1 Hybrid Vehicle Technologies

Energy Use in a Typical Mid-Sized Passenger Vehicle

Five Steps to Hybridization

1. Idle-off capability 2. Regenerative braking capacity 3. Engine downsizing with electric assist (parallel hybrid or mild hybrid) 4. Electric-only drive at the wheels (series hybrid or full hybrid) 5. Extended battery - electric range (plug-in hybrid)

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Types of Hybrids: Gasoline Only Vehicle

Electric Only Vehicle

2 Parallel Powered Hybrid

Series Powered Hybrid

Today’s Most Common Hybrid

www.howstuffworks.com

General Motors FP59 diesel-electric locomotive 3,200 HP diesel engine drives the main generator 9

3 Honda Insight

Insight Fuel Efficiency It reduces the weight - Already a small car, the Insight uses a lightweight aluminum body and structure to further reduce weight. The Insight weighs less than 1,900 pounds.

It• uses a small, efficient engine - The engine in the Insight weighs only 124 pounds and is a tiny, 1.0-liter three-cylinder that produces 67 horsepower at 5,700 rpm. It incorporates Honda's VTEC system and uses lean burn technology to maximize efficiency. The Insight achieves an EPA mileage rating of 61 mpg/city and 70 mpg/highway. Also, with the additional power provided by the small electric motor, this system is able to accelerate the Insight from 0 to 60 mph in about 11 seconds.

Regenerative Breaking and Idle Elimination – Using integrated starter- motor-generator

It uses advanced aerodynamics - The Honda Insight is designed using the classical teardrop shape: The back of the car is narrower than the front. (Note that real teardrops do not behave this way aerodynamically. The rear wheels are partially covered by bodywork to provide a smoother shape, and some parts of the underside of the car are enclosed with plastic panels. Cd = 0.25, one of the most aerodynamic cars on the market. 11

1.0-liter three- cylinder VTEC engine (67HP)

with integrated starter- motor- generator

4 Toyota Prius

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6 19

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Power Control Unit

8 Ni-MH Battery Pack

Quick Look at Hydraulic HybridsH from the EPA presented at Oakland University Energy Forum March 5, 2004

John J. Kargul, Senior Policy Advisor Advanced Technology Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 26

Choices… Decisions…

Engines Drivetrains Incremental improvements CVT to Gasoline Engines Electric Hybrids Clean Diesel Hydraulic Hybrids

Variable Displacement Fuels Variable Compression Low Sulfur Gasoline DI Gasoline Low Sulfur Diesel HCCI engine Bio-Diesel Fuel Cell Ethanol Methanol The key is to select powertrains that Natural Gas are exciting to the consumer and are simultaneously cost-effective and Hydrogen ultra-efficient. Electricity 27

9 Hydraulic Hybrid Configurations

High Pressure Accumulator Mild Hydraulic Trans Drive Pump/ Hybrid Shaft Motor Engine (Parallel)

Low Pressure Accumulator

Conventional Vehicle High Pressure Accumulator FULL Hydraulic Hybrid Pump/ Pump/Motor Motor & Gearbox (Series) Engine

Low Pressure Accumulator 28

Advanced Hydraulic Accumulators

22 Gallons each

Accumulator Characteristics

1. Charge/discharge cycle efficiency: 95-99% 2. Specific power: High pressure accumulator (with oil that transfers the power/energy) can deliver very high specific power in excess of 3 kw/kg 3. Specific energy: ~8 kw-sec/kg 4. Energy density: >50 kw-sec/gal 5. Specific costs: $10/kg

10 Current EPA Demonstration of Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 1. Class 5 Delivery Truck Mild Hydraulic Hybrid Diesel Package suitable for retrofits 2. Class 6 Urban Package Delivery Vehicle Full (series) Hydraulic Hybrid Diesel 3. Sport Utility Vehicle Full (series) Hydraulic Hybrid Diesel

Urban Delivery Truck - Hybrids through Retrofitting Launch Assist Hydraulic Hybrid ¾ Demonstrates the ease of retrofitting trucks with hydraulic hybrid EPA’s F-550 fleet retrofit demonstration technology vehicle with hydraulic launch assist. ¾ Shows ability to get low hanging fruit (20-30% mpg improvement) ¾ Gold award for mpg improvement and Silver award for performance at the 2003 Michelin Bibendum Challenge 32

Urban Delivery Vehicle - Full Hydraulic Hybrid • First-ever full integrated hydraulic hybrid delivery vehicle, targets 70% mpg improvement in city driving • 2-year payback has attracted serious attention from fleets Showcasing full hydraulic hybrid systems in an Urban Delivery Vehicle. • Partnership involving EPA, fleet customers, OEM, suppliers, & Army • Announcement later this year

11 Full Hydraulic Hybrid SUV

• Full integrated hydraulic hybrid, diesel engine, clean packaging, cost effective, targets 85% mpg improvement • Excellent 1-3 year Showcasing the full use payback for consumer of hydraulics in a Ford Expedition. • Best configuration to communicate a vision of production potential • Operation targeted for

