may magnification of lOx, while a portion of the evidence of exploitation, in historic times, METIiODS be interpreted to represent pollen dispersal finest material, which passed through the both by broad categories, such as greens, over shon distances, or the actual O.S mm sieve, was examined under 3 seeds, roolS, and tubers, and by specific A chemical extraction technique based on introduction of ponions of the plant magnification of 20x . Estimates of seed example, i.e., seeds parched and ground Ootation is the standard preparation represented into an archaeological selling. fragment frequen cies were calculated from into meal which was fOrf11ed into calces and ;':chnique used in this laboratory for the Aggregates v'ere inctcded in the pollen recovery of remains during the son of 3 fired in grease. Repeti tive evidence of the removal of the pollen from the large volume counlS as SIngle grains, as is ,u"c,mary. ponion of the flDGSt fractior. and are exploitation of resources indicates a of sand, silt, and clay with which they are The presence of aggregates is noted by an represented in the ma:roOoral table hy an widespread utilization and strenglhens the mixed. This particular process was " A" next to the pollen frequency on the asterisk (0). Macronoral remains were possibility that the same or similar rc:50urces developed for extraction of pollen from soils pollen diagram. A"r on the pollen identified using 3 binocular microscope at were used in prehistoric times. The where preservation has been less than idcal di agram indicates that the pollen type was magnifications of up to 40x . The coarse ethnobotanie literature serves only as a and pollen de.lSi ty is low. observed oUl!ide the regular count while fract ion was water screened, dried, and guide indicating that the potential for .;canning the remainder of the microscope examined for macrono~ remains. The utilization existed in prehistoric times-·not as Hydrochloric acid (10 percent) was used to slide. term "seed" is used to represent seeds, conclusi ve eviden r~ that the resources were remove calcium carbonates present in the 3chenes, caryopses, and oth r disseminules. used . Pollen and mac.onoral remains, when soil, after which the samples were screened Indeterminate pollen includes rollen grains compared with the material culture (anifaClS through ISO micron mesh. Zinc bromide that are folded , mutilated, and otherwise DISCUSSION and features) recovered by the (density 2.0) was used for the Ootation distoned beyond recognition . These grains archaeologislS, become indicators o( use. process. The samples were mixed with zinc are included in the total pollen count, as The Juniper Ledge Site (42UNI724) is PlanlS that are reviewed include ~, bromide while still moist, immediately aner they are pan of the pollen record . located in Dinosaur National Monument. fimIs, Cheno-ams, Compositae, Cruciferae, centrifugation to remove the dilute This rockshelter contained severa.1 Eriogooum. Gramineae, Malvaceae, hydrochloric acid and water. All ....mples The macronoral samples were Ooated using occupational levels and several features. Cactaceac including Qwuui,a, and SamhlIw· received a shon (10 minutes) treatment in a modification of the procedures outlined by The occupational levels included a Late hot hydroOuoric acid to remove any Mauhews (1979) . One liter of sample was Archaic or early Fremont occupation, ~ berries were exploited remaining inorganic particles. The samples Ooated in approximately 3 gallon: of water. radiocarbon da'ed to 2330 B.P., overlain by ethnohiSlorieally as a source of both (()()I\ were then acetolated for three minutes to The sample was stirred until a strong vonex a Fremont occupation radiocarbon dated to and medicine, while the wood was used as remove any extraneous organic matter. A formed, which was allowed to slow before 1110 B.P .. " ~ r1ain by a later Fremont or (uel and a construction material . Juniper 47 48 Analysis of Fremont Paleobotanic Materials AlllIlysls of Fremont Paleobotanic Materials berries are an abundant crop and available opened and the seeds fell 10 Ihe ground. Ir in oil and may be ground into paste for may be mixed with organ mealS and rubbed into the winter. Gallagher (1977:28·29, the cones were not open, they were roasted batter or roasted and eaten. Other members into hides to bleach them (Rogers 1980:84). 122) notes that juniper berries were an to open them . The seeds were eaten raw or of the Compositae family were used in a important rood ror the Apache. The berries roasted and were f~. •enUy roasted prior to variety of ways, including medicinally and Member. or the Gramineae (grass) family, were eaten fresh, boiled, pounded to rorm a storage. Once the seeds were roasled, they as rood . Another species or ~ particularly QrnllJ!ili (Indian ricegrass) , kind cf bread, or soaked and pounded to may have been cracked between rocks, such (Jerusalem artichoke) produces roots which have been widely used as a food resource. make a liquid drink. Goodwin (1935:62) as a man" and metate, and the hulls may be boiled or baleed and eaten Qmwi1 produces an abundant quantity of also notes that Jumper berries were a staple winnowed out. Pine needles have been used (Harrington 1967:313·315). Rabbitbrush seeds, wh ich were utilized by many Native ror the Apache. Smith (1974) reports that to malee tea, and the inner bark, which may may be used as ruel. Most composite seeds American groups, including the Gosiute the northern Ules rubbed juniper berries be dried and ground into meal, is noted to ripen in the late summer and rail. (Chamberlin 1964:375). The seeds we.re with a mano 10 separate the seeds rrom the have been used as a sl3/'V3 tion food orten parched and ground into meal to make pulp. The pulp was then either eaten rresh (Harrington 1967:323). Young male cones Several members of the Crucircrae (mustard various mushes and calces (Harringlon or :ried and ground on a metale. may also have been bo.led for an emergency family) are noted to have been exploited ror 1967:322) . Harrington (1967:242·244) and Ro:;ers food. Cheno- ~ ms Me a gmup of rlants that their gr~ns, ",~ic~ were 1I~ as pctherbs (1980: 18) nOle thatlhe Rocky Mountain and include the goosefoot family while the plant was young. In addition, Several other species or grasses arc also high plains juniper berries were collected in (Chenopodiaceae) and pigweed seeds may have been parched, ground into noted to have been cooked as greens the late summer cr fall and may have been (Amaramhus) and were exploited for both flour and used ror making pinole, mush, (Rogers 198:>: 32-40). Grass is also eaten raw or cooked (boiled or roasted). their greens (cooked as potherbs) and )Ceds. bread, or to th icken soup (Harringlon reported to have been used as a floor Dried berries were stored ror winter use, The greens are most tender when young, in 1967:308). Tansy mustard (Descyrajnja) covering (Chamberlin 1964:3n). Grass when they may have been ground into meal the spr.ng, but may be used at r.ny time. greens are eaten in the spring or used to seeds ripen during the summer and fall. and used to malee mush, calces, or a The seeds were ground and used to malee a malee pollery paint. Tansy mustard seeds Some members or the Malvaceae are edible beverage. The berries may also have been variety or mushes and calces. The seeds are may also be parched and ground into meal such as Malva neglecta (mallow, cheese Uied to !la';. : meat (Angell 1981 :9:,; usual ly noted to have been (l<'rched prior lO (Collon 1974:309· 10; Harrington 1967:307; weed). This plant grows as a weed, Harrington 1967:24l). Ju niper berries ar~ grinding. ChenQp.dijL m anC: Amarnnthu< Stevc~so" 1915:6.J) These g:-eens are particularly in disturbed areas and hIlS beer also used 10 malee a concoction for use as a are both weedy annuals capable or available primarily during the spring dJ1d '"lrcdcct..! from th~ (lId world. Ot/'.:r medicin" (Densmore 1974; Gilmore 1977). producing large quantities of seeds. early summer, arter which the plan IS tend to related species or ~ were probably used The Gosiute used juniper both as firewood t..1.tiJIWI, which occurs as both an annual dry up. The seeds are also available in a similar manner. The leaves may be and as a construction material. Smaller herb and perennial shrub, may also be relatively early in the growing season used either as a pot r.erb or raw as a salad . juniper branches, as well as grass, were exploited fJr both ilS g,~ns an!! seeds usually early to mid·summer. Immature rruilS were orten eaten raw or used as a covering on the floor, while Saltbush lraves have a salty taste and have cooked in soups or stews (Harrington 1967: juniper bark was used as Ihatching ror been used a> a seasoning. Saltbush seeds do Eriogonym (wild buck\lheat) roolS are noted 315·317). winler lodges. Bark was also used to line not ripen until midfall and may remain on to have been ground to produce a powder pilS where dried fruilS were stored the shrubs throughout the winter InlO the which may be used medicinally. The root QwInIiJ (prickly pear cactus) fruilS were (Chamberlin 1964:3n). next growing season (Chamberlin 19&1:366; may also be sliced or boiled 10 produce a tea eaten, frequently boiled. The fruilS may Gallagher 1977: 12· 16; Gilmore 1977:26; used to cure sore throalS associated with also be dried and ground into meal . Prickly fima nulS, particularly pinon pine nulS, are Harrington 1967:55,57,71; Rogers 198()'43, colds, help wounds heal , or to relieve a pear pads were boiled and eaten, rrequently noted to have been widely exploiled 66; Schopmeyer : 974). The seeds may be "general miserable feeiing" (Stevenson with syrup (Beaglehole 1937:70; Nequatewa ethnohistorically. The nulS were harvested harvested in the late summer and fall. 1915:49). Whiting (1939:7:!) notes that 1943:18·9; Robbins et aI . 1~16:62; in the fall or early winler, anu a bumper fI:i!w!nWn has been used by the Hopi Stevenson 1915:69; Whiting 1939:85·6). crop was expecled approximately every Hdiaolluu (sunflower) is a member or the medicinally. The stems may be eaten raw Mammilaria (pincushion cactus) resembles seven years (Harrington 1967:323). The morphologieal pollen group of High·spine or cooked while young. A lea may also be Ecbjnoeaclus (ball cactus) both in form and nulS were usually collecled when the cones Compositae. Sunflower seeds are very high made and used medicinally and Ihc blossoms in having small seeds. Ethnographic 49 50 Analysls of fremont P:lleobolllnJc Materi2ls Analysls of Fremont P:lleobolllnic Materials accounts for the use of EchjnOCilctus include features I and 4 were sampled for pollen reference to the use of the fruit, stems, and and macronoraJ analysis (fables I, 2, and seeds for food. The small black seeds, 3) . Table I. Provenience of Samples from Site 42UNI724 when parched and ground are noted tt) make good bread or mush (Bye 1972; Castener The level underlying the Fremont occupation Test 1935; Palmer 1871). Prickly pear fru its yielded a radiocarbon age of 2330 B. P. Sample Feature Level Unit Description Macro PoUen ripen during the summer and fall, whereas This lowest level yielded a burial, cordage, No, No, the pads may be harvested at almost any a metate fragment, and a juniper tumpline time of year. On the plains the fruits were baske!. The radiocarbon age was obtained Feature fill X X eaten raw, stewed, or dried for winter use, 23 I from the baske!. Hund reds of com kernels lower ponion X X and the stems were .Iso peeled and roasted . were associated with this basket, and some 32 4 The roots were also boiled to make a of these are described in this rcpon. medicinal tea (Rogers 1980:61). In l!em ~. 3 8-9N One seed adtlition, the seeds may have been parched The pollen records from Features I and 4 and ground into meal to be used to make 8-9.5E are similar to one another. Moderately 8-9N Rind fragments mushes or ca.~es . The spines may have been 13 2 large frequencies of.eimu pollen (fable 4) 8-9.5E burned off both the fruit and stems in indicate the proximity of pine to the 2 8-9N One stem prepantion for consumption (Harrington rocksheller. Lesser quantities of 12 .A.I!ia, 8-9.5E 1967:24), thus introducing pollen into a fire ~, and ~ pollen are noted . hearth. Betulaceae pollen is noted only in Feature I. hem 4: 7 9-ION leA com kerne!s The absence of PseydOlsyga (Douglas fir) 9-IOE ~ (elderberry) grows in damp pollen is no unusual , as PsyedQtsuga is places, often along Slrca,ns and at the base frequenlly not encountered in the pollen 8-9N 4 com cobs of cliffs. Harrington (1967:279-281) notes Item 5: 2 record in spite of the fact that it may grow 8-9 .5E (FS 7,8,9 &. 