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Colonial and Post-Colonial Architecture

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Colonial and Post-Colonial Architecture Colonial and Post-Colonial Architecture How did colonialism impact architecture in the Philippines? Esthel Pangilinan 814811 | 2021 Word Count: 4615 contents 03 list of figures 05 introduction 08 pre-hispanic era 09 arrival of the Spaniards 12 Spanish and American colonial era 15 post-colonial era 26 conclusion 27 bibliography Figure 1. sketch of the vernacular hut Note. From Luzon, 2020. 1 2 list of figures Figure 1. Sketch of the vernacular hut page 01 Figure 2. Filipino natives during the Spanish colonial era page 06 standing infront of a bahay na bato Figure 3. Spanish or American soldiers infront of a Filipino page 07 native’s bahay kubo Figure 4. A Western soldier standing with a native ‘Negrito’ page 09 Filipino tribe infront their bahay kubo. Figure 5. Filipino people celebrating the history of San Agustin Church page 10 as it stands in today’s modern society Figure 6. San Agustin Church before American bombs destroyed one page 11 of the bell towers Figure 7. Thin reinforced concrete redefining the structure of the page 13 church with Church of the Risen Lord Figure 8. One of the first public structures built by the Americans, page 13 University of the Philippines Figure 9. Original circular floor plan of the Church of the Holy Sacrifice page 12 Figure 10. A section of the Church of the Holy Sacrifice page 15 Figure 11. A juxtaposition between the details of the interior of the page 17 colonial and post-colonial church Figure 12. A juxtaposition between the details of the interior of the page 17 colonial and post-colonial church Figure 13. The contrasting floor plans and positions of altars between page 19 colonial and post-colonial church Figure 14. The contrasting floor plans and positions of altars between page 20 colonial and post-colonial church Figure 15. The contrasting floor plans and positions of altars between page 20 colonial and post-colonial church Figure 16. The flying saucer page 21 Figure 17. Movements from the exterior into the interior of the church, page 24 similar to the bahay kubo Figure 18. Sketch of the basic form of the bahay kubo and the page 24 movement from different heights Figure 18. The Church of the Holy Sacrifice as it is in the 21st century page 25 3 4 “...architectural discourse demands that we view buildings as events and not simply as inert objects.” - Arata Isozaki | Japan-ness in Architecture Introduction Architecture projects meaning and the ultimate meaning of any building is beyond its structure, its façade and it is beyond what can be seen. Architecture can be seen as a primary instrument in relating people with time and space, in particular, within a certain time in history. As Arata Isozaki puts it, one must “view buildings as events and not simply as inert objects” – it can be said that every building that stood and still stands in every country today, has its own story to tell and it is through the built public monuments and buildings, to dwellings across the region in the Philippines that serve as telling evidence of its colonial past. The architecture in the Philippines reflects its complex history as a colony and buildings such as churches, can be seen as symbols of colonialism and post-colonialism. The impact of colonialism on the architecture in the Philippines will be explored through a visual and historical analysis of the materials, techniques and forms of churches in Manila, such as the San Agustin Church and the Church of the Holy Sacrifice, that had both changed the architectural landscape of the country during the two major periods of colonisation by the Spanish (1598 - 1898) and the Americans (1898 -1946) through to the post-colonial era. This will then lead to an exploration of whether there had been a lasting influence of the West on the architecture during post-colonialism, seen as both an era after colonialism and the process of decolonisation through modernism of architecture by Leandro Locsin. Figure 2. Filipino natives during the Spanish colonial era standing infront of a bahay 5 na bato 6 Note. From Tewell, 2011. Figure 3. Spanish or American soldiers infront of a Filipino native’s bahay kubo Pre-Hispanic era There is an importance in the elements of the vernacular architecture however, that can be considered in order to explore the impact of colonisation on the architecture in the Philippines. The pre-Hispanic dwellings in the Philippines can be identified with the nipa hut or the ‘bahay kubo’ (a cube house), a four-walled structure that is prevalent in Southeast Asia. These structures were of light construction, simple in plan and built with the use of locally available materials – with wood, bamboo and palm thatch, a vernacular architecture created by native Filipinos with little to no architectural expertise or knowledge. The accessibility of such materials makes it easier to rebuild huts in the events of storms