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Draft Document
Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte
Prepared by: Brad McNevin
Prepared For: The Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan - Restoration Council
March 2005 Moira River, Napanee Region and Prince Edward Region Conservation Authorities Quinte Conservation
R.R.#2, 2061 Old Highway #2 Office: 613-968-3434 Fax: 613;968-8240 CONSERVATION Belleville, Ontario K8N 4Z2 Email: [email protected] ,Website: www.quinteconservation.ca
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April 20, 2005
RE: Final Draft of the Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed
Dear Steering Committee Members,
Enclosed please find the final draft of the "Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed". The vast 18,519 km2 drainage area of the Bay ofQuinte Watershed is a mixture of urban, industrial, commercial, agriculture and natural areas. I hope that this initial review phase of the wildlife and wildlife habitat found in the Bay of Quinte Watershed, will serve as a spring board for future wildlife projects.
I would like to thank you all for your input and assistance with this document. Just a note, the company that made the copies of the figures apologized for the discoloration of the background colour. The true colour is a grey but because this is a draft I felt it was acceptable.
Yours truly,
/.~. -""" ~/pt=-- Brad McNevin, BQRAP - Wildlife Strategy Coordinator R.R. ff2, 2061 Old Highway ff2 Belleville, Ontario K8N 4Z2 Telephone: (613) 968-3434 ext. 107 Fax: (613) 968-8240 email: [email protected] Website: VNIW. gUinteconservation.ca
Enclosure Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
Tablt} of Contents
1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... : ...... 1 1.2 What is wildlife and wildlife habitat? ...... ,...... 7 1.3 The Bay of Quinte Watershed ...... :.. ~ .. :... ;.... ,; ...... 7 1.4 Physiography of the Bay of Quinte Watershed ...... 9 2.0 Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed ...... 10 2.1 Wetland Habitat ...... :: ...... , ...... 13 2.2 Terrestrial Habitat ...... 15 3.0 Habitat Coverage and Characteristics ...... : ...... 17 3.1 GUll-Burnt River Sub-Watershed ...... 17 3.2 Kawartha Lakes and Scugog Watershed Area ...... 20 3.3 Otonabee Region Sub-Watershed Area ...... 22 3.4 Crowe River and Lower Trent River Watershed Area ...... •...... 24 3.5 Moira River Watershed ...... , ...... 26 3.6 Blessington Creek Watershed ...... 29 3.7 Salmon River Watershed ...... 29 3.8 Prince Edward County Watershed Area ...... ,...... 33 3.9 Napanee River Watershed ...... ; ...... 35 3.10 Hay Bay and Surrounding Watersheds (Including Amherst Island) ...... 35 4.0 Changes to the Habitat of the BQW ...... ,...... 40 4.1 Past Changes ...... 40 4.2 present Changes and Threats ...... 41 5.0 Indicator Species and Population Monitoring ...... : ..47 6.0 Agency Roles and Responsibilities ...... : ...... ;49 6.1 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) ...... 49 6.2 Ministry of the Environment (MOE) ...... : ...... 49 6.3 Conservation Authorities (CA) ...... 50 6.4 Environment Canada (EC) ...... 50 6.5 Natural Resources Canada (NRC) ...... 50 6.6 Parks Canada - Trent Severn Waterway ...... 51 6.7 Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) ...... 51 6.8 Other Groups and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) ...... 51 7.0 Programs and Stewardship Initiatives ...... •...... ,..•. 54 7.1 Conservation Authorities ...... 54 7.2 Ducks Unlimited ...... 54 7.3 OMNR, ...... : ...... , ...... 54 7.4 Eco-Gift Program through Environment Canada ...... 55 7.5 The Ontario Woodlot Association ...... 55 7.6 Habitat Enhancement Program - BQRAP (EC Sustainability Fund) ...... 56 7.7 Wetland Habitat Fund ...... 56 7.8 Wildlife Society Technical Review ...... 57 7.9 Provincial Initiatives ...... 58 7.10 BQRAP Initiatives ...... 58 8.0 Recommendations ...... 60 9.0 References ...... 64
Table of Contents Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
List of Tables
Table 1: Summary of IBU and their Significance to the BOW ...... 3 Table 2: IBU's, Recommendations, Delisting Targets and Target.Measurements ...... 5 Table 3: Summary of NHIC Identified Vegetation Communities'in Counties of the BOW ...... 11 Table 4: Summary of Watershed Features ...... : ...... 39 Table 5: Human Population Statistics for the Counties of the BOW .... :: ...... 42 Table 6: Non-native Invasive Species of the BOW and Surrounding Area ...... 44 Table 7: Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 1998 ...... 46
List of Figures
Figure 1: The Bay of Ouinte Watershed ...... 8 Figure 2: Sub-Watersheds of the Bay of Ouinte ...... 18 Figure 3: Gull-Burnt River Watershed Characteristics ...... 19 Figure 4: Kawartha and Scugog Lake Watershed Characteristics ...... : ...... 21 Figure 5: Otonabee Watershed Characteristics ...... 23 Figure 6: Crowe River and Lower Trent Watershed Characteristics ...... 25 Figure 7: Moira River Watershed Characteristics ...... 27 Figure 8: Blessington Creek Watershed Characteristics ...... 30 . Figure 9: Salmon River Watershed Characteristics ...... ~ ...... 32 Figure 10: Prince Edward County Watershed Characteristics ...... : ...... 34 Figure 11: Napanee River Watershed Characteristics ...... : ..... 36 Figure 12: Hay Bay and Surrounding Watershed Characteristics ...... 37
Appendices
Appendix A List of Acronyms Appendix B Physiographic Regions of the Bay of Ouinte Watershed Appendix C Southern Ontario Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Appendix D NHIC Acronym Definitions and Species Ranking Definitions Appendix E . BOW Rare Species Identified by the NHIC Appendix F Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act Appendix G List of Wildlife and Vegetative Species identified in Original Conservation Reports Appendix H Invasive Exotic Species of Southern Ontario Appendix I Summary of the 62 Wildlife Strategies from the OMNR Working Group, 1991
Table of Contents ii Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
1.0 Introduction
The purpose of this background document to investigate and assess the wildlife and wildlife habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed (BQW)has stemmed directly from previous work looking into fish and fish habitat of the Bay of Quinte (BofQ). In 2004, the Backgrounder - Bay of Quinte Fish Habitat Management Plan report was prepared to define the issues and concerns regarding fish habitat in the BofQ, in support of the development of a Fish Habitat Management Plan. Because of the direct linkage between fish habitat and wildlife habitat occurring at the wetland and riparian areas of the watershed, the Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan (BQRAP) Restoration Council is investigating similar "background" conditions related to terrestrial wildlife and wildlife habitat.
Therefore, the purpose of this background document is to provide information relating to historical and current wildlife and wildlife habitat conditions of the BQW. This information will provide the BQRAP - Restoration Council with background information and recommendations to target future wildlife and wildlife habitat restoration and rehabilitation projects in support of the delisting criteria (see "Section 1.1 Background").
1.1 Background
The land surrounding the BofQ has been under human influence for hundreds of years. During pre-settlement times the "Native Americans" used the land for shelter, hunting, farming and staging areas. As Europeans began to arrive and settle in the area, the land use of the SQW intensified as land was cleared for. agricultural purposes. Vast acres of forests were cut and/or burnt to allow for cropping fields and pasture lands for cattle. Human population was starting to dramatically increase, creating a need for more food, more housing, and more. cleared land, Settlements began to arise along the shores of the many watercourses of the BofQ, where grist and sawmills could be powered by water. The establishment of the mills made settlement to these areas more attractive and small towris began to develop throughout the southern portion of the watershed. As towns developed the settler's expanded their territories farther and deeper into the BQW, influencing lands that were relatively untouched.
Land settlement and industrialization gave rise to new forms of negative impact on the .Iands of the BofQ. Many forms of pollution were being emitted into the environment having detrimental effects to the air, land and water. After decades of polluting our natural environment, decisions to clean up, rehabilitate and protect, began to arise.
A major focus for. the clean up, rehabilitation and protection effort has been placed on the Great Lakes situated on the border of Canada and the United States. Both nations recognized that the health of the Great Lakes was rapidly deteriorating and in 1972, the United States Water Pollution Control Act and the United States-Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) adopted
Section 1: Introduction 1 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 goals of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Great Lakes aquatic ecosystems. The International Joint Commission (IJC) was formed and as a result, determined that there were areas of concern (AOC) throughout the Great Lakes Watershed. These areas had impaired beneficial uses and subsequently would require rem~dial action plans (RAP) to address and restore the impaired beneficial uses. "Base'don the investigatio~s of the IJC, using fourteen impaired beneficial uses as criteria, 43 AOCs surrounding the Great Lakes were identified.
In 1985, the BofQ was identified as requIring restoration in ten of fourteen impaired beneficial uses (Table 1). Effort was required to improve and restore the aquatic ecosystem of the BofQ to remediate the impaired beneficial uses identified by the IJC. In 1990, the RemedialAction Plan Coordinating Committee (RAPCC), with support from the Public Advisory Committee (PAC)' produced Stage 1-Environmental Setting and Problem Definition (herein referred to as the Stage 1 Report) as an initial phase of the Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan.
The Stage 1 Report was a framework for action and intended to: • Describe the Bay of Quinte and its environs; • Outline what was known about past and present environmental conditions, including a description of those beneficial uses that were impaired; and, • Confirm and evaluate the causes of use impairments, including sources of pollution.
The second phase of the Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan was completed in 1993 and included the Stage 2 Report - Time to Act (herein referred to as Stage 2 Report), numerous technical reports and the development of a 5 Year Plan. The Stage 2 Report was intended for,identification of a comprehensive action plan to restore and protect the BofQ ecosystem. It outlined the ecosystem problems, causes, restoration objectives and remedial options as well as the identification of an implementation strategy. The Stage 2 Report and the 5 Year Plan also went as far as identifying 80 recommendations to restore beneficial uses, to improve water quality and, ultimately, to delist the BofQ as an AOC.
Throughout the processes and investigations in the Stage 1 Report and Stage 2 Report the main focus of the BQRAP was directed at the aquatic environment (water quality, fisheries, fish habitat, etc.). There was little effort directed at investigating the terrestrial environment of the BQW. It became apparent that in order to fully address Impaired Beneficial Use (IBU) # 3 and IBU # 14, that an investigation and assessment of the terrestrial wildlife and wildlife habitat was required. Table 2 outlines the two impaired beneficial uses associated with wildlife and wildlife habitat; recommendations from the Stage 2 document; and the delisting targets and target measurements for IBU # 3 and IBU # 14 (identified in the BQRAP Restoration Council Five-Year Work Plan 2001 - 2005).
Section 1: Introduction 2 Backgrounder - Wildlife and wiidlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
Table 1: Summary of IBU and their Significance to the B Q W . Impaired Beneficial Use Significance to the Bay of Quinte IBU# 1 Restriction on fish IMPAIRED - In 1992 consumption advisories were in place for and wildlife three fish species: walleye .(Iength greater than 55 cm), consumption channel catfish (length greatel'tl1an45 cm), and American eel (length greater than 45 cm). The number of species of fish listed was reduced from seven in 1991 to 3 in 1992. - PCB Levels in young-of-the-year spottail shiners have been reduced. - Wildlife consumption is not restricted. - Pollution sources are being located. IBU#2 Tainting offish and NOT IMPAIRED -Tainting was not identified as an impaired . wildlife flavour beneficial use in the Bay of Quinte Watershed. IBU#3 Degradation of fish IMPAIRED - The fish communities in the bay are self- and wildlife reproducing and typical of eutrophic systems; however, they populations are not diverse. A collapse of one or more species could translate into lost angling opportunities and a further unbalanced ecosystem. - There is no documented, observational or anecdotal evidence of wildlife population deQradation. IBU#4 Fish tumours or REQUIRES FURTHER ASSESSMENT - On the basis of other deformities professional observations and public anecdotal reports, tumours or other deformities have not been identified as an impaired beneficial use in the Bay of Quinte. Fish collections .(brown bullhead) from the Bay of Quinte are currently being examined to determine if this beneficial use is impaired. IBU#5 Bird or animal NOT IMPAIRED - There is no site specific documented, deformities or observational or anecdotal evidence of bird or animal reproductive deformities andlor reproductive problems resulting from toxic problems contamination. IBU#6 Degradation of IMPAIRED - Scientific evidence indicates that the Bay of Benthos Quinte benthic communities are degraded. In recent years, some improvements have been observed and species composition has shifted away from the more pollution tolerant oligochaetes, although the community still remains altered. Ecoloqical understandinQ is improvinq. IBU#7 Eutrophication or IMPAIRED - The average phosphorus concentrations in the undesirable algae upper bay between 1978 and 1998 were 49 flg/L, representing a substantial reduction from 78 "giL for the 1972 to 1977 period. The bay is still eutrophic and highly productive, and nuisance algal blooms have been reported. Algal growth has limited submergent macrophyte growth and impairs swimming, boatinq,aesthetics and ecosystem diversity. IBU#8 Restrictions on IMPAIRED - Taste and odour problems have been reported. - drinking water The problem is caused by excessive algal growths consumption, or compounded by chemical treatment at the local water taste and odour treatment plants. problems - Restrictions against using Bay of Quinte water as a raw water supply have not been imposed, although alternative drinking water supplies have been sought by some municipalities.
Section 1: Introduction 3 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
Impaired Beneficial Use Significance to the Bay of Quinte - The Ontario Drinking Water Surveillance Program (DWSP) has not recorded any violations of drinking water objectives. IBU#9 Restrictions on IMPAIRED - Dredging of bay sediments is restricted because dredging activities some heavy metal levels exce€ld Ontario dredge spoil disposal guidelines for open waters;" ' ',' - The levels of toxic organics and other contaminants in the sediments are currently being assessed. IBU # 10 Beach closings IMPAIRED - Beaches throughout the Bay of Quinte periodically are closed because fecal coliform counts exceed 100 in 100 mL of water (the body contact recreation guideline), Recreational opportunities are lost, health risks are increased and tourism revenue is forfeited. Some sources have been identified (e,g. combined sewers, poor livestock , practices, inflow and infiltrations), and some general corrective actions have been recommended. Work is underway at five beaches in the Quinte watershed to delineate the problem and recommend corrective actions. IBU # 11 Degradation of IMPAIRED - Degraded aesthetics have been reported (e.g. aesthetics alQal blooms). IBU # 12 Added costs to Not Impaired - Added cost to pre-treat water has not been agriculture or identified as an impaired beneficial use in the Bay of Quinte. industry IBU # 13 Degradation of IMPAIRED - Community composition is typical of eutrophic phytoplankton and waters. zooplankton - The phytoplankton community is dominated by the diatoms populations Melosira and Stephanodiscus, and nitrogen fixing blue- green algae. - No evidence of any toxic effects on algae or zooplankton has been recorded. - Desired zooplankton species are also influenced by food chain impacts (Le. predation by perch and alewife). IBU # 14 Loss of fish and IMPAIRED - Loss of fish and wildlife habitat is an impaired wildlife habitat beneficial use. An estimated 12,000 ha of coastal wetlands within 3.2 km of the BofQ have been converted to other uses. The losses are due to eutrophication, and human activities including growth pressures, lack of adequate legislation, no available management policies, no concept or process of ecosysiem management, and/or changes in long-term Great Lakes water levels. About 7,000 ha of remnant wetland remain. Eleven wetland areas (greater than 6,000 hal, bordering the bay are classified as Class 1, 2, or 3; these areas are afforded some or limited protection under the Ontario Wetland Policy (now part of the Provincial Policy Statement).
SecUon 1: Introduction 4 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 4005
Table 2: IBU's, Recommendations, Delisting Targets and Target Measurements Impaired Delisting Target Measurement Recommendations from the Stage 2 Beneficial Delisting Targets (Five Year Work Plan) Document (relating to wildlife) Use
IBU#3: Demonstrate that key wildlife Demonstrate that key wildlife species 60 - The Quinte RAP and its supporting Degradation of species are present in numbers are present in numbers consistent with agencies should foster and support the Wildlife consistent with a stable, diverse an unimpaired ecosystem. establishment of tributary improvement Population and healthy aquatic ecosystem. associations. Demonstrate that targeted wildlife 61 - The federal and provincial governments Demonstrate that key indicator species are healthy, abundant and self should provide the necessary resources to (1) species for upland wetlands and sustaining in the Bay of Quinte area com plete the inventory and classification of the forests are present and in sufficient given the impact and influence of key bays littoral zone and wetlands, (2) develop a numbers to be self-sustaining. factors such as habitat availability, comprehensive management plan for littoral habitat features (e.g. impacts of zone and wetlands rehabilitation and protection, I exotics), human interactions (e.g. (3) undertake wildlife inventories in the Bay of wildlife harvesting), and other factors Quinte watershed and (4) develop wildlife (e.g. toxic contaminants). protection strategies. 62 - The federal and provincial governments Through wildlife monitoring programs, should cooperate to deliver the comprehensive demonstrate that key indicator species Bay of Quinte Watershed fish and wildlife habitat for coastal wetlands, upland wetlands and wetland r.ehabilitation and management and existing forests are present and in strategy referred to in # 61 .- significant numbers to be self 64 - The OMNR, OMMA, MBt!, CA, Quinte sustaining. municipalities, local industry,NGO's, the private sector and individuals should'cooperatively prevent any further loss of the integrity of the basin's remaining wetland ecosystems. 65 - The province of Ontario should establish appropriate legislation and implement poliCies to provide a level of wetland protection equivalent to the level of protection and potential enhancement of fish habitat currently provided
Section ,1: Introduction 5 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
Impaired Delisting Target Measurement Recommendations from the Stage 2 Beneficial Delisting Targets (Five Year Work Plan) Document (relating to wildlife) Use
IBU # 14: To the greatest extent possible, The NHS will be completed. under the Fisheries Act and its implementation Loss of Wildlife protect the quantity, function, and policies. Habitat diversity of significant natural The use of the NHS will be monitored 66 - The OMNR should prepare an information features as identified in Natural with respect to municipal planning. pamphlet outlining the methods by which Heritage Strategies (NHS) individual landowners can restore and protect com pleted for partnering An education and awareness program their shoreline by planting native vegetation. municipalities and First Nations will be developed and implemented to 67 - Quinte watershed municipalities should fronting on the Bay of Quinte. gain support for the NHS. provide protection of the shoreline and stream banks within their jurisdiction by designating in Encourage municipalities and A communications plan will be I their Official Plan a buffer strip setback of 15 broad public and sector developed and implemented. meters or greater to be maintained undisturbed support/advocacy for the NHS as a natural protection zone. availability, findings and A strategy will be developed and 68 - Municipalities in the Quinte basin, the recommendations. implemented for recruiting and OMNR and the OMMA should work coordinating volunteers for existing cooperatively to maintain existing natural wildlife Establish a self-sustaining, "Wildlife watchers" programs (e.g. corridors and explore opportunities to create volunteer, community-based Marsh Monitoring Program). additional corridors, especially those that would. wildlife monitoring program for the link to coastal wetlands and p.ublic shorelines. Bay of Quinte area. -
Section 1: Introduction 6 8ackgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
1.2 What is wildlife and wildlife habitat?
Many individuals in today's society share different opinions and interests relating to our wildlife and wildlife habitat.· This presents a complicated dilemma in assessing the need for a wildlife strategy to attempt the preservation and restoration of the wildlife and wildlife habitat in the BOW. Opinions regarding "What is wildlife?" and "What is wildlife habitat?" can range from the bird watcher who is simply interested in 'the Blue Jay perched on a cedar branch in their backyard' to as complicated as the scientist who may be interested in the 'compensatory mechanisms and breeding behaviour of Jefferson's Salamander'. Therefore, for the context of the wildlife habitat background document, an all encompassing definition will be adapted from the Wildlife Ministers' Council of Canada 1990 which refers to wildlife as all non-domesticated organisms. This includes all mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, vascular plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and all other wild living organisms. Similarly, wildlife habitat will refer to all the components of the natural environment that wildlife are dependent on for survival (e.g. shelter, food, home range, etc.).
1.3 The Bay of Quinte Watershed The Bay of Ouinte is situated along the north shore of Lake Ontario. It's long, narrow basin stretches approximately 100 kilometres along the shores of Prince Edward County to the south and Hastings County and Lennox and Addington County on the north (Figure 1). The Bay of Ouinte has a watershed that drains 18,519 square kilometres (4,576,095 acres) of land, approximately 21 % of Lake Ontario's entire watershed area (90,217 km2), including both United States and Canadian lands. It can be separated into four main tributary watersheds including the Trent River Watershed (12,617 km2; 68 %), Moira River Watershed (2848 km2; 15%), Napanee River Watershed (1042 km2; 6%) and the Salmon River Watershed (918 km2; 5%). A small portion of the BOW is comprised of Amherst Island's north shore (19 km2); the Blessington Creek Watershed (112 km2), Hay Bay Watershed and surrounding area (including Wilton Creek and some other small tributaries draining directly to the bay such as Millhaven Creek; 645 km2), and Prince Edward County (PEC) accounting for the remaining watershed drainage area (319 km2). PEC's contribution to the BOW is limited to the northern section abutting the Bay of Ouinte, and includes such sub .watersheds as Sawquin Creek, Marsh Creek, and Demorestville Creek.
Two distinct ecozones are represented in the BOW. In the northern section, the Boreal Shield Ecozone (Figure 1; the area north of the Canadian Shield boundary) dominates with its raw and rolling landscape; vast wetlands, lakes, and rivers; and extensive diversity of wildlife and plant communities. It comprises approximately 871,343 ha (47 %) of the BOW and represents an area of relatively limited human influence. Human influence has been less pronounced throughout this area with the exception of scattered urban settlements (such as Minden, Haliburton, Madoc, etc.), forestry and logging operations, sparse
Section 1: Introduction 7 I Figure 1: Bay of Quinte Watershed I \ Legend ( \ \ \ Towns and Cities \ \ * \ \ Major Roads \ l~~) 0-0 ,.e',,\.: ,~ \ - Southern Boundary of the Canadian Shield 1u;:::d!i-jrJ,C: \ \ I ." '::; ;~, r \ ~ \ I Counties \ " -' 'w' \ -- .~ .. L .w \ " \ \ -' -- Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario \ -- \ \ \ Trent River Watershed \ \ Moira River Watershed \ \ ;;;.. 00 I rl \ Salmon River Watershed \ \ Blessington Creek Watershed
Napanee River Watershed
Hay Bay and Area Watershed ~ / / Prince Edward County Watershed 1/
III Amherst Island Watershed
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The southern section of the BOW is represented by the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone (Figure 1; all area south of the Canadian Spield boundary) and can be referred to as the "Urban Corridor" (Canadian Countil on Ecological Areas, 2004). It comprises approximately 980,538 ha (53 %) of the BOW and represents an area under extensive human influence. This area of fertile soils, gently rolling plains and abundance of freshwater resources has made it the focus of widespread human impact. Urban development, industrialization, and agriculture have had the most dramatic impacts on this area of the BOW. Major urban centres include Belleville, Trenton, and Peterborough; however, smaller urban settlements are scattered throughout this ecozone including Campbellford, Lindsay, Napanee, Stirling, and many more.