12) that these berries are e: 51 52 Analysis of Fremont P:lleobolllnit Mat ~rlals Analysis of Fremont I'lIleobolllnit Materials Table 3. MaCfonoral Contents of Samples from Feature 4 at Site 42UNI724 Table 2. Mauonoral Contents of Samples from Feature I at Site 42UN I724 Cbarred Uncharred Charred Uncbarred Identification Part Wbole Fra& Whole Fra& IdentiliC3lion Part Whole Fra& Whole Fra& d . Coni fer ",,!he, cf. Coni fe r Anther ll!cillmu Seed ) 6 cf. Pin us Seed 4 l!!niIl£D!I S.. m X X Seed 6 II 4 fImu Needle IS- IS- lIiIliWJU 22- Ani (berry) 4 ~ Needle n - 13.- lIiIliWJU d . Bora,Uuceac Nutlet ) - Stem X lIiIliWJU X Coclaccae Spine wI Ps.:udo!SU e4 Needle 4507- 28" lOS" base Cactaceae Spine 5- Coclaccae Spioe 9- 2 9- cf. Cactaccae Embryo 5" ~ Seed I ) - CercocaWys Seed 12 - 2 ~ Seed I ~ Seed IWI> cf. CercOClllllYs Leaf 12- 245 " 10- 164" )4- c f. ~ Leaf 2.- 46- 13S" iW1iilia Chcno-om Seed I IS- 2 Cheno-am Seed Composilac Pappus 2 Compositae Seed C.ruci(uu Seed ) - ) - Composi~ Pappus cr. ~ Seed 6" Gramincae Seed 12" 6" 6" Graminc>c Seed 10- 6" 1" Leguminosae I Gn.m.ineae Flol"(( Seed ) " Nyctagenadcae/ GramiDc&e Palca MalvlCCM. Seed ) - Onaggraccae Seed QmmIij Seed Ur.l(nown A Swl 12 Qn!!.nli! Embryo 4- Unidenti fi able Seed 2 ~ Sc.ed Unidentified Leaf UaIcnowa A Seed 1 I- Unidentified Embryo UaIcnowa F Seed Seed 25 - Charcoal: Unickoti rl&l>l. Unickolificd Leaf 2 lIiIliWJU Unidmtificd Pcdial In=t Fragments X 238" Unidmtificd fnUl Ullidmtificd Calyx Char 53 54 Aoaly· of Fremont Paleobotanic M terials Table 4. PolJeo Recorded in ampJ from ite 42 1n4 i ntinc arne ollUJlon arne Feature 4 ARBOREAL POLLE A12jg Fir BetuJaceae Birch Family I Juniwerus Juni.,er 4 3 ~ pruce I 1 fuw Pine 31 39 Quercus Oak NO -ARBOREAL POLL Cheno-ams Amaranth and pi3weed s 6 families Sarcobatus Greasewood 2 Compositae: Sunnower family Anemjsja Sagebrush 22 21 Low-spine Includ ragweed, 6 3 and cockleburr High -spine: Indue! asler. rabbit 2 2 brush, !.nakeweed. untlower Ephedra nevadensjs-Iype Mormon t.ea Gramineae Grass family 3 Leguminosae Legume or pea family 1 Onagraceae Evening primrose family tJpuntia Prickly pear cactus 1 ~elIlQll 2 Rosaceae Rose family Solanaceae Potatoltomato family 1 Indeterminate 19 17 TOTAL POLLEN 100 102 Spor : Trilele 4 ss Analysis of Fremont Paltobotanic Mattrials Analysis of Frrmont Paleobotanic I'"oterilils Macronoral samples coll..:ted from Features common weeds and its presence in the or later as a contaminant. T'1e charred tip, a characteristic of Fremont cobs. The I and 4 conwned a wide variety of charred feature is most likely accidental . All of the Sam.l!JikJu secJs (dderbcrry) are probably 8-cob is also narrower at the base than the and uncharred remains. The fact that the charcoal identified from this fcature was present through food processing activities. mid-section, which is typical of 8-rowed features wtre loclted within a rocksheller ~(juniper). ·Mais de Ocho· and Chapalote cobs indicates th:.t preservation of uncharred Charcoal r..:overed in th is feature was pictured in Winter (1973:4-19). Eight-rowed remains from the period of occupation is Feature 4 also con13ined evidence of both diverse, including a diffuse porous charcoal cobs are noted to be more common in possible. Therefore, interpretation is not ~ and fimIl, although no pine seed that was most similar to ~ Anasazi sites, mIXIng with Fremont based entirely on r..:overy of charred fragme.~ts were r..:overed. This record (collonwood and aspen) as the most populations less often in northern Utah than remai ns, but instead incl' ,des uncharred suggests that perhaps only juniper berries common, finII1 (pine) as the subdominant in southern Utah (Winter 1977: 106). r,mains as well. may have been proc ssed . Cactaceae spines type, and ~ (juniper) as the least were observed both charred and uncharred, abundant type of charcoal prescnt. The Item 4 (Table I) was =overed in Douglas fir (PSC;udolsuga) was apparently suggesting that they may have been present charcoal present indicates use of a variety of association with the basket dated to 2330 abundant in the vicinity of this rockshelter in through food processing activities. Th' fuel types. B.P. from the earliest occupation . This item the past, as Feature I contained thousands of Echjnocactys seeds and seed fragments were was composed of Zg !iW:l kernels. All charred and uncharred Douglas fir needle also recovered, suggesting that these seeds Item 3 (Table I) , r..:overed from th e 1110 kernels have been measured (Table 6) to fragments (Table 2) . Feature 4 conwned a were processed. Cercocaroys seeds and B.P. Fremont occupation, includes a provide a quantitative desc ription of the much smaller quantity of these remains. leaves were present in this feature, as they peduncle or stem of Cycyrbjta ocoo and a kernels. The kernels have also been divided were in Feature I. Cheno-am seeds, seed identified to Cucurbjta ocoo. The into dented, weakly dented, and undented Feature I conlalns a large variety of both however. were much more numerous in this peduncle compares favorably with ~ types to facilitate description . Dented charred and uncharred remains. MoS! of the feature and definitely suggest food peduncles reponed by Gasser (1981) . Rind kernels have a marked dent and when the uncharred remains are also repnesented as processing activities. Compositae seeds are fragments, probably representing a single kernel is examined in cross-section the soft charred remai ns," this feature. Evidence of represented only by a few uncharred pappus pumpkin or squash , are also included in starchy endosperm extends te the tip of the both fimIl and ~ is present, fragments. which may be present either Item 3. The cellular structure of the rind kernel. The cornaceous or horny endosperm primarily in the form of seeds and stems. through food processing activities or was examined and compares most favorably is observed only on the sides of the kernel. The presence of both fimIl and ~ accidentally. A small quantity of charred with ~ spp. (Gasser 1981 :63) . Slightly dented kernels have slightly more seeds suggests that pine nuts and juniper and uncharred Cruciferae seed fragments cornaceous or horny endosperm on the top berries may both have been exploited as suggests that mustard seeds may also have The corn cobs (Table I, Item 5) also date to of the kernel and newn cornaceous foods. Charred Cactaceae spines were been processed in this feature . Charred the 1100 B.P. Fremont occupation. endosperm on the sides of the kernel. noted, suggesting that a cactus was probable ~ seed fragments may Measurements for the indi vidual cobs are Undented kernels exhibit a thicker layer of processed in the feature. Composite seeds also represen t food processing activities. presented in Table 5. All cobs are cornaceous endosperm along the top of the are also rare in the r..:ord and may be Gramineae is represented by charred seeds, uncharred and contain no kernels. One of kernel, as well as similar amounts of associated with either exploitation or as well as uncharred seeds and other pallS. the cobs (FS 9) is ! ,~Ied on a stiCk. cornaceous endosperm on the sides. accidental introduction. Recovery of The presence o( the charred grass seeds in Another cob (FS 7) has a hole in the base Comparisons of endosperm were made with Gramineae seeds as both charred and panicular points to food processing sUl.;esting that it, too, m y have been drawings contained in Cutler (1966:43), uncharred seeds may represent focx! activities. Charred Malvaceae seeds are also impaled on a stick . . Winter (1973) notes Powers (1984:155), and Gasser (1981 :32). processing acuvlues. A single charred noted and may be present through food several of the Fremont cobs he examined Photos of Fremont dent corn in Winter Lcguminosae was also recovereJ and may processing activities. QJlwUij seed were impaled on a stick. Three of the four (1973 :443) and Jennings (1978: 160) show be present through food processing or fragments and an embryo were recovered as cobs (FS 7, 9, and 12) have variable kernels on single cobs ranging from severely accidental introduction. A single uncharred uncharred remains and might be present numbers of rows. One cob has 14 rows, dented to weakly dented to undented . No seed similar to members of both the through food processing activities. two have 10 rows, and the fourth is description of the cross section categorizing Nyctaginaceae and Onagraceae families was Allernatively, they may have been 8-rowed . All cobs except the 8-rowed cob the endosperm is available in either of those recorded . Members of these families are introduced either at the time of occupation are wider at the base and taper toward the reports. In the absence of information 10 56 57 Analysis or Frt'mont I'lIleobotaole Materials Analysis of Frt'Dlontl'llleobotanie Materials Table S. Com Cob Measurt'menls rrom Site 42UNI724 understand lhe distribution of corn ~eeous of occup.1tions where native resources orten horny endosperm relative to that of lhe contributed heavily to subsistence. In sorter starchy endosperm within kernels on addition, remains of cultivated plants Cob Cupule Cupule Bull Mid·Cob lhe same cob of Fremont dent, it is difficull including Cucurbita oepo and ~ cob Width Height Row Row Spec. Dlam. Dlam. w&tb to interpret lhe variation in corn kernels were recovered . Cu(urbita oepo peduncle (mm) (mm) (em) sbape (mm) (mm) No. Reeular No. from Juniper Ledge Sheller. A thorough and seeds arc noted, as well as ~ understanding of lhis distribution is spp. rind . The com recovered is most necessary prior to interpreting the similar to Fremont dent, as represented by Tapered 5.3 1.5 (3 .5') 14 No. 7 16.5 13 .0 14.5 significance of the variability of the kernels cob morphologies from lhe 1110 B.P. 6.0 1· 1.5 (3 .9') 12·14 in th is population from Juniper Ledge occupation. 6.2 1.5 (4 .0') Sheller. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the com 7.9 1.0 (2.5') 10 Yes 8 18.0 13.0 13.7 Tapered Items 6, 7, and 8 (fable I) are twisted kernels themselves substantiates lhe early 8.0 1.2 (2 .6') 21' 18' Twisted fibers form ing cordage recovered from lhe date for com. This Fremont dent com 8. 1 1.0 (2.8·) Fr~ mont occupation. Item 6 is identified as appears to be fully evolved. Winter (1973) an imal hai r bearing some similarity to notes that dent com may have been Tapered 8.0 1.6 (2.0') 10 No. 9 12 .5 9 rodent hair, although at present it is transponed from Mexico lhrough western 8.0 1.5 (3.5') 8·10 17' 17' unidentified. Items 7 and 8 are plant fibers Arizona into southwestern Utah , then 8.0 1.5 (3 .5') most similar to Linwn sp. (flax) . Jennings diagonally up the river valleys. (1978:86) notes that Linwn cordage was Allernatively, the Fremont dent may have 10+ recovered from Danger Cave in Utah. evolved in place from a primitive form of pop or flint com, a form of flour com, and 11+ SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIO S maize wilh "relatively high amounts of Teosinte germ plasm" (Winter 1973 :4 50) . Cigar· 8. 1 2.0 (3 .5') 8 No. 12 8.5 7.5 11.5 Pollen analysis of samples from Features I Only one of the four cobs recovered was lhe shaped 8.4 1.8 (3.5') 6-8 1l.S· 17.4 and 4, representing the late FremontlNumic typical 14·rowed Fremont dent type, Thin 8.3 2.0 (3.9') and Fremont occupations, exhibit relative although all but one of lhe cobs tapered stability of vegetation in lhe vicinity of lhis 12 from the widest measurement at lhe bull to 14+ sheller. The charred macrofloral record lhe narrowest at the tip. Two of lhe four indicates that a wide variety of plants might 8 cobs recovered had been impaled on sticks, 16+ 12.6 have been utilized or processed in lhis a trait common in the Fremont cullure. sheller. This variety is typical of Fremont 18+ 13.4 8 19+ 6.4 12 20+ 7.7 10 - Indicates measunment with spikdd bases. + Indlcates r""",,,,l. 58 59 Analysis or Fremont Paleobotank Materials Analysis or Fremont Paleobotanic Materials Table 6. Measured Dimensions or Com K~rnels Table 6. Measured Dimensions or Com Kernels b Widtb Thickness Le0&1 bo Width Thkkness Len&1 LeO&1h o Width Thickness Len&1h Wldtb Thickness 4.44 1.992 (9.324) ~ . t4 4. 144 8.584 8.584 8. 14 (9.028) 1.844 4.588 8.436 9.028 3.848 1.4 8.288 4.44 8.584 1. 10-1 2.664 1.4 (8.288) 1.992 5. 18 6.956 8.584 5. 18 8. 14 (8.436) 9.412 4.44 7.548 (1.849) 1.992 4.292 1.548(8.132) 1.844 3.1 1.844 (8.88) 8.584 4. 144 1.4 (1 .992) 1.252 4.588 i.548 8.584 4.44 8.436 1.992 3.1 1.992 (8.888) 1.548 5.032 1. 10-1 (1.4) 1.4 6.216 1.252 9. 11G 5.476 8. 14 (8.88) 9.168 6.068 8. 14 9.412 4.444 7.992 (8.288) 8. 14 4.136 7.992 7.844 3.7 8. 14 (8.584) 7.548 3.848 8. 14 (9.028) 9.412 3.552 6.808 7.252 6.66 7. 10-1 7.4 5.92 7.252 1.548 3.848 1.844 9.102 5.032 7.4 (8.288) 6.66 3.40-1 7.992 8. 14 3.552 7.4 7.548 3.7 8.88 9.412 4.884 8. 14 7.844 4.588 6.068 (6.66) 7.252 5.032 6.6 (1.548) 6. 14 3.848 8.288 7.548 5.18 6.66 7.4 5.828 7.992 (9.028) 7.252 8.288 8.584 &. 14 5.772 8.14 10.286 5. 