Winter 34

Full Hydraulic Hybrid SUV

Innovative Packaging

Hydraulic pump-motor and Two-speed transmission integrated with rear differential Hydraulic pump-motor and parking pall integrated with front differential 35

To Be Displayed At The 2004 SAE Congress

12 Integrated Design…

Engine Pump

Integrated Front Drive

Integrated Rear Drive

Front View from Rear w/ 2-speed Trans 37

Engine Map for a Typical Gasoline Engine

Hybrid Vehicle Operation

Conventional Vehicle Operation

Weighted Cycle at World Wide Mapping Point 38

SUV Engine Power versus Time for Full Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles

70.0

60.0 Drive Power (kw)

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 (seconds) -10.0

DrivePower Full Hybrid 39

13 CONCEPT HYBRID VEHICLES

Ford Reflex Can a hybrid drive alleviate the diesel stigma?

Mercury Meta One Can we use diesel and alternative fuels to produce zero-emission hybrids?

Mitsubishi Concept-CT MIEV Mitsubishi takes hybrid drive systems into the future by replacing an electric motor in the transmission with four smaller motors, one in each wheel hub. 40

Ford’s Diesel Electric Hybrid “Reflex”

14 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10788292

Lithium-ion battery pack.

Reflex features an advanced diesel-electric hybrid propulsion system that harnesses diesel, electric and solar power. This combination of power can deliver maximum fuel economy – up to 65 mpg – without compromising performance.

The concept features an electric motor on the rear axle in addition to the hybrid propulsion system on the front axle. The rear motor provides all-wheel-drive capability, improved driving dynamics and the fuel economy benefits of a full hybrid vehicle. 43

CONCEPT HYBRID VEHICLES

Opel Astra Diesel-Electric Hybrid Can General Motors downsize its hybrid system into a package that delivers performance, efficiency, and low emissions?

Subaru B5-TPH The Subaru B5 TPH (for Turbo Parallel Hybrid) concept, a sporty two-seat, all-wheel-drive grand tourer, uses manganese lithium-ion batteries designed to last at least 15 years.

CONCEPT HYBRID 0 – 60 MPH in 4 sec, and 30 MPG VEHICLES

Toyota Volta Carbon-fiber body and seats three – who sit side- by-side. 3.3 liter V6 408HP gas engine, series hybrid wired to two electric engines, one per axle, offering the safety benefits of all-wheel drive.

Volvo 3CC Can we move from nickel- metal hybrid batteries to the next generation of rechargeables: lithium ion? 45

15 BMW unveils the turbosteamer concept

BMW unveils the hybrid turbosteamer concept

December 14, 2005 A large percentage of the energy released when petroleum is burned disappears out the exhaust system as heat. This has always been the case but the amount of energy released looks set to be cut by more than 80% thanks to a new system devised by BMW. BMW’s announcement of the new technology is somewhat of a technological bombshell as it adds yet another form of hybrid automobile – a turbo-steamer. The concept uses energy from the exhaust gasses of the traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) to power a steam engine which also contributes power to the automobile – an overall 15 per cent improvement for the combined drive system. Even bigger news is that the drive has been designed so that it can be installed in existing model series – meaning that every model in the BMW range could become 15% more efficient overnight if the company chose to make the reduced consumption accessible to as many people as possible. 47

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Saab's Ethanol Turbo (not a hybrid)

17 Saab's Ethanol Turbo (not a hybrid)

While we all understand the green benefits of pouring ethanol in our tanks, the folks at Saab realized one of its drawbacks -- it only has 75% of the potential energy of gasoline, leaving gunning-hungry drivers needing 20% more to keep up the horsepower.

Standard ethanol is a 85/15 ethanol/gasoline blend, and Saab realized its high octane rating -- 110 -- would work with a turbocharger. It created the BioPower engine, the first ethanol turbo. The engine runs with both gasoline and ethanol, but when it runs on gasoline it only gets 148 horsepower, and on ethanol it gets up to 184.

157 MPG Vehicle for only $13,000

Non-Hybrid. Once again, just a diesel.

157 MPG Vehicle for only $13,000

Loremo AG set to debut 2+2 coupe that gets over 150 MPG

I'm happy when my little hatchback gets 31 MPG on the highway, but German-based Loremo AG is set to debut a 2+2 coupe at the Geneva Auto Show that gets a whopping 157 MPG.

The $13,000 Loremo LS weighs just 992 lbs and features a two cylinder turbo-diesel engine pumping out a hardly earth shattering 20HP. The mid-engine, RWD coupe gets roughly 157 miles per gallon and has a cruising range of 807 miles. It goes 0-60 in 20 seconds and has a top speed of 99 MPH.

A more powerful $17,800 Leromo GT will also be available. It weighs in slightly more at 1,036 lbs and features a 3 cylinder turbo-diesel with 50 HP. It gets 87 miles per gallon, has a cruising range of 497 miles, goes 0-60 in 9 seconds and tops out at 137

MPH. 54

18 Hope I got you thinking !!!

Jim Leidel Oakland University Energy Manager & PhD Candidate www.ouenergy.com