1.4 Physiography of the Bay of Quinte Watershed Similar to the two ecozones that the BOW spans, it also encompasses two of the five natural physiographic divisions of Southern Ontario (refers to the area south of the city of North Bay). The south-central Ohtario division, between the edge of the Canadian Shield and Lake Ontario, is a massive interlobate moraine relief that has formed till and clay plains and areas of shallow drift on limestone. In the northem section of Southern Ontario and the watershed, the area is characterized with shallow, sandy, acidic soilS that are underlain by Precambrian bedrock, known as the Canadian Shield. Differences among these major divisions are largely due to glaCial deposits originating from the. Wisconsinan glaciations. The major physiographic regions of Southern Ontario can be dissected into an additional 55 minor physiographic regions, ten of which are represented in the BOW. The physiographic regions of southern Ontario are an important feature when discussing habitat distribution and abundance within the BOW. They include: • Oak Ridges Moraine (Region 30) • Peterborough Drumlin Field (Region 31) • Schomberg Clay Plains (Region 34) • Carden Plain (Region 37) • Dummer Moraine (Region 38) • . Napanee Plain (Region 39) • Prince Edward Peninsula (Region 40) • Iroquois Plain (Region 41) • Algonquin Highlands (Region 53) • Georgian Bay Fringe (Region 54)
The physiological characteristics of each region have shaped and defined the land-uses associated with the particular areas. Therefore, a brief description of each of the ten minor physiographic regions of the BOW and information adapted from Chapman and Putnam, 1984 are provided in Appendix B.
Section 1: Introduction 9 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
2.0 Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed
Wildlife habitat is diverse throughout the BOW. Meadow marshes, thicket swamps, fens, alvars, and tallgrass prairie's are just a few of the different wildlife habitat types that exist in the vast watershed surroumHng the BofO. The Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC; part of the SCience ahd Information Branch of the OMNR) has identified 110 Ecosites consisting of 278 vegetation communities that are classified as wetland and terrestrial systems of Southern Ontario (SO): Ecosites are the mappable landscape units defined by a relatively uniform parent material, soil and hydrology, and consequently support a consistently recurring formation of plant species developed over time (NHIC, 2004). Examples of the NHIC identified Ecosites include Great Lakes Coastal Meadow Marsh, Red Maple Mixed Organic Swamp, Moist Fresh Sugar Maple Mixed Deciduous Forest and Dry Coniferous Forest. The 278 vegetation communities identified by the NHIC are areas that represent a specific assemblage of species, generally occurring in a site with a more uniform parent material, soil and hydrology, and a more specific stage within a chronosequence (NHIC, 2004). Appendix C provides a complete list and summary of the vegetation communities identified by the NHIC.
Taking into consideration that the BOW represents 24 % of SO and refers to the 2 area south of North Bay (Chapman, 1984; BOW = 18,519 km ; SO = 76,890 2 km ), there have been 45 different vegetative communities identified and documented in the counties of the BOW (NHIC database). Table 3 is a summary of the NHIC vegetative communities and includes only information pertinent to the BOW.
Vegetation communities identified by the NHIC are given a Global and Provincial Rank (see Appendix D for definition's and ranking order) to be used as tools to prioritize conservation and protection efforts, focusing efforts first on those elements of diversity that are both globally and provincially rare (NHIC, 2004). Provincial Ranks of S1 (extremely rare) and S2 (very rare) have been assigned to 12 of the 45 vegetative communities identified by the NHIC in the counties comprising the BOW. Great Lakes coastal meadow marsh, dune grassland, open alvar, alvar shrub land, treed alvar, sand barren, drytallgrass prairie, dry tallgrass savannah, and dry tallgrass woodland ecosites represent the NHIC identified vegetation communities in the BOW that are of provincial importance according to the ranking system.
Wildlife exploits all habitat types throughout the BOW, therefore this document will not place a bias on any particular habitat type or classification. The focus of the background document will be all wetland and terrestrial. habitats and these two major systems and their related sub~systems will be discussed in greater detail throughout the document.
Section 2: Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed 10 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
Table 3: Summary of NHIC Identified Vegetation Communities in Counties of the BQW
Community Ecosite Global Ontario System Series Rank Rank I II Vegetation Community ;rYPE>, Wetland Marsh Meadow Marsh Great Lakes Coastal Meadow Marsh Ecosite GraminoidCoastal Meadow Marsh G2? S2 . Shallow Marsh· Organic Shallow Marsh Ecosite Narrow-leaved Sedge Organic Shallow Marsh G4? S5 Tvpe G4G5 Broad-leaved Sedge Organic Shallow Marsh Type S5 Q Common Reed Grass Organic Shallow Marsh G3G4 S4 Type Thicket Swamp Organic Thicket Swamp Ecosite . Willow Organic Thicket Swamp Type G5 S5 G3G4 Winterberry Organic Thicket Swamp Type S3S4 Q Mixed Or~anic Swamp White Cedar Mixed Organic Swamp Ecosite White Cedar - Yellow Birch Mixed Organic G4? S5 Swamp Type Coniferous Organic Swamp White Cedar Coniferous Orqanic Swamp Ecosite White Cedar - Hemlock Coniferous Organic G? S3S4 Swamp Type White Cedar - White Spruce Coniferous Organic G4 S5 Swamp Type Fen Open Fen Graminoid Fen Ecosite . Slender Sedge Graminoid Fen Tvpe G4G5 S5 Shrub Fen Ecosite Sweet Gale Shrub Feri Type G? I S5 Treed Fen Treed Fen Ecosite Tamarack - White Cedar Treed Fen Type G4? S5 Bog Open Bog Shrub Bog Ecosite . I Leatherleaf Shrub Bog Type G5 I S5 Treed Bog . I Treed Bog Ecosite I Black Spruce Treed Bog Type G5 I S5 Kettle Peatland . . 10pen Kettle Peatland I I Shrub Kettle Peatland Ecosite .
Section 2: Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed 11 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
I I I Leatherleaf Shrub Kettle Peatland Type I G3G4 I S3 Terrestrial Shoreline Sand Dune Dune Grassland Ecosite Little Bluestem - Switchgrass - Beachgrass Dune G? S2 .Grassland Type ' , .' Rockland Alvar . Open Alvar Ecosite Philadelphia Panic Grass - False Pennyroyal G1Q S1 Alvar Pavement Type Tufted Hairgrass - Canada Bluegrass - G2G3? S2S3 Philadelphia Panic Grass Alvar Grassland Type Alvar Shrub land Ecosite Common Juniper - Fragrant Sumac - Hairy • G2? S2 BeardtonQue Alvar Shrub land Type Treed AlvarEcosite White Cedar - Jack Pine - Shrubby Cinquefoil G1G2 S1 Treed Alvar Pavement White Cedar - White Spruce - Philadelphia Panic G3? S3 Grass Treed Alvar Grassland Type Red Cedar - Early Buttercup Treed Alvar G2? S2 Grassland Type Non-Forested Deep Soil Terrestrial . Sand Barren Sand Barren Ecosite Hay Sedge Sand Barren Type G? S1 Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah & Woodland . Dry Tal/grass Prairie Ecosite Dry Tallgrass Prairie Type G3 S1 Dry Tal/grass Savannah Ecosite Dry Black Oak - Pine Tallqrass Savannah Type G? S1 Dry Tal/grass Woodland Ecosite Dry Black Oak - White Oak Tallgrass Woodland G? S1 Type Dry Bur Oak - Shagbark Hickory Tallgrass G? S1 Woodland Type Deciduous Forest Dry Deciduous Forest Ecosite Dry Black Oak Deciduous Forest Type G4? S3 Dry - Fresh Oak Deciduous Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh Red Oak Deciduous Forest Type I G? S5 Dry - Fresh White Oak Deciduous Forest Type I G? S4 Dry - Fresh Oak - Maple Deciduous Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh Oak - Sugar Maple Deciduous Forest G? S5 Type Dry- Fresh Hickory Deciduous Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh Hickory Deciduous Forest Type I G4? I S3S4 Dry Fresh Sugar Maple - Mixed Deciduous Forest Ecosite Dry Fresh Sugar Maple - Oak Deciduous Forest G? S5 Type Dry Fresh Sugar Maple - Ironwood Deciduous G? S5 Forest Type .
Section 2: Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed 12 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
Fresh Sugar Maple - Beech Deciduous Forest Ecosite Fresh SUQar Maple Deciduous Forest Type G5? S5 Fresh Sugar Maple - Beech Deciduous Forest G5? S5 Type Fresh Sugar Maple - Beech Deciduous Forest Ecosite Fresh Sugar Maple White Ash Deciduous Forest G? S5 Tvpe ' , ," Moist Fresh Sugar Maple - Mixed Deciduous Forest Ecosite Moist - Fresh Sugar Maple - Black Maple G? S3? Deciduous Forest Type Mixed Forest Dry- Fresh White Pine Mixed Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh White Pine - Oak Mixed Forest Type G4G5 S5 Dry - FreshWhite Pine ~ Red Maple Mixed G4G5 S5 Forest Type Dry - Fresh White Pine - Sugar Maple Mixed G? S5 ForestTvpe Moist- Fresh Hemlock Mixed Forest Ecosite . Moist - Fresh Hemlock - Sugar Maple Mixed G4G5 S4S5 Forest Type Moist Fresh White Cedar Mixed Forest Ecosite Moist - Fresh White Cedar - Birch - Aspen Mixed G5Q S5 Forest Type . Coniferous Forest Dry Coniferous Forest Ecosite Dry Red Pine - White Pine Coniferous Forest G3G4 S4 Type Dry- Fresh White Pine Coniferous Forest Ecosite . Dry ~ Fresh White Pine Coniferous Forest Type G3G4 S4S5
2.1 Wetland Habitat
Wetlands have a very important role in the cycle of nature. They are crucial for flood control, maintaining the water table, nutrient uptake, improving water quality and providing habitat for wildlife. A simplistic definition of a wetland would be an area of land that is covered by water for all or part of the year. However, to truly understand the complexity and importance of wetlands a multifaceted approach must be applied to reflect the particular soil, fauna and vegetation types that are characteristic of wetlands. Therefore, the term "wetlands" can be defined as those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface, or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions (Kent, 1994). Wetlands are among the most biologically productive ecosystem, providing important habitat for over 600 species of wildlife, including invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, many of which have been classified as rare or threatened.
Using information gathered from the NHIC and NRVIS, the BQW has over four hundred identified wetlands (including wetland complexes) with several thousand unidentified permanent and temporary wetlands, representing an area 2 of approximately 1,274 km • This is approximately 6.9 % of the land cover for the
Section 2: Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed 13 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
2 entire BOW area of 18,519 km . The majority of the identified wetlands occur in the counties of Victoria, Peterborough and Hastings. Four main classes of wetlands exist within Ontario and the BOW, marshes and swamps are the most abundant, with sporadic occurrences of bogs and fens.
Marsh habitat is the most productive wetland for most wildlife species (Ducks Unlimited, 1997). Typically, at its most productive state, a marsh habitat is comprised of a relatively equal mixture of open water and diverse emergent vegetation. Vegetation includes species such as cattail, bulrush, arrowhead, duckweed, wild iris and water lily, with willow, dogwood, soft maple, ash, grasses, sedges and forbes forming some of the marsh margin vegetation. The other abundant wetland type of the BOW, swamp, is typically characterized by an area of flooded trees that contains more water in the spring and fall as a result of snow melt and increased rainfall. Swamps are dominated by coniferous and deciduous trees and shrub species, and support a higher diversity of plant and wildlife species than any other wetland or forest community (EC, 2004). The two other wetlands types, bogs and fens, are less frequent in the BOW but nonetheless, a very important feature of our landscape. Both systems are highly specialized environmental habitats comprised of a mat of peat (decomposed plant material) overlying water, with very low oxygen levels. Bogs are typically acidic in nature with very poor to no drainage whereas fens are alkaline with slightly better drainage. Plant species of bogs are usually dominated with sphagnum moss, cotton grasses, sedges and black spruce with similar species found in fens but the trees are limited to the outer edges of the wetland.
The wetland areas of the BOW playa vital role in the abundance and survival of our native wildlife species. There are several species of wildlife that can only exist if there is a suitable abundance of wetland habitat. Jefferson salamander, spotted gar, spotted turtle, wood turtle,· eastern spiny soft-shell turtle, five lined skink, black rat snake, pied-billed grebe, least bittern, marsh hawk (or northern harrier), and king rail are examples of a few wildlife species that have a dependence on wetland habitat. If sufficient abundance, size, and health of the wetland habitats are not maintained and/or restored then there's a risk that biodiversity will be compromised in the BOW.
The Stage 1 Report identified a loss of approximately 12,000 ha of great lakes coastal wetlands (within 3.2 km of the BofO), including both wooded and emergent community types, prior to 1967. Currently (1990 Stage 1 Report), there is a total of 6745 ha of coastal wetlands surrounding the BofO (within 3.2 km). Great Lakes coastal wetlands are a unique wetland type that have formed at the mouths of streams and rivers where they empty into the lakes, and in open or protected bays along the shoreline. Located between the permanent, deep water of the lake and the dry upland areas, coastal wetlands can contain a mix of plant communities. Examples of these communities include treed and thicket swamps, wet grass and sedge meadows, and emergent vegetation stands called marshes which contain plants such as cattails and bulrushes. In addition, coastal
Section 2: Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed 14 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 wetlands often contain interspersed pockets of open water that support submerged and floating plants such as pondweeds and water lilies. Coastal wetlands have unique functions that are performed naturally: . • Interception and slowing of watershed run-off before it enters the lake allowing: . o Settlement and retention of sedimerits and contaminants (such . as heavy metals and PCBs). o Reduction of excess nutrients as wetland plants absorb nitrogen and phosphorus and use them for growth. • Provision of habitat for microbe and, invertebrate species, thereby providing the foundatiori for a complex food web. These food sources, along with the wetland plants, in turn support a wide variety of fish, reptile, amphibian, mammal, and bird species.
These natural wetland functions translate into important societal values: • Opportunities for recreational activities including canoeing, fishing, hunting, wildlife viewing, and photography. • Protection of shoreline properties from the potentially destructive forces of erosion. • Improvement of water quality for the millions of people in Canada and the United States who rely on the Great Lakes for their drinking water.
Coastal wetlands are feeling the pressure of land-use intensification. Vast areas of Great Lakes coastal wetlands have been filled in or drained for agriculture, residential and industrial development, and recreational facilities. For those that remain, the loss of natural areas, both adjacent and further up the watershed, decreases water quality and habitat availability within the wetlands. As a result, wetland functions decline and values diminish. For example, wildlife sightings become less frequent, fish production suffers, and birds lose nesting habitat.
Outside of the 3.2 km area of the BofO, the situation is unknown. It is easily assumed that the region south of the Canadian Shield has been an area most heavily impacted by agriculture, urban sprawl and development. This region would probably have the greatest amount of wetland loss and destruction when compared to the region north of the Canadian Shield.
2.2 Terrestrial Habitat
The terrestrial habitat of the BOW is a mixture of many types of important wildlife sustaining areas. Forests, grasslamjs, alvars, and savannahs are some of the diverse vegetative communities that can be found in the watershed. These important terrestrial habitats are home to hundreds of biological species including rare plants, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds (see Appendix E for a list of NHIC identified rare species in the BOW).
As a result of land clearing and logging, the forests of southern Ontario are becoming younger and more fragmented. It is estimated that the average age of
Section 2: Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed 15 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
forest stands south and east of the Canadian Shield is now between 47 and 53 years old. The low point in the history of southern Ontario forests was around 1920 (Riley 1999). Forested areas are starting to rebound as a result of the abandonment of marginal farmland, fencing of livestock, and government sponsored tree-planting programs. Significant woo<;llots (old growth forests) in the BQW provide a small amount of unique forested habitat. The species diversity, functions and structures of this forest class allow for them to be considered an equilibrium or climax community whose species are in a relatively stable succession balance within the site (Larson et aI., 1999). Three significant woodlands were identified in the BQW (south and east of the Canadian Shield) during a study by the Federation of Ontario Naturalists in 1999. Peter's Woods, Stewart's Woods and Warsaw Caves were all considered to be significant areas representing some of the diversity of wildlife habitat and species within our watershed. These significant woodland areas all lie within the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Forest Region and represent some of the last remaining older growth forests in Southern Ontario.
The BQW is also an area that has other significant habitat communities that are considered rare and worthy of protection. Prairie, savannah and sand barren communities have been identified throughout the area by the OMNR - Peterborough District. White, 2003 reported that much less than 1 % of the original prairie and savannah remains in the area and most as small, scattered remnants. These habitats support a unique diversity of locally and provincially significant vegetative and wildlife species. Prairie habitats are areas of dry open habitat with few or no trees, deep soils, hardly any shrubs and dominated by tall grasses including big bluestem and little bluestem. Some rare species inhabiting prairie communities include hay sedge (carex siccata) and Indian grass (sorghastrum nutans). The savannah habitats include areas of scattered tree cover from red oak, white oak, black oak, white pine and red cedar. These areas are dry with deep sandy or gravely soils and sometimes have dense shrubs, such as juneberry, new jersey tea and common juniper. The ground flora is that which is common to the tallgrass prairie discussed above. Sand barrens are very . specialized communities found in dry open habitats with few to no trees, deep sandy soil, and dominated by shrubs, grasses, and sedges. Vegetation is typically sparse with new jersey tea and sweet fern as the common shrubs, and hay sedge, sedge dropseed, impoverished panic grass, Canada blue grass and little bluestem representing the most common grasses and sedges (White, 2003). Recommendations stemming from this research are focussed around protecting and restoring prairie, savannah and sand barren habitats to ensure that biological diversity is preserved in Ontario.
Section 2: Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed 16 8ackgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
3.0 Habitat Coverage and Characteristics
The information contained within this section of the background document relating to watershed boundaries, ecological regions, wooded areas, wetlands (including provincially significant wetlands; PSW), and waterbodies has been gathered through the Ontario Geospatial Data Extftange(OGDE) distributed by Land Information Ontario (LlO), Government of Ontario. All of the numbers and percentages presented in the following sections have been generated from the attribute tables produced during the development of the mapping. It must be mentioned that in some circumstances the NHIC has provided the information about Areas of Scientific and Natural Interest (ANSI), Provincial Parks (PP), and Rare Species Occurrences (RSO). Some of the data is of a sensitive. nature (Rare Species Occurrences) and therefore will not be discussed in grelilt detail.
As mentioned in Section 1.4 and observed in Figure 1, the BOW can be separated into four main tributary watersheds (Trent River, Moira River, Salmon River, and Napanee River) with the remainder of the watershed being made up of smaller areas including PEC, Blessington Creek Watershed, Hay Bay and Surrounding Area and Amherst Island. For the purpose of this detailed section (3.0), the watershed has been divided into eleven sub-watershed areas and presented in Figure 3.
3.1 Gull-Burnt River Sub-Watershed
The Gull-Burnt River Sub-Watershed (GBRW) is the most north westem area of the BOW (Figure 2). It is primarily located in the county of Haliburton with some of the southern area found in the counties of Victoria and Peterborough. The , watershed encompasses an area of 3,247 km2 with the majority of the lands occurring on the Canadian Shield. Typical land use for the GBRW is forestry related because the shallow soils over the bedrock make agriculture practices difficult. Forest cover throughout the watershed is typical of the Great Lakes - 2 St. Lawrence forest region and covers approximately 66 % (2,147 km ) of the land area (Figure 3). This mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees is characterized by pines (white and red), hemlock, sugar maple, and yellow birch. Also present throughout this forest region is red oak, red maple, basswood, white cedar, beech, white ash and white elm. The largest forest patch in theGBRW is 97 km2 located just east of the town of Haliburton. Wetland and waterbody segments occur throughout the watershed covering 177 km2 (5 %) and 459 km2 (14 %), respectively. The 459 km 2 of waterbody segments (Figure 3), including lakes, rivers and streams, represents the largest amount of water habitat in the 2 entire BOW. The largest permanent wetland complex (approximately 35 km ) is located 11 km north east of Balsam Lake, lying along the southern boundary of the Canadian Shield. It must be mentioned that the information used from the MNR database is only relevant for permC1nent wetlands and therefore the numbers do not reflect ephemeral or treed wetlands which are also important wildlife habitat areaS for many species of reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals
Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 17 / .' IFigure 2~- Sub-Watersheds of the Bay of Quinte] Legend , .' * Towns and Cilles \ \ L _ ! Counlles __ Southern Boundary of the Canadian Shield \ \ ...... Major Roads , \ , Hastin~Js -..., Gull/Burnt River Walerhed '» W \ ./ \ ./ ./,/ \ / \ / \ / ~"- Kawartha Lakes Watershed ~ -' 'i \ /' 'c.:::s " \ \ \ // - W Lower Trent & Crowe River Watershed " \ ",...~~ y-/ \ /~ \ W Olonabee Region Watershed \/~ \ \ \ W Moira River Watershed \ \ W Salmon River Watershed \ \ \ Frontenac \ W Blessington Creek Watershed \ \ W Napanee River Watershed ~j \ ,~.--r""" \ W Hay Bay and Area Watershed \ Prince Edward County Watershed \ W Amherst Island Watershed III> / /" - // I \ / \ ./, ! ./ , \ ./ , / \ ./ , / ./ / " ;' 1 ' , \J iC:"[!)rlcl ~.
Bobcaygeon
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Produced by Qulnte Conservalion under license wl!h the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Copyright Qulnte Conservation and the Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2004. Data is projected in NAD 83 UTM CSRS Zone 18. I Figure 3: Gull and Burnt River Watersheds I
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Rare Species Occurrence
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The .Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario (Cadmat;l, 1988) reported that over 150 species of birds were recorded in this region o'f bMtario. Some of the birds breeding throughout the GBRW include the common loon (abundance of lakes provide ample breeding habitat), ruffed grouse (abundance of poplar, birch and cedar trees provide food and shelter), and yellow warbler (breeding habitat increased as land was logged as they inhabit scrubby areas with small trees and shrubs). Some of the· other breeding birds that are considered rare because of low numbers and/or abundance that breed in the GBRW include the dark-eyed junco, pine siskin, white-winged crossbill and the northern parula. The relatively undisturbed watershed of the Gull-Burnt River is habitat for over 50 rare wildlife and plant species of Ontario with two of them listed on Schedule 1 (Appendix F) of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). SARA includes a list of wildlife species (Schedule 1) that in accordance with the act, any species listed as endangered in Schedule 1, must have a recovery strategy in the public registry within one year after the. wildlife species is listed and for threatened and extirpated species, within two years
This area is experiencing increased human activity and pressure from industry, development, cottagers and tourists that are developing recreational and retirement properties in the watershed. The GBRW is the headwater area of the Trent River system and therefore should have careful attention and regulations applied in order to maintain its biological integrity. Currently the NHIC has identified 3,340 ha (1 %) of this watershed as Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI) and an additional 9,929 ha (3 %) are protected as Provincial Parks. This would undoubtedly not be enough protected habitat to sustain the wildlife and wildlife habitat diversity within thisregion.