18 7. 10-1 (1.992) 7.252 6.068 6.364 5. 18 3.256 6.216 (6.66) 7.178 4.884 8.732 (9.028) 7.844 3.552 7.696 8.88 4.736 6.364 8.584 7.252 7.4 4.292 8.288 5.92 4.44 7.844 5.624 6.66 5.476 7.548 (1.992) 4.588 7.992 5.328 1.252 7.104 5.328 8.584 9.472 6.512 7. 104 4.884 5.n2 5.n2 6.364 5.032 6.66 (8.584) 6.068 5.90 6.66 1.252 5.624 6.808 5.92 4.588 8.288 8.88 4.292 7.992 8.88 4.292 6.956 (8.732) 7.844 6.068 8.14 7.992 • Unath ( ) - includes kfmd b.1s< atbdvnml. AU me:uurunrnlS in millimetus. 6.068 7.252 (1 .844) 9.rl6 5. 18 8.436 8.288 6.216 7.696 (9.324) 8.88 4.588 6.66 9.324 5.92 8.584 (9.62) 8.88 5.18 1.252 8.436 5.328 8. 14 7.992 3.7 8.288 10.656 8.436 8.288 (9.62) 8.584 5.032 7.992 9.176 9.028 4.292 6.364 7.252 5.18 8.288 (8.752) 3.7 8.436 (8.88) 7.696 6.512 8.14 7.844 5.476 6.66 (1.4) 9.472 5.476 6.956 6.808 8.14 3.848 6.808 1.326 5. 18 7.548 6.66 5.92 5.032 1.17 6.216 8.584 4.44 7.104 (1.696) 6.956 6.66 7.696 (8.288) 8.288 6.216 6.364 (1.696) 8.288 6.512 7.696 (8.88) 8.436 5.032 5.92 5.92 3.404 8.288 (9.028) 8.14 7.992 3.848 8.288 7.104 4.588 8.288 4.588 1.696(10.064) 7.548 4.736 5.328 (6.364) 5.712 4.588 8.88 3.1 1.4 (8.14) 8.288 8. 14 3.552 6.66 (8.288) 7.326 5. 18 7.4 (1.696) 1.252 4.292 1.252 8.436 4.144 6.364 7.844 6.068 7.104 (1.992) 1.4 5.m 6.66 8.436 4.136 7.4 1.696 - .292 7.4 1.252 7.4 3.848 6.216 9.176 5.m 7.992 (8.132) 60 61 Rd e",oces Cited REFERENCES CITED Hasrington, H.D. County Museum Association, 1967 Edible Natil¥! Plants of the Rocky F3Jmir.gton . Angell , Madeline Cutler, Hugh MOUIIJains. University ~f New 1981 A Field Guide 10 Buries and 1966 Com, Cucu rbils and COllon from Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Hasrington, and Berryliu Fruils. New York: Glen Canyon . Unil'trsiry of Ulah Basbasa Freire-Marreco The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. Anthropological Papm No. 80. Jennings, Jesse D. 1916 Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. 1978 Prehistory of Utah and the Eastern Burtau of Atn1!rican Ethnology Beaglehole, Pearl Densmore, France.s Great Basin . Unil'trsiry of Utah Bulletin No. 55 . 1937 Foods and Their Preparation . In 1974 How IndiOJU Use Plants for Food. NOles on Hopi Economic Ufe, by Anthropological Papers No. 98 . Salt MediciM and Crofts. Dover Rogers. Dilwyn E.l.mest Beaglehole, 15, pp.60-71. Lake City, Utah . Publications, Inc., New York 1980 Edible. Mtdicinol. Ustful. and Yale University Publications in Matthews, Meredith H. Poisonous Wild Plarus of Ihe Anthropology . Gallagher, M3Jsha V. 1979 Soil Sample Analysis of 5MT2148; Northern GTtat Plairu-SoUJh 1977 Contemporary Ethnobotany Among Dominguez Ruin, Dolores, Colorado. Dakota Rtgion. Biology lA."(l3Jtment, Bye, Raben A., Jr. the Apache of the Clarkdale, Arizona APflC"dix B - In The Dominguez Augustana College, Sioux Falls, 19i1 Ethnobotany of the Southern Paiute Ar.:a Coconino and Prescoll National Ruin: A McElmo Phase Pueblo in South Dakota. Indians in the 1870's: With a Note Forests. USDA Fowl Service on the Early Ethnobotanical Southwestern Colorado by Allan D. Archaeological Reporr No. 14. Schopmeyer, C.S. Contributions of Dr. Edward Palmer. Reed. BuTtau of lAnd ManagelllOlt Cultural Ruources Series No. 7. 1974 Seeds of Woody Plants in the United Oesm Research Inslilult Publications Gasser, Raben E. Denver. States. igricullural Handbook No. in 1M Social Sclencts No.8, Rene . 1981 The Plant Remains from Walpi. Pan 450. Forest Service, U.S. I In Walpi Archatological Projecl - Nequatewa, Edmund Depanment of Agriculture, Casteller, E. F. Phase 1/: Archaeological Remains 1943 Some Hopi Recipes for the Washington , D.C. 1935 Uncultivated Native Plants U~ as Volume 7, by Raben E. Gasser and Preparation of Wild Plant Foods. Source.s of Food . Unil'trsiry of New Linda J. SCOII , pp. 1-326. Museum Plattau 16(1): 18-20. Smith. Anne M. Mexico Built/in No. 266, of Nonhern Arizona, Flagstaff. 1974 Ethnography of the Nonhern Utes Albuquerque. Palmer, Edwasd Papers in Anthropology No. 17. Gilmore, Melvin R. 1871 Food Products of the Nonh American Museu m of New Mexico Press, Chasnberlin, Ralph B. 1977 Uses of Plarus by 1M Indians of 1M Albuquerque. 1964 The Ethnobotany of the Gosiute Indians. In Report of tM Mwouri Ril¥!r Region. Reprinted, CommiJJiOMr of Agriculture for Indians of Utah . Amtrican Univernly of Nebraska Press, Stevenson, Matilda COle Anthropological Association Memoirs 1870, edited by J.R. Dodge, pp.404- Lincoln . Originally published 1919, 428. U.S. Government Printing 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. 2, pp. 329-405. Kraus Reprint Bureau of American Ethnology, Office, Washington , D.C. Thirteenth Annual Rtport of 1M Corp., New York. (Originally Washington, D.C. Bureau of American Ethnology. printed 1911). Powers , Margaset A. Government Printing Office, Goodwin, Greenville 1984 The Salvage of Archaeological Data Washington, D.C. Colton , H3Jold S. 1935 The Social Divisions 3J.d Economic from Turkey Pen Ruin, Grand Gulch 1974 Hopi History and Ethnobotany. In Life of the Western '.pache. Primitive Area, San Juan County, Whiling, Alfred F. Hopi Indians. pp. 279-424. G3Jland Amtrican AlIlhropologisl 36:55-64 . Utah. ContribUJions to Anthropology 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Publishing Inc., New York. Stries, No. 808, Division of Northern Arizona Bullelin No. 15 . Conservation Archaeology, San Juan 63 64 References Cited Winter, Joseph 19TI Maize (rom Backhoe Village and Its 1973 The Distribution and De cJopment Relatjons with the Fremont/Sevier o( Fremont Maize Agriculture: Com Complex. Appendix II - In Some Preliminary Interpretations. Backhoe Village by David B. Madsen American Antiquity 38 (4):439-451 . and LaMar W. Lindsay. Antiquities Secrion Selected Papers IV (12) : 105- 113. 65 Appendix B Radiocarbon Calibration Dates and Ages for C14 Samples CoUected at Juniper Ledge Shelter Calculated from the University of Washington Quaternary Isotope Lab Radiocarbon Calibration Dates RADIOCARBON CALffiRA TIO DATES AND GFS FOR C14 MPLES COLLECTED T JUNlPER LEDGF SHELTER Bela-34326 Radiocarbon Age BP 2330.0 q 80.0£ Calibrated age(s) cal Be 399 cal BP 2348 cal AD/Be (cal BP) ge ranges: One Sigma·· Cal Be 481 - 473(2430-2422) 427- 422(2376-2371) 413- 376(2362-2325) 373- 364(2322-2313) Two Sigma·· cal Be 762- 682(2711-2631, 659- 632(2608-2581) 621- 611(2570-2560) 590~ 340(2539-2289) Intercepts and maxjmum range: One Sigma cal BC 481 (399) 265 cal BP 2430 (2348) 2214 Two Sigma cal Be 762 (399) 210 cal BP 2711 (2348) 2159 Bela-36605 Radiocarbon Age Bp· 1650.0 q 80.0E Calibrated age(s) cal AD 408 cal BP 1542 cal AD/Be (cal BP) age ranges: One Sigma·· cal AD 259· 281(1691-1669) 290- 299(1660-1651) 323- 433(1627-1517) 454- 465(1496-1485) 503- 511(1447-1439) 516- 531(1434-1419) Two Sigma" cal AD In- 197(lnl-1753) 220- 580 (1730-1370) Intercepts and maximum range: One Sigma cal AD 259 ( 408) 531 cal BP 1691 (1542) 1419 Two Sigma cal AD 1n (08) 580 cal BP 1773 (1542) 1370 RJadioc:arbon Calibration Dates IXta-34325 RJadiocarbon Age BP 1110.0 q 50.0E Calibrated age(s) Cal AD 902, 918, 955 912, 975 cal BP 1048, 1032, 995 978, 975 cal AD/BC (cal BP) age ranges: One Sigma" Cal AD 784- 786(1166-1164) 885- 987(1065- 963) Two Sigma" cal AD m- 793(1173-1157) 800-1OOO(115G- 950) 1008-1019( 942- 931) Intercep15 and maximum range: one sigma cal AD 784 ( 902, 918, 955, 912, 975) 987 cal BP 1166 ( 1048, 1032, 995, 978, 975) 963 Appendix C two sigma cal AD 7TI ( 902, 918, 955, 912, 975) 1019 cal BP 1173 ( 1048, 1032, 995, 978, 975) 931 Beta-34324 McKee Spring Rock Art Research: Radiocarbon Age BP 700.0 q 6O.0E a Discussion Calibrated age(s) Cal AD 1280 cal BP 670 cal AD/BC (cal BP) age ranges: By One Sigma·· Cal AD 1262-1301( 688- 649) 1312-1381( 578-569) Two Sigma·· cal AD 122G-1330( 73G- 620) 1344-1394( 606-556) Clay Johnson Intercep15 and maximum range: one sigma cal AD 1262 ( 1280) 1381 cal BP 688 ( 670) 569 two sigma cal AD 1220 ( 1280) 1394 cal BP 730 ( 670) SS6 • This dote Is Cll/CIl ac\ju.md. •• This standard lIniation (error) 1DA1 induclo an ..,..,.. multiplier. J sipIa - square root 0( ($ample sid. lin) + (cune Std. Dn.) 1 sipIa - 1. square root 0( ($ampl- sid. lin.) + (C...... _ Std. Dn.) .. represents • ·Dtlatin- lie BP J9SS. dmotes inn...... , 0( bomb C-14 > 1497 BC" :op.....,ts end 0( calibration dolL 70 1( ...... fiELD SII EET: HcKee Sprlng McKee Spring Rock Art Resellrtb 'I" • !:.,,'!/"'~~I ." leA INTRODUCTION -- , .,~"" , ,,, l.'\.' '-...... s " .. .. ~ I' ~(!> ttc. .. lei 'I' II .1 ~ "' "1 1 As an in·si tu artifact . rock an should owe have spent long periods of time at any 2rui some design and de~i lional factors to the rock an site. or to have ~isited one site :!l = environment in which it was constructed. repealedly lhroughoul Ihe year. ~ ~- Binrord (1983) suggests Ihere should be ~ - correlations between the structure of an The initial methodology chosen was simply :- -- archaeological site and seasonal faclors such to select and visit one site repeatedly 3: as temperature and natural light. An Ihroughoul a year, spending as much time as ;;: intensive study of the McKee Spring rock possible at the sile, noting factors such as a an was initiated in 1989 to examine the available fl ora and rauna, W;ller, physical til '0 degree to which site environmental factors comfon range, and shadows on the paneJ.s :l- = ~~OATE' ______TIHE OU S ITE : ______DATE S IGUlflCANct:: ______-l such as location, directional orientation, during the time of each visit . It was .. local lopography, cyclic flora and rauna assumed lhal in a basically blind ~ prc:.sc.nce , and yearly meteorologic cycles observational approach such as Ihis, a large Cl 1 • no dill a mighl be relaled 10 elements or Ihe rock an concentration of the anifaclS to be studied ~ itselr. would increase the chance of identifying and 'go L ~ 21r H 708 7b. SJI l'rh'nt 15. Hahy fare comparing correlations. Thus, McKee Ill. ?l at Par1"1 8. Jkdtlrg Ihlre 16. a:.lfhO"CC ~ Liter3turc on Utah rock an tends toward Spring was chosen at random from several a: 2. SIoH Kh"J) 9. Ult 10 Han 11. Wct 9J:lql merely describing some or Ihe panels al a major rock art sites within a one hour drive Old Anlhro 10. PirM.:oc1 18. rial 1\:p ram site and suggesting cultural atfiliations based of the researcher's home as the main g 0" 1. Wife tUlloJ lCh 1-001 Anlhro 19. I 73 McKee Sprin& Rock Art Resean:b McKee Sprin& Rock Art Resean:b sunlight at all during portions of the year, or at widely scattered rock an sites within minutes. This ponion of this interaction to not receive sunlight before a certain time throughout the year, indicate a strong Utah . occurs from approximately 3:45 to 4:22 of day all year. Other panels were found to correspondence with the dates p.m. MST on May.:rossquaner. Figure 3 change back and forth from sunlit to observationally established as important to It also became apparent that no one had shows an interaction on panel 17 on the shadowed several times during one day. A the Fremont at this site. Certain elements devel?ped any standard way to observe, same day. Elements involved are a fully form (Fig. I) wa5 developed to track or symbolic representations are seasonally descnbe, and compare these shapes and their formed, homed sheep zoomorph followed by changes in condition for the panels. correspondence with elemer.ts on rock an linked: the alignments with shadow shapes, and the apparent symbolism of the shadow a partially formed, hornless sheep panels. Without some standardized shapes used, is specific to a certain date or zoomorph . A shadow arrow descends from Collected data in the form of 35 mm slides methods, no progress wa5 likely. This a certain season of the year. Spot checks above to touch the hornless sheep, aOer demonstrated that some glyph elements were researcher thus developed a te.rminology for which a matching sun arrow forms and so constructed as to match the shape of describing interactions and recurring utilized indicate that the same elements are being used in the same ways at other sites. All moves to the cervix of the homed sheep, shadow patterns on the panels, and that the natural shadow shapes, a methodology for this suggests that in addition to acting a Defore moving down off the glyph. This matches were most perfect on certain days. observing and photographing shadow as calendar, one purpose of some rock an is to takes place from 12:26 a.m. to 1:04 p.m. on It wa5 also noted that certain types of activity on a panel, and some observations act an almanac, predicting certain May crossquaner. shadow patterns (such as an "arrow" or on the kind of conceptual changes needed to as seasonal activities or events. It is also wedge of sunlight on a darkened panel) properly protect rock an sites, based on the tempting to spec late that because of Figure 4 also shows a sun arrow from the tended to be aligned in