or earthquakes thus making these structures temporary as it is made from tensile and light materials. Also, partly due to its geographical attributes and perennial problem of flooding, the structure of the bahay kubo is built on stilts above the ground and one has to ascend on a bamboo ladder. This structure can be seen as the symbol of the pre-Hispanic era. As Girard (2020) claims however, the colonisers had ‘left their mark on local cultures’ and as colonialism was imposed all over Southeast Asia where countries share a colonial or a semi-colonial past, the intervention and external forces from the West had altered the cultural landscape of the Philippines which suggests that they inevitably influenced the country, from a social aspect to their architectural landscape. Thus, with the arrival and ruling of the Spanish in 1565 for 333 years, it was through the forceful fusion of the different cultures, adaptability and resources that breeds heterogeneity in the architecture during the colonial period. With the introduction of stone brought by the Spanish, the elements of the bahay kubo had altered and became the foundation for colonial architecture. Note. From Hitt, 1898. 7 8 Figure 4. Figure 5. A Western soldier standing with a Filipino people celebrating the native ‘Negrito’ Filipino tribe infront history of San Agustin Church as it their bahay kubo. stands in today’s modern society Note. From Hitt,1898 Arrival of the Spaniards As the early Filipinos were found in separated However, these were not considered ‘proper Additionally, the Spaniards had created structures reminiscent of groups without polity, the Spanish, as Reed dwellings for God’ as friars were used to their homeland but they had to adapt to the climate and heat of the describes it, had considered it “a right and a strong stone churches built to withstand for country by introducing European architecture to the Philippines. duty to colonise, to Catholicise, to civilise and many years. As Rodell (2002) suggests, the With the blend of characteristics and materials from the bahay to urbanise the Filipinos” (Reed, 1978, p.15). friars and their religion played a crucial role kubo and European architecture, this resulted in the creation With this in mind, it could be this vision of in colonial architecture – the Spanish had of ‘bahay na bato’, translating to ‘house of stone’ or ‘bahay na spreading Christianity and imposing religion a strong dedication, both individually and mestiza’ that translates to a ‘mixed house’ as wood and stone are of the people in this non-Western country, that collectively, to Christianity proselytism. This blended together. In order to withstand earthquakes and stormy expedited the process of colonisation and the could be the underlying reason as to why seasons, the bahay na bato stands on stone as its foundation rise of more permanent built structures, such the church was one of the first permanent instead of bamboo stilts and the upper floor is made of wood or as churches, across the country. According structures erected in the Philippines during bamboo, similar to the of the bahay kubo. However, as Paredes- to Reed (1978), places of worship had existed the Spanish intervention. The structures Santillan (2009) claims, the Spaniards had built fortifications and during pre-Hispanic times but were not held built during the Spanish rule were built churches that were ‘heavily copied from European models’ which in permanent structures. Instead, earlier in either bricks or stones, reinforced with suggests that the blend of the vernacular architecture with Spanish churches were held in the privacy of one’s buttresses to ensure their strength during architecture had only applied with dwellings and not with churches. home, that were built in the vernacular idiom earthquakes. This led to a drastic change Keeping in mind that although the earlier churches were built with and of light construction in the same materials from the use of light local materials, creating vernacular materials, it was therefore the baroque-style churches that the Filipino natives had built their houses the colonial architecture that changed the that had flourished in the country with little to no vestiges of the and floors were either raised or of compacted built landscape of the Philippines, from characteristics of the vernacular architecture; an example being 9 earth, defining a rectangular nave. impermanent to more permanent structures. the San Agustin Church. 10 The Spanish and American colonial era The San Agustin Church is one of the stone churches that still stands as built. Constructed in 1587 inside Intramuros (the Spanish-walled city) in Manila, the San Agustin Church is the oldest stone church that also still stands of its scale. Listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO under the title of Baroque Churches of the Philippines, it is considered as a ‘reinterpretation of European Baroque’ built by Chinese and Philippine craftsmen (UNCESCO, 2013).
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