3.2 Kawartha Lakes and Scugog Watershed Area
The Scugog Lake watershed has been included in the Kawartha Lakes region watershed for the purpose of this document. The entire area stretches from Durham county in the south west through the counties of Victoria and Peterborough and east to the border of Hastings County (Figure 2). As a result of combining the two sub-watersheds, it becomes the largest sub-watershed in the BOW. The Kawartha Lakes and Scugog lake Watersheds (KLSLW) has a drainage area of 4,075 km2 with majority of the land occurring south of the Canadian Shield southern boundary (Figure 4). Typical land use for the KLSLW is agriculture, south of the Canadian Shield. This area is associated with well drained soils and because of the relative proximity to historical colonization routes, the area was well settled and cleared for agriculture. Sparse forest cover remains in the watershed, south of the shield, except for in the wellest areas. Wooded areas occupy approximately 46 % of the entire watershed area with the . majority of the forest cover found north of the shield (Figure 4 and Table 4). The
Section 3: Habitat Coverage aryd Characteristics 20 I Figure 4: Kawartha Region and Scugog Lake Watersheds I
N W
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Legend
I Counties 1- p' , Watershed Boundary
DANSI
Rare Species Occurrence
PSW
Provincial Parks
Wetlands
Waterbodies
Wooded Areas
"/,-, First Nation Territory
Southem Boundary of the Canadian Shield
1 :370,000 MOira Rwer, NapanooAegion and Prince Edward Region watersneds. RR # 2, 2061 01;:1 ,...·ghway ~ 2, S!!11!MlIa Ontario, K8N 4Z2. lWM'.quinleoonservation.l;a.613·968-3434 Kilometers Produced by Quinte Conservation under license with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Copyright Quinte COnservation and 02.5 5 10 15 20 !he Queen's Printer lor Ontario, 2004. Data is prOjected In NAD 83 .. UTM CSRS Zone 17. Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 areas found adjacent to Scugog Lake are typically not as good for crop production because of the imperfectly drained soils so much of this area has been converted from agricultural crop land to grassland for grazing. Some of land remained in a natural or unimproved pasture status. . Similar to the GBRW, forest cover in the watershed is typical of the Great lakes - St. Lawrence forest region. Several waterbodies are found along th'e" southern boundary of the Canadian Shield, known as the Kawartha Lakes. The abundance of natural features, such as permanent wetlands and waterbody segments (rivers and lakes) makes this area a target for cottagers and tourists. The watershed has approximately 7 % wetland coverage and 11 % waterbody coverage throughout the entire watershed. One of the largest wetland complexes in the watershed is located along the southern portion of Scugog Lake and is approximately 1057 ha iri size. The majority of the wetlands south of the Canadian Shield are classified as provincially significant with some On-Shield wetlands also classified as PSW. The significance of the PSW's is that there is a higher level of protection placed in these ecosystems and in many cases building, filling and/or altering the wetland is prohibited.
The Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario (Cadman, 1988) reported that over 150 species of birds were recorded in this region of Ontario. Some of the birds breeding throughout the KLSLW include the American Kestrel (southern regions were lands have been cleared for agriculture), Black-and-White Warbler (typical of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Zone), and the Field Sparrow (inhabits the cleared agriculture land). Some of· the other breeding birds that are considered rare because of low numbers and/or abundance that breed in the KLSLW include the golden-crowned kinglet, clay-coloured sparrow (greatly influenced by habitat change), yellow-bellied flycather and the henslow's sparrow. Evidence of the henslow's sparrow breeding in theKLSLW was reported by (Cadman, 1988). This bird species is listed on the SARA Schedule 1 as an endangered species to Ontario and was first reported in Ontario around 1898. The henslow's sparrow was probably not originally found in Ontario, but expanded into the province with the clearing of. forest for agriculture. and subsequent abandonment of fields (Cadman, 1988).
3.3 Ofonabee Region Sub-Watershed Area
The Otonabee Region watershed is located mainly in the southern region of Peterborough County with a small portion found in the counties of Victoria, Durham and Northumberland (Figure 5). The major waterways include the Otonabee River (part of the Trent Severn Waterway) draining into Rice Lake and the Ouse River also draining into Rice Lake. Rice Lake is the largest waterbody in the watershed and it is the last large basin on the Trent River before emptying into the BofO. The watershed represents approximately 167,130 ha (9%; Table 4) of the entire BOW and lies entirely south of the Canadian Shield. Historical information gathered from the Otonabee Region Conservation Report - 1964, reported that the majority of the watershed, approximately 71 %, was classified as open land, including water and marsh habitat, cultivated fields and hay and
Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 22 I Figure 5: Otonabee Region Watershed I
N
"-'ii- W+E S Legend , i Counties ,1 ___ ,..l .. ,Watershed Boundary
DANSI
Rare Species Occurrences
Provincial Parks
Provincially Significant Wetlands
Wetlands
Waterbodies
Wooded Areas
Southern Boundary of the Canadian Shield
.",.-. __ i
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The remainder of the land was classified as woodland/plantation (26 %) and scrubland (3%), Dominate forest cover throughout this watershed was reported as ulmus americana (white elm), populus sp. (aspelJ, cottonwood, and poplar), acer saccharum (sugar maple) and thuja occidentEtlh1 (white cedar). Comparing this information to our most recent data, the wooded areas are representative ·of 32.7% of the watershed, a 6.7% increase from the 1964 findings. Some of this increase to wooded areas can be attributed to the conversion of abandoned farmland to plantation and natural succession and also to the efforts and recommendations set forth by the Otonabee Region Conservation Report, 1964, that established goals of acquiring land· for conservation areas, financial assistance for tree planting and a management plan that identified 102,744 acres in the watershed that was suitable for reforestation. .
An extensive species list, consisting of birds, mammals, and plants was also compiled during the investigations for the 1964 Otonabee Region Conservation Report. This list included hundreds of species of birds, mammals, and vascular plants, some of which are currently listed as rare in Ontario and/or part of Schedule 1 - SARA (Appendix F). Appendix G is a list compiled from original conservation authority reports identifying wildlife species found in the BOW.
The close proximity to the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and abundance of transportation corridors has made Peterborough (the largest urban center in the watershed) a target for development pressures. Peterborough is currently being considered as part of a GTA Growth Strategy by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. This growth strategy has the potential to greatly influence the surrounding natural environments as they will be developed for residential and commercial purposes.
3.4 Crowe River and Lower Trent River Watershed Area
Further to the west, bordering on the counties of Peterborough, Hastings, Haliburton and Northumberland is a large watershed area draining 3,622 km2 (362,242 hal, known as the Crowe River and Lower Trent River Watershed Area (CRL TW). The Crowe River is the main system draining the northern portion of the watershed until it converges with the Trent River approximately 7.5 km north of the town of Campbellford. From this point, the Trent River meanders southward through the undulating topography of the Peterborough drumlin fields, dumrner moraine and Napanee plain before entering the BofO at the city of Trenton. '-' ~
With over 100 lakes (including small unnamed systems) located throughout the watershed, it is an important recreational area for cottagers, anglers and hunters . 2 . The waterbodies of the CRLTW represent approximately 6 % (230 km ; Table 4) of the watershed, including several large lakes such as Belmont, Chandos,
Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 24 Figure 6: Crowe River and Lower Trent Watersheds
N ,",,/-, ,_,j / -.l ; : W<)b>E s
legend 1- -- L __ ~ Counties
C Watershed Boundary
C]ANSI
Rare Species Occurrences
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Wetlands
Waterbodies
Wooded Areas
Southem Boundary of the Canadian Shield
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CC."'SP,Vi.TION Kilometers Produced by Quinta Conservation under license with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Copyright Quinte Conservation and o 2.5 5 10 15 the Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2004. Data is projected In NAD 83 III • UTM CSRS Zone 17. Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005
Crowe, Kasshabog, and Paudash lakes. The area stretching north of the Canadian Shield boundary (Figure 6) is also rich with wetland habitat making the area an important nesting, breeding and rearing area for many wildlife species. Because of the relatively untouched nature of the northern area of the watershed, forest cover is abundant. Field surveys during the 1960's show the area to be predominately aspen (populus sp.), white cedar (thujif O'ccidentalis), sugar maple (acer saccharum), silver maple (acer saccharinum) and white elm (ulnus americana). Historical reports (pre-1900's) gathered and reconstructed in the 1962 - Crowe Valley Conservation Report - Forestry, claim that the area north of the Canadian Shield was over half comprised of lofty pines in pure stands, with the remaining area covered with hardwood stands, swamps and natural barrens . (where bedrock was exposed or had a lack of soil to support tree growth). The hardwood stands were reported as consisting mainly of hard maple (acer saccharum), beech (fagus grandifolia), basswood (tilia americana)' and oak (quercus sp.). Using the most recent OMNR data, wooded areas cover 2 approximately 60 % (2140 km ) of the watershed. Sparse forest patches are found throughout the southern region, however majority of the wooded area is north of the Canadian Shield.
Agriculture was focused in areas south of the shield, similar to other watersheds previously discussed. Land in this area was easier to till and plant as a result of deeper and better quality soils. Recently, attention is being placed on the Oak Ridges Moraine that enters the CRLTW along the south western boundary of the watershed. The oak ridges moraine is an irregular ridge of sandy hilis stretching 160 kilometres from the Trent River in the east to the Niagara Escarpment in the west. The moraine provides a natural habitat for sensitive and threatened plant and animal species not found elsewhere and because of its rich resource of sand and gravel, it has become one of the main sources for the aggregate industry in SO.
3.5 Moira River Watershed The Moira River Watershed (MRW) is a large drainage area representing 2 approximately 15 % of the entire BQW (2848 km ; Figure· 7). The watershed boundary begins approximately 3 km south of Bancroft and drains into the BofQ at Belleville (96 km south). Historical conditions of the watershed (pre-loyalist settlement days) are reported in the Moira Valley Conservation Report (Richardson et al.) and describe the watershed as an area of "broken and varied topography. with the result that forest types were broken too and occurred in relatiVely small patches, separated by other types, though the forest was almost continuous except where the numerous lakes, beaver meadows and small bogs were present." Our most current land imagery demonstrates similar conditions to historical accounts with the exception of the scattered urban areas and lands adjacent to the BofQ. Many of these areas have experienced development pressures that have resulted in the alteration of the natural features of the watershed.
Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 26 I Figure 7: Moira River Watershed I J~-,
r" N W<}c>E s
/.,/....
•• .d"
Legend
Watershed Boundary ;'r
Rare Species Occurrences
Provincially Significaot Wetlands
Provincial Parks
Wetlands
Waterbodies
Wooded Areas
Moira River, Napanee Region and Prince Ed,,",rd Region W3terslledS. RR ~ 2, 2061 Old Highway # 2. Belleville. Onlario, KSN4Z2. www.qu The region north of the Canadian Shield has been experiencing intense logging pressures but forest cover is still extensive throughout the watershed. Figure 7 and Table 4 show the abundance and distribution of forest cover, permanent wetlands and waterbody segments in the MRW. The MRW consists of 67 % 2 (190 km ) forest cover using the latest land cover m,apping. This is the largest percentage of forest cover in all of the sub-watershedii ·(,)f the BOW. The majority of the forest cover is found .in the northern portion where human influence has been limited. Similarly, this waterShed represents the largest amount of land in the BOW (more 2 than 100 km ) that have been classified as ANSI by the NHIC. Some of these significant wildlife habitats that are part of the NHIC - ANSI identified areas include: • The McCaw Bog and Barrens which form a complex wetland and upland systems with bedrock-controlled wetlands that are acidic, with boggy margins and/or floating bog mats that are encouraged by the abundant beaver activity, with upland habitat consisting of stands of trembling aspen, red maple, red oak, white birch, sugar maple and white pine. • The Mellon Lake ANSI is characterized by extensive rock barrens, dry and dry-mesic deciduous and mixed forest, igneous rock cliffs and escarpments of many orientations, and a range of palustrine, riverine, and lacustrine wetland communities, especially those of a 'boggy' association. This large and diverse landscape also offers important representation of extensive lake shorelines. Due to its size, relatively undisturbed condition, and site diversity, this ANSI offers landscape representation in addition to representation of several specific features. and communities. Of most significance in this ANSI, in terms of specific communities, are the extensive rock barrens, dry and dry-mesic deciduous and mixed forest, igneous rock cliffs and escarpments of many orientations, and a range of palustrine, riverine, and lacustrine wetland communities, especially those of a 'boggy' association. This large and diverse landscape also offers important representation of extensive lake shorelines (NHIC website). • The Elezevir Peatlands and Barrens vary from bog-rimmed ponds and lake shores to open graminoid bog mats to kettle bogs to shrub heaths. Mountain-holly (Nemopanthus mucronatus) is unusually abundant over some of these shrubby bog mats. The upland forest cover is dominated by young to medium aged, scrubby red oak, red maple, white pine and trembling aspen, with white birch being locally common (NHIC website). Although many of these ANSI habitats are uncommon throughout the watershed, they are important to many rare plant species and vegetative communities as well as many wildlife species. Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 28 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Qulnte Watershed March 2005 3.6 Blessington Creek Watershed Blessington Creek Watershed (BCW) re~resents a small portion of the BOW, draining an area of approximately 112 km and flowing directly into the BofO, just east of the city of Belleville. Majority of the watershed is agriculture. Some residential dwellings are located in the watershed'withccihcentration along main corridors such as Highway 2 and County Roads 6 and 7. The BCW is a relatively flat area with occasional rock outcrops arid very shallow soil. A large grassland alvar, reported as an ANSI by the NHIC, is located in the south of the watershed along the shores of the BofO (Figure 8). Vegetation in this grassland alvar habitat is dominated with tufted hairgrass, canada bluegrass, and philadelphia panic grass. Alvarsare unique and rare habitat forms that consist of specialized vegetation growing over extremely shallow soils underlain by limestone, bedrock. 2 The BCW has approximately 38 % (42 km ) forest cover (using the most recent . data) with occasional patches that are fragmented by the numerous roads and highways in the area. Larger forest patches occur in the most northerly section of the watershed, approximately 14 kilometres from the BofO. Areas of the BCW have been identified as important habitat for the Loggerhead Shrike. This bird is listed as an endangered species in the SARA (Appendix F). Recovery plans and conservation efforts have taken place throughout Ontario, to restore and protect the habitat of the Loggerhead Shrike. The specialized breeding habitat of the Loggerhead Shrike includes open, grazed pasture lands with scattered hawthom shrubs, and close proximity to wetland areas. These features allow for the conditions necessary for the' loggerhead shrike to capture insects and small vertebrate prey. 3.7 Salmon River Watershed. The Salmon River watershed (SRW) occupies a small portion of the BOW . (approximately 5 %) and has had limited human disturbances throughout most of the area. A non-profit organization (Friends of the Salmon River), have had a lot of influence in sustaining this watershed as "pristine" habitat. Many significant wildlife habitats exist throughout this 918 km 2 watershed (Figure 9). Alvar, kettle lakes, lowland forests and barrens represent a few of the unique and' . rare habitats of this watershed, The Salmon River Alvar is a flat, thinly-soiled limestone plain that sustains one of the richest alvars in Ontario. Located 15 km east of Belleville, thisalvar exhibits the widest range of communities of any alvar. Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 29 Figure 8: Blessington Creek Watershed legend c:::J Blessington Creek Watershed DANs, Provincially Significant Wetlands Rare Species Occurrences Provincial Parks Wetlands Waterbodies Wooded Areas Blessington Creek and Tributaries 1 :90,000 Kilometers _I>IOuInIoems.'''.. Ioo00derlirons.''.... tI100....00 2 4 M001lyO!N."";oI~C"l'l ANSI in site district 6-9 (Norris, 1994). This habitat also contains the largest number of provincially rare species of the alvar sites in central and eastem Ontario (Brownell and Riley, 2000). The description provided bEillow is quoted from the natural areas report of the Salmon River Alvar on the NHICwebsite: • Some 31 vegetation communities have been identified with 2 wetland types occurring, 3 lowland forest types, 16 'Upland forest types, 6 open field/meadow types and 3 "other" vegetation communities The wetland communities include: open water and riparian marsh. Lowland forest types include silver maple floodplain forest, ash - maple - elm - hickory floodplain forest and balsam - maple - oak - beech - pine floodplain forest. Upland forest types include mesic to wet mesic, predominantly deciduous forest such as maple - beech - ash - basswood; hornbeam- oak - maple; maple- aspen - hornbeam; maple - ash - hombeam - elm - hackberry ; maple - oak - ash - hickory; ash - hickory - elm- hornbeam- birch; maple ~ beech - oak - and poplar. Upland coniferous forests exists as mesic to very dry red cedar forests and cedar - spruce - hemlock forests. Upland mixed forest exists as mesic to dry cedar - oak - pine - ash - basswood; hemlock - oak - beech; cedar - hickory - spruce - pine; and hemlock - cedar - maple - birch forest. Upland treed barrens on limestone bedrock exist as red cedar - ash - balsam - hickory - oak - spruce - pine - white cedar - hackberry. Finally, upland forests exists as red cedar savannah over much of the true alvar portions of the ANSI. Open field/meadow vegetation can be found as alvar grass / forb meadows, alvar sedge/ grass meadows, old field, successional field / alvar and alvar pavement (Norris, 1994). The alvar grasslands here, as at other alvars, are flooded in the spring and droughty during the summer. Meadow communities here sustain numerous prairie species, including baute/oua curiipendula, ranunculus fascicularis, geum triflorum and patentilla arguta. [Bakowsky 1993]. Along with these there are 6 alliar communities they are: red cedar successional savannah, red cedar successional woodland, red cedar white ash dry woodland, ,white upland aster-annual grasses grassland, canada blue grass-annual grasses grassland/pavement and carex crawei carex lanuginosa wet mesic grassland. In addition there are unusual dry deciduous woodland/forests on limestone bedrock which contains several rare species such as carex formosa, carex oligocarpa and carex gracilescens [Brownell and Riley, 2000]. Although the above information highlights only one area of the SRW, the remaining area also exhibits several significant characteristics making the watershed important for wildlife and the habitat they require. The SRW represents an area that contains the highest percentage permanent wetland· habitats. Over 10 % (Figure 9 and Table 4) of the watershed consists of open marsh, treed swamp, fens and bog habitat providing life stage components for hundreds of wildlife species. Blandings turtle, milksnake, stinkpot, peregrine falcon, southern flying squirrel and the grey fox are just a few of the species listed as being observed in historical inventories from the Napanee Region Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 31 I Figure 9: Salmon River Watershed I N W~E s ,. legend 1- __ _ 1 Counties Salmon River Watershed Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory ~=-.==....--=~ DANSI Rare Species Occurrences Provincial Parks Provincially Significant Wetlands Wetlands Waterbodies Wooded Areas Southern Boundary of the Canadian Shield ~/c , \-;. 1 :230,000 Moira Riller. NapaMe Aegion and P'",ce Edward Aegion Wate,sMeds. AR # 2, 2061 O~ Hignway # 2. Belleville. 011300, KeN 4Z2. WWN,qulnteconservation,C3,613_966-34:34 Kilometers Produced by Quinta Conservation under license with the Ontario MInistry of Natural Resources. Copyright QuInta Conservation and o 1.53 6 the Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2004. Data is projected In NAD 83 . UTM CSRS Zone 18. Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 Conservation Report, 1967 Salmon River Section. Several ANSI, PSWand PP areas throughout the watershed assist in maintaining the SRW's natural features. 3.8 Prince Edward County Watershed Area Prince Edward County Watershed Area (PECW)is'approi The waterfront property along the BofO has seen increased development pressure over the past years. Many of the prime areas have already been developed and therefore wetlands and bluff frontage is now being targeted. The incremental filling in of the BofO shoreline has led to over half of the PEC wetlands being destroyed and/or altered. As a result of many of the coastal wetlands being impacted, several agencies have been involved with restoring and rehabilitating the coastal wetlands of the BofO. The Sawquin Creek Marsh was a large restoration project that took place in early 2000. This restoration project involved creating channels and spoil islands throughout the marsh system to enhance habitat conditions for all types of wildlife species. Parts of Prince Edward County, including the Sawquin Creek Marsh, are staging areas for many migratory bird species. The Marsh Monitoring Program (MMP) is a volunteer organization coordinated by Bird Studies Canada, and they have compiled years of data related to bird and amphibian surveys. Some of the MMP observation sites are located in the wetlands of the PECW. A· wide-ranging species list has been compiled during the MMP surveys including virginia rail, alder flycatcher, green-winged teal, northern harrier and many more. Many other habitat types can be found in the PECW. This watershed contains large spans of forested areas with historical records indicating an abundance of silver maple, white elm, eastern red cedar, black ash; and red maple occupying approxiniately 30 % of the landscape (Conservation Autorities Branch, 1968). Our most recent records indicate the forest cover of the PECW to be 2 approximately 38.9 % (124 km ) of the watershed. Many areas of the PECW are used for agriculture activities, including pasture lands and row crops. Recently, there has been a large increase in deer populations in Prince Edward County. This population increase has been creating many issues related to farming practices and deer population control measures. Some methods used by the OMNR to combatthis growing concern has been the. implementation of extended culling seasons and the issuance of special permits to farmers to cull nuisance wildlife on their property. Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 33 W+E IFigure 10: Prince Edward County Sub-Water~hed I S .c.