similar ways with implications of the evidence for interactions similarities in elements and interactions cervix area of a sheep zoomorph on panel 7, glyph elements regardless of which panel between the panels and shadow !hapes observed for the same date at widely which occurs at approximately 10: 15 a.m. they occurred on , and that panels which (Johnson 199Oa, 1990b, 199Oc:). on May crossquaner. There are a total of could be presumed to be related by having dispersed sites, this usage of rock an may be widespread and standardized to some four panels present at McKee Spring which similar elements or symbols tended to use Using the aforementioned terminology and degree for at least Fremont occupations. depict sheep zoomorphs. Three of the similar shadow shapes and/or to be most methodology, in 1990-1991 this researcher Given there now exists a terminological and panels display a shared shadow shape and accurate on the same day. Days upon which concentrated field effons on identifying and methodological framework within whicn to symbolism on May crossquaner. The fourth the correspondence of element shapes with recording any alignments on all panels at investigate other sites, that speculation may panel is anomalous in placement , design, shadow shapes were most prevalent and McKee Spring, on testing the methodology be supponed in another twenty years or SO a.,d certain elements, not officially recorded accurate were on the equinoxes, the by spot checking other sites within Dinosaur of investigation at the current rate of as pan of the site, and mayor may not Istices, and on day> halfway between National Monument for interactive shapes or progress. share a mutual origin with the main portion solstices and equinoxes, which were being ekments identified at McKee, and upon of the site. May crossquaner occurs at the referred to by amateur groups as developing a theoretical tool that could be An example of the possible almanac function end of the first week in May each year, and "crossquaner" dates. used to extract archaeological information for some panels, and of the similarity of was determined in conversations with Utah from interactive panels. With this tool interaction 011 a given date for multiple Division of Wildlife Resources personnel to On the basis of the evidence, a resurvey wa5 (Johnson 1991) it is possible to date some pa.,els is shown on Figures 2a, 2b, 3 and 4. be the time of the beginning of bighorn made of the amateur literature, most interactive panels, to determine to some sheep binhing in this area. specifically the collected papers of the degree the Fremont concept of certain evenlS Figures 2a and 2b shows two portions in the interaction for panel 12B at McKec Spring. symposia of the Utah Rock An Research such as equinox , and test hypotheses The shadow, moving from the leO, first Other events are ponrayed at McKee Spring Association (Gam and Everitt 1983; Everitt regarding the meaning of the elements on cups the relatively empty oval within the which appear to be capable of being linked and Madsen 1985; Bowen 1989; Morris some panels. stomach area of the sheep zoomorph (Fig. in a similar manner to SC3!onally specific or 199Oa, I99Ob, 1991), and it wa5 found that 2a) at the same time it outlines the small physically verifiable natural phenomena. If observations from various locales around Observations of cyclic changes in on-site as abstract shape above. The moving shadow the purpose of constructing elements of the Utah tended to suppon data from McKee flora and fauna resources and their behavior, then becomes a sun arrow (Johnson 199Oa~ panels to align with shadows on certain Spring. Certain natural shadow shapes were and of broad weather patterns (National at the cervix of the sheep (Fig. 2b), which dates were merely to identify those dates for being used repeatedly in very similar ways Weather Service 1973H, 1974a-i) remains in place for a protracted number of an observer, a couple of small marks on one 75 76 McKee SprinC Rock Art Research McKee Sprio& Rock Art Research flaure la. View to NW ~t Panel 12b at McKee SprioC flaure 3. View to west or Paoel 17 at McKee SPrin& }o1&ure 2b. View to NW a' Panel I2b at McKee SprinC flaure 4. View to nortb or PaDel 7 at McKee Sprin& McKee Sprio& Rock Art Researcb SITE - McK .. Sprln9 N' non-519nificant -- - dark McKee Sprln& Rock Art Researcb M- 5u9~utiye . TIME of YEAR , Summer e,e.. ,ua,", S. 519n I f icant ---- - ~ . CIRCLE· MST or DST 1- incomplete data = interactIve rock would suffice. Instead, each key date The remaining 22 panels either fit the 0- is treated with extreme redundancy, AM PM Fremont style category (IS panels) or do not PANEL NAME :I •• • 6 • •• 7 • •• 11 ... 9 ••• 10 •• •II .. .JZ .. J • •• Z ... 3 . .. 4 . .. :1 ... 6 ... 7 .. . 8 requiring observen to be at the site from have elements which are stylistically sunrise to sunset on that day to see all that diagnostic (seven panels). Of these 22 I.. 421.m7t18 I is taking place. panels, interactions have been identified for lb. Flat Parel _I______DD ______20 (90 percent). The two panels for which 2. SloM K1rq The term 'paneI' is defined herein as a interactions have not been identified are in cluster of elements or glyphs separated by Old AnthrO ------==~I the stylistically non-diagncstic category. ) . Wife Kills! s an expanse of bare rock from other clusters Many of the paneI.s have alignments on ill 4. IDle 0lIrtn:I of elements 01 glyphs. Data suggests that of the key dates. agg regates of glyphs or elements which their 5. OX Man --lliJ--- 6. Cent> f\>mi1y makers might have defined as panels do not As mentioned above, certain elements are meet this definition. The Fremont definition placed to align with shadows only on cenain 6b. Hldirg Man of panel can be understood by examining the dates or for cenain season , while other Ute 1 times and seasons interactions take place on elements may al ign with a portion of the 7. ~ Man an aggregate of glyphs. Of 26 panels shadow for each key date. For a number of 7b. SrI Priest considered by this researcher to comprise the panels (or which data are relatively B. R:ld<.irg Hrse Ule McKee Spring Panel complex , one (Ute complete, the panel itself can be shown to 9. Little Man I) is Clearly post-contact. This panel is be the ·result· of the shadows, in that every 10. Pirtwheel interactive on May erossquarter. One panel line on the panel corresponds precisely with lOb. Law AnthrO 1 (42UNI708) is O.S km west of the main a shadow position for one or more of the lI.. = Belly I ------S group, stylistically variant, located above a key dates of the year. Figure S shows a 1.lb. Lasso Anth . S ------.! buried cultural component radiocarbon dated sample panel function form for one key l2. Flat Ttp 1----- S ------to 1790 years before present, and is date. Interactions are defined as per Ub. OX 91eep ==---=r-"is:-J ----GsU:=;;:==l probably Archaic or proto-Fremont. The Jollnson (199Oa) as nonsignificant, which 13. J(7 ------N ------site 42UN 1708 panel has not been means no appanent correlation between t/>e 14. ) KniYl!S ~S ------investigated for interactions. shadow shapes and the glyph elements, or 5 15. Mcri 79 80 McKee SPrin& Rock Art Research period. the significant part of an interaction th study is complete. and the solid line will may be some hat shorter than the total time have a higher value in some cases in relation of function. ,at is to say. a shadow may to the dotted line. (for instance) impinge on one element at the len side of a panel . but remain relatively Jt is estimated that for the summer motion I for some time before beginning crossquarter date charted in Figure 5, three to mo e quite rapidly across I ~ olyphs in a observers would be required for most of the series of sequential alignments. 1lle panel day in order to observe the interactions ~n function sheet identifies the entire time 1010. In other words. nearly 40 hours of period or period during which a panel is observation are required on the day of interacting rath r than just the most summer crossquarter to observe pan Is spectacular, significant portion. Due to the id ntified as having significant interactions. physical p cement of the pan Is, some can Although data are stilJ incomplete for winter be watched from one spot. whereas others solstice. it is estimated that the number of may require a five minute walk across the pan Is interacting, and the time needed and canyon to get from one panel to another. number of observers required to celebrate S vera! instances have been identified in each key date, remains relatively constant which two panels on one side of the canyon throughout the year. Key dates so far finish interacting ju. in time for observers identified at McKee pring are the SOlstices. to walk across the ' 'Ilyon to observe two the equinoxes. and the summer and winter more panels begin int rtions. crossquarters. for 8 key dales per year. Figures 6a and 6b graph the utilization of Figur 6a and 6b suggest several points, rock art pan Is at McKee Spring through the day for fi e key dates of the year. The I. Panels were utilized throughou the dotted line charts the number of panels day, rather than at one or two specific tim functioning (i.e. the number of panels of day. having sun and shadow mixtures on the glyphs) at a given time. The solid charts 2. Panel utilization remains relatively the number of panels having significant or t;onsistent throughout all seasons of th year. suggestive interactions at the time indicated. Se era! panels remain undocumented. 3. Greater than five panels functioning. pecially for the winter quarter of the year. there appears to be decreased utilization of as to the exact time of function. Those interactive potential. Greater than ten panels are not renected in ~ line. For panels functioning, there appears to be several panels, the class of interaction (non effectiveJy no utilization of interactive significant. significant, or suggestivr) is potential . Interactive utilization probably undocumented. although the time bracket for dpends on two factors. The first factor is function is known. Those panels are that some instances of panel function have included in the dOlled line. but not renected no definite shadow pattern with the potential in the solid line. It is thus expected that the for utilization. The shadow is vague, value of the dOlled line will be higher when undefined, or -blotchy. • so that no amount 81 McK~ SPI'in& Rock Art Resean:b McKee Sprin& Rock Art Research SITE: McKee Spring Mountain SWldard Time AM PM SITE: McKee Spring Mountain Standard Time AM PM :C'l-:·i"'A" " "'~';] · 'I 5 9 10 11 12 1 " ~~ ~ ~. o'r-c~Yv~~L-______v~______I.'~---~------~------~ EQUINOX IS~+------~------r---l o~------~~~~nFo~~~._------~ 1. f---I------:..p'VI';::------:------+--j IS 1 .~------;_------1 oL-______L- ______~ _____~ WINTER F:>LSTlCE SUMMER SOLSTlCE f1&ure 68. IDtuactiye Pand Utl1I: 83 Mc~ SprinC Rock Art Research MtK~ SP';lI& Rock Art Research of technological alteration or ·filing· oflcn wonders whal hidden assumptions arc employed by the makers would yield a held by the researcher. On the basis of 3. Based on evidence, these panels were The people we call Fremont, who useful shadow pattern. The second factor is (variously) widely accept'll beliefs about created by designing alignments with constructed most of the panels at McKee that presumably only a certain number of who in a culture group constructed rock art, shadow positions on certain key dates Spring around A.D. 1000, devoted panels could be utilized (observed) by incoming daLa, or 3IIaIogy with broad human already known to the makers, the sum total considerable cultural resources to the design, available personnel at anyone time. behavior it is assumed: of the alignments chosen serving to delineate construction, and observation of a the glyphs on the panel. Some admilture of tochnologically sophisticated, ornate, and 4. There appears to be Ri&h1lx greater I. Since mosl of these panels share (a) inspiralion or desire to introduce a panicular complicaled construct which would repon utilization of panels as a perccnLaee of a common site and style r ltribution, (b) a symbolism was combined with the available certain key dates of the year, identify fynctiooing panels, at sunrise and sunset. relatively similar repatination, (c) element or choices of shadow positions for each key periods such as the binhing seasons for figure matches from panel to panel, (d) date 10 create the overall design of a panel. certain fau ruJ resources, and demarche the S. Some panels utilized for pan of the similar interactions with panels to which till'_ for certain natural cyclical events of the year arc at other key dates either fully lit they seem otherwise related, (e) concurrency 4. Humans do not build a calendar or ,ear such as the onset of the