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PHONOTACTICS of CZECH Phd Thesis Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University Department of Linguistics and Baltic Studies General Linguistics Aleš Bičan PHONOTACTICS OF CZECH PhD Thesis Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Marie Krčmová, CSc. Brno 2011 I hereby confirm that the present thesis was worked out independently. All sources are acknowledged in the accompanying list of references. Brno, July 20, 2011 Aleš Bičan ii CONTENTS Symbols vi Acknowledgments vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Outline of the work 1 1.2 Theory and description 3 1.3 Modern Standard Czech 6 1.4 Previous phonotactic descriptions of Czech 8 Chapter Two: Phonematics of Czech 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Consonants 13 2.3 Interpretation of the affricates 16 2.4 Vowels 21 2.5 Semiconsonants 24 2.6 Neutralization of voicing 25 2.7 Neutralization of place of articulation of nasals 31 Chapter Three: Prolegomena to a phonotactic analysis 32 3.1 Phonotactic entities 32 3.2 Accent and diaereme 34 3.3 Signs and their types 41 3.4 Accidental gaps vs. structural restrictions 45 3.5 “Syllabification” 49 Chapter Four: Distributional unit: Theoretical background 55 4.1 Distributional unit as a domain of distribution 55 4.2 Positions 57 4.3 Functional dependency: nuclear and peripheral entities 62 4.4 Occurrence dependency 64 4.5 Semi-distributional unit 66 4.6 Phonotagms and syllables 67 4.7 Constructing a distributional unit 71 iii Chapter Five: Distributional unit: Application to Czech 77 5.1 Nuclear position 77 5.2 Peripheral positions 79 5.3 Archi-positions 85 5.4 Phonotactic properties and collocational restrictions 90 5.5 Postscript 94 Chapter Six: Phonotagms 95 6.1 Major-type phonotagms 95 6.2 Minor-type phonotagms 99 Chapter Seven: Distribution in the nuclear context 109 7.1 Position class ‘n’ 109 7.2 Nuclearity of /r/, /l/ 112 7.3 Position class ‘N’ 117 Chapter Eight: Distribution in the pre-nuclear context 121 8.1 Position class ‘e1’ 121 8.2 Position class ‘e2’ 127 8.3 Position class ‘e3’ 130 8.4 Position class ‘E2’ 132 8.5 Position class ‘E3’ 134 8.6 Position class ‘pre1’ 134 8.7 Position class ‘pre2’ 138 8.8 Accidental appendices 146 Chapter Nine: Distribution in the post-nuclear context 152 9.1 Position class ‘i1’ 152 9.2 Position class ‘i2’ 153 9.3 Position class ‘i3’ 159 9.4 Position class ‘I’ 160 9.5 Position class ‘im’ 161 Chapter Ten: Properties of peripheral combinations 162 10.1 Peripheral combinations and their length 162 10.2 Phonematic constituency of combinations of length 2 167 10.3 Reducibility and resolvability 171 10.4 Phonematic constituency of combinations of length 3 175 10.5 Phonematic constituency of combinations of length 4 and 5 179 10.6 Further criteria: expandability, pairedness and mirror effect 182 iv Chapter Eleven: Pre-nuclear combinations 187 11.1 Distributional types DE0 and DE1 187 11.2 Distributional type DE2 188 11.3 Distributional type DE3 195 11.4 Distributional type DE4 203 11.5 Distributional type DE5 207 Chapter Twelve: Post-nuclear combinations 209 11.1 Distributional types DI0 and DI1 209 11.2 Distributional type DI2 210 11.3 Distributional type DI3 213 Chapter Thirteen: Combinations of nuclear and peripheral phonemes 215 13.1 ‘CV’ combinations 215 13.2 ‘VC’ combinations 223 13.3 Combinability of nuclear phonemes with peripheral combinations 226 13.4 ‘CVC’ combinations 230 Summary and conclusion 236 Appendices A: Collocational restrictions 245 B: Peripheral combinations and their properties 252 C: Freight-yard schemes 266 D: Distribution of nuclear phonemes 268 E: Alternative analysis of major-type phonotagms 271 References 273 v SYMBOLS /…/ phonological representation […] phonetic (allophonic) representation → is interpreted as, corresponds to /T/, /F/, /S/ etc. archiphonemes ‘C’ peripheral (non-nuclear) phoneme ‘Cn’ a certain number of peripheral phonemes ‘V’ nuclear phoneme ‘VR’ nuclear semiconsonant ‘O’ occlusive ‘F’ fricative ‘N’ nasal (also archi-position ‘N’) ‘R’ sonant ‘L’ labial ‘P’ palatal ‘A’ alveolar ‘K’ velar ‘I’ isolated consonant or semiconsonant, i.e. not specified as to the place of articulation (also archi-position ‘I’) ‘e1’, ‘pre1’, ‘i3’ etc. positions ‘E2’, ‘E3’ etc. archi-positions pos position class (e.g. pos ‘e1’) ∀ all phonemes of a particular class ∈ includes, contains ~ complement, except for {…} a set/class of items ∩ intersection of classes vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank to my supervisor Marie Krčmová for giving me what I needed most: freedom to do it my way and criticism when I went too much astray. All errors in the final form of this work are of course my own only. Most of all I want like to Lenka and my parents for the support and encouragement. The work was written as part of the project Výzkumné centrum vývoje staré a střední češtiny (od praslovanských kořenů po současný stav) [Center for the Research of Old Czech and Middle Czech (its development from the Proto-Slavonic roots to the present day)] (MŠMT ČR LC546). vii