-.e' 'y'C : County o Prince Edward County Watershed DANSI Rare Species Occu rrances Provincial Parks Provincially Significant Wetlands Wetlands Waterbodies 1 :250,000 Kilometers Wooded Areas 012468 U· Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 3.9 Napanee River Watershed The Napanee River Watershed (NRW) drains a series of lakes and wetland systems southward to a large bay in the eastern arm of the BofO (Figure 11). The northern portion of the NRW lies within the Ca·h'adiifnShield and is abundant with wetlands, including marshes, treed swamps, bogs, and fens.PSW and ANSI are scattered throughout the watershed. A large ANSI/PSW is found along the margin of the Canadian Shield and Napanee Plain, known as the Cameron Swamp, This area is approximately 2600 hectares in size and provides an abundance of habitat for wildlife species. Historical observations from the Conservation Autorities Branch, 1957 report for the Napanee Valley include accounts of several species utilizing the Cameron Swamp on a daily basis. White-tailed deer, red fox, beaver, muskrat, brush wolves, raccoon, bl~ck ducks, wood ducks, ruffed grouse, and many more. The report went further to state that "it is probable that about 280 species .of birds live in or migrate through the watershe, but only about 120 species remain during the summer to nest in the watershed." Appendix G has a complete list of wildlife species and vegetation identified in the NRW. The most recent information identifies the NRW to consist of approximately 10 % 2 2 (93 km ) wetland habitat and 49 % (505 km ) wooded areas. Historically, during the 1957 conservation surveys, the wooded areas of the NRW were reported as dominated by red oak, silver maple, white elm, black ash, red maple and populus sp. Majority of these wooded and wetland areas are located in the northern portion of the watershed. Areas south of the Canadian Shield are dominated by agriculture activities with sporadic urban dwellings. Many southern areas in the NRW are abandoned pasture lands that provide important habitat for the loggerhead shrike (listed as an endangered species). These areas are dominated by grasslands but many are being encroached by trees, such as the cedar species that create unsuitable conditions for the shrike. Majority of this open habitat is located in areas with shallow soil over bedrock making the area not as productive for agricultural crops. 3;10 Hay Bay and Surrounding Watersheds (Including Amherst Island) Hay Bay is a large inlet of the BofO, approximately 20 km south ofthe Napanee RiVer. The area totals 645 km 2 representing only 3% of the BOW (Figure 12). The main drainage channel entering at Hay Bay is Wilton Creek. Wilton Creek is a small system that meanders through agricultural lands and extends north of Highway 401. Permanent wetland habitat is Scarce in the Hay Bay Watershed area (4 %; 2,525 hectares) and is likely a result of the incremental filling of lands for development and agriculture purposes. Many of the small tributaries along the south of this watershed drain directly to the BofO, close to the outlet to Lake Ontario. Fragmented forested areas exist throughout the watershed with many of the forest patches less than 50 hectares in size. In 1997, Lower Trent Conservation Authority prepared a report, on behalf of the BORAP, titled Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 35 Figure 11 Napanee River Watershed N W~E s ,. Legend L __ J Counties Napanee River Watershed ClANSI Rare Species Occurrences Provincial Parks Provincially Significant Wetlands Wetlands Wooded Areas Southern Boundary of the Canadian Shield 1 :200,000 Moira Aio",. Napanea Ae{lion and Prince Edv.al\! Region Wa1ersheds. RA # 2. 2001 Old Highway # 2, aellevi~e, Onlario, K6N ~Z2. www.quinteconservalion.ca.613-96&3434 Kilometers Produced by Quinte Conservation under license with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Copyright Quinte Conservation and o 1.5 3 6 9 12 the Queen's Printer/or Ontario, 2004. Data is projected in NAD 83 UTM CSRSZone 18. Figure 12: Hay Bay and Area Watersheds W~E s , . ., ,'" ",1 legend Counties Hay Bay and Area Watersheds Amherst Island Watershed Rare Species Occurrences DANSI Provincial Parks Provincially Significant Wetlands Wetlands , '.," Waterbodies Wooded Areas Southern Boundary of the Canadian Shield ,;OlH}'.>, 1 :200,000 I.~ Moira River. Napan"".Ae.gion and Prince E.dward Re.gion Watersheds • i.-' .. ' RA # 2. 2061 Old HLghway # 2. Bellev,lIe, Qntano, K8N 4Z2, "~ilrr') WI'IIW.qulolecoroseN31;on.ca.613·968-3434 Kilometers 8W~ -,iQll Produced by Quints Conservation under ITcense with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Copyright Quinta Conservation and o 1.5 3 6 9 12 the Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2004. Data is projected in NAO 83 UTM CSRSZone 18. Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 "An Evaluation of the Upland Habitat in the Wilton Creek and South Sydney Watersheds" (Lower Trent 1997). This report examined the amount of forest cover, riparian habitat and associated buffer zones within the Wilton Creek . watershed. Some of the reccomendations from this report included increasing forest cover throughout the watershed, increasing for~st patch sizes and creating links between significant natural features. The rep6rt'also goes as far to say "According to the analysis, Wilton Creek appears to be a r~latively healthy watershed"; Much of the area encompassed by Wilton Creek is representative of the Hay Bay watershed which could be classified to be in a similar state. Amherst Island The area of Amherst Island is a small section restricted to the north shore of the island. The area is extremely small and has very little impact to the overall watershed. Some of the watershed features have been included on Figure 12. Highlights of this small watershed area would include rare species observations of the black tem and barn owl, both of which are species listed in Schedule 1 of SARA (Appendix F). Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 38 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 Table 4: S _...... - . .. ,f- Watershed-- F- --.. -._ .... Watershed GBRW KLSLW ORW CRLTW MRW SRW NRW Area (hal 324,772 407,522 167,130 362,242 284,804 91,801 104,157 ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % Forested Areas 214,743 66.1 188,476 46.2 54,701 32.7 214,012 59.1 189,611 66.6 60,167 , 65.5 50,538 48.5 Waterbody Segment 45,939 14.1 45,672 11.2 11,121 6.7 22,710 6.3 15,311 5.4 5,149 5.6 6,321 6.1 Wetlands (Permanent) 17,680 5.4 26,827 6.6 7,390 4.4 25,713 7.1 24,619 8.6 9,942 10.8 9,335 9.0 TOTAL 278,362 85.6 260,975 64.0 73,212 43.8 262,435 72.5 229,541 80.6 75,258 81.9 66,194 63.6 PSW' 4,897 1.5 32,028 7.9 16,843 10.1 12,898 3.6 6,404 2.2 3,008 3.3 5,561 5.3 Provincial Parks 9,929 3.1 3,920 1.0 181 0.1 1,681 0.5 2,780 1.0 3,280 3.6 1,023 1.0 ANSI 3,340 1.0 12,442 3.1 9,983 6.0 ,9,779 2.7 12,823 4.5 9,389 10.2 6,015 5.8 # # # # # # # Rare Species Occurrences 177 314 121 274 220 252 170 Watershed , PECW HBAW BCW AIW Totals Area (hal 31,911 64,452 11,197 1,892 1,851,880 ha % ha % ha % ha % ha %' Forested Areas 12,400 38.9 19,833 30.8 4,241 37.9 220 11.6 1,008,942 54.5 Waterbody Segment 426 1.3 1,478 2.3 43 0.4 2 0.1 154,172 8.3 Wetlands (Permanent) 3,061 9.6 2,525 3.9 308 2.7 10 0.5 127,410 6.9 TOTAL 15,886 49.8 23,836 37.0 4,592 41.0 232 12.2 1,290,524 69.7 's: PSW' 3,265 10.2 1,940 ' 3.0 312 2.8 0 0 87,156 4.7 Provincial Parks 93 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 22,888 1.2 ANSI 2,984 9.3 2,179 3.4 257 2.3 0.0001 0.0 69,191 3.7 # ,# ' # # # Rare Species Occurrences 59 63 45 2 . 1,697,. 1 In some instances the PSW total area is more then the total area of the wetlands category. This is a result of the PSW in some cases including sections qfwooded areas that did not necessarily show up as wetlands when being interpreted from the air photos during initial data interpretation. " Section 3: Habitat Coverage and Characteristics 39 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 4.0 Changes to the Habitat of the BQW 4.1 Past Changes , The land settlement of the Bay of Quinte area was an important step in shaping the watershed. Historical records, from ChamplCi\in's' original voyage (1615), provide a brief description of the lands surrounding the Bay of Quinte. When he travelled the waters of the Bay of Quinte and the Trent, the lands were disputed territory with no evidence of permanent occupation by any Native American tribe. During the period from 1615 to 1785, Native tribes and Frenchmen started to settle the lands of the Bay of Quinte. Within twenty-five years of Champlain's visit in 1615, the Iroquois had wiped out their enemies in most of Southern Ontario and were the undisputed masters of the country north of the lake (Moira Valley Conservation Report). The establishment of fortified villages began to appear over the next years, including Kente (where the bay takes its name from, Quinte) and Canneious, thus beginning the human sett,lement of the Bay of Quinte region. Documented French settlements (trading posts) in the Quinte area were established around 1720. In 1783, the lands from Gananoque westward to the Trent and one days journey inward from the lake were purchased from the Mississauga Indians by the Loyalists. The Loyalist settlers began to arrive at Cataraqui in the spring of 1784 with the lands being distributed by lot, even before the surveys were completed. Throughout the townships, the lands were distributed and settlers began to work their lands. Mills were established on the major rivers, Moira and Napanee, and transportation corridors started to arise. However, the process was moving slowly because the area was too far from the major markets at Kingston and York (Toronto). By 1800 a transportation corridor had been opened between York and the Bay of Quinte (we now know it as Dundas Street). The original path of this road crossed the neck at Prince Edward County proceeded through the county and required riding the ferry back across the bay to Adolphustown Township. This required the Sidney and Thurlow inhabitants to provide their own roads but with petitions the County of Hastings soon had their road from the Trent to Kingston, through Sidney, Thurlow and the Mohawk Tract (currently we know this as Highway # 2). With the ease of transportation to the markets the areas of the bay continued to be settled. Settlers continued to require more land for cultivation of crops and food, this leading to more and more forested areas being cleared and wetlands being filled. ' "On first coming to this country nothing surprised me more than the total absence of trees about the dwelling houses and cleared lands, the axe of the chopper relentlessly levels all before him. Man appears to contend with the trees of the forest as though they were his most obnoxious enemies; for he spares neither the young sapling in its greenness, or the ancient trunk in its lofty pride; he wages war against the forest with fire and steel (C.P. Traill, 1833)." Section 4: Changes to the Habitat of the BQW 40 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 The tone was set during early settlement that the forested and wetland areas were nothing but nuisance lands with little value. Forests were seen as a source of ash and occasional square timber for lumber and Wetlands were seen as . wastelands needing drainage so that crops could be produced. 4.2 Present Changes and Threats Present habitat issues associated with the BOW can be categorized as manageable and unmanageable. Manageable changes and threats include those that are localized specifically to the BOW, while unmanageable changes include issues that are beyond the control of agencies within the BOW. Provided below are just a few examples of these impacts occurring in the BOW. There are many impacts that can occur throughout the BOW and these impacts can be beneficial and detrimental to the area. The purpose of this section is to identify a few changes that are occurring in the BOW and provide a brief explanation concerning their potential to effect the habitat and wildlife conditions of the BOW. 4.2.1 Examples of Manageable Changes Occurring in the BQW 4.2.1;1: Habitat Loss and Degradation The protection, restoration and remediation of our natural areas within the BOW will be a very important step in maintaining the biodiversity and abundance of wildlife and wildlife habitat that exist within our boundaries. HLiman activities including transportation, logging, agriculture and industrial pollution are targets to consider when developing strategies for habitat restoration and enhancement. Similar to disturbances originating in the late 1800's, habitat loss is still a principal cause of wildlife species loss. Although, science and technology have evolved .and adapted in many ways to reduce impacts to natural environments, we are still altering wildlife habitat at a higher rate then wildlife can adapt to the changes. Awareness and attitudes regarding wildlife and wildlife habitat need to be addressed at all levels, from small childrento adults. 4.2.1.2: Urban Sprawl As human populations grow, so does the need for urban centres to expand. Urban sprawl, referring to the expansion of city cores into suburban areas, tends to target areas that have been undeveloped or underdeveloped and majority of these lands occur in our natural areas. The continuous expansion of urban centres in our watershed such as Belleville, Napanee, Trenton, Peterborough, etc. could be detrimental to adjacent habitats if proper growth strategies are not adopted. Using information gathered from the Statistics Canada website, it can be estimated that the BOW has experienced an increase of 12 % in the ratio of 2 people per km , during the period from 1991 to 2001 (Table 5). The greatest increases have been observed in the counties of Durham (19.6%) and Frontenac (11.8%), both of which do not have a lot of geographical area within the BOW. However, their expansions could increase the impacts. to the natural habitat Section 4: Changes to the Habitat of the BQW 41 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the' Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 for the % change % change % change 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001 ..1991 to 2001 Haliburton I 14,421 15,321 . 15,085 4,169 3A6 3.67 3.62 5.72 -1.36 4.42 Hastings I 116,434 118,744 125,195 5,967 19.5 19.9 21.0 2.01 5.24 7.14 Lennox & Addington 37,243 39,203 39,461 2,841 13.1 13.8 13.9 5.07 0.72 5.76 Northumberland 78,224 81,792 77,497 2,108 37.1 38.8 . 36.8 4.38 -5.15 -0.81 Peterborough 119,992 123,448 125,856 3,956 30.3 31.2 31.8 2.88 1.89 4.72 Prince Edward 23,763 25,046 24,901 1,048 22.7 23.9 23.8 5.02 -0.42 4.62 Data was available on the county basis and therefore includes some areas that do not fall directly in the SQW Section 4: Changes to the Habitat of the SOW 42 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bayof Quinte Watershed March 2005 within the BOW if growthis not met with strict regulation governing development of natural habitats. 4.2.1.3: Non-Native Invasive Species Non-native invasive species have been classifieClaSa manageable impact because many strategies and programs have been adopted to combat the spread and introduction into Ontario's fish and wildlife habitats. Examples of invasive species that government and agencies have attempted to control and prevent include purple loosestrife (flowering plant), asian long-horned beetle (insect) and the emerald ash borer (insect). Management strategies for purple loosestrife have included raising public awareness and applying prevention methods including chemical and biological controls. For the emerald ash borer and the asian long-horned beetle there have been more drastic measures taken that have included the restriction of any movement of tree materials outside of the effected areas and the destruction of forests to control the spread to adjacent lands. Noncnative invasive species are a problem for all natural habitats and can have detrimental effects on the survival ability of natural species. Non-native invasive species have been introduced from other parts of the world both purposely and accidentally. They are considered problematic because they have the biological ability and/or lack of natural control agents (for example predators) that allow them to out-compete native species for life sustaining requirements (food, water, sunlight, etc.). Several non-native invasive species have already established in the BOW; however, others have not, and current strategies are being applied to attempt to contain these destructive pests. Table 6 provides a list of some BOW established non-native invasive species and their characteristics as well as some of the invasive species that have not colonized in the watershed but should be considered during habitat. management. A complete list of invasive species in Southern Ontario can be found in Appendix G. Section 4: Changes to the Habitat of the BQW 43 Back grounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Ouinte Watershed March 2005 Table 6: Non-native Invasive Species of the BOW an dS urrounding Area Common name Native Range and Characteristics Negative Impacts (Scientific Current Status name) ., Eurasian -Europe, Asia and -aggressive submerge'd," -dominates open water Milfoil North Africa rooted aquatic plant wetland habitats (Myriophyllum -currently one of -grows in a variety of -quickly spreads forming spicatum) the most widely environmental conditions dense mat of vegetation, distributed non- including contaminated blocking sunlight for. native aquatic waters and is common in plants below the surface plants in North areas that have been America disturbed by humans European -Europe and Asia -free-floating aquatic plant -negative impact on ,. Frog-bit -found primarily in -single white flower with wetland systems . ( Hydrocharis eastern Ontario three rounded pedals (looks -reduced native plant morsus-ranae) and isolated similar to a miniature water biodiversity locations in central lily) -forms very dense, and western -grows abundantly in impenetrable mats of Ontario calcium-rich water but floating vegetation prefers wetlands, back- -prevents sunlight waters and quiet bays penetration to native vegetation Fanwort -Native to subtropic -submersed aquatic -once established, (Cabomba temperate areas of freshwater plant fanwort forms dense caroliniana) eastern South and -distribution is generally a stands that can be very North America result of careless disposal persistent and aggressive -distribution of aquarium contents but and crowds out information is can also spread readily established native plants, limited, however, it through vegetative clogs drainage canals is believed that reproduction of stem and streams and distribution is fragments or rhizomes that interferes with limited to are easily transported to recreational areas Kasshabog Lake, new waters by recreational -when dense mats decay, it's outlet (North boats dissolved oxygen levels River) and into -grows in muddy areas of can be depleted to a point South Lake. stagnant to slow flowing where fish and other water (streams, small aquatic organisms can rivers, lakes, ponds, ditches die and sloughs) . . Flowering -Native to Eurasia -perennial aquatic shoreline -aggressive plant that Rush -introduced as a plant that is a popular spreads and displaces (Butomus garden plant in late ornamental garden plant native shoreline umbellafus) 1800s, now found -produces umbrella-shaped vegetation such as throughout Canada clusters of white to deep bulrushes, willows, and from Nova Scotia to pink flowers cattails because of its British Columbia -grows and spreads thick root system primarily from thick, -ecological and creeping rhizomes and environmental impacts when disturbed, can break are still not entirely known to form new plants Garlic Mustard -Introduced from -cool-season biennial herb -rapidly spreading (A/liaria Europe presumably that emits odour of onion or woodland weed that pefio/afa) by early settlers garlic when crushed displaces native Section 4: Changes to the Habitat of the BOW 44 Backgrounder- Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 -widely distributed -only plant in our woods woodland wildflowers in North America with white flowers in May -dominates the forest from Canada to that reaches 12 to 48 floor and can displace South Carolina and inches in height most native herbaceous west to Colorado -produces hundreds of species within ten years and Utah seeds per year -grows in upland and· , ,~ floodplain forests, savannahs, yards, and alon!] roadsides Glossy -Introduced from -shrub or small tree -buckthorn invades Buckthorn Europe producing small dark fruits natural areas and (Rhamnus -Canadian containing two or three displaces the native frangula) distribution is seeds species because of its mainly southern -has a preference for dense stands that block Ontario but occurs wetland communities sunlight in Nova Scotia, including fens, marshes Quebec and and bogs but also occurs in Manitoba upland habitats Purple -introduced from -large purple clusters of -very hardy perennial Loosestrife European settlers flowers which can rapidly (Lythrum in 1800s for flower -each mature plant can degrade wetlands salicaria) gardens, and seeds produce up to 2,7 million -forms dens,e , were present in seeds annually monocultures, replacing ballast of ships -seeds are hardy and Can native plant species -currently lay dormant in the seed -has ability to clog distributed across bank for several years irrigation Cjnd drainage most of Canada -mature plants can ditches on farmlands and the USA reproduce vegetatively with underground stems Asian Long- -Native of China -forest insect pest that -attacks and eventuallY horned Beetle and Korea that attacks a variety of native kills healthy and stressed (Anoplophora arrived to North hardwood species hardwood trees of all glabripennis) America in late -shiny black in colour with sizes 1990's random white spots, long -the variety of targets and -Canadian antennae banded in black large range of occurrences have and white and bluish white environmental conditions been limited to the legs in which it can survive Toronto and -have wings but can only fly give the potential to alter Vaughan Region a short North American ecosystems Emerald Ash -Native to China, -long, slender insect with -insect pest that attacks Borer Taiwan, Korea, dark, metallic green and destroys healthy ash (Agrilus Japan, Mongolia, coloured wings trees planipennis) and eastern Russia -produce between 65-90 lay eggs in trunk of tree, -Canadian eggs during life cycle eggs hatch and young occurrences limited -deposits eggs in the trunk bore into tree to feed on to Essex County of trees cambial layer, eventually killing tree Section 4: Changes to the Habitat of the BQW 45 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 4.2.2 Unmanageable Changes in the BQW 4.2.2.1: Climate Change Climate change and its effect have been studied in great detail. It is projected that climate change could cause both positive an Table 7: Greenhouse Gas Emissions bv Sector, 1998 Sector Mega tonnes of CO2 % of Ontario % of Canada Power Generation 35.72 18 5 Total Industrial & fossil fuel Industries 56.37 29 8 Buildino and Aariculture 28.39 14 4 Transportation 55.97 28 8 Other Sectors 21.22 11 3 Ontario's Total 197.67 29 Canada's Total 692 The impacts of climate change on wildlife and their habitat have the potential to . greatly alter our natural communities. When combined with other factors, such as pollution, development, and urban sprawl, wildlife species may be forced to change migration patterns, alter home ranges, and some species may become extirpated or extinct as a result of climate change. Wildlife species have the ability to adapt to their habitat but because climate change is occurring so rapidly many species do not have the ability to adapt as quickly as needed. In 2004, a panel of researchers and scientists produced a report outlining 18 recommendations to assist biologists in coping with the challenges of climate change. These recommendations are summarized in Section 7: Programs and Stewardship Initiatives - - Wildlife Society Technical Review. Section 4: Changes to the Habitat of the BQW 46 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 5.0 Indicator Species and Population Monitoring The BOW is an area with thousands· of wildlife species. Birds, plants, trees, amphibians, reptiles, mosses, insects, fish, and crustaceans make up an enormous wildlife population. In many cases, biologi,sts can use wildlife species as indicators of the type of ecosystem and the Maltl') of ecosystems. Certain wildlife species are characteristic to particular natural communities. By using indicator speCies to monitor habitat, many observations can be drawn. If there is a decline in their numbers then there is a potential disturbance in the watershed that has altered the natural ecosystem .. For example, some breeding birds are good indictators of upland woodland habitats. The sharp-shinned hawk, northern goshawk, hermit thrush, and scarlet tanager are examples of some birds that have been identified by Larson et.al as indictaor species of upland forests south and east of the Canadian Shield. Bird Studies Canada's, using data collected from the Marsh Monitoring Program (MMP), has completed extensive research and wildlife population monitoring. Using a suite of indicator species, they have been able to assess wetland status in the BofO - AOC. The MMP has been gathering amphibian and bird species composition and abundance records since 1995. The data is used to compare wetland conditions in AOC areas to non-AOC areas. Timmermans et al. lists the MMP criteria to select the suite of amphibian and bird indicator species as follows: • The species was sufficiently common to make detection likely • The species was dependent on marshes for breeding, particularily marshes with a mix of open water, herbaceous vegetation, and a fairly diverse set of plant species • The species required relatively undisturbed habitat conditions (e.g. habitats with few invasive species and low toxin levels) • Species that were known or suspected to be enduring population declines were selected preferentially • For amphibians: the set of species contained both early- and late-season callers Using the specified criteria, the MMP established a list offive amphibian and 12 bird species to be used in the monitoring program. Amphibian and bird species used as indicator species by the MMP include: . • Amphibians o Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) o Chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata) o Mink frog (Rana septentriona/is) o Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) o Spring peeper (Hy/a crucifer) • Birds o American bittern (Botarus /entiginosus) o American coot (Fu/ica americana) Section 5: Indictor Species and Wildlife Population Monitoring 47 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 o Black tern (Chlidonias niger) o Blue-winged teal (Anas discors) o Common moorhen (Gallinu/a ch/oropus) o Common snipe (Gallinagogallinago) o Least bittern (Ixobrychus exilis) o Marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris) o Pied-billed grebe (Podi/ymbus podiceps) o Sora (Porzana carolina)· o Virginia rail (Ral/us limico/a) The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) is a key agency responsible for wildlife population monitoring throughout all of Ontario. In June of 2005, the OMNR produced the Wildlife Population Monitoring Program Plan (WPMPP). The WPMPP described the provincial wildlife population monitoring program and outlined the priorities, representative species to be monitored and proposed activities and schedules for the MNR's Class Environmental Assessment Approval for Forest Management on Crown Lands in Ontario. It was identified in the WPMPP that maintaining healthy forests is key to sustaining forest ecosystems including wilfdlife populations and if wildlife populations are in decline, it may be an indicator ofthe health of the forest The plan also identified several wildlife species to be monitored. The following criterion was used to determine the species to be monitored: • Species which benefit from forests managed for the purpose of maintaining early successional stages; • Species which benefit from forests managed for purposes of maintaining late successional stages; • Species which utilize the following habitat types and features: snags, dead and downed woody material, riparian areas, mature/overmature stands, and large areas in similar successional stages. Throughout the process the OMNR was able to identify 43 wildlife species to be monitored by the Provincial Wildlife Population Monitoring Program. The majority of the wildlife species are bird species (36 of the 42) including the barred owl, hairy woodpecker, winter wren and brown creeper. The other wildlife species to be monitored include one amphibian (red-backed salamander) and five mammals including the eastern chipmunk, deer mouse, southern red-backed vole, black bear and moose. Many programs have been established throughout Ontario to monitor wildlife populations. In addition to the above mentioned there are also waterfowl monitoring programs, game species monitoring and others. Section 5: Indictor Species and Wildlife Population Monitoring 48 Backgrounder Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 6.0 Agency Roles and Responsibilities The goal of habitat and species protection is part of the directives of many organizations and agencies in Ontario. All government and non-government agencies identified below provide valuable contributions to the protection, management, enhancement, restoration and rehabilitatfon of wildlife habitat and wildlife species throughout Ontario and Canada. 