snow blanket, (no shadows) or fully dark (no sunlight) at (timed sequential interactions with another almanac at great elpense in time and effon or the beginning of the time the days tum any time of the day. This in itself could be panel), (I) an over... 1 pattern of function in a location where Ihey will not be present cooler. They somehow had correctly a factor in selection of the rock surface to which allows economy of time for to use it. identified the days of the solstices, which be utilized for a panel. observational personnel, (g) together appear could be gained from direct observation of to make up a coherent pattern of behavior S. Evidence indicates that the the sun, and the correcl days for equinoles, 6. Graphs of other interactive sites do covering tJ>.e entire year, and (h) depict alignments were designed to be as precise as which could not. They also observed the not display similar peaks and valleys for the seemingly similar symbolic concerns, it is possible with shadow elements on key dates crossquarter dates, which arc approlimately times of day reflected at McKee Spring. tenLatively assumed that each panel is unless already under-toad by the makers, and thus half the day count between equinoles and Thill, the times of utilization on a key date, clearly determined otherlVise a pan of an any variance from precise alignments for an solstices. Site and panel seltCtion seems to OJ peaks and valleys at given times, arc overall site design attribuLable to one interactive panel on a key date must be have been based to a large deg~ on the more a functiOl1 of the broad pattern of sun episode of panel construction. No explained. Glyph elements were located so coincidence of interesting and somewhat and shadow al a site on key dates lhan Ihey assumption is made as to how long that as to align with shadows cast primarily by SLandardized natural shadow shapes on the arc due to selection of specific limes for episode was. It is estimated it would be IWIUiII gnomons on certain dates, thus no rock surfaces al certain key dates over the observation by the makers. In other words, physically possible, given clear days at control of shadow location on days other entire year. Their construct was far more rock surfaces were chosen for panels based critical times and a work force of th . ~ than those designed for was possible. accurate than a simple horizon calendar, as on certain interesting and spectacular peoi-: for about twenty days per year, to well as allowing the recording of symholic shadow shapes on key dates, rather than desig n and construct the panels at McKee This means that whether an alignment information in a }.ermanenl conlelt. They selection being based on function at certain Spring in two years at an absolute changed relatively swiftly or relatively were tied to a concern with and observation times of day. minimum . slowly before or after the ·best· alignment of time to an amazing degree. They on the key date was not within the control of maintained a presence at McKee Spring CONCLUSIONS 2. If a panel was designed to function the makers. Smaller divisions of the year, essentially year-around for however long the over the period of two hours on a certain or other key dates may have been designed panels were used . They would have found Although research is incomplete .tthis time, day, that implies someone was watching it for, but have not yet been identified at this the calendar useful for predicting when to the daLa already obtained through hundreds for two hours, and at least on that particular site. expect game to move into this low park, of hour·, of direct observation and recorded day. The premise is that humans ",'10 when to elpect certain plants 10 emerge, in thousands of sequential photographs for expend considerable effon to create Given !hose assumptions, the researcher when to prepare for serious winler or when this site suggesl a number of tenLative impressive pageantry, tend nOlto get up and offers these comments as tenLative to expect warmer days. Other correlations conclusions. In work of this nature, one leave as soon as the event begins. conclusions suggested by facts of this site as al this location for the dates demarkcd arc underslood at present. estimated 10 be when the rains generally 84 8S McKee Sprln& Rock Art Researda REFERENCES CITED become snow and vi~vena, when to in progress) as one or two-date horizon expect the seeds of wild planl5 to be calendars, such as might have been simply ripening, when to expect the coldest and the constructed and handily used by people Barnes, F.A. Johnson, Clay hottest times of the year to begin , when to enga&ed in seasonal rounds. For the most 1986 Canyon CoUlllry PrthiSloric Rock Arr. I990a Establishing a Uniform Terminology expect reptiles to be out and when to expect part, these also vary stylistically and in Was.lIch Publishers, Inc. for Description of Solar water sources to be ice-free. apparent degree of relative repatination from the major rock an sites. There is also Interactions with Roc k An Binford , Lewis R. Panels. Paper presented at Utah This apparent amount of concern and effort evidence of a heavily repatinated widely 1983 In Pursuil ollht Pasl: Dtcoding Iht Rock An Research Association in the view of this researcher, is inconsistent scattered layer of rock an.. One other major Archot%gica/ Rtcord. Thames and Symposium , 1990. Manuscript on with seasonal occupations for the site, or rock an site has been spot checked and Hudson, Inc. New York , New York. file with author. with the site as one of many territories gives indication.s that a large number of il5 utilized for a short period in lifetime of panels are interactive, including three of the a Bowen, Nina (editor) I990b Methodology for Identifyi ng , rounds by a group of hunter-gatherers so-called "supernova" panels (Johnson 1989 Papers presented at the Sixth Annual Observing, Recording. and Reporting practicing an occasional and sporadic 1991), which by their interactions as well as Symposium. Vlah Rock Arr V~l. 6. Solar Interactive Rock An Panels. horticulture. their archaeo/astronomic implications suggest a construction date of July Sth and Salt Lake City, Utah. Paper presented at the Utah Rock An Reseasch Association Symposium, It seems instead to suggest a people who 6th, A.D. 1054. Bunon, Roben Jordan 1990. Manuscript on file with author. were willing and able to support a 1971 Tht Piclographs and Pmog/yphs 01 considerable amount of activity by some of No rock an has been located at Juniper Dinosaur Nariona/ Monwnenl. Thesis I990c Implications of Solar Interactive their group at a permanent site throughout Ledge Shelter proper (Truesdale, 1991 submitted in partial fulfillment of Panels for Reck An Protection. the year to .perform a complicated series of personal communication). Several rock an the requiremenl5 for the degree of Paper presented at the Utah Rock Art activities for predicting, observing, and sites within I krn of the shelter remain to be Master of ArtS. Department of Research Association Symposium, possibly ceremonially assisting, a great investigated. Anthropology, University of 1990. Manuscript on file with author. number of natural evenl5. It seems to Coloradu. sU&!lest a primarily non-mobile people who This new methodology for investigating rock 1991 Acc uracy and Declination: Using lOOk the time to design and construct a an sites offers the opportunity to check Eve.riu, Cindy and Rex Madsen (editors) Panel Activity to Answer Rock An beautiful and impressive as well as certain of our assumptions about Fremont 1985 Papers presented at the Fourth Questions. Paper presented at the functional piece of equipment which saw lifeways, and to develop and test hypotheses Annual Sympcosium . Vlah Rock Arr 1991 Utah Rock An Research frequent ceremonial use throughout the year. about the rock an il5elf. Findings from rock an sites will need to be explained and Vol. 4. Salt Lake City, Utah . Association Symposium. Manuscript on file with author. There exist scattered about Dinosaur correlated with the data from more standard Gam, Phil and Cindy Everill (editors) National Monument a number of small, archaeological investigations to develop 1983 Papers presented at the Second Martineau, laVan relatively simple rock an sites, some of tenable hypotheses about the Fremont Annual Symposium on the rock 1973 1M Rocks Btgin 10 Speak. K C which have been identified (Johnson, work lifeway. an in Utah . Vlah Rock Arr Publications. Las Vegas, Nevada. Vol. 2. Salt Lake City, Utah. 86 87 McKee SprinC Rock Art ResearclJ REFERENCES CITED become snow and vice-versa. when to in progress) as one or two-date horizon expect the seeds of wild plants to be calendan. such as might have been simply ripening. when to Clpectthe coldest and the constructed and handily used by people Barnes. F.A. Johnson , Clay hottest times of the yeM to begin. when to enwed in seasonal rounds. For the most 1986 Canyon COUlllry Pr~historic Rock An. 1990a Establishing a Uniform Terminology expect reptiles to be out and when to Clpect part. these also vary stylistically and in Was.1tch Publishers. Inc . for Description of Solar water sources to be ice-free. apparent degree of relative repatination from the major rock an sites. There is also Interactions with Rock An Binford. Lewis R. Panels. Paper presented at Utah This apparent amount of concern and effon evidence of a heavily repatinated widely 1983 In Pursuit o/th~ PllJt: D~coding (h~ Rock An Research Association in the view of this researcher. is inconsistent scattered layer of rock an. One other major ArchMological Rtcard. Thames and Sympos ium, 1990. Manuscript on with seasonal occupations for the site. or rock an site has been spot checked and Hudson. Inc. New York, New York. file with author. with the site as one of many territories gives indications that a larce number of its utilized for a shan period in a lifetime of panels are interactive. including three of the Bowen, Nina (editor) 1mb Methodology for Identifying, rounds by a group of hunter·ptherers so-called ·supernova· panels (Johnson 1989 Papers presen ted at the Sixth Annual Observing. Recording, and Reporting practicing an occasional and sporadic 1991). which by their interactions as well as Symposium. Utah Rock An \"01. 6. Solar Interactive Rock An Panels. horticulture. their archaea/astronomic implications suggest a construction date of July 5th and Salt We City, Utah . Paper presented at the Utah Rock An Research Association Symposium, It seems instead to suggest a people who 6th. A.D. 1054. Bunon, Roben Jordan 1990. Manuscript on file with author. were willing and able to suppon a 1971 71r~ Pictographs and Petrog/yphs 0/ considerable amount of activity by some of No rock an has been located at Juniper Dinosaur Nmional MonumenJ. Thesis 1990c Implications of Solar Interactive their group at a permanent site throughout Ledge Shelter proper (Truesdale. 1991 submitted in partial fulfillment of Panels for Reck An Protection. the yeM to .perform a complicated series of personal communication). Several rock an the requirements for the degree of Paper presented at the Utah Rock An activities for predicting. observing. and sites within I km of the shelter remain to be Master of Arts. Depanment of Research Association Symposi um . possibly ceremonially assisting. a great investipted. Anthropology, University of 1990. Manuscript on file with author. number of natural events. It seems to This new methodology for investigating rock Coloradv. suggest a primarily non-mobile people who 1991 Accuracy and Declination : Using took the time to design and construct a an sites offers the opponunity to check Everitt, Cindy and Rex Madsen (editors) Panel Activity to Answer Rock An beautiful and impressive as well as certain of our assumptions about Fremont 1985 Papers presented at the Founh Questions. Paper presented at the functional piece of equipment which saw lifeways. and to develop and test hypotheses Annual Sym(lC'sium . Utah Rock An 1991 Utah Rock An Research frequent ceremonial use throughout the YeM. about the rock an itself. Findings from rock an sites will need to be explained and Vol. 4. Salt We City, Utah. Association Symposium. Manuscript on file with author. There exist scattered about Dinosaur correlated with the data from more standard Gam , Phil and Cindy Everitt (editors) National Monument a number of small. archaeological investigations to develop 1983 P3pers presented at the Second Manineau, laVan relatively simple rock an sites. some of tenable hypotheses about the Fremont Annual Symposium on the rock 1973 71rt Rocks &gin to Sptak. K C which have been identified (Johnson. work lifeway. an in Utah . Utah Rock An Publications. Las Vegas, Nevada. Vol. 2. Salt We City, Utah . 