Chapter One INTRODUCTION This work analyzes the distribution and combinations of phonemes of Modern Standard Czech, in short, the phonotactics of Czech. An enterprise of this kind usually requires setting up some frame upon which phoneme occurrences and combinability could be stated. For us, the frame is a phonotagm, a unit in its phonetic manifestation largely co- extensive, but not necessarily identical with a syllable. The phonotactic structure is ac- counted for by means of a model called distributional unit. It was originally applied to Pekingese Chinese (Mulder 1968), and later successfully tested on other languages: San Martín Quechua (Howkins 1972), Yulu (Gabjanda 1976), English (El-Shakfeh 1987), Sudanese Arabic (Dickins 2007) and partly on French and Russian (Rastall 1993). De- fined as a network of positions, the distributional unit is an underlying template behind all attested phonotagms allowing for their simple and exhaustive description. We will offer a detailed account of the phonotagm constituency by means a simple formal de- vice (i.e. distributional unit), an extensive analysis of phonotagm-initial combinations, of which there are as many as 431 tokens in our database, of phonotagm-final combina- tions, of which there are as many as 101 tokens, and of combinations of nuclear pho- nemes (vowels and nuclear /r/, /l/) with non-nuclear phonemes (consonants and non- nuclear /r/, /l/) within a single phonotagm. In this respect it is the most comprehensive phonotactic analysis of Czech. 1.1 Outline of the work The work is organized as follows. Chapters 1–3 deal with necessary preliminaries. Be- sides this introduction, the inventory of phonemes in Czech is discussed in Chapter 2. They are sorted to three basic classes, to consonants, vowels and semiconsonants. The 1 chapter also considers under what circumstances differences between phonemes are valid and when they are not. Chapter 3 defines phonotactic entities and considers sev- eral problems connected with a phonotactic analysis such as the status of phonological forms of words or syllabification. It also explains why phonological forms built of sev- eral phonotagms are not analyzed here because they belong to so-called para- phonotactics and must be considered together with features like accent. Chapters 4–5 discuss the key notion distributional unit. Chapter 4 explains the moti- vation behind this model and its role as a domain of distribution of phonemes. It is as a self-contained bundle of positions. The positions are crucial in understanding what a distributional unit; they are not viewed as relative placements of phonemes, but as divi- sions within phonotactic constructions corresponding to immediate constituents as relata of phonotactic relations. Chapter 4 also defines nuclear and peripheral entities, and rela- tionships between phonotagms and phonic syllables. The model is applied to Czech in Chapter 5. In this language the distributional unit has five pre-nuclear, one nuclear and three post-nuclear positions. To make the analysis more precise, several archi-positions are introduced; they are a particular kind of positions accounting for special distribution of certain phonemes. After the construction of the distributional unit, Chapter 6 deals with its instances, phonotagms. Two types of phonotagms are recognized: major-type phonotagms corresponding to all self-contained phonotactic entities, and minor-type phonotagms functioning as special attachements to major-type phonotagms. Chapters 7–9 deal with the distribution of phonemes of Czech, that is, with their oc- currences within the positions of the distributional unit. A position can be viewed as a sum of phonotactic properties (= distributional and combinational potentials of pho- nemes) which are unique for each position; phonemes occurring in a certain position share these properties. Chapter 7 discusses phonotactic properties of the nuclear posi- tion, which is occupied by vowels, and of the nuclear archi-position, which is occupied by /r/ and /l/. The ability of the latter to function as nuclear entities is reviewed here, too. Chapter 8 examines properties of the five pre-nuclear positions and of the two pre- nuclear archi-positions. Finally, post-nuclear positions and archi-positions, and their phonotactic properties are discussed in Chapter 9. 2 The main topic of Chapters 10–13 is combinations of phonemes in Czech. Chapter 10 discusses various properties of pre-nuclear and post-nuclear combinations such as their length, phonematic constituency, reducibility and resolvability. Chapter 11 divides pre-nuclear combinations according to their length, and sorts them to a series of distri- butional patterns. Chapter 12 does the same for post-nuclear combinations. Chapter 13 considers the ability of nuclear phonemes to combine with non-nuclear ones and the ability of pre-nuclear phonemes to co-occur with post-nuclear ones. No other previous analysis of Czech has considered this problem. Finally, Chapter 14 gives a summary and conclusion to this work.
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