6.1 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) The OMNR is the provincial agency responsible for the protection and management of Ontario's natural resources, including the management of fish and wildlife: The OMNR has primary administration and enforcement responsibilities for the Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act (LRIA), the Public Lands Act (PLA), the Crown Forest Sustainability Act (CFSA), the Fish and . Wildlife Conservation Act, and the Aggregate Resources Act. Part of the OMNR core program includes the Natural Heritage Information Center (NHIC) which "generates a permanent and dynamic atlas and data bank on the character, distribution and conservation status of natural areas, critical flora and fauna, communities and special features in Ontario" (NHIC Training Manual, 2003). This network of information also includes scientific data collected· across Canada, the United States and in some Latin American and Caribbean countries. The OMNR is also responsible for the Provincial Wildlife Population Monitoring Program referred to in Condition 30 of the "Declaration Order regarding MNR's Class Environmental Assessment Approval for Forest Management on Crown Lands in th Ontario" (Forest Class EA Approval, June 25 , 2003) granted under the Environmental Assessment Act. The activities include research, monitoring, and assessment activiUes and address a host of species such as moose,deer, caribou, black bear, forest birds, waterfowl, small game, furbearers, and species . at risk. In addition to the above mentioned items, the OMNR is also a key component in programs involving ANSI's and species at risk, and OMNR plays a lead role in the approval of provincial wetland evaluations. 6.2 Ministry of the Environment (MOE) The MOE is the provincial agency responsible for enforcing the Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA), the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) and the Nutrient Management Act (NMA). The MOE utilizes pollution prevention measures of the Fisheries Act (e.g. s.36(3)). The OWRA prohibits discharges that may impair the quality of any waters. The EPA prohibits discharges of anything that causes or is likely to cause an adverse effect on the environment. The NMA provides for the management of nutrients applied to agricultural lands. The MOE also manages aquatic herbicide use in Ontario. Section 7: Agency Roles and Responsibilities 49 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 6.3 Conservation Authorities (CA) CAs are empowered by the Conservation Authorities Act to undertake programs to further the conservation, restoration, development and management of natural resources on a watershed basis. CAs are community based conservation organizations which provide comprehensive techni.cali planning, educational and recreational services. The Conservation Authorities Act allows for regulations that pertain to the use of water, prohibit or require permission to interfere in any way with the existing channel of a watercourse or wetland and prohibit or require permission to undertake development (construction, structural alteration, grading, filling) in areas where the control of flooding, erosion, dynamic beaches, pollution, or the conservation of lands may be affected. CAs play an important supporting role by referring potential occurrences to primary agencies. 6.4 Environment Canada (EC) EC was established in the early 1970s to regulate and monitor industrial emissions and pollutants entering the environment, respond to environmental emergencies, and to conserve Canada's national natural resources. Its priorities include clean air, water, climate change, nature, weather, and environmental predictions. EC has ultimate responsibility for enforcement of the pollution prevention provisions. of the Fisheries Act (involving the release of deleterious substances under section 36(3». Under the Act, EC is the lead enforcement agency for the pollution prevention provisions for federal lands and federally regulated industries (e.g. federal departments, airports, crown corporations, Indian reservations). For most other cases (e.g. non-federal lands or non federally regulated industries), EC refers potential occurrences to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE), unless the potential occurrence involves sediment as the deleterious substance, in which case the referral goes to DFO. Should the MOE not respond to the referral, EC will take action as it is responsible for the administration of the pollution prevention provisions of the Fisheries Act.· In addition, EC is. responsible for the enforcement of the Endangered Species Act and the Migratory Birds Convention Act. EC is also involved in developing recovery strategies for species at risk under the Species at Risk Act. Part of Environment Canada, the Canadian Wildlife Services (CWS) is responsible for federal wildlife matters including protecting and managing migratory birds, nationally significant wildlife habitat, federally regulated endangered species, and controlling international trade in endangered species. In addition, the CWS conducts biological research on migratory and other bird species, and some mammals and amphibians. 6.5 Natural Resources Canada (NRC) The NRC is responsible for all aspects of forestry on federal Canada lands, including research, development, and renewal. Section 7: Agency Roles and Responsibilities 50 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 ·6.6 Parks Canada - Trent Severn Waterway Parks Canada manages National Parks, National Marine Conservation Areas, National Historic Sites, and National Historic Canals (e.g. the Trent-Sevem Waterway). Parks Canada has a legislated mandate to protect these representative areas for all time. This protection: mandate is strengthened through the Historic Canals Regulations and, in particular, the National Parks Act which states that protecting ecological integrity will take precedence in acquiring, managing and administering heritage places and programs. In addition to being Peace Officers, Park Wardens are appointed special constables and Fishery Officers, which gives them the authority to apply the Contravention Regulations and to enforce the Fisheries Act and other mandate-related federal and provincial statues on lands and waters administered by Parks Canada. Protecting natural areas includes creating national parks under the National Parks Act The Parks Canada Agency's role is to protect and present nationally significant examples of Canada's natural and cultural heritage and to foster public understanding, appreciation and enjoyment· in ways that ensure their ecological integrity for future generations. 6.7 Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) Under the authority of the Fisheries Act DFO is the lead agency for the conservation and protection of fish and fish habitat supporting Canadian fisheries. Specific responsibilities in relation to the management and protection of fish habitat appear in Section 35 of the Act This section, as well as the accompanying 1986 Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat and the 2004 Fish Habitat Compliance Protocol, provides the legislative and policy statements for fish habitat management DFO's long-term policy objective is the achievement of an overall Net Gain of the productive capacity of fish habitats. The primary national legislation for the protection of fish habitat and water quality is the federal Fisheries Act. Section 35(1) of .the Act states that 'no person shall carry on any work or undertaking that results in the harmful alteration, disruption or destruction of fish habitat', (HADD). Provisions within the Act include orders to restore impacted fish habitat Only the Minister or his delegated authority may authorize the HADD of fish habitat 6.8 Other Groups and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) Many groups and NGOs exist throughout Ontario and have a direct positive impact on wildlife and wildlife habitat of the BOW. These organizations provide an integral role in stewardship programs, education and informing the general public on important issues associated with the environment Through fundraising efforts and in-kind support from members, NGO's have positively influenced well over 3500 km2 (19 %) of wildlife habitat within the BOW. Some of the groups include Ducks Unlimited Canada, Nature Conservancy of Canada, Ontario Woodlot Association, Ontario Nature (formerly the Federation of Ontario Naturalists) and Ontario Stewardship Councils. All of the mentioned organizations have different objectives and missions; however, they share one Section 7: Agency Roles and Responsibilities 51 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 outstanding similarity: they· are all striving to assist in the protection and . biodiversity of wildlife and wildlife habitat throughout Canada and North America. 6.8.1 Duck's Unlimited Canada (DU) The DU organization has been committed to wetlan,d:com)ervation for more than 65 years. DU's conservation efforts take many forms. On-the-ground work is guided by the wetland and environmental research of DU scientists. DU works to change policy in favour of wetland and habitat Conservation. DU also delivers wetland and environmental education programs to teach Canadians. about wetlands and the need to conserve them. DU's mission is that "All Ducks Unlimited organizations conserve, restore and manage wetlands and associated habitats for North America's waterfowl. These habitats also benefit other wildlife and people" (Ducks Unlimited Canada, 2005). 6.8.2 Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC) For over 40 years, the NCC has bee.n working to protect Canada's most threatened natural habitats and the endangered species that call them home. NCC is Canada's only national charity dedicated to preserving ecologically significant areas through outright purchase, donations and conservation easements. Their plan of action is partnership building and creative deal-making with any individual, corporation, community group, conservation group or government body that shares their passion. Since 1962 they have secured a long-term future for more than 1,400 properties, comprising 1.8 million acres of magnificent woodlands and seashores, internationally significant wetlands, threatened prairies, and a host of other precious natural places. And in the process, they have won the confidence of Canadians who want to protect their natural heritage for generations to come (Nature Conservancy of Canada, 2005). 6.8.3 Ontario Woodlot Association The Ontario Woodlot Association is a non-profit organization that prornotes sustainable forestry practices in Ontario's private forests. With over 1000 woodlot owners the association has been able to educate and work towards sustaining over 10,000 properties of approximately 7,336 krn2 (733,650 ha) throughout Ontario. 6.8.4 Ontario Nature Ontario Nature protects and restores natural habitats through research, education and conservation, connecting thousands of individuals and communities with nature. They are· involved with preserving Ontario's irreplaceable northern wilderness; supporting local community action to protect Ontario's remnant southern forests and. their biodiversity; advocating an ecosystem approach to restore and maintain healthy populations of threatened species; and providing essential habitat for numerous species of plants and animals on their Nature Reserves (ecologically significant property throughout Section 7: Agency Roles and Responsibilities 52 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 Ontario). Their work with the Partnership for Public Lands helped increase the network of provincial parks and protected areas to 12 percent. They want to protect at least 15-20 per cent of public lands in an expanded network that includes old-growth ecosystems, road less wilderness and wetlands (Ontario Nature, 2000). 6.8.5 Ontario Stewardship Based in the southern part of the province, Ontario Stewardship is a program of the OMNR, and answers the question, "What positive role can agencies play in influencing the land management practices of private landowners?" In today's era of financial constraints, partnerships and self-regulation, Ontario Stewardship . seeks to link landowners with funding, information and expertise to ensure that good management practices fiourish (Ontario Stewardship, 2005). Throughout Ontario, 40 community stewardship councils exist with that are represented by community volunteer groups including landowners and land interest groups. The members of the council determine the environmental priorities for their jurisdiction. The council recommends and acts on several stewardship projects, such as: landowner workshops on woodlot and wetland management, pamphlets and extension notes, stream restoration projects, endangered species conservation, environmental school programs, demonstration projects, community tree plants, etc. Additional information can be found on the Ontario Stewardship website (www.ontariostewardship.org). 6.8.6 Other Groups Nature Canada (formerly Canadian Nature Federation; www.cnf.ca). Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (www.cpaws.org), Canadian Wildlife Federation (www.cwf-fcf.org), Wildlife Habitat Canada (www.whc.org), and the World Wildlife Fund Canada (www.wwf.ca) are a few other NGO's that are equally important to the conservation effort and by following the website address provided, additional information can be acquired. Section 7: Agency Roles and Responsibilities 53 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 7.0 Programs and Stewardship Initiatives 7.1 Conservation Authorities Conservation Authorities (CA) have been playing ,a vital role in watershed management for several years. The Cataraqui CA; Quinte CA (including Moira, Napanee and Prince Edward Watersheds), Crowe Valley CA, Lower Trent CA, Otonabee Region CA, Kawartha CA and a the north east comer of the Ganaraska CA (area draining into Rice Lake) are the seven CA's contributing to the management of the waters flowing into the BofO. Through stewardship initiatives, CA provide landowners with development options that enhance. and protect the natural features of the watershed. CA offer forest management programs, tree planting programs, and floodplain mapping in efforts to protect and maintain the functions of shoreline and wetland habitats. Many of the authorities own and manage conservation areas and conservation properties. Approximately 45 conservation areas are located throughout the BOW providing natural wildlife habitat. In addition to the conservation areas many authorities have conservation properties that are managed and maintained. Combined the CA own and/or manage over 50,000 acres across the BOW. 7.2 Ducks Unlimited DU has been offering wetland rehabilitation and creation opportunities to landowners for several years. Recent data gathered from Scott Muir, DU Biologist, has estimated that approximately 152,076 ha (178 projects) of wetland habitat has been influenced in the BOW through DU initiatives. 7.3 OMNR In 1991, the Ontario Wildlife Working Group produced a report for the MNR outlining 62 wildlife strategies for the province of Ontario. The goal of this strategy was a diversity of healthy ecosystems and associated wild life· populations and habitats that provide sustained social, cultural and economic benefits for all people (Looking Ahead: A Wildlife Strategy of Ontario, 1991). Appendix H is a summary of the strategies developed by the working group and provide a solid base for future development of wildlife strategies within Ontario and the BOW. Some ofthe highlights from this report include: • Adopting a complete definition of the term wild life; • Development of legislature and policy - for example: a "Wild Life Act"; • The importance of biodiversity, maintaining biodiversity and managing biodiversity; • Habitat Inventory and monitoring; • Urban Development; • Wetlands, forested lands and agriculture lands management; • Wild life populations; inventorying, monitoring and health; • Use of wild life by people including captivity, hunting, viewing, etc.; .. Section 7: Programs and Stewardship Initiatives 54 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 7.4 Eco-Gift Program through Environment Canada "Launched in 1995 as part of the federal government's efforts to protect Canada's biodiversity and environmental heritage, the Ecological Gifts Program is administered by Environment Canada in cooperation with federal, provincial, and municipal governments, and non-governmental partners. The Program is made possible by the terms of the Income Tax Act. Amendments to the Act in the 1995, 1997 and 2000 federal budgets significantly enhanced the tax assistance for donations of ecologically sensitive land, easements, covenants and servitudes. In Quebec, the Taxation Act (Loi sur lesimpots) sets out a similar tax treatment. To date, over 420 ecogifts valued at over $111 million have been donated across Canada, protecting 35,000 hectares of wildlife habitat. More than one-third of these ecogifts contain areas designated as being of national or provincial significance, and many are home to some of Canada's species at risk. An ecogift is a donation of land or an interest in land - such as a conservation easement, covenant or servitude - that has· been certified as "ecologically sensitive" according to specific national and provincial criteria. Generally speaking, ecologically sensitive lands are areas or sites that currently, or could in the future, significantly contribute to the conservation of Canada's biodiversity and environmental heritage. Ecogifts are as varied as the Canadian landscape - ranging from wetlands, shores and boreal forests, to prairie grasslands and rocky cliffs. For example, the 383-hectare Hoasic Creek Hardwoods near Mortisburg, Ontario, includes a provincially significant wetland and one of the largest nesting areas of Great Blue Herons in the southeastern region of the province. Cape Enrage Marsh, near Fundy National Park in New Brunswick, is only one-tenth the size, but is a key habitat for seabirds and home to the regionally rare Adder's Tongue Fern." (Environment Canada, 2003) To date the BQW has benefited from 11 ecogifts covering 708 ha of significant wildlife habitat. 7.5 The Ontario Woodlot Association Within the counties in and abutting to the BOW, the Ontario Woodlot Association has influenced 2,890 properties of approximately 2,063 km2 (206,264 hal. This is representative of 11 % of the entire 18, 200 km2 area of the BQW. Although these lands are not protected areas by law, the 'Code of Practice' put forth by . the Ontario Woodlot Association is designed to guide woodlot owners on how to develop a management plan that allows for forest product extraction while minimizing impacts on the environment and maintaining forest values (Ontario Woodlot Association, 2004). The principles governing the code of practice include issues related to safety, biological diversity, wildlife habitat, wetland Section 7: Programs and Stewardship Initiatives 55 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 habitat, sensitive areas, responsible management activities, protecting woodlot from fire and disease, regeneration and forest management recommendations. 7.6 Habitat Enhancement Program - BQRAP (Ee Sustainability Fund) 'The Habitat Enhancement Program is designed ,to :aqdress the fragmentation, isolation, and destruction of wildlife habitats and the whole diversity of life forms (biodiversity) that habitats such as woodlands, wetlands, watercourses, and rare plant communities support .. The program promotes, supports,· and compliments the development of Natural Heritage Strategies in the Bay of Quinte drainage area" (Habitat Enhancement Program communications pamphlet). For the past four years the Habitat Enhancement Program has been assisting landowners with over 200 enhancement projects that have positively influenced approximately 1100 hectares of the BQW. Projects include: • Planting trees and shrubs adjacent to woodlands, wetlands, and watercourses; • Creating buffers on agricultural work lands that are adjacent to woodlands, wetlands, and watercourses; • Restricting livestock access (fencing, alternate watering) to woodlands, wetlands, and watercourses; • Developing forest management plans; • Building and erecting nesting boxes and platforms for avian specie; and • By assisting landowners in the development of projects specific to their properties. 7.7 Wetland Habitat Fund 'The Wetland Habitat Fund (WHF) operates through a team of professional field representatives who provide financial and technical assistance to landowners who are planning habitat projects. Since 1997, the· program has helped hundreds of landowners conserve thousands of acres of wetlands across southern Ontario. The WHF is a non-governmental program led by Wildlife Habitat Canada, a non-profit conservation organization dedicated to habitat stewardship across Canada. It is a stewardship project of the Eastern Habitat Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, sponsored by Wildlife Habitat Canada, the Canadian Wildlife Service, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other partners and supporters (WHF Program communications pamphlet). For the past nine years (since 1997) the WHF has been assisting landowners in the BQW with over 50 habitat projects that have positively influenced approximately 200 hectares of important wetland areas. Projects that are supported by the WHF include: • Restricting livestock access and providing alternative watering systems; Section 7: Programs and Stewardship Initiatives 56 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 • Establishing vegetated buffers around wetlands and associated waterways; • Enhancing natural corridors that link wetlands, woodlands and waterbodies; . • Building small water control structures to restore wetland hydrology; • Planting native trees and shrubs around wetlands and associated uplands; • Placement, monitoring and maintaining nesting structures for ducks, cavity-nesting birds, osprey and other wildlife; • Biological control of purple loosestrife; • Creating small wetlands, wildlife ponds and shallow wetland openings; and • Controlling soil erosion and contamination of wetlands using grassed waterways, managed buffers and other techniques. 