86 87 ReIerences Cited 1974a Western Regional Technical Morris. Bonnie (editor) 1990a Papers presented at the Seventh Attachments: 74-1 (January). Annual Symposium: Fremont State National Weather Service. Park. Clear Creek Canyon. Ulah Rock An Vol. 7. Salt Lake City. 1974b Western Regional Technical Attachments: 74-3 (February). Utah. National Weather Service. 1990b Papers presented at the Ninth Annual Symposium of the Utah 1974c Weste rn Regional Technical Rock Art Research Association. Attachments: 74-6 (March). L:-.h Rock An. Vol. 9. Salt Lake National Weather Service. City. Utah. 1974d Western Regional Technical Attachments: 74-8 (April). 1991 Papers presented at the Eighth National Weather Service. Annual Symposium of the Utah Rock Art Research Association. Urah ARCHEOLOGICAL TESTING AT SITE SMF2645 Rock An Vol. 8. Salt Lake City. 1974e Western Regional Technical Attachments: 74 -12 (May). AND Utah. National Weather Service. DATA RECOVERY OF THE POOL CREEK BURIAL National Weather Service 1974f Western Regional Technical 1973a Western Regional Tlx:hnical Attachments: 74-14 (June). Attachments: 73-35 (September). National Weather Service. By N~tional Weather Service. James A_ Truesdale 1974g Western Regional Technical 1973b Western Regional Technical Attachments: 74-18 (July). Attachments: 73-39 (October). National Weather Service. National Weather Service. 1974h Western Regional Technical 1973c Western Regional Technical Attachments: 74-21 (August). Attachments: 73-41 (November). National Weather Service. National Weather Service. 1974i Western Regional Technical 1973d Western Regional Technical Attachments: 74-3" (October). Attachments: 73-42 (December). National Weather Service. National Weather Service. 88 Introduction I>es:rlptiOD INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION Site 5MF2645, Pool Creek, was located Site 5MF2645 consists of two separate during a Section 106 (of the National moderately dense concentrations (Localities Historic Preservation Act, as amended) A and 0) of debitage, chipped stone tools, archeological survey of the Echo Park Road and groundstone (Fig. I). In addition, in 1988. Testing was conducted later that human remai ns (the Pool Creek burial) were year to determine the site's nature, extent, located on the site (Fig. I). The site covers and integrity to evaluate its eligibility for the an area 50 m nOM-south by 21S m east National Register of Historic Places. In west (10,700 sq.m.I2 .656 acres). The site addition. a data recovery plan was has been impacted by grazing, erosion, developed to salvage a human intement colloction, and possible vandalism . bas.:d upon the following criteria: (I) human bone was exposed on the surface and Locality A is located on a small terrace TEST UNIT-\-~" was continui ng to erode, endangering its bench in the eastern portion of the site (Fig. NO. 1 existence; (2) the remains continued to be I), and consists of a moderately dense impacted by grazing and rodent activities; chipped stone tool and debitage scatter. and (3) because of the proximity to the Echo Artifacts inventoried in Locality A consist of Park Road , the site might be impacted by three bifaces, one core, one utilized nake, colloctors and vandalism (Truesdale 1988). two primary, one secondary, and 26 tertiary nakes, and ten pieces of chipped stone SElTING shatter. An inventory last and description of the 10015 may be found in Table I. All of The Pool Creek Site (5MF2645) is located the tools, with the exception of one siltstone on a east-west trending ridge, which slopes biface fragment , are made from chen. Of gently (0-8 degrees) uphill to the west and the debitage inventoried in Locality A, chen intersects with a nonh-south trending represents 77 percC1\t, quanzite 20.S sandstone cliff face. The site is at an percent, and ignimbrite 2.S percent of the elevation of 1646 m (5400 1\) AMSL and assemblage. All of these tool stone approximately 150 m (492 1\) west of the materials are common to the region and can Echo Park Road. Vegetation on the site is be found locally (Table 2) . The high characteristic of a pinyon/juniper community frequency or tertiary nakes (66.6 percent) with juniper, sagebrush, and bunch grasses suggests that stone tool manuracturing dominating the landscape. A riparian and/or mainten .,ce activities occurred in x = FLAKE community may be found 200 m (610 1\) to this area or the site. One collector'S pile B=BIFACE the east along Pool Creek. Pool Creek is was recorded in the extreme southeastern .$ = CONTOUR the nearesl permanent water source. Soils portion of the site (Fig. I). FORM LINES on the site consist of sandy silts which range in color from tan to light brown to red. SCALE 6 me'.,.t Ib Flcul't 1. lbe Pool Creek Site (SMF2645) site map 91 92 Description Description Table I. Invenlory lind desuipUon of Slone lools recorded on Ihe surface from LocaUlles A and B al sile SMf2645 Table 2. Breakdown of surface chipped Slone debilage by maleriallype from LocaUUes A and B, al slle SMf2645 LOCA.I..ITY A: l. Maroon-gray chen utilized tertiary nalee (straight-convex edge) . 2. Red-yellow chen core. LOCALITY A Malerial Type PRJ SEC TER SH 8TH 10TAL 3. Tan siltSioneibiface fragment. 4. Gray-black (banded) chen biface fragment (base) . LOCALITY B: CHERT: I. Red (fire-altered) sandstone mano. 6 2. Dark brown chen bifaee fragment (base). Brown (dendri.ic) 0 t 0 6 3. Maroon-brown chen bifaee fragment (blade). While 0 0 t 0 MIIOOD (aray) 0 0 0 0 4. Gray chen biface fragment (tip/possible drill fragment). 0 S. Brown (dendritic) chen core. Purpte (heal 0 0 .ru.ed) 6. Red-brown chen utilized teniary nalec (typical graver/single straight edge) . Red (bea' 7. Tan to light brown sillStone biface (crudely made). .rul CHERT TOTALS tS to 30 Locality B (Fig. 2) is upslope from Area A A d=ription and inventory of tools and situated in the western portion of the recorded on the surface in Locality B may site. Locality B consists of seven chipped be found in Table l. Of the chipped slOne IGNl~{BIlITE and one ground stone tools, one debitage inventoried on the surface at hammerstone, four primary, ten secondary, Locality B, 89 .5 percent are made from QUARTZITE: and 96 tertiary pieces of chipped stone chen and 10.5 percent are made from 0 debitage, and 24 pieces of chipped stone quaruite (Table 2) . The frequency of Browa 2 0 0 shatter. In addition, burnt and unburnt bone primary and secondary flalees in Locality B Gray 0 0 0 0 and gray (charcoal-stained) soil were (I0.4 vercen!) suggests that some primary observed eroding from the nonhern slope of and secondary tool stone reduction was QUARTZITE 0 0 I the easl-west trending ridge. The tools taking place in the area. In addition, a high TOTALS consisted of five hifaces, one core, one frequency (69.4 percent) for tertiary flalees utilized nalee, one mano, and one indicates that chipped stone lools were being LOCALITY A hammerstone. The occurrence of the mano manufactured and/or maintained in Locality TOTALS 15 to J' suggests the possibility that vegetal food B at site 5MF2645 . processing may have been an activity at 1.61' Locality B. PERCENTAGES 5.1'.10 2.6'.10 64.t S 15.6'.10 93 94 DescriptioD LOCALITY B Material Type PRJ SEC TER SH BTH TOTAL CHERT: BI'OWD (deDdri lic) 2 1 37 3 2 45 Red (heal treaJ.cd) 0 2 17 16 0 35 While 1 3 8 1 0 13 BIK.k 0 0 II 1 0 12 Green 0 1 2 0 0 3 Gray·while (bI.odcd) 0 0 4 0 0 4 Pwpl~marooo 0 0 6 8 CHERT TOTALS 3 1 21 3 no QUARTZITE: Oray 0 0 2 0 0 2 Red 0 1 I 0 0 2 BI'OWD I 2 5 2 0 10 QUARTZITE TOTALS 3 8 1 0 14 LOCALITY B TOTALS 4 10 93 14 3 134 PERCENT AGES )9, 1.49, 69.4" 17.'" 1.3 .. LOCALrI1ES AANDB TOTALS 6 11 118 J4 4 173 PERCENTAGES 3.4" 6.S" 68.1" 19.6 1.3" 95 Test ElIta.allon Results T ~ ' fST EXCAVATIO, IU~<; 1.1: A I m 'Ier sqllare e'C:lvall"n unil (Tli I) and an irregular bul Slraig~ 1 worklll& edge. orientlled 10 lrue norlh W;15 jud~l1\enlally placed in loc'.dily II (Fig. I). 11m unil is !'COlure I was 1,,,"led in Ihe nonhwesl Si lU3lcd where char ,;.,I·slaincd soil. buml corner o( Ihe uni l (Fig.. 3: 1'- 1). Falurc 2 and unbllml bone. and ani facts a;'p,:ar lu be was locall'tl in Ihe soull:::::5lern comer o( e.roding from Ihe hillside. ThIS IInil was Ihe unil (Fig . 3: 1'·2) . Fcalure 3 w..s C~ lVall.'tI 10 dCh: nninc the "alun:, exll:nl, h)!..... Hct.! in the soul hl..":lM rumcr or the unit and inlegrily of Ihe pu,..,i1,1e burkd cultural (Fig. . J: F·J). Fe:llure I consisled o( a malcri:-Is. semi ·cireulM gray (eharcual'stlined) s:mdy .illy fill wilh mode,,"e alllOunl5 o( charcoal I""vcl I (surface III 20 ern below dalum) was and sumc fir~ · .ltcn·d s:t m.l~lonc . Feature 2 eXCIvatL"tJ inlu grJy charcual -stained s:mtly is a larg·· scmi-ci rcle exhihiting a yellow-red silt)· loa", wilh pourly sonc'tl sand,lone .illy I,,;un fill wilh while sands",ne gravels. colluyi.1 grayels. Malerials rc'Covcre'tl Fe:"ure J clhihil",1 a fire· reddened during <>cavalion of Lc lei I Cl)nSi,led o( sand'llIne slab which extended in lo Ihe one unburnt and fiv,,' burnt bone fr.t&I1lCnls. center or the (c:,lurc. Felufe 4 is a F1cure 2. Chipped stone tools reeovend durin, test extaut.loos or TVt, Area B. one bifacc, onc rCll1l1chl't.! O;,l:c. one po'ihole (Fig. 3: 1'·4) lIIe-:l.uring I ~ crn in sil.5MF2645 primary. one S<'(·(Ind.ry. and 35 Icrl i:try di;1IHctcr. ltx.':tll'd in the c.a .s:lcrn punion or Oakes • • ml nine pkn-s o( chipped Slu",. Ih is unil ;11 Ihis level. Many cullura! shaller. 'Ine bune eunsiSle'tl o( (Iii houses f,olll Ihe Archaic "eriod (Eakin unidcnliriaillc lung bum: (r:lgmcnls of a II)~~: r",kin CI.1. 1987: lIarrel and McKern small rolknl -sill'd Ilt;HJ1I1L.ll. The fI:luuch~-d 19~1> : McKern 1987: ~lcl ealf and nlack 1001 was a leniary Oake wilh a Iypical 1988: Truesdal< .nd Eckerle 1986) and the graverldrill working e'tlge made (rom brown Latc Pre histuric -Premont- Period (demlrilic) r hen. The bi(arc pref",m was IOrelenllll 1970: I ...-:lch 11)66: Madsen :u.d Made from a brown (dend,ilic) chen and Lindsay 1977) have reYC:lkd mulliple e,hibill'tl s",raled bl:lde L'tIges. (1.';lIurc-s COnMmch..-..i inln Ihe floors si milar to Fcalures I Ihrough 4 in TU-I. Localily Bat Level 2 (20-25 cm beluw dalUln) was sile 5 MI~6-I5 . elCayalL'tI inlo a poorly sone'tl S:lIIdy sill which ranged in color (rom I:ln 10 orange 10 A sa.nple o( charcool was collCCIL'" (rom a charcool-. 1.1incd gray. Four (..... lIure' wert helwc.:n Ihe Ihre'C (allrrc. and senl to &13 rcyaled during Clt.valion o( Ihi. Icycl Analylie. Inc . (or radioc;lfbon daling. A (Fig. 3: 1'· 1. 1'·2. 1'·3. and 1'-4). In dale o( 1500 ±70 01' (llcla-27679) resulled. addilion. one buml and Iwo unhuml hone (ragmenlS. on ul ili1l'tl Oake. 67 leniary Level 3 and ~ (25-35 cm below dalum) were Oakes and 12 piece'S o( chippe'tl slone shaller p.,nially e"-:lYaled. Only Ihe weSI half o( F1cure 3. Features revealed durin, exca ..t10D or TVt, Area B. site SMF2645. Ihe unil INa< <.. ava led so Ihal Ihe soils in were recovered (rom Lcvel 2. 111e ul ilizL'tI (J500±70 BP, 8-27679) Oak. was a teniary Oake o( re'tl chert which Ule weSI wall cuuld he phCllographcd and elhibiled crazing (rom heing allcred by hcal profiled. These Iwo le ycis produced 12 97 % Test Exca ..tloD ResulU Test Excavation Results profiled. These two levels produced 12 structure dating to 150± 70 BP. The Tltble 3. Breakdown of chipped stone debital:e hy mate.rialtype recovered durinl: tertiary flakes and ten pieces of chipped excavation recovered lIIree unburnt and six excavation, Test Unit 1. Levels 1-4, Locality B, Site SMF2645 SlOne shatter. After lIIe west wall was burnt unidentifiable bone fr.lgments, one profiled and photogr.lphed (Fig. 4), lIIe preform , one gr.lver/drill, one side scraper, excavation was terminated and lIIe unit was one primary, one secondary, 113 tertiary Material Type PRJ SEC TER SH BTiI lOTAL backfilled . The features remain intact ror flakes, and 29 pieces of chipped SlOne future excavation and study. shatter. A breakdown of debitage recovered during excavations from Levels 1-4 in TIl 1 OIERT: Test Unit 1 in Locality B at Site SMF2645 by material types may be round in Table 3. was excavated 20 cm below lIIe surface into Evidence suggests that !he possibility or Brown (deodrilic) 0 0 2) 0 25 retrieving significant intact buried Rod (deodri lic) 0 0 37 19 0 56 tan to light brown sandy silts. The test I 0 29 archeological materials at !he site and in this Gray·b<","" I 28 excavation revealed lIIe presencc of a bu.ied Cleat 0 0 I 0 I Late Prehistoric • Fremont· pilllousc locality is good. Muiti-colorcd 0 0 I 0 I Milky while 0 8 0 0 8 BllICk 0 0 2 I 0 3 T... 0 0 0 C Purple 0 0 0 CIIERT TOTALS 99 25 121 QUARTZITE: B"",'O 0 0 0 9 Rod 0 0 0 3 Purple 0 0 0 2 Gray 0 0 0 0 Yellow 0 0 0 0 QUARTZITE TOTALS IJ 19 OBSIDIAN: 0 TOTALS 113 31 141 f1Iu:-e 4. West .... U prol1le or Test Unit I, Area B, Site .5MFl645, (Area desl&oat1on In photo should read Area B) PERCENTAGES .6l1o .6'i1o 16.8'i1o 21.4 'i1o .6'i1o 99 The Pool Crt'ek 8urinl The Pool Creek Burial TIlE roOL CREEK IlURIAL and vandalism . In early October, 1988, fragments, four kernels o( com, and 190 data recovery was undertaken on the Pool non -human bones and bone (ragments. under which human remains (rom the polJk The 1'001 CrL'Ck burial was found May 2, Creek Burial . were slon.'t1 . 1988 and is situated in Moffat County, The remains were localed app roxi mately 5- Colorado, at an devation of 16-10 01 (5380 BURIAL DESCRIPTION 15 cm below the surface of the talus slope The human remains o( an adult and infant (I) AMSL. The intermen! is ISO 01 (492 (I) and situated on the sandstone bedrock, were discovered by the author. At the time wcst of the Echo Park Rood and 200 m (656 The burial was at the base of a nonh-south Strips of juniper bark were exposed on the of discovery, biological and ethnic aJlinity (I) west of Pool Creek . \rend ing sandstone cliff (Fig. 5). The surface and encountered immediately. The and age of th. remains were unknown . An intennent was against the rock wall where juniper bark covered a portion of the AMERICAN INJ)J /\ CO:-;CERNS evaluation of the situation to consider contact with the talus slope is made (Figs. 5 remains and lined the upper ponion of the Illanagemcn! actions waS ronducted by the and 6) . The remains were exposed and burial niche along the sandstone wall. The Rocky MounL1in Regional Archeologist Dcpanment of the Interior regulatiuns and eroding east downslope, Dones exposed on mandible was diseovered immediately with (Adrienne Anderson), the Dinosaur National National Park Service policies requ ire that the surface included the distal ends of the ponions of juniper bark adhering to it. Monument Chid of InterpreL,tion (David notirocation and consultation with left and right ulnae and radii of an adult, Maxillary teeth were mapped in and around Whitman) , and the Dinosaur Notional appropriate Native Americans be undenaken and a left ilium and six vencbrae o( an the mand ibl.. Excavations revealed an Monument Archeologist (James A. whe" archL'Ological programs might affect infant. All of the bones exposed on the aniculated ve nebral column (rom the 11th Truesdale). A deci sion to salvage the their religious or other cultural interests. surface exhibited signs of weathering thoracic to the 5th 100 101 Th~ Pool Creek Burilll The Pool Creek IluriaI of juniper bark. Sandstone rocks located have slumped to the nonh onto the rigt.! side around the exterior portion of the remains and were subsequently buried by continued (Fig. 7) suggest that a sandstone rock wall erosional fill sequences creating the present was placed around the remains to cover and day talus slope. The presence of the atlas conceal the interment. Evidence indicates and axis, the mandible, and hyoid bones that subsequent erosion removed most of indicate that the upper portion of the adult's these rocks and a greater portion of the remains, including the skull, was still intact adults right rib cage and lower torso. and aniculated when the slumping occurred. Following this erosion, the articulated remains (skull to 12th thoracic) appeared to F1",", 6. Th~ Pool Creek Burilll, SMF2645, (1300±80 years BP. Bda·28935) The mandible appeared to be situated in its processes which caused the burial to slump anatomical position, with juniper bark to the noM. Soils in and around the clinging to its lert si ~ e, and exhibiting no remains consisted of reddish sandy silty evidence of exposure to sunace weathering colluvium. The soil in and around the and/or deterioration (bleaching, longitudinal infant was dark brown , possibly stained dry bone fractures or splintering) . This from decomposing organic remains. These would suggest that the skull was aniculated soils and the interment were Situated on a to the mandible at the time the remains reddish sandstone bedrock. During the slumped . If the skull had been exposed and course of the excavation, no evidence of a eroded away by weathering processes. the burial pit was encountered . In fact, there is mandible would have been exposed to such a possibility that the remains were processes as well. This evidence suggests intentionally placed against the sandstone that the skull was exposed later in time, was cliff wall without excavation. The found then and possibly removed by individuals' personal items and/or gra~ collectors. In this scenario, the remainder goods were then placed in with the remains of the interment was the.n covered and lert. and subsequently covered with juniper bark. Large sandstone slabs and rocks were then Most of the infant's remains were most stacked around and placed over the remains fI&u"' 5. 1b~ Pool Creek Burial, 5MF2645. (1300±SO BP, Bda·28935) likely los: during the initial erosional to conceal it. 102 103 Th. Pool Creek Bu rial POOL CREEK BURIAL The Pool Creek Burial EXCAVATION GRID 4 Anifacts recovered during Ille excavalions the complete long bone5 (Table 4) and I3S include a sandslone meta Ie, one yellow 154 .3· 155 .6 cm (approximately 5ft·1 3 (dendrilic) chert teniary flake, four kernels inch),according 10 Ihe mOsl accurale Trotter W of com, and two com cob fragments (Fig. formula for female Caucasoids (Krogman 2 E 8). The fragments of com cobs and kernels 1962; Trotter 1970). The particular formula S have not been identified as to type of used (Caucasoid) produce5 the grealest T taJtonomy. internal consislency for Northwe5tern Plains Indian female5 as demonstraled in an earlier, o A sample of juniper bark was sent 10 Beta more complete, analysis of long bone o I 2 3 Analytic. Inc. for radiocarbon dating. A proponions (Gill 1976). The formulae of NORTH dale of 1300±80 BP (Beta·28~35) Genove5 (.967), developed from a skeletal (Appendix) re5ulted . series of Central American Ind ians, are frequenlly uti lized by human osteologists Skeleton Number I working with North American Indian PLAN VIEW popul~ tio n s, but these produce e5pecially The Pool Creek adult skelelon is lhat of an unreliable re5ults for specimens from the 13W. middle·aged American Indian female . Rocky Mou ntain area. Therefore, the These determinations were made from a Ge nove5 formula was nOI applied in this complete mandible (Fig. 9) and complele casco humeri and c1avicle5 (Fig. 10). Olller post· cranial bone5 present bUl le5s peninent to Abscesses of Ille left lateral incisor and BARK Ille analysis are all other limb bone5; all cavitie5 in the left M I, M2, and Ille right remaining ribs, a complete sternum, bolll M I and M3 were in progrw at the ti me of scapulae (Fig. 1 J) and Ille 121ll Illoracic to death. Slighl arthritis was evidenced along Ille I ~ t cervical vertebrae. the spine. Sex determination was made by examining Skeleton Number 2 and observinG a few fealUre5 on Ille long bone5 (robusticity, clavicle and humeri The Pool Creek infanl skelelon is that of a lenglll) . The lenglll of Ille clavicle5 and newborn . This determination was based humeri, and the venical head diameter of upon aspects of growth from the pelvis and Ille left humerus (41.5 mm) sugge5t an vertebrae (Anderson 1969; Reynolds 1945). asswment of female (Krogman 1962). Age The only remaining ponion of this has been set at 35-40 years based upon individual was an aniculaled vertebral Hrdlicka's scale of attrition on the dentition column with aniculated left and right ri bs (Ubelaker 1978), the deeply cupped distal (Fig. 7) . Il was not possible to calculate sex - .J 2W. ribs (/scan el aI . 1985) ar.d Ille beg:nning of and stalure because of the age and paucity of L SCALE arthritic li pping on some of the vertebrae. diagnostic bone needed for Illese studie5. IN. I I 2 N. Race is clearly American Indian as However, race is most likely American 10 20 om. o evidenced by the tooth form and wear as Ind ian as suggested by the individual's well as the cultural context of Ille burial . cultural context wilh Skeleton No. I, the fl&ure 7. Plan View or lb. Pool Creek Burial ncantioD end aDd map Living stature has been calculated from adult female. 104 105 The Pool Cruk Burial The Pool Creek BuriaJ Ficure 8. COni cobs and kernels recovered durin, excavation or the F1cure 10. ClaYldes rrom Skdeton No.1 recovered during excavation or the Pool CI'ftk Burial, SIU 5MF2645 Pool Cruk Burial, Site 5MF2645 F1cure 9. Mandible rrom Skeleton No. I recovered during excavation or tbe Pool Creek Burial, Site 5MF264S Flcure 11. Scapulae rrom Skeleton No . 1 recovered during excavation or the Pool Creek Burlnl, Site 5MF264S 107 106 The Pool Creek Burial The Pool Creek Burial Table 4. Measurmlenls and indices of the Pool Creek Buri31 Skeleton No. I located in tile nooff of house pit structures However, the Pool Creek site is (Ambler 1966). Truesdale (1987) reported situated approximately one mile from tile tIlat most of tile burials recovered i~ the connuence of the Green and Yampa rivm Rocky Mountain Reg ion were primary surrounded by tIleir steep canyon systems. MANJ)mULAR interments located in pits witll the remains The Cub Creek sites are located at an Symphyseal height 30 placed in a nexed position faCing east. elevation of approximately S044 fut AMSL Bigonial diameter 91 and tile Pool Creek site is at 54(Y) feet Bicondylar diameter 120 In the Uinta Basin, tile Late Prehistoric AMSL. There is little difference in Ascending ramus height 56 pitllouse structures are attributed to tile elevation of the two localities. but the Pool Ascen~ing ramus breadth 30 Fremont occupation. These structures Creek site is surrounded by canyon walls Corpal length n exhibit a moderate amount of diversity in and mountains that are impassible in the Gonial angle 27 degrees their size, depth, and internal arrangement. winter. Most pithouses measure 4 to 6 meterl in POST CRANIAL L R diameter, and vary in depth from several Archaeological studies and interpretations of (Maximum I.:n.:th) centimeterl to I meter, and may have more mortuary practices and burial attributes have than six subnoor features (Ambler 1966; greatly benefited in recent years from CI;.vicie 138 Bretemitz 1970; Truesdale 19903). In several thoughtful discussions of such data Radius addition, structures recorded at sites and their implications for topics such as Ulna 42UN18n and 42UNln3 have a prepared cultural change, cultural variability, and tile Humerus 293 296.5 clay noor located near the central fire pit study of specific burial customs (Alekshin Femur (Truesdale 1990, 1991). Arter A.D. 400. 1983; Bartel 1982; Brown 1971 ; Chapman Tibia many of the central fire pits within tile et aI . 1981; O'Shea 1984; and Tainter Fibula pithouses exhibit an adobe collar around the 1978). Truesdale (1987) ~tudied mortuary rim of the feature. The pitllouse structure at practice and burial attribute data on 144 the Pool Creek site is similar in architectural individual prehistoric and historic burials type and style associated with the Uintah from the Rocky Mountain Region . Nickens Fremont who occupied the area. Bretemitz (1988) presented archaeological evidence of SUMMARY (1970) and Truesdale (1990) excavated Eastem Ute mortuary practices. The several pithouses associated with village availability of such exhaustive studies serves The Pool Creek Burial was a ·Fremont· disposal or p~mary interment involving sites along tile Cub Creek area in Dinosaur as tile literature background to tile present primary interment of a middle·aged (35-40 inhumation, Interment, or burial by National Monument. It is tIlought that tIlese study and also makes it unnecessary to year old) female and a newbom infant concealing the body in t~e ground . Juniper village sites are winter habitation localities. repeat the data that combine to form a radiOC3Jbon dating to 1300±80 B.P. [A .D. bark has been foun in association with theoretical basis for archeological study of 682), (Beta·28935) (Appendix). The female burials from other tim periods in the Rocky One of the diffe .ences between tile Pool mortuary practices. was placed in a sitting position facing west Mountain Region (Truesdale and Gill 1986). Creek site and .nose along Cub Creek is against a sandstone cliff wall with the baby their localities. Most of tile pitllouse village Binford (1971:6) states ·botll tile number cradled in her arms, grave goods andlor The interment is atypical in burial attribute sites in tile region are located on secondary and specific forms of the dimensions of tile personal items placed in with the remains, comparison to other Fremont burials streams of tile Green River, along the social perlCna commonly recognized in covered with strips of juniper bark. and then recorded in the Uinta Basin (Ambler 1969; northem edge of tile Uinta Basin at the base mortuary ritual vary significantly witll tile covered with rocks to conceal the interment. Bretemitz 1970; Leach 1970). More burials of the footllills where tIley would potentially organizational complexity of tile soci.ety as It is apparent that the burial was a simple have been recovered from intemal pits be situated below minimal snow pack. measured by different forms of subsistence 108 109 The Pool Creek Burilll The Pool Creek Burial practice· and concludes that ·much of contemporoneous and have ellmic affinities At Juniper Ledge Shelter, remains of an board had been placed in a crevice betweet contemporary archaeological conjecture and to the Fremont. adull female were recovered along with a a detached sandstone rock and the back wall interpretation regarding processes of cultun! tumpline burden basket filled with a small of an alcove. The cradle board was changc, cultural diff=tiation, and the Nine burials were recovered during 1964 amount of com kernels (Truesdale, this essentially a twined construction with rigid presence of specific burial customs is excavations of Caldwell Village (Ambler volume). A sample of the com kernels warp elements and a set of flexible and rigid inadequate as well as the ideational 1966). At least four of the burials were recovered from the basket in Cullun! weft elements. Two radi 110 III 8-41'/90 110 +,. SO 42UNII5O The Pool Cl'ftk Burial 8-414OS 160 .,. 