7.8 Wildlife Society Technical Review In 2004, a team of leading scientists from throughout the world gathered to discuss global climate change and wildlife in North America. The findings suggest that the problem of climate change and its effects on wildlife cannot be ignored. The following is a list a recommendations taken from Global Climate Change and Wildlife in North America, Inkley et aI., 2004. 1. Recognize global climate change as a factor in wildlife conservation 2. Manage for diverse conditions 3. Do not rely solely on historical weather and species data for future projections without taking into account climate change 4. Expect surprises, including extreme events 5. Reduce nonclimatic stressors on ecosystems 6. Maintain healthy, connected, genetically diverse populations 7. Translocate individuals 8. Protect coastal wetlands and accommodate sea level rise 9. Reduce the risk of catastrophic fires 10. Reduce the likelihood of catastrophic events affecting populations 11. Prevent and control invasive species 12.Adjust yield and harvest models· 13. Account for known climatic oscillations 14. Conduct medium- and long-range planning 15. Select and manage conservation areas appropriately 16. Ensure ecosystem processes 17. Look for new opportunities 18. Employ monitoring and adaptive management The full document with recommendations and additional information can be viewed in greater detail by following the website link below: www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binarvVaultlWildlife Society Report1.pdf Section 7: Programs and St~wardship Initiatives 57 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 7.9 Provincial Initiatives Many provincial initiatives concerning habitat protection, rehabilitation, and stewardship are occurring throughout the province. These initiatives will have impact on the BOW through policy development and implementation of the strategies. . Below are just a few of the provincial initiatives that are currently being worked on in Ontario. ' , .' .~. • Stewardship Strategy for Ontario o Recently, there has been a core group of organizations working together to develop a strategy that will unite organizations involved in environmental stewardship so that comprehensive stewardship programs can be provided to benefit landowners in Ontario. The agencies developing the strategy include Conservation Ontario, Ontario Stewardship Program, Wildlife Habitat Canada/Wetland Habitat Fund, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Ontario Soil '. and Crop Improvement Association, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. • Ontario Biodiversity Strategy o The OMNR in conjunction with First Nations, Conservation Ontario, regional Conservation Authorities, government agencies, conservation groups, the agriculture sector, scientists, industry and the public are developing a strategy to conserve Ontario's biodiversity and provide for the sustainable use of the province's biological resources. o . A draft of the strategy is scheduled for completion in May, 2005. • Green Belt Plan - Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing o "This initiatives. identifies where urbanization should not occur in order to provide permanent protection to the agricultural land base and ecological features and functions occurring on the landscape (Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2005)". 7.10 BQRAP Initiatives The BaRAP has undertaken many initiatives related to the Bofa AOC. Examples of some of these initiatives include: • Rehabilitation of the Sawquin Creek Marsh using channelization. • Development of Natural Heritage Reports for several municipalities surrounding the Bofa. • Supported and assisted with the Marsh Monitoring Program (Bird Studies Canada). • Developed a Fish Habitat Management Plan for the Bofa. • Contributing to the "Bofa Fish Tumours and other Deformities Study" being conducted by EC. The study is using brown bullhead as an indicator species. Section 7: Programs and Stewardship Initiatives 58 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 • Community Wildlife Monitoring Program (CWMP) was established to train volunteers in wildlife identification skills because wildlife species can be early indicators of ecosystem health. This data assisted parent programs such as the MMP which generates Quinte specific reports. The MMP is a broader database and provides conclusions that are sound because they are based on a broaCler database. • Two workshops held in the BQW, to explore the potential application of the Durham Region Wetland Monitoring Program to the coastal wetlands of the BofQ. • Landowner contact program which contacted over 2000 shoreline landowners around the BofQ with stewardship and contact information regarding good management of such important lands. • Continuing support for the Wetland Habitat Fund and tre Habitat Enhancement Program providing valuable habitat rehabilitation and protection projects. • Islands and embayments created along the Belleville waterfront to enhance habitat diversity. • Many programs were completed in previous years including: o Wetland, Woodland, and Wildlife for Agriculture Canada (three year program). o RiJral Water Quality Program completed over 400 projects during 8 years. Many had direct wildlife habitat gains associated with the projects. o One year of the Forest Cover Program that targeted planting trees and shrubs in the South Sydney and Wilton Creek watersheds. Section J.: Programs and Stewardship Initiatives 59 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 8.0 Recommendations • Assess and monitor the coastal wetlands of the BOW. Coastal wetlands provide valuable environmental functions that are important to both humans and wildlife. The historical and ongoin.g destruction and alteration of these valuable habitats needs to be 'addressed. Restoration and rehabilitation projects should focus on the coastal wetlands of the BofO because these are the most sensitive habitats and have been heavily, impacted from past and present pressures. To assist with management and protection of our wetlands, there is a need for a detailed evaluation and status of the coastal wetlands in the BOW. This has a direct linkage to the current delisting targets set out in the 5 Year Work Plan (see Table 2, page 5 and 6) and also to the IBU associated with wildlife and wildlife habitat (see Table 1, page 3 and 4). A valuable tool to assist with coastal wetland monitoring and evaluation will be the application of the Durham Region Wetland Monitoring Program (DRWMP; contact Greg Grabas, CWS for detailed information). • Use the Southern Ontario Land Resources Information System (SOLRIS), MNR currently being compiled and analyzed with distribution scheduled for 2006, to determine the natural components that exist within the BOW. The SOLRIS program is currently updating the digital information for the southern portion of Ontario. The digital information will include up-tocdate forest, wetland, and waterbody coverage, as well as identify many other land classifications (agriculture, urban, etc.). The latest information is dated and does not necessarily reflect the current extent of our forest, riparian and wetland habitat in the BOW (contact Ray Jahncke, MNR for detailed information). • Scoping the BOW to a manageable geographic size so rehabilitation and restoration projects can be targeted to areas of greatest need. o Potential options for scoping may include: • Scoping the study area to be consistent with other RAP programs such as the Storm Water Management area. This is an area that includes the municipalities bordering the BofO and has already been approved as an impact area by the Restoration Council. • Previous RAP doc,uments have made reference to an area of 3.2 km from the shores of the BofO. This would be an area of heavy human impact because of the influences from development, including industrial, commercial and residential. • A very natural division occurs within the BOW, the Canadian Shield. Areas south of the shield have been' influenced the greatest by development and land use. This area could Section 8: Recommendations 60 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 become the focus for future restoration and rehabilitation projects. • Application of EC - How Much Habitat Is Enough could be applied to sub watershed areas abutting the BofO so that tar.get areas can be identified for restoration, rehabilitation and protection'measures. The EC - How Much Habitat Is Enough is a framework developed by EC to guide habitat rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concem. The framework provides guidelines for three habitat categories: wetlands, riparian areas and forested areas. o Current sub-watershed areas of the BOW that the EC model has been applied to include the Salmon River Watershed (currently being developed by Melodie Green, MNR). o Partial application to areas of the Hay Bay Sub-Watershed (Wilton Creek - does not include an evaluation of wetland habitat), PEC sub-watershed (Marsh Creek - does not include wetland habitat), and the Palliser and South Sydney Creek watersheds (no wetland evaluations). Aspects of the model have been applied to the Town of Greater Napanee to identify restoration and rehabilitation areas through work by the Town of Greater Napanee, Cataraqui CA and Ouinte CA. . o Future target areas should include the entire PEC sub-watershed draining into the BofO, Moira River Watershed, Blessington Creek Watershed, and Lower Trent Watershed (area south of Rice Lake. This information will identify and direct restoration and rehabilitation efforts for areas surrounding the BofO. • Establish measurable targets for restoration and rehabilitation in the watershed. o How many and/or much wetland habitat does the RAP want in the watershed? o How much forested/riparian habitat? o How many species at risk rehabilitation plans to be involved with? • The NHIC has identified several rare vegetative communities within the BOW. A valuable prQject would be to investigate the many different vegetative communities of the BOW and identify their importance to wildlife species and possibly using field surveys identify the wildlife species that are associated within each of the rare communities. This could link significant BOW communities to rare and/or protected species that would allow for targeting of rehabilitation and enhancement projects. • Decide on a suite of indicator species for the BOW. o The Marsh Monitoring Program has a suite of bird and amphibian species that are currently used as indicators of a healthy wetland system. This data has been collected for several years and further Section 8: Recommendations 61 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 study could be applied to additional areas within the watershed to strengthen the data set. o Appendix One of Woodland Heritage of Southern Ontario by Larson et aI., 1999, has an extensive list of rare woodland species of Southern Ontario. This list includes yascular plants, birds, and other taxa that could be used as indiccltorspecies. o When a suite of indicator species has been developed (or agreed upon) rnonitoring can be targeted and measurable targets can be established for specific species. For example: • The St. Lawrence RAP identified several bird species requiring specific habitat in the watershed and determined specific, measurable goals to increase the populations of these bird species. Some of their specific criterion taken from Mackay, 2004, is as follows: • Increase the relative abundance of American coot, least bittern, sora, virginia rail and redhead breeding populations. The increase should be sufficient to make the populations sustainable. The minimum number of confirmed breeding pairs in the AOC should be 25 for Virginia rail and American coot; 10 for sora, redhead, and least bittern. For other staging waterfowl, an increasing population trend will be the criterion. Maintenance of marsh bird and amphibian populations and diversity at or above Great Lakes non-AOC averages as determined by the MMP of Bird Studies Canada. More consistent with data which is being generated by an existing monitoring program (Marsh Monitoring Program (MMP)), which allows comparison with non-AOC areas and previous results in the Cornwall AOC from 1991, 1998, and 2001. • The BORAP provides a community wildlife monitoring program that currently recruits and trains volunteer wildlife monitors in the BofO area. This program which also trains the wildlife monitors for the MMP provides sound data to the MMP. This program should be continued. • Review the BOW Wetland Evaluations from the early 1990's to determine if the species identified in the evaluations are still present in the watershed or if their status has changed positively or negatively. o This exercise will give an indication of the direction of the BOW in terms of species abundance and diversity (Are we losing our native species?). o This exercise would need to be considered as a non-scientific tool because the original evaluations were not completed as inventories but rather by more of a here say investigation. Section 8: Recommendations 62 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 • Review the Looking Ahead: A Wildlife Strategy for Ontario, 1991 to determine if the 62 strategy's outlined have had any progress in development. For more details, please refer to appendix I, which provides a summarized list of the strategies identified in the document. • Educate the public on the value and importance of wetlands (permanent, ephemeral, etc.), forested lands and riparian lands Within the BOW. • A potential project to gather a snap shot of the BofO and' its surrounding habitat would be to have two biologists (or 1 and a student) canoe or boat around the entire BofO during the spring/summer months documenting the near shore habitat (within 500m of the waters edge). Observations could include: o Biological characteristics such as wildlife species observed, vegetation species, land use, topography, slope, significant drainage. o Some materials needed would include air photos, canoe/boat (including all. safety equipment), camera (with lots of film), GPS unit, digital and paper maps, field guides for species identification. o This would provide current information that could be used in the future when the project is repeated to look at changes to the near shore habitat. Section 8: Recommendations 63 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 9.0 References Brownell, V.R., and J.L. Riley. 2000. The Alvars of Ontario: Significant Alvar Natural Areas in the Ontario Great Lakes Region. Federation of Ontario Naturalists, Don Mills, Ontario. 269pp. Cadman, M.D., Paul F.J. Eagles and Frederick M. Helleiner. ,1B88uAtias of the Breeding Birds of Ontario. Federation of Ontario Naturalists and the Long Point Bird Observatory. University of Waterloo Press, Waterloo, Ontario. Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, 2004. www.ccea.org/ecozones/mp/overview.htrril. Conservation Authorities Branch, 1957. Napanee Valley Conservation Report -1957. Department of Energy and Resources Management, Toronto, Ontario. Conservation Authorities Branch, 1964. Otonabee Region Conservation Report - 19<14. Department of Energy and Resources Management, Toronto, Ontario. Conservation Authorities Branch, 1966.Napanee Region Conservation Report, 1967 - Salmon River Section. Department of Energy and Resources Management, Toronto, Ontario. Conservation Authorities Branch, 1968. Prince Edward Region Conservation Report - 1968. Department of Energy and Resources Management, Toronto, ·Ontario. Ducks Unlimited Canada, 2005. www.ducks.ca Ducks Unlimited Canada, 1997. Rural Wetlands in Ontario: A Guide for' Landowners. Environment Canada, 2004. How Much HabitaUs Enough: A Framework for Guiding Habitat Restoration in Great Lakes Areas of Concern, Second Edition. Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Ottawa, Ontario. 80 pp. Environment Canada, 2003. www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/ecogiftslintro_e.cfm Inkley, D. B., M. G. Anderson, A. R. Blaustein, V. R. Burkett, B. Felzar, B. Griffith, J. Price, and T. L. Root. 2004. Global climate change and wildlife in North America. Wildlife Society Technical Review 04-2. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 26 pp. Kent, D.M. 1994. Applied Wetlands Science and Technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Larson, B.H., J.L. Riley, E.A. Snell and H.G. Godschalk.1999. The Woodland Heritage of Southern Ontario: A study of Ecological Change, Distribution and Significance. Federation of Ontario Naturalists, Don Mills, Ontario. Lower Trent Conservation, 1997. Evaluation of Upland Habitat in the Wilton Creek and South Sydney Watersheds. Prepared for Environment Canada by Lower Trent Conservation Authority, March 1997. 12 pp. Mackay, Scott. D. 2004. Technical Review of Delisting Criteria and Possible Impairments - St. Lawrence (Cornwall) Remedial Action Plan. Restoration Programs Division, Environment Canada. page 11. Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2005. Greenbelt Plan 2005. Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Provincial Planning and Environmental Services Branch, Ontario. Natural Heritage Information Centre, 2004. http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/mnr/nhic/areas.cfm Section 9: References 64 Backgrounder - Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Bay of Quinte Watershed March 2005 Nature Conservancy of Canada, 2001. www.natureconservancy.ca Norris, TA 1994. A Life Science Inventory of the Salmon River Alvar Area of Natural and Scientific Interest. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Tweed District, Tweed, Ontario. 68 pp + 2 folded maps. Ontario Nature, 2000. www.ontarionature.org Ontario Woodlot Association. 2004. http://www.ont-woodlot~assoc.org/forestmgmnt.html Reid, R. 2001. Fish and Wildlife Habitat Status and Trends in the Canadian Watershed of Lake . Ontario. Technical Report Series No. 364, Canadian Wildlife Services, Ontario Region. Richardson, A.H., W.J.P. Geswick, A:S.L. Barnes, et al. 1950. Moira Valley Conservation Report 1950. Toronto, Ontario. Riley, J. 1999. Southern Ontario Woodlands: The Conservation Challenge. In: Kettle A: (ed.), Southern Ontario Woodlands: The Conservation Challenge. Conference Casebook. Federation of Ontario Naturalists. Don Mills, Ontario. Traill, C.P. 1833. The Backwoods of Canada. Reproduced 1929, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto. Timmermans, S.T.A., G. E. Craigie, and K. Jones. 2003. Marsh Monitoring Program: Areas of Concern Summary Reports 1995 - 2002. Bird Studies Canada. Prepared for Great Lakes Sustainability Fund and Canadian Wildlife Services, Environmental Conservation Branch of Environment Canada. Urban Forest Associates Inc. 2002. Invasive Exotic Species Ranking for Southern Ontario. www.serontario.org/pdfs/exotics.pdf White, David, J. 2003. Prairie, Savannah, and Sand Barren Communities of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Peterborough District. Ministry of Natural Resources, Kingston, Ontario. Wildlife Ministers' Council of Canada. 1990. A Wildlife Policy for Canada. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Wildlife Population Monitoring Program Plan. 2004. MNR's Class Environmental Assessmerit Approval for Forest Management on Crown Lands in Ontario, Condition 30b. Section 9: References 65 , , Appendix A List of Acronyms list of Acronyms AOC Area of Concern BQRAP Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan BQW Bay of Quinte Watershed CA Conservation Authority COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada CWS Canadian Wildlife Services DFO Department of Fisheries and Oceans' , DRWMP Durham Region Wetland Monitoring Program DU Duck's Unlimited Canada EC Environment Canada FON Federation of Ontario Naturalists GLWQA Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement GTA Greater Toronto Area HEP Habitat Enhancement Program IJC International Joint Commission LlO Land Information Ontario MMP Marsh Monitoring Program MOE Ministry of the Environment NCC Nature Conservancy of Canada NGO Non-Governmental Agency NHIC Natural Heritage Information Center NHS Natural Heritage Strategy NRC Natural Resources Canada NRVIS Natural Resources and Values Information System OGDE Ontario Geospatial Data Exchange OMAF Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food OMMA Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing OMNR Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources PAC Public Advisory Committee PEC Prince Edward County RAPCC Remedial Action Plan Coordinating Committee SARA Species at Risk Act SO Southern Ontario SOLRIS Southern Ontario Land Resources Information Service WHF Wetland Habitat Fund WHS Wildlife Habitat Strategy Appendix A i , ~. Appendix B Physiographic Regions of the Bay of Quinte Watershed Physiographic Regions of the saw • The region numbers correspond to the physiographic regions described in Chapman and Putnam, 1984. • A figure illustrating the 10 physiographic regions of the BOW and the other 45 regions of Southern Ontario can be found on page 113 of Chapman and Putnam, 1984. , , Region 30 - Oak Ridges Moraine The Oak Ridges Moraine is an' area stretching from the Niagara Escarpment eastward to the Trent River. It encompasses an area of approximately 1295 square kilometres and forms the south-western boundary of the BOW. The Oak Ridges Moraine formed when two opposing movements of ice primarily of sandy and/or gravely material with occasional areas of deep till converged leaving a large ridge with an undulating, hilly surface composed protruding t~rough the sands. Historically, mixed forest dominated the region with large stands of white pine, hard maple, american beech, and red and white oak. After exploitation of the forests on the Oak Ridges Moraine during settlement, majority of the area became agriculture based. In recent years, reforestation efforts have been placed on abandoned agriculture land and in areas influenced by urban sprawl there is a trend to put the Oak Ridges Moraine to recreational use with the development of golf courses, ski resorts, and conservation/protected areas. Region 31 - Peterborough Drumlin Field The rolling till plains of the Peterborough Drumlin Field extends from Hastings County in the east to Simcoe County in the west. The region is characterized by many low, oval, elongated hills (drumlins) that were originally deposited when glaciers passed over the area moving masses of rock debris. Typical of the Peterborough Drumlin Field is soil ranging from fine clay to large rocks (known as till). Soil is reasonably fertile but the high concentration of rocks, steep sloping hillsides and swampy, poorly drained drumlin hollows, make the area limiting for agricultural. Another important characteristic representing the Peterborough Drumlin Field's physiography is the areas of narrow gravel ridges (eskers) that occur throughout the landscape. Vegetative communities are typically maple and beech on the higher, well-drained soils with some occasional white pine and hemlock stands. Region 34 - Schomberg Clay Plains A small area of the BOW (north of Lake Scugog) is represented by the Schomberg Clay Plains. Characteristic of this physiographic region are the deep deposits of stratified clay and silt material overlying flat till plains. Historically the area has been exposed to some agriculture but a good proportion of the land has . remained natural or as unimproved pasture because of the imperfectly drained soils. In these areas of imperfect and poorly drained soils, mixed forests dominated the vegetation with species including white cedar, soft maple, elm and ash. Appendix B i Physiographic Regions of the BOW Region 37- Carden Plain The Carden Plain is an area of limestone plain occupying a small portion of the BOW in the west. Originally under the water of Glacial Lake Algonquin, there are still remnants of beaches and offshore sand deposits. The Carden Plain was intensely lumbered and as a result the original pin.e, staflds no longer exist. The area was left for beef cattle grazing after deforestation and currently the existing forests are represented by hardwood species. Chapman and Putnam, 1984 state that "Physiographic reasoning would indicate that this area should no longer be regarded as agricultural; it requires more than twelve acres to support one unit of livestock; obviously this is an area which in the long term should be returned to forest with full supplementary development of its recreation potential". Region 38 - Dummer Moraine The rough, stony land known as the Dummer Moraine divides the two distinct ecozones of the BOW. It spans from north of the Kawartha Lakes eastward to Lennox and Addington County. Angular fragments and blocks of limestone dominate moraines of this region, with Precambrian rocks scattered amongst the landscape. Some areas throughout the Dummer Moraine have extremely shallow drifts with the occasional site being exposed limestone. Forest vegetation is dominated by sugar maple, with white cedar in areas with poor drainage. Other common species include basswood, oak,. and butternut, with evidence of hemlock and white pine having a much greater abundance in the original forest cover. Historically, the region was cleared for agriculture (growing hay, oats and corn) but over the past years the area has been allowed to return to permanent grass fields for grazing. Region 39 - Napanee Plain In 1780, the first United Empire Loyalists made their homes along the waterfront townships of the Napanee Plain. This area was one of the earliest areas of Upper Canada to be laid out and settled (Chapman and Putnam, 1984). With a relatively flat-to-undulating topography, the greatest areas of relief are found in the valleys of the Salmon and Napanee Rivers, where a variety of deposits can be found. Bordering to the north with the Peterborough Drumlin Fields, Dummer Moraine and Algonquin Highlands, this area is characterized with a limestone base overlain with shallow soils (only a few inches deep) throughout most of the region. Intensive agriculture since settlement has caused much of the forest to be removed and converted to crop and pasture lands. Sugar maple stands dominated the original forest cover, with additional species including but not limited to white elm, silver and red maple, and white cedar vegetating the lower . ground. Pastures and roadsides supported species such as hickory, burr oak, hawthorn, ground juniper, canada blue grass, mullein. Region 40 - Prince Edward Peninsula Prince Edward Peninsula is situated along the southern shore of the BofO and forms what is now a man-made island in Lake Ontario (due to the construction of the Murray canal at Carrying Place. This peninsula (or artificial island) of 1049 Appendix B ii Physiographic Regions of the BaW square kilometres (259,000 acres) is a plain or low plateau of limestone with soils comprised mainly of the Lindsay Formation. One exception exists and that is where Precambrian granite protrudes through the surface near the towri of Ameliasburgh (Chapman and Putnam,1984). Consistent with most of the other regions abutting the BofO, Prince Edward Penins!Jla has been, and still is, extensively farmed. Chapman and Putnam, 1984' state that the area of agricultural land in the county is 177,000 acres, about 71 % of the total area. Approximately, 67,000 acres of this land was considered marginal lands for agriculture production, with many acres of marsh and hardwood swamp, poorly drained soils and scattered fine stands of Canada Bluegrass. During the 1966 survey, the Conservation Authorities Branch 1968 Report for the Prince Edward Region, found that extreme over-grazing had become a problem in larger grassland areas and many of these areas were presenting major land rehabilitation problems when attempting to restore the land to its natural state. Region 41 - Iroquois Plain The Iroquois Plain is an area of lowland surrounding Lake Ontario from the Niagara River to the Trent River with a large embayment (Trent Embayment) stretching inland along the Trent River. The Iroquois Plain can be divided into sub-sections due to the variety and conditions that exist throughout this 190 km stretch of lacustrine deposits. For the purpose of this report the areas directly related to the BOW will be discussed and include the section from Newcastle to Trenton and the Trent Embayment The section of the Iroquois Plain from Newcastle to Trenton is essentially limited to a small area located around Trenton where the plain starts to stretch inland. This area is characterized by drumlinized uplands with relatively sandy soils. The inland embayment was once a large bay of Lake Iroquois and as a result there are numerous sand plains, areas of stratified silt and various types of lacustrine deposits throughout the Trent basin . . Region 53 - Algonquin Highlands This region represents the northem most section of the BOW. This region is underlain by granite and other hard Precambrian rocks.' They are covered with a shallow (sometimes non-existent) layer of stony, sandy and acidic soil that is sub-marginal for agriculture practices. Swamps, marshes, bogs and fens dominant the lowland areas with much of the upland forested sites comprised of mixed hardwoods. and some conifers. Scattered drumlin areas throughout Lennox and Addington County, Hastings County and Haliburton County provide enough soil to support small farms but they are restricted to the areas of deeper, smoother areas of till. Historically this region was used for mining and forestry practices and to a great extent still is. Throughout the entire Algonquin Highlands, 98% of the region is forested on non-agricultural soils with the exception of scattered clearings and bare rock areas. The upland forests with slightly deeper soils support sugar maple, yellow birch, white pine, hemlock and balsam fir. Appendix B iii Physiographic Regions of the BOW Region 54 - Georgian Bay Fringe From Georgian Bay eastward through the Kawartha Lakes district and into Frontenac County exists the Georgian Bay Fringe. This area of shallow soils and bare rock knobs and ridges separates the Algonquin Highlands to the north from the more productive agricultural regions to the .l?o~t~ .." The bare rocks and shallow soils of this physiographic region allow for a meagre growth of red oak, jack pine, hemlock and hardwoods. The agriculture that exists in this region is limited to narrow strips of fine sand, silt, and clay loarns in the valley areas. Throughout the region both forestry and agriculture are limited by the amount of good soil (Chapman and Putnam, 1984). Appendix B iv , , Appendix C Southern Ontario Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Vegetative Com~unltles Identified by the NHIC .. Commu Ecosite DilY (Common to Scientific Name Chart) System Series .£: as 6E 7E ~i'io:: ""I il~1 ~ ! 11 Cl.. Wetland: Lands that are seasonally or permanently flooded by shallow water as well as lands where the water table is close to the surface; in either case the presence of abundant water has caused the formation of hydric soils and has favored the dominance of either hydrophytic or water tolerant plants Marsh Meadow Marsh I Great Lakes Coastal Meadow Marsh Ecosite (,Shoreline Fen' or 'Panne') Graminoid Coastal Meadow Marsh Type X X G2? S2 Shrubby Cinquefoil Coastal Meadow Marsh Type X X G2? S1 i Wet - Moist Tallgrass Prairie Meadow Marsh Ecosite Wet Bluejoint-Prairie Slough Grass Tallgrass Prairie Meadow Marsh Type X G2G3 S1 Mineral Meadow Marsh Ecosite I Bluejoint Mineral Meadow Marsh Type X X G5? S5 , Fowl Manna Grass Mineral Meadow Marsh Type X X G? S4 Narrow-leaved Sedge Mineral Meadow Marsh Type X X G4? S5 Broad-leaved Sedge Mineral Meadow Marsh Type X X G4G5Q S5 .. Forb Mineral Meadow Marsh Type X X G? S4S5 -- Horsetail·Mineral Meadow Marsh Type X X G? S5 Prairie Slough Grass Mineral Meadow Marsh Type X (X) G2G3 S3 Jewelweed Mineral Meadow Marsh Type . (X) X G? S4 ·Organic Meadow Marsh Ecosite I Bluejoint Organic Meadow Marsh Type IX X G5? S5 I Rice Cut-grass Organic Meadow Marsh Type IX IX I G? I S4 Appendix C I Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Fowl Manna Grass Organic Meadow Marsh Type X X G? S4 Narrow-leaved Sedge Organic Meadow Marsh Type X X G4? S5 ~. Broad-leaved Sedge Organic Meadow Marsh Type X X G4G5Q S5 I Forb Organic Meadow Marsh Type X X G? S4S5 Prairie Slough Grass Organic Meadow Marsh Type X (X) G2G3 S3 Jewelweed Organic Meadow Marsh Type (X) X G? S4 i Shallow Marsh - Mineral Shallow Marsh Ecosite ! Cattail Mineral Shallow Marsh Type X X G5 S5 , Bulrush Mineral Shallow Marsh Type X X G? S5 ! Narrow-leaved Sedge Mineral Shallow Marsh Type X X G4? S5 i Broad-leaved Sedge Mineral Shallow Marsh Type X X G4G5Q S5 f-' I Forb Mineral Shallow Marsh Type X X G? S4 - I Wild-rice Mineral Shallow Marsh Type X (X) G? S5 ! Three-square Mineral Shallow Marsh Type X G4G5 S4 Bur-reed Mineral Shallow Marsh Type (X) X G4G5 S4 Rice Cut-grass Mineral Shallow Marsh Type X G? S4 I Organic Shallow Marsh Ecosite I Cattail Organic Shallow Marsh Type X X G5 S5 i Bulrush Organic Shallow Marsh Type X X G? S5 I Narrow-leaved Sedge Organic Shallow Marsh Type X, X G4? S5 .. I Broad-leaved Sedge Organic Shallow Marsh Type X X G4G5Q S5 Water Willow Organic Shallow Marsh Type X X G? S4 ! Forb Organic Shallow Marsh Type X X G? S4S5 , Common Reed Grass Organic Shallow Marsh Type X G3G4 S4 Wild-rice Organic Shallow Marsh Type X (X) G? S5 Bur-reed Organic Shallow Marsh Type (X) X G4G5 S5 Rice Cut-grass Organic Shallow Marsh Type X G? S4 Spike-rush Organic Shallow Marsh Type. . ..•.. (X) X G4G5 S4S5 I Calla Lily Organic Shallow Marsh Type (X) X G? S4 Thicket Swamp Mineral Thicket Swamp Ecosite Appendix C ii Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Alder Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X X G5? S5 Willow Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X X G5 S5 Mountain Maple Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X X G? S4 Buttonbush Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X X G4 S3 Red-osier Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X X G5 S5 -- I Meadowsweet Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X X G? ---S5 Ninebark Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X G? S4 I Silky Dogwood Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X G5 S3S4 Gray Dogwood Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X G5 S3S4 r Nannyberry Mineral Thicket Swamp Type (X) X G? S4 L Southern Arrow-wood Mineral Thicket Swamp Type X G? S3 l __ Paw,paw Mineral Thicket Swamp Type - X G? S1 Organic Thicket Swamp Ecosite - Aider Organic Thicket Swamp Type - X X G5? S5 r'--- Willow Organic Thicket Swamp Type X X G5 S5 Mountain Maple Organic Thicket Swamp Type X X G? S4 Buttonbush Organic Thicket Swamp Type - - X X G4 S3 Red-osier Organic Thicket Swamp Type X X G5 S5 , Sweet Gale Organic Thicket Swamp Type X X G? S5 Winterberry Organic Thicket Swamp Type X G3G40 S3S4 Mountain Holly Organic Thicket Swamp Type X G7 S3S4 Fen Birch Organic Thicket Swamp Type X G4G5 S4 Gray Dogwood Organic Thicket Swamp Type - X G5 S4 Spicebush Organic Thicket Swamp Type (X) X G? ---S3 Nannyberry Organic Thicket Swamp Type (X) X G? S4 Poison Sumac Organic Thicket Swamp Type X G4? S3 Huckleberry Organic Thicket Swamp Type X G20 S1 Deciduous Mineral Swamp (includes Wet Woods) I Oak Deciduous Mineral Swamp Ecosite - Swamp White Oak Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type X X G1G20 S2S3 Bur Oak Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type X X G2G30 S3 Pin Oak Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type - X G2 S2S3 Appendix C iii Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Ash Deciduous Mineral Swamp Ecosite _._-- . Black Ash Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type X IX I G4 S5 f-- Red / Green Ash Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type X X IG? S5 . Maple Deciduous Mineral Swamp Ecosite Silver / Red Maple Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type X IX G4? S5 Manitoba Maple - Willow Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type· (X) I X I G? S5 White Elm Deciduous Mineral Swamp Ecosite White Elm Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type . X X G? S5 Aspen· White Birch· Poplar Mixed Deciduous Mineral Swamp Ecosite Aspen· White Birch· Poplar Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type X Ix I G5 S5 . Yellow Birch Mineral Deciduous Swamp Ecosite Yellow Birch Mineral Deciduous Swamp Type X X G4 S5 Deciduous Organic Swamp . Ash Deciduous Organic Swamp Ecosite Black Ash Deciduous Organic Swamp Type X X G4 S5 I Maple Deciduous Organic Swamp Ecosite . Silver / Red Maple Deciduous Organic Swamp Type X X G4? S5 . Aspen· White Birch· Poplar Organic Swamp Ecosite Aspen - White Birch - Poplar Deciduous Organic Swamp Type Ix X G5 S5 Mixed Mineral Swamp White Cedar· Mixed Mineral Swamp Ecosite White Cedar - White Birch Mixed Mineral Swamp Type X X G4? S5 White Cedar - Mixed Mineral Swamp Type IX X G4? S5 Red Maple Mixed Mineral Swamp Ecosite .. Red Maple - Hemlock Mixed Mineral Swamp Type X (X) G3 I S3S4 Mixed Organic Swamp White Cedar Mixed Organic Swamp Ecosite White Cedar· Black.Ash Mixed Organic Swamp Type X X G? I S5 White Cedar· Yellow Birch Mixed Organic Swamp Type .. X (X) G4? S5 White Cedar· White Birch Mixed Organic Swamp Type X X G4? S5 White Cedar Mixed Organic Swamp Type X X G4? S5 Red Maple Mixed Organic Swamp Ecosite I Appendix C iv Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Red Maple - Hemlock Mixed Organic Swamp Type X (X) G3 S3S4 Red Maple - Balsam Fir Mixed Organic Swamp Type X G4? S5 Red Maple - Tamarack Mixed Organic Swamp Type (X) X G4? S4S5· Coniferous Mineral Swamp White Cedar Mixed Mineral Swamp Ecosite . White Cedar - Balsam Fir Coniferous Mineral Swamp Type X G4 S5 White Cedar - Hemlock Coniferous Mineral Swamp Type X G? S3S4 White Cedar - White Spruce Coniferous Mineral Swamp Type X G4 S5 White Pine Coniferous Mineral Swamp Ecosite .. White Pine Coniferous Mineral Swamp Type (X) X G3G4 S2 Coniferous Organic Swamp . Tamarack - Black Spruce Coniferous Organic Swamp Ecosite Tamarack Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X X G4 S5 . Tamarack - Black Spruce Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X X G5Q S5 Black Spruce Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X G5 S5 White Cedar Coniferous Organic Swamp Ecosite -- White Cedar Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X (X) G4 S5 White Cedar - Tamarack Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X X G4G5 S5 White Cedar - Balsam Fir Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X G4 S5 White Cedar - Black Spruce Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X G4 S5 White Cedar - Hemlock Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X G? S3S4 I White Cedar - White Spruce Coniferous Organic Swamp Type X G4 S5 Fen . . ., ·Open Fen . Graminoid Fen Ecosite Twig-rush Graminoid I"en Type X X G3Q S3? -- Slender Sedge Graminoid Fen Type X G4G5 S5 Low Sedge - Club rush Graminoid Fen Type X G2G4Q S4 r- Beaked Sedge Graminoid Fen Type ... X G4? S4S5 i I Bog Buckbean Graminoid Fen Type X G3G4 S3S4 I Perched Mineral Prairie Fen Type X G3G4 S1 I Shrub Fen Ecosite I ---- Appendix C v Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC I Sweet Gale Shrub Fen Type X G? S5 I Fen Birch Shrub Fen Type X G4G5 S5 I Low White Cedar Shrub Fen Type X G? S4S5 Leatherleaf - Forb Shrub Fen Type X G5 S5 Shrubby Cinquefoil Shrub Fen Type X G3G4 S4 Velvet-leaf Blueberry Shrub Fen Type X G5 S5 Mountain Holly Shrub Fen Type X G3G4 S3S4 I I Chokeberry Shrub Fen Type X G3G4 S3S4 Highbush Blueberry - Leatherleaf Shrub Fen Type X X G2Q S2S3 - I Treed Fen Treed Fen Ecosite Tamarack Treed Fen Type X X G4? S5 . Tamarack - White Cedar Treed Fen Type X G4? S5 Gray Birch Treed Fen Type X G4? S2S3 Bog Open Bog i Graminoid Bog Ecosite --- , i Few-seeded Sedge Graminoid Bog Type X G3G4 S5 i Cotton-grass Gn;iminoid Bog Type X G3G4 S5 Shrub Bog Ecosite Leatherleaf Shrub Bog Type X Gg I S5 Treed Bog .. Treed Bog Ecosite , Black Spruce Treed Bog Type X G5 S5 Kettle Peatland Open Kettle Peatland ---_._------Shrub Kettle Peatland Ecosite . Leatherleaf Shrub Kettle Peatland Type X G3G4 S3 Highbush Blueberry Shrub Kettle Peatland Type .... X . G2Q , S1S2 Treed Kettle Peatland Treed Kettle Peatland Ecosite I Tarnarack-Leatherleaf Treed Kettle Peatland Type ___ ------IX I G3QL...lS3 Appendix C vi Vegetative Communities Identified by the NH1C Terrestrial: All communities occurrinq on non-hydric soils Shoreline Beach I Bar Open Sand Beach I Bar Ecosite S2S Sea Rocket Sand Beach Type X X G2G4 3 Gravell Shin!lle I Cobble Beach I Bar Ecosite S2S ---- Wormwood Gravel Beach Type X G3G4 3 Red Cedar-Common Juniper Shingle Beach Type X G3G4 S1 Willow Gravel Bar Type - X (X) G? S4 1-- Limestone Bedrock Beach I Bar Ecosite ShrubbY Cinquefoil Limestone Beach Type X X G3G4 S2 --_. Sandstone Bedrock Beach I Bar Ecosite (X) G4? S1 Granite Bedrock Beach I Bar Ecosite (X) G4? S5 Sand Dune Dune Grassland Ecosite -"._--_._-- r------,---- Little Bluestem - Switchgrass - Beachgrass Dune Grassland Type X X G? S2 Little Bluestem - Long-leaved Reed Grass - Great Lakes Wheat Grass Dune Grassland Type X X G? S2 Dune Shrubland Ecosite - Sand Cherry Dune Shrubland Type X X G20 S2 Juniper Dune Shrubland Type X X G? S2 Hop-tree Dune Shrubland Type - X G20 S1 Dune Savannah Ecosite Cottonwood Dune Savannah Type - X X G1G2 S1 Red Cedar Dune Savannah Type X G? S1 Balsam Poplar Dune Savannah Tvpe X G1G2 S1 Bluff Shale I Clay Bluff Ecosite Open Clay Bluff Type (X) X G? S4 Sand I Till Bluff Ecosite Appendix C vii Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC 1--- I I Open Sand I Clay Bluff Type I (X) I (X) I G? I S4 I Cliff, Talus, Crevice and Cave Cliff - - Open Limestone Dolostone Cliff Ecosite - I Cliffbrake - Lichen Open Unshaded Limestone I Dolostone Cliff Face Tvpe X X G5 S3 1--- Bulblet Fern - Herb Robert Open Shaded Limestone I Dolostone Cliff Face Tvpe X X G5 S3 Canada Blueorass Open Unshaded Limestone I Dolostone Cliff Face Type X X G5 S3 Open Limestone I Dolostone Seepage Cliff Type (X) (X) G?Q S3 Open Limestone I Dolostone Cliff Rim Type X X G5 S2 Limestone I Dolostone Cliff Shrubland Ecosite S2S Common Juniper Open Limestone I Dolostone Cliff Rim Shrubland Tvpe X (X) G? 3 Round-leaved Dogwood Open Limestone I Dolostone Cliff Rim Shrubland Type X X G? S3 Treed Limestone I Dolostone Cliff Ecosite White Cedar Treed Limestone Cliff Type X X G2Q S3 Sugar Maple - Ironwood - White Ash Treed Limestone Cliff Type X X G? S3 S3S -- White Birch - Aspen Treed Limestone Cliff Type X X G? .- 4 Open Sandstone Cliff Ecosite (X) G?Q S1 Sandstone Cliff Shrubland Ecosite (X) G?Q S1 Treed Sandstone Cliff Ecosite (X) - _ G?Q S1 , Open Granite Cliff Ecosite - Moist Moss - Liverwort Granite Cliff Face Type X , G4Q S4 Granite Cliff Shrubland Ecosite (X) -- G? S4 S4S Treed Granite Cliff Ecosite (X) G? 5 Talus I Open Limestone I Dolostone Talus Ecosite - Dry Herbaceous Limestone I Dolostone Talus Ix X G? S2 Wet Herbaceous Limestone I Dolostone Talus (X) (X) G? S2 Limestone I Dolostone Talus Shrubland RQund-leavEld Dogwood Open Limestone I Dolostone Talus Shrubland Type G? I S~S - I X I X I Appendix C viii Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Mountain Maple Open Limestone Talus Shrubland Type I X I X I G? I S3 Treed Limestone / Dolostone Talus Ecosite White Birch Dry Treed Limestone Talus Type X X G3G5 S3 White Cedar Dry Treed Limestone Talus Type X X G? S3 Sugar Maple Moist Treed Limestone Talus Type X X G3G5 S3 Basswood - White Ash - Butternut Moist Treed Limestone Talus Type X (X) G3G5 S2 Hemlock - Suqar Maple Moist Limestone Talus Type X X G? S2 Open Sandstone Talus Ecosite (X) G4G5 S1 Sandstone Talus Shrubland Ecosite (X) G4G5 S1 Treed Sandstone Talus Ecosite (X) G4G5 S1 S3S Open Granite Talus Ecosite (X) G4G5Q 4 . S3S Granite Talus Shrubland Ecosite (Xt G4G5Q 4 S3S Treed Granite Talus Ecosite (X) G4G5Q 4 Crevice and Cave Limestone / Dolostone Crevice Ecosite Liverwort - Moss - Fern Limestone Crevice Type X (X) G5 S4 Limestone / Dolostone Solution Cave Ecosite (X) G? S1 Limestone / Dolostone Crevice Cave Ecosite (X) G? S1 , Rockland J ,. Open and Treed Rock Barren , I Open Limestone/Dolostone Barren Ecosite S2S Dry Limestone/Dolostone Barren Type X G? 3 -- Limestonel Dolostone Sh rubland Barren Ecosite Common JuniperLimestone / Dolostone Shrubland Barren Tvpe . (X) I I G? S3 Round-leaved Doqwood Limestone / Dolostone Shrubland Barren Tvpe (X) I G? S3 Treed Limestone / Dolostone Barren Ecosite . Red Cedar Treed Limestone Barren Type X G? S1 Hackberry Treed Limestone Barren Type X G? S1 Oak Treed Limestone Barren Type X G? S1 Appendi~ C ix Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Open Sandstone Barren Ecosite Dry Sandstone Barren Type X X G? S1 Sandstone Barren Shrubland Ecosite (X) G? S1 c-- Treed Sandstone Barren Ecosite (X) X G? S1 Open Granite Barren Ecosite Dry Granite Barren Type X G? I S5 Granite Shrubland Barren Ecosite Blueberry Granite Shrubland Barren Type X G? S5 Chokeberry Granite Shrubland Barren Type - X G? S3 Common Juniper Granite Shrubland Barren Type X G? S4 Treed Granite Barren Ecosite Red Cedar Treed Granite Barren Type X G? S1 Pitch Pine Treed Granite Barren Type X G3G5 S1 Jack Pine Treed Granite Barren Type X G5 S5 S4S Oak - Red. Maple - Pine Treed Granite Barren T:iQe X G? 5 AIYar I Open AIYar Ecosite Shrubby Cinquefoil - Creeping Juniper - Scirpus-like Sedge AIYar Pavement Type X G2? S2 Philadelphia Panic Grass - False Pennyroyal Alvar Pavement Type X G1Q S1 S2S Northern Dropseed - Little Bluestem - Scirpus-like Sedge Alvar Grassland Type X 'G2G3? 3 - S2S I Tufted Hairgrass - Canada Bluegrass - Philadelphia Panic Grass Alvar Grassland Type X G2G3? 3 Canada Bluegrass - Nodding Onion Alvar Grassland Type X G1? S1 Alvar Shrubland Ecosite Common Juniper - Creeping Juniper - Shrubby Cinquefoil Alvar Shrubland Type xl I G2? S2 Common Juniper - Fragrant Sumac - Hairy Beardtongue Alvar Shrubland Type xl I G2? S2 Treed Alvar Ecosite --- White Cedar - Jack Pine - Shrubby Cinquefoil Treed Alvar Pavement X G1G2 S1 Jack Pine - White Cedar - LoW Calamint Treed Alvar Grassland Type X G1? S1 White Cedar - White Spruce - Philadelphia Panic Grass Treed Alvar Grassland Type X G3? S3 Red Cedar - Early Butters:uQ Treed 6Lvar Grassl®iUl'Pe ___ L_ ~2? ______S2 ------><- Appendix C x Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Chinquapin Oak - Nodding Onion Treed Alvar Grassland Type I X I G1? I S1 I-'----t-- I I Shagbark HiCk~ - Prickl Ash - Philadel hia Panic Grass Treed Alvar Grassland T e G1 Q L.§1.J Jack Pme - White Cedar - Common Juniper Treed Alvar Shrubland Tvpe G2? "I"" S2 1 I-'- I Non-For~sted Deep Soil Terrestrial -.-J Sand Barren ~ Sand Barren Ecosite Bracken Fern Sand Barren Type X G? I S2 Hay Sedge Sand Barren Type X G? I S1 Slender Wheat-grass Sand Barren Type X G? I S1 "Tall~rass Prairie, Savannah & Woodland" G3 Moist - Fresh Tallgrass Prairie Ecosite Moist - Fresh Tallgrass Prairie Type 1 X 1 G2 I S1 Dry Tallgrass Savannah Ecosite Dry Black Oak Tallgrass Savannah Type I 1 X 1 G3 I S1 1-----+ I I Dry Black Oak-Pine Tallgrass Savannah Type (Xl X I G? S1 I Moist· Fresh Tallgrass Savannah Ecosite Moist - Fresh Pin Oak - Bur Oak Ta~grass Savannah Ty~e I X I G1 S1 Moist - Fresh Black Oak Tallgrass_~avannah I~e I X I G2 S1 Dry Tallgrass Woodland Ecosite 1--_____1-- 1 Dry Black Oak - White Oak TaligrassWoodland Type I I X I "." G? ~ Dry Bur Oak - Shagbark"Hickory Tallgrass Woodland Type X, G? I S1 1 Moist - Fresh Oak Tallgrass Woodland Ecosite Moist - Fresh Black Oak - White Oak Tallqrass Woodland Tvpe X I G2 S1 Moist - Fresh Pin Oak Tallgrass Woodland Type ITT 81· S1 Deciduous Forest J Dry Deciduous Forest Ecosite S3S Dry Oak - Hickory Deciduous Forest Type X I X G4? 4 Drv Black Oak Deciduous Forest Type (Xl I X G4? S3 I:lry. Fresh Oak Deciduous Forest Ecosite Appendix C xi Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC L---- Dry - Fresh Red Oak Deciduous Forest Type X X G? S5 Dry - Fresh White Oak Deciduous Forest T>,[>e G? S4 '"----""-- -- X X S3S Dry - Fresh Mixed Oak Deciduous Forest Type X G? 4 Dry - Fresh Oak - Maple Deciduous Forest Type Dry - Fresh Oak - SURar Maple Deciduous Forest Type X X G? I S5 Dry - Fresh Oak - Red Maple Deciduous Forest Type X X G? I S5 Dry - Fresh Hackberry Deciduous Forest Ecosite _- Dry - Fresh Hackberry Deciduous Forest Type X G? S2 Dry - Fresh Hickory Deciduous Forest Ecosite S3S DIY - Fresh Hickory Deciduous Forest Type X X G4? 4 I Dry - Fresh White Birch - Poplar - Aspen - White Ash Deciduous Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh White Birch Deciduous Forest Type X X G4? S5 Dry - Fresh Aspen - Poplar Deciduous Forest Type X X G5 S5 Dry - Fresh White Ash Deciduous Forest Type X X G? S5 Dry- Fresh Sugar Maple - Mixed-Deciduous Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh Sugar Maple - Oak Deciduous Forest Type X X G? S5 _ Dry - Fresh Sugar Maple - Ironwood Deciduous Forest Type X (X) G? S5 Dry - Fresh Suqar Maple - Hickory Deciduous Forest Type X G? S4 Dry - Fresh Suqar Maple - Basswood Deciduous Forest Type X X G? S5 , Fresh SUQar Maple - Beech Deciduous Forest Ecosite Fresh Sugm Maple Deciduous Forest Type X X G5? _. S5 Fresh Sugar Maple - Beech Deciduous Forest Type X X G5? S5 - S4S Fresh Beech Deciduous Forest Type X G4G5 5 Fresh Sugar Maple - Mixed-Deciduous Forest Ecosite - Fresh Suqar Maple - White Ash Deciduous Forest Type X X G? S5 Fresh Suqar Maple - Red Maple Deciduous Forest Type X X - G? S5 Fresh Suqar Maple" White Birch - Aspen Deciduous Forest Type X X G5 S5 Moist - Fresh Sugar Maple - Mixed-Deciduous Forest Ec:osite Moist - Fresh Suqar Maple - Lowland Ash Deciduous Forest Type X I X I G? S5 MOist - Fresh Sugar M"ple - Blac~ Maple D",ciduous forest Type _ I xL X I _G? L§3? Appendix C xii Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC Moist - Fresh SUQar Maple - Yellow Birch Deciduous Forest Type I X I X I G5? Moist - Fresh Suqar Maple - White Elm Deciduous Forest Type X X I G? ·titS5 Moist - Fresh Black Walnut Deciduous Forest Ecosite S2S Moist - Fresh Black Walnut Deciduous Forest Type X G4? 3 Moist - Fresh Hackberry Deciduous Forest Ecosite Moist - Fresh Hackberry Deciduous Forest Type X G4? S2 Moist - Fresh White Birch - Aspen - Poplar - Deciduous Forest Ecosite Moist - Fresh White Birch Deciduous Forest Type X I X G4? 55 Moist - Fresh Aspen - Poplar Deciduous Forest Type X I X I G5 55 . Mixed Forest ----- . I Dry Oak - Pine Mixed Forest Ecosite Dry Oak - Pitch Pine Mixed Forest Type X G? 51 Dry. Chinquapin Oak - Pine Mixed Forest Type X G30 S2 Dry - Fresh White Pine Mixed Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh White Pine - Oak Mixed Forest TYpe X X G4G5 S5 Dry - Fresh White Pine - Red Maple Mixed Forest Type X (X) G4G5 S5 Dry - Fresh White Pine - Sugar Maple Mixed Forest Type X X G? S5 Dry - Fresh White Cedar Mixed Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh White Cedar - White Birch Mixed Forest Type X X I G4G50 55 Dry - Fresh White Cedar - Aspen Mixed Forest Type X (Xl I ·G4G50 55 Dry - Fresh White Birch - Aspen Mixed Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh Aspen Mixed Forest Ecosite X (X) .,: G5 55 Dry - Fresh White Birch Mixed Forest Ecosite X J_ X 1··G4G50 S5 Moist - Fresh Hemlock Mixed Forest Ecosite S45 Moist - Fresh Hemlock - Sugar Maple Mixed Forest Type X X G4G5 5 . S4S Moist- Fresh Hemlock - White Birch Mixed Forest Type· X X G4G5 5 c---- Moist - Fresh White.Cedar Mixed Forest Ecosite Moist - Fresh White Cedar - Birch - Aspen Mixed Forest Type Ix X G50 55 Moist - Fresh White Cedar - 5ugar Maple Mixed Forest Type Ix X G50 S5 Moist - Fresh White Birch - Aspen Mixed Forest Ecosite Appendix C xiii Vegetative Communities Identified by the NHIC I Moist - Fresh White Birch - Aspen Mixed Forest Type I X I X I G5Q Coniferous Forest ~ Dry Coniferous Forest Ecosite Dry Jack Pine Coniferous Forest Type I X G4G5 S5 Dry Red Pine - White Pine Coniferous Forest Type I X X G3G4 S4 Dry Red Cedar Coniferous Forest Ecosite Dry Red Cedar Coniferous Forest Type I X X G? S4 Dry - Fresh White Pine Coniferous Forest Ecosite S4S Dry - Fresh White Pine Coniferous Forest Type X X G3G4 5 . Dry - Fresh White Cedar - White Spruce Coniferous Forest Ecosite Dry - Fresh White Cedar Coniferous Forest Type X X G4 S5 Dry - Fresh White Spruce Coniferous Forest Type X G4 S5 Fresh Hemlock Coniferous Forest Ecosite S4S Fresh Hemlock Coniferous Forest Type X X G4? 5 S4S Fresh Hemlock - Mixed Coniferous Forest Type X X G3G4Q 5 Moist- Fresh White Cedar - Mixed - Coniferous Forest Ecosite Moist - Fresh White Cedar - Hemlock Coniferous Forest Type X I X G4? S5 Moist - Fresh White Cedar - Balsam Fir Coniferous Forest Type I X I I G4 I S5 Summary Total Number Community Series I 8 Community Series II 28 Ecosites 110 Habitat Types 278 Appendix C xiv , ~. Appendix D NHIC Acronyms and Definitions and Species Ranking Definitions NHIC Acronyms, Definitions and Ranking Order I Code II Name II Description I IANSI-ES IEarth Science ANSI OMNR identified area having provincially or regionally significant ~Area of Natural & SClentrfic representative geological features. Interest) IANSI-LS IILife Science ANSI I OMNR identified area having provi,ncially or regionally significant representative ecological fe~tures: ICAA l[Conservation Authority Area IIA property owned and managed by a-conservation'authority. I ICGP IIcrown Game Preserve IAn area managed by OMNR primarily for the purpose of sustaining populations of game animals. I Conservation Reserve An area of public lands identified by the OMNR as a conservation ICR reserve, which is managed to permit natural ecosystems to operate with minimal human interference. IEMA-FW IEnhanced Management An EMA area identified by OMNR, intended to 'maintain the values . Area- Fish and Wlldhfe indicated by the EMA category, warranting specific management policies. An area recognized as having geological features that not been IES IIEarth Science Site I h~s officially designated as a provincial earth science ANSI. < Forest Reserve An area of public lands identified by the OMNR as a forest reserve, where protection of natural heritage and special landscapes is a priority, but some resources use can take place with appropriate conditions. LJ A site inventories in the late 1960's and early 1970's as part of the IIBP II~nternation.al Biological Program site International Biological Program. I MigratorY Bird Sanctuary An area designated by the Canadian Wildlife Service (EnVironment IMBS Canada) to protect migratory shorebird, waterfowl and seabird populations on their staging and breeding grounds. INGO-CE INon-Government A property which has a conservation easement applied to it Organlzation- Conservation Easement INGO-NHP INon-Government A property which is owned by a non-governmental conservation Orgamzatlon- Natural organization. Heritage Property . INWA I National Wil~life Area An area designated by the Canadian Wildlife Service in which migratory birds, other wildlife, and habitat are protected. Ontario's Living Legacy Site Areas identified by OMNR through the Living Legacy project, official designations (Provincial Parks, Conservation Reserves, Forest Reserves, Enhanced Management Areas, National Parks) pending r=J evaluation process completion. IpP-NR IProvincial Park -- Nature jA provincially owned and managed park. Reserve I Ipp-WI IProvincial Park - IA provincially owned and managed park: Wilderness I IpWA IIProvincial Wildlife Area IIAn area managed by the province for wildlife protection. I IRAM 11Ramsar ~ite IWetlands recognized by the Ramsar Convention as being of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitat. IRMA I Resource Management An area managed primarily for sustainable and natural resource Area harvest. WET Wetland Any wetland that has been evaluated by the OMNR using the Ontario Wetland Evaluation System (OWES) and i.s recognized as having ecological significance. The official status of the wetland is provided in the record. Some wetlands have been flagged as 'Unofficial'. These wetland~ have been evaluated by the OMNR using the OWES but, have undergone complexing with other evaluated wetlands to form a. new official wetland. IWET-U IUnofficial Wetland Wetlands that have been evaluated by the. Ontario Wetland Evaluation System, but are no longer officially recognized as individual wetlands, but as part of a larger complex . . Appendix 0 NHIC Acronyms, Definitions and Ranking Order Ranking Abbreviations and Definitions GRANK - Global Ranking Rare to common; usually between 20 and 100 occurrences; may have fewer G3 occurrences, but with a large number of individuals in some populations; may be susceptible to large-scale disturbances. Common; usually more than 100 occurrences; usually not susceptible to immediate G4 threats.' , . :: G5 Very Common; demonstrably secure under present conditions. G? Denotes inexact numeric rank (i.e.G4?). Q Denotes that the taxonomic status of the species, subspecies, or variety is questionable. T Denotes that the rank applies to a subspecies or variety. 5RANK - Provincial Rank Extremely Rare in Ontario; usually 5 or fewer occurrences in the province,ar very 51 few remaining individuals; often especially vulnerable to extirpation. Very Rare in Ontario; usually between 5 and 20 occurrences in the province or with 52 many individuals in fewer occurrences; often susceptible to extirpation. Rare to common in Ontario; usually between 20 and 1'00 occurrences; may have fewer occurrences, but with a large number of individuals in some populations; may 53 be susceptible to large-scale disturbances. Most species with an S3 rank are assigned to the watch list, unless they have relatively high global rank. Common and apparently secure in Ontario; with more than 100 occurrences in the 54 province. 55 Very common and demonstrably secure in Ontario. . Historically known from Ontario, but verified recently (typically not recorded in the province in the last 20 years); however suitable habitat is thought to be still present 5H in the province and there is reasonable expectation that the species may be rediscovered. Not Ranked Yet, or if following a ranking, Rank Uncertain (e.g. S3?). S? = species 5? have not had a rank assigned. 5AN Non-breeding accidental 5E Exotic; not believed to be a native component of Ontario's flora and fauna. Reported for Ontario, but without persuasive documentation which would provide a 5R basis for either accepting or rejecting the report. Unrankable, often because of low search effort or cryptic nature of the species, 5U there is insufficient information available to assign a more accurate rank; more data is needed. 5ZB Breeding migrants/vagrants. 5ZN Non-breeding migrants/vagrants. C05EWIC Ranking Special Concern. A species of special concern because of characteristics that make 5C it particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events, but does not include an extirpated, endangered or threatened species. . Threatened. A species likely to become endangered if nothing is done to reverse the THR factors leading to its extirpation or extinction. Endangered. A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction throughout its END range. NAR Not At Risk. A species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk. Appendix D ii NHIC Acronyms, Definitions and Ranking Order MNR Ranking Indeterminate. Any native species for which there is insufficient scientific information IND on which to base a status recommendation. Threatened. Any native species that, on the basis of the best available scientific THR evidence, is at risk of becoming endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its Ontario range if the limiting factors are not rev<;lr.sed ..• . Vulnerable. Any native species that, on the basis of the best available scientific VUL evidence, is a species of special concern in Ontario, but is not a threatened or endangered species. Not In Any COSSARO Category. Any native species evaluated by CASSARO NIAC which does not currently meet criteria for assignment to a provincial risk category. Endangered. Any native species that, on the basis of the best available scientific evidence, is at risk of extinction or extirpation throughout all or a significant portion END of its range if the limiting factors are not reversed. Endangered species are protected under the province's Endanqered Species Act. Appendix D iii Appendix E BQW Rare Species Identified by the NHIC SOW Rare Species Identified by the NHIC NHIC Identified Rare Species Occurrences in the BQW Common Name Scientific Name A Hawthorn Crataegus corusca A Hawthorn Crataegus scabrida- . AMoss Astomum muehlenbergianum . AMoss Astom,ugl mUf;)nl~rlbergianum AMoss Sryum gemmiparum AMoss Grimmia olneyi AMoss Grimmia teretinervis AMoss Sphagnum lescurti AMoss T ortula cainii Acadian Flycatcher Empldonax vlrescens Algae~like Pond weed Potamogeton confervoides Alkali Bluet Enallagrna clausum " Amber~winged Spreadwing Lestes eurinus American Beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata Arrow~arum Peltandra virginica Arrowhead Spiketail Cordulegaster obliqua Auricled Twayblade Listera auriculata Azure Bluet Enallagma aspersum Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bam Owl Tyto alba Bayonet Rush Juncus militaris Beaked Spike-rush Eleocharis rostellata Beaverpond Clubtail Gomphus borealis Bee-balm Monarda didyma Bicknell's .Sedge Carex bicknellii Black Meadowhawk Sympetrum danae Black Tern Chlidonias niger Black-crowned Night~heron Nycticorax nycticorax . Blanding's Turtle Emydoidea blandingii Bluets Hedyotis caerulea Blunt-lobed Woodsia Woodsia obtusa Boreal Snaketail . Ophiogomphus colubrinus Bowmari's-root Porteranthus trifoliatus Brainerd's Hawthorn Crataegus brainerdii Branching Bur-reed Sparganium androcladum Braun's Holly fern Polystichum braunii Bristly Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus var. hispidus Broad Beech Fern Phegopteris hexagonoptera Brush-tipped Emerald Somatochlora walshii Bulbostylis Bulbostylis capillaris Bushy Aster Symphyotrichum -dumosum Bushy Cinquefoil Potentilla paradoxa Butternut Juglans cinerea Button-bush Dodder Cuscuta cephalarithi Carey's Smartweed Polygonum careyi Carolina Whitlow-grass Draba reptans Appendix E i BOW Rare Species Identified by the NHIC Carolina" Yellow-eyed.,grass Xyris difformis Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea Citrine Forktail Ischnura hastata Clamp-tipped Emerald Somatochlora tenebrosa Classification Uncertain .. :Vertigo-paradoxa. Climbing Prai~ie Rose Rosa setigera Clinton's Leafless-bulrush Trichophorum clintoni! Cloud Sedge Carex haydenii Coast Jointweed Polygonella articulata Cooper's Milkvetch Astragalus neglectus Crested Arrowhead Sagittaria graminea var. cristata !?yrano Darner Nasiaeschna pentacantha Deep-throat Vertigo Vertigo nylanderi Delta-spotted Spiketail Cordulegaster diastatops Derise BI;3zing Star Liatris spicata Drooping Bluegrass Poa languida . Dwarf Hackberry Celtis tenuifolia Eastern Few-fruited Sedge Carex oligocarpa Eastern Hog-nosed Snake Heterodon platirhinos Eastern Pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus Eastern Prairie Fringed-orchid Platanthera leucophaea Eastern Ratsnake E\aphe obsoleta Eastern Red Damsel Amphiagrion saucium Eastern Yellow Star-grass Hypoxis hirsuta Ebony Boghaunter Williamsonia fletcheri Elfin Skimmer Nannothemis bella Engelmann's Quillwort Isoetes engelmannii ~ngelmann's Spike-rush Eleocharis engelmannii . False Pimpernel Lindemia dubia var. anagallidea Few-flowered Club-rush Trichophorum planifolium Field Sedge Carex conoidea Fir-clubmoss Huperzia se\ago Five-lined Skink Eumeces fasciatus Flag-tailed Spinyleg Dromogomphus spoliatus Four-leaved Milkweed Asclepias quadrifolia Giant Pinedrops Pterospora andromedea . Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Goldie's Round-leaved Orchid Platanthera macrophylla Goose-foot Corn-salad Valerianel!a chenopodiifolia Grass-leaved Water-plantain Allsma gramineum Gray-stemmed Goldenrod Solidago nemoralis ssp. decemfiora Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus Great Egret Casmerodius albus Greater Redhorse Moxostoma valenciennesi . Greene's Rush Juncus greenei Green-striped Darner Aeshna verticalis Grey Fox Urocyon-cinereoargenteus Appendix E ii BOW Rare Species Identified by the NHIC Grooved Yellow Flax Unum sulcatum Hairy Evening-primrose Oenothera villosa Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb Polygonum arifolium Halloween Pennant Celithemis eponina Handsome Sedge Carex-formosa Harlequin Darner Gomphaes~hna furcillata . Harpoon Clubtail Gomphus descriptus Hay Sedge Carex argyrantha Henslows Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii Hidden-fruited BladdelWort Utricularia geminiscapa Hoary Puccoon Lithospennum canescens Homed Clubtail Arig0l'!lphus comutus Houghton's Umbrella-sedge Cyperus houghtoni! - Incurvate Emerald Somatochlora incurvata . Juniper Hairstreak Callophrys gryneus Juniper Sedge Carex juniperorum Kennedy's Emerald Somatochlora kennedyi i King Rail Rallus elegans Lake Emerald Somatochlora cingulata Large Water-stalWort Callitriche heterophyUa Large-flowered Ground-cherry Leucophysalis grandiflora Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis Least Clubtail Stylogomphus albistylus Lilypad Clubtail Arigomphus furcifer Limestone Oak Fern Gymnocarpium ro.bertianum Limestone Swamp Bedstraw Galium brevipes Little Gull Larus minutus Little Prickly Pear Cactus Opuntia fragilis Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus Long Sedge Carex folliculata Longleaf Dropseed Sporobolus asper Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla Low Nutrush Scleria verticillata Lurking Leskea Plagiothecium latebricola Macoun's Shining Moss Neomacounia nitida Marsh st. John's-wort Triadenum virginicum Marsh Valerian Valeriana sitchensis Midland Clubtail Gomphus fratemus Mottled Darner Aeshna clepsydra MoUled Duskywing Erynnis martialis Mouse-ear Chickweed Cerastlum brachypodum Mousetail . Myosurus minimus Moustached Clubtail Gomphus adelphus . . Muhly Muhlenbergia sylvatica Narrow-leaved Wild Leek Allium burdickii New England Sedge Carex novae-angliae Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus Northern Dropseed Sporobolus heterolepis Appendix E iii BQW Rare Species Identified by the NHIC Northern Long-eared Bat Myotis septentrionalis Northern Map Turtle Graptemys geographica Northern Threetooth T riodopsis ·tridentata Northern Threetooth Triodopsis tridentata Northern Woodsia Woodsia alpina Ocellated Darner Boyeri~grafiana Ocellated Emerald Somatochlora minor Pale Green Orchid Platanthera flava vaL herbiola Panic Grass Panicum leibergii var. leibergii Panic Grass Panicum perlongum Pepper and Salt Skipper Amblyscirtes hegon Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Plains Puccoon Uthospermum c.aroliniense Prairie Buttercup Ranunculus rhomboideps , Prickly Hornwort Ceratophyllum echinatum Prickly Naiad Najas marina Pronghorn Clubtail Gomphus graslinellus Purple Love Grass Eragrostis spectabilis Purple Twayblade Liparis lillifolia Purple-stemmed Cliffbrake Pellaea atropurpurea Puttyroot Aplectrum hyemale Ram's-head Lady's-slipper Cypripedium arietinum Red Mulberry Morus rubra Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes. erythrocephalus Red-root Flatsedge Cyperus erythrorhizos Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus , Redtop Panic Grass Panicum rigidulum Ribbed Sedge Carei virescens River Bank Quillwort Isoetes riparia Rough Bugleweed Lycopus asper Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis Rusty Snaketail Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Sand Reed Grass Calamovilfa longifolia var. magna " Schweinitz's Sedge Carex schweinitzii Scrub Oak Quercus ilicifolia Secund Rush Juncus secundus Sedge Carex albicans var. albicans Sedge Carex albicans var. albicans Sedge Carex annectens var. annectens Sedge Carex trispenna var. billingsii Sedge , Carex trisperma vaL bit!ingsii Serviceberry Amelanchier amabilis Shaggy False GromweH . Onosmodium molle ssp. Hispidissimum Sharp-fruit Rush Juncus acuminatus Sharp-leaved Goldenrod Solidago arguta Shinners Three-awned Grass Aristida dichotoma Side-oats Grama Bouteloua curtipendula Six-whorl Vertigo Vertigo morsei Appendix E iv BQW Rare Species Identified by the NHIC Ski-tailed Emerald Somatochlora elongata Sleepy Duskywing Erynnis brizo Slender Muhly Muhlenbergia tenuiflora Slender Sedge Carex gracilescens Small White Lady's-slipper Cypripedium candidum Small-flowered Blue-eyed Mary CG'lIinsi~ palVifiora Small-footed Bat Myotis leibii Smith's Club-rush Schoenoplectus smithii Smooth Woodsia Woodsia glabella Snail-seed Pondweed Potamogeton bicupulatLis . S~uthern Flying Squirre.1 Glaucomys volans Southern Twayblade Listera australis Sphagnum Sprite Nehatennia gracilis Spiny Softshell Apalone spinifera Spotted Bee-balm Monarda punctata Spurge Euphorbia commutata . Stiff Gentian Gentianella quinquefolia Stinkpot Sternotherus odoratus Swamp Darner Epiaeschna heros Swamp Rose-mallow Hibiscus moscheutos Tapered Vertigo Vertigo elaUor . Threadfoot Podostemum ceratophyllum Thread-like Naiad Najas graciUima Three-awn Aristida longespica var. longespica Toothcup Rotata ramosior Torrey's Manna Grass T orreyochloa paUida Trumpet Vallonia Vallonia parvula Variegated Meadowhawk Sympetrum corruptum Virginia Meadow-beauty Rhexia virginica Water Awlwort Subularia aquatica Western Cliff Fern Woodsia oregana White Prairie Gentian Gentiana alba White Wood Aster Eurybia divaricata White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus White-hair Witchgrass Panicum villosissimum Wild Lupine Lupinus perennis. Williamson's Emerald' Somatochlora williamsoni Windflower Thalictrum thalictroides Winged Loosestrife Lythrum alatum Winged Sumac Rhus copallina Witch Grass Panicum gattingeri Woodland Cudweed Gnaphalium sylvaticum Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis Yellow-breasted Chat icteria virens Zebra Clubtail Stylurus scudderi Appendix E v , , Appendix F Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act EXTIRPATED SPECIES MAMMALS Bear. Grizzly (Ursus arctos ) Prairie population Ferret. Black-footed (Mustela nigripes ) Walrus. Atlantic (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) Northwest Atlantic population . Whale. Grev (Eschrichtius robustus ); Atlantic population , , BIRDS Prairie-Chicken. Greater (Tympanuchus cupido) Sage-Grouse phaios subspecjes. Greater (Centrocercus urophasianus phaios) REPTILES Gophersnake. Pacific (Pituophis catenifer catenifer) Lizard. Pigmy Short-horned (Phrynosoma douglasii) British Columbia population Rattlesnake. Timber (Crotalus horridus ) Turtle. Pacific Pond (Actinemys marmorata ) AMPHIBIANS Salamander. Tiger (Ambystoma tigrinum ) Great Lakes population FISHES Chub. Gravel (Erimystax x-punctatus) Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula ) ARTHROPODS Blue, Karner (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Elfin. Frosted (Cal/ophrys [Incisaliaj irus ) Marble. Island (Euchloe ausonides) MOLLUSCS Snail. Puget Oregonian (Cryptomastix devia ) Wedgemussel. Dwarf (Alasmidonta heterodon) VASCULAR PLANTS Spring Blue-eyed Marv (Collinsia verna) Tick-trefoil. Illinois (Desmodium illinoense ) MOSSES Moss. Incurved Grizzled (Ptychomitrium incurvum ) ENDANGERED SPECIES MAMMALS Badger jacksoni subspecies. American (Taxidea taxus jacksoni) Badger jeffersonii subspecjes. American (Taxidea taxus jeffersonii) Caribou. Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) Atlantic-Gaspesie population Fox. Swift (Vulpes velox) Marmot. Vancouver Island (Marmota vancouverensis ) Marten. Newfoundland (Martes americana atrata) Mole. Townsend's (Scapanus townsendii) Whale. Blue (Balaenoptera musculus) Atlantic population Whale. Blue (Balaenoptera musculus) Pacjfic population Whale. Killer (Orcinus orca) Northeast Pacific southern resident population Whale. North Atlantic Right (Eubalaena glacialis ) Whale. Sei (Balaenoptera borealis) Pacific population Wolverine (Gulo gulo) Eastern population BIRDS Chat auricollis subspecies. Yellow-breasted (lcteria virens auricollis) British Columbia population Crane. Whooping (Grus americana) Appendix F i Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act Curlew. Eskimo (Numenius borealis ) Flycatcher. Acadian (Empidonax virescens) Owl caurina subspecies. Spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) Owl. Barn (Tyto alba ) Eastern population Owl. Burrowing (Athene cunicu/aria ) Plover circumcinctus subspecies. Piping (Charadrius me/odus circumcinctus) Plover melodus subspecies. Piping (Charadrius me/odus me/odus) , Plover. Mountain (Charadrius montanus ) Rail. King (Ral/use/egans) Sage-Grouse urophasianus subspecies. Greater (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) Screech-Owl macfarlanei subspecies. Western (Megascops kennicottii macfar/ane/) Shrike migrans subspecies. Loggerhead (Lanius /udovicianus migrans) Sparrow. Henslow's (Ammodramus hens/owii ) Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougal/ii) Thrasher, Sage (Oreoscoptes montanus ) Warbler, Kirtland's (Dendroica kirt/andii) Warbler, Prothonotary (Protonotaria citrea ) Woodpecker. White-headed (Picoides a/bo/arvatus ) REPTILES Nightsnake (Hypsig/ena torquata ) Racer, Blue (Co/uber constrictor foxii) Seaturtle, Leatherback (Dermoche/ys coriacea ) Snake, Sharp-tailed (Contia tenuis ) AMPHIBIANS Frog, Northern Cricket (Acris crepitans ) Frog, Northern Leopard (Rana pipiens ) Southern Mountain population Frog, Oregon Spotted (Rana pretiosa ) Frog, Rocky Mbuntain Tailed (Ascaphus montanus ) Salamander, Tiger (Ambystoma tigrinum ) Southern Mountain population FISHES Dace, Nooksack (Rhinichthys cataractae ) Lamprey, Morrison Creek (Lampetra richardsoni ) Madtom, Northern (Noturus stigmosus ) Salmon, Atlantic (Sa/mo sa/ar) Inner Bay of Fundy populations Shiner. Pug nose (Notropis anogimus ) Stickleback, Benthic Enos Lake (Gasterosteus sp. )' Stickleback, Benthic Paxton Lake (Gas/erosteus sp. ) Stickleback, Benthic Vananda Creek (Gasterosteus sp. ) Stickleback, Limnetic Enos Lake (Gasterosteus sp. ) Stickleback, Limnetic Paxton Lake (Gasterosteus sp. ) Stickleback, Limnetic Vananda Creek (Gasterosteus sp. ) Sucker, Salish (Catostomus catostomus ) Trout. Aurora (Sa/ve/inus fontinalis timagamiensis) Whitefish, Atlantic (Coregonus huntsmani ) ARTHROPODS Blue, Island (P/ebejus saepio/us insu/anus) Checkerspot. Taylor's (Euphydryas editha tay/ori) Metalmark, Mormon (Apodemia mormo ) Southern Mountain population Moth, Yucca (Tegeticu/a yuccasella ) Ringlet. Maritime (Coenonympha tullia nipisiquit) MOLLUSCS Bean, Rayed (Vil/osa fabalis) Forestsnail. Oregon (Allogona townsendiana ) Hickorynut. Round (Obovaria subrotunda ) Appendix F Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act Kidneyshell (Ptychobranchus fascio/aris ) Lampmussel. Waw-rayed (Lampsilis fascio/a ) Mussel. Mudpuppy (Simpsonaias ambigua ) Physa. Hotwater (Physella wrighti) Riffleshell. Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) Snail. Banff Springs (Physella johnsoni ) Snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) . . , VASCULAR PLANTS Agalinis. Gattinger's (Agalinis gattingeri ) Agalinis, Skinner's (Agalinis skinneriana ) Ammannia, Scarlet (Ammannia robusta ) Avens, Eastern Mountain (Geum peckii) Balsamroot Deltoid (Balsamorhiza deltoidea.) Bluehearts (Buchnera americana) Braya, Long's (Braya longH ) Bugbane, Tall (Actaea elata ) Bulrush, Bashful (Trichophorum planifolium ) Bush-clover. Slender (Lespedeza virginica) Buttercup, Water-plantain (Ranunculus alismaefolius var. alismaefolius) Cactus, Eastern Prickly pear (Opuntia humifusa ) Catchfly, Coastal Scouler's (Silene scouleri ssp. grandis) Coreopsis, Pink (Coreopsis rosea ) Crvptanthe, Tiny (Cryptantha minima) Fern, Southern Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) Fringed-orchid, Eastern Prairie (Platanthera leucophaea ) Fringed-orchid, Western Prairie (Platanthera praeclara ) Gentian, White Prairie (Gentiana alba) Ginseng, American