60 SMFl961 8-1561 .00 .,. ~ 41UNII03 Table 5. Description or calibrated radiocarbon dates 8 ....719 MO +'·60 S M ~ 8"'1791 660 .,. SO . 2UNIUO 8-1560 670 .1· ~ 42UNII03 S-;1190 110 +,. so 42UN11$O -Charcoal (rom buried NJNBI k.,tl. 8·34324 100 .1- 60 42UNI1lA 8~I"OS 160 . '· 60 5MPl961 ·Burne bone from rCCUnluLar rock JUrfau WUCtUn: . 8-1561 430 . /. $0 4ZUNIIOI -Cham>al lrom buri 11 2 Ficure 12. Calibrated radiocarbon dates 113 The Pool Creek Burial Pool Creek Site Conclusions dating. Because the sa.nples were 24 years Burnt House Village (Breterniu 1970:58, old, there was some concern as to whether Figs. 6 and 7). A recalibrated radiocarbon POOL CREEK SITE CONCLUSIONS or not the samples had retained their age of A.D. 69 (1920±70 years B.P., Beta- integrity. 33907) resulted. The radiocarbon dates Excavations at the Pool Creek site items) appear to be consistent with other place the Cub Creek occupatio" 900 to 400 (5MF2645) have yielded evidence of a inhumations attributed to the Fremont in The first charcoal sample had been collected years earlier than originally thought by buried Fremont pithouse dating to 1500± 70 Dinosaur National Monument and the Uinta from a central adobe rimmed fire pit Breterniu. years B.P. Additional amorphous charcoal Basin. Whether the Fremont in the Uinta (Feature I) in Structure 2 at Wholeplace stains exposed on the surface along the ridge Basin differentiated between the type of Village [42UN57j (Breterniu 1'170: 13 , Fig. Between 1988 and 1992 the number of system where the test excavation was located burial and the status, role, age, andlor sex 6). A recalibrated radiocarbon age of A.D. radiocarbon dates for Dinosaur National indicate that other pithouse structures are of individuals within their culture is still 650 (131O±50 years B.P., Beta-30451) Monument grew from 10 to 40. Thiny six present at the site. This would lead to the unknown. resulted. The second charcoal sample had of these radiocarbon dates were reealibrattli conclusion that a Fremont village is located been collected from a central adobe rimmed using the University of Washington in the center of Dinosaur National The age of the pithouse and burial are fire pit (Feature I) in Structure 4 at Wagon Quaternary lsotop<. Lab Radiocarbon Monument along Pool Creek. contemporaneous with other Fremont Run Village [42UN49) (Brcterniu 1970: 35, Calibration Conversion and Display occupations dated within Dinosaur National Fig 6) . A recalibrated radiocarbon age of program. The ploned results of the In addition, the Pool Creek Site yielded a Monument. How the Pool Creek Site fits A.D. 610 (1340±50 years B.P., Beta- recalibration program along with a brief simple primary inhumation of an adult into the subsistence and seltlement strategies 30450) resulted. The third charcoal sample description of the samples provenience may female and newborn to six month old child for this horticultural/hunter and gatherer had been collected from an adobe rimmed be found in Table 5 and Figure 12, which dating to 1300±80 years B.P. The type and culture is unknown. However, it appears fire pit at the Dam Site in Feature I illustrates that there is no hiatus between the style of burial attributes (vehicle and fonn that the Fremont were placing long-term (Brcterni:, '170:75, Fig. 3). A recalibrated Late Archaic/ Fremont transition or between of disposal, body preparation, degree of camps within the interior of the canyons. radiocarbon age of A.D. 642 (1410±80 the FremontlNumic transition periods. In ne~ , position of arms, deposition and burial years B.P. , Beta-28934) resulted. The additir " these results indicate that the fourth sample was wood from the nonheast · Uintah" Fremont occupied the Dinosaur corner post of the Fremont Playhouse National Monument area roughly between [4 2UN83] (Breternitz: 1970:42 , Figure 3). A.D. 100 and 1250. Therefore, the A reealibrated radiocarbon age of A.D.470 radiocarbon age for the Pool Creek Site is (1560±60 years B.P. , Beta-33906) resulted. consistent with the other dates anributed to The fifth and last charcoal sample had been Fremont occupation in Dinosaur National collected from Post Hole I; in Structure I at Monument. 114 115 REFERENCES CITED References Cited Genoves, Santiago 1970 Archaeological Investigations at Alekshin, V.A. Brown, James A. 1967 Proportionality of the Long Bones Deluge Shelter in Dinosaur 1983 Burial Customs as an 1971 Approaches To The Social and Their Relation to Stawre National Monument. Unpublished Ph .D. dissenation, Anthropology Archaeolog ical Source. Cu"~f11 Dimensions of Monuary Practices. Among Mesoamericans. Am~rican Afllhropology 24: 137-149 Sociery for Amtrican Archtuology Journal of Physical Afllhropology Depanment, University of Colorado, Boulder. M~oirs No. 25 . 26:67-77. Ambler, R.R. 1966 Caldwell Village. Univmiry of Chapman, Roben , Jon Kinnes, and Gill, George W. Ma~sen , David B., and LaMas W. Lindsay Utah Afllhropologlcal Pap~rs KJavs Randsbcrg (editor.) 1976 Two Mummies from the Pitchfork 19n Backhoe Village. Division of State No. 84. 1981 Th~ Archtuology of DtOlh. Rock Shelter in Nonhwestern Cambridge University Press, Wyoming. Plains AfIlhropologiJt History, Utah AfIl i quiti~s S~Cllon 1969 Temporal Span of the Fremont. New York. 21 :301-310. S~I~cltd Papers No. 12. SoUlh~st~m Lon 34(4): 107-116. Eakin , Daniel H. Hasrell, Lynn L. and Scott McKern Metcalf, Michael D., and Kevin Black Anderson, J .E. 1984 The Split Rock Ranch Site: A 1986 The Maxon Ranch Site. Wesltm 1988 The Yasmony Site, Eagle County, Colorado: A Preliminary 1969 Th~ Human Sultton: A ManUilI for Possible Early Plains Archaic wyoming Co/I~g~ Cultural ArchtuologiJlS. National Museum Pithouse Site From Fremont Resourc~ Manag~~f11 Rtporr Summary. SOUlh~sttm Lor~ of Man, Canada. County, Wyoming. Paper No. 18. 54(1):10-28. presented at the 42nd annual Banel, Brad Plains Anthropological Society Iscan, M. Yasas, Susan R. Loth , and McKern, Scott T. 1982 A Historical Review of Ethnological Conference, Lincoln, Nebraska. Ronald K. Wright 1987 The Crooks Site. ""tSt~m wyoming and Archaeological Analyses of 1985 Age Estimation From the Rib by Co/Itg~ Cultural R~so: lrc~ Monuasy Practice. Journal of Eakin, Daniel H., John P. Albanese, Phase Analysis: White Females. Managtmefll R~po rr No. 36. Afllhropologlcal ,!rchaeology Jane Beiswenger, Allen Daslington, Journal of Forensic Sci~nctS Volume 1:32-58. Keith Dueholm, David Ecldes, 30(3):853-863. Nickens, Paul R. William Latady, William Liuing,:r, 1988 Archaeological Evidence for Eastern Binford , Lewis R. Michael McFaul, Steven Sutter, and Krogman, Wilton Marion Ute Monuary Practice. In 1971 Monuasy Practices: Their Study Bill Doering. 1962 Th~ Human Suleron in Fonnsic Archaeology of the Eastern Ute: and Their Potential. [n Approacha 1987 Final Repon of Salvag'; Mtdici~ . Charles C. Thomas A Symposium (edited by Paul R. Nickens). Colorado Council To 1M Social Di~nslons of Investigations at the Split Rock Publisher, Springfield. MonUilry Practices, edited by James Ranch Site (48FRI484), Highway of Professional Arc~logiJts A. Brown, pp.6-29. Society of Project SCPF.()20-2(19), Fremont Leach, Larry L . Occasional Papers No. I . American Archeology Memoirs County Wyoming. Pn:;"IfCd for the 1966 The Archaeology of Boundary No. 25 . Wyoming Highway Department by Village. Universlry of Utah O'Shea, John M. the Office of the Wyoming State Afllhropologlcal Papers No. 83, 1984 MorrUilry Variabiliry: An Bretemiu, David A. Archeologist, Laramie. MiJc~//a~ous Pap~rs No. 13:85-129. Archtuological Invest/ZOIion. 1970 Archaeological Excavations in Academic Press, Orlando. Dinosaur National Monument, ColoradcrUtah, 1964-1965. Uni~rsiry of Colorodo StudltS Sules In AfIlhropology No. 17. 117 118 Referuces Cited Refereoces Cited Truesdale,.James A., and Truesdale, James A., and George W. Gill Reynolds, Earle L. 1990 Archaeological Investigations of William P. Eckerle 1986 The Mountain Mcadow Ranch 1945 The Bony Pelvic Girdle in Early The 'Uinta Basin' Fremont in 1986 Continued Archaeological Burial (HR-135). Paper presented Infancy. ~rican Jouf7I/ll of Dinosaur National Monument Investigations at 48SW6191 Test at the 44th Annual Plains Physical Afllhropology 3:321-354. Utah-Colorado (1988-1990). Excavation, Recommendations and Anthropological Soci:ty ConfeJence, Paper presented at the 48th Data Recovery Program for Area-B, Denvcr, Colorado. Tainter, Joseph A. Annual Plains Anthropological Highway Project SSP-IG- I07-I(7). 1978 Mortuary Practices and the Study Society Conference, Norman, Submitted to the Wyomi ng Highway Ubelaker, Douglas H. of Prehistoric Social Systems. Oklahoma. Department by the Offi ce of the 19-' Human Slaltlal Remains. Aldine In Ad,'ollus In ArcluuologlcaJ Wyoming State Archaeologist, I'Ublishing Company, Chicago. Method and 7Mory Volume I, 1991a Results of Data Recovery at Juniper Laramie. edited by Michael Schiffer, Ledge Sheller (42UNI724), Dinosaur pp. 105-141. Academic Press, National Monument, Utah-Colorado. New York. Dinosaur NOIlonal MO_fII CII:fUrm Ruourct Managt~fII Striu No.2. Trotter, Milfred 1970 Estimation of Stature from Intact 1991b Burial and Human Osteological Long Limb Bones. In Pef10nai Analysis for Remains Recovered ldenlljicOllon In Mass Duos/tn. from 42UN 1877. Prepared for the T. D. Stewart (editor). National Bureau of Land Management Museum of Natural History, Vernal District and the State of Smithsonian Institute, Utah Dcpartme.nt of Natural Washington D.C. R=urces Division of Pasks and Recreation Steinaker Reservoir. Truesdale, James A. June 22, 1991. 1987 A Review of Wyoming Burials and And Their Attributes. Paper 1993 Analysis and Determination of presented at the AMual Plains Archaeological Value For Human Anthropological Conferences, Re mains and Associated Artifacts Columbia, Missouri. Vandalized From 42UN2012, Red Fleet Reservoir State Pask, 1988 Data Recovery Program for the u ;ntah County, Utah . Prepared Pool Creek Burial, Dinosaur for the Uintah County Sherifrs National Monument, Moffat Department, Vernal Utah and the County, Colorado. U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management Utah State Office by Metcalf Archaeok-gical Consultants Inc., Eagle, Colorado. 119 120 Appendix Pool Creek Site Description of Caljbrated Radiocarbon Dates Desuipllon of Radiocarbon Dates POOL CREEK SITE DESCRlPTION OF CALmRATED RADIOCARBON DATES aeta-27679 Radiocarbon Age BP 1500.0 q 70.0E calibrated age(s) cal AD 558 cal BP 1392 cal AD/BC (cal BP) age ranges: One Sigma" cal AD 432- 518(15 18-1432) 529- 639(1421-1311) Two Sigma·· cal AD 410- 660(1 40-1290) Intercepts and maximum range: one sigma cal An 432 ( 558) 639 cal BP 1518 ( 1392) 1311 two sigma cal AD 410 ( 558) 660 cal BP 1540 ( 1392) 1290 Beta-28935 Radiocarbon Age BP 1300.0 q 70.0E calibrated age(s) cal AD 682 cal BP 1268 cal AD/BC(cal BP) age ranges: One Sigma·· cal AD 650- 776(1300-1174) 794- 797(1156-1153) Two Sigma" cal AD 604- 630(1346-1320) 640- 890( 131 ().1 (60) Intercepts and maximum range: one sigma cal AD 650 ( 682) 797 cal BJi 1300 ( 1268) 1153 two sigma cal AD 604 ( 682) 890 cal BP 1346 ( 1268) 1060 Relen.n«S ror cbtasets [ nd internlsl used: Stn.U~er. M. and B«ker, B. 1986 RadloaJrlxUl lS:863·910 -nus tandard dm lion (error) may induck an error multiplier. 1 'ema .. lqUAre root 01 (s:unple Id. ckY) + (CW'ft ltd. ~•• ) 1 'ema - 1 x 5qWlrt root or (samplt td. deY.) + (CW'Yt sId. ck •.) 0- rqlresenlS a ·ntlatiYt~ lit BP 1'55· cknot inllumces or bomb C-14 > 1497 BC rqlr1'Sa'l end or calibrati n cbta. 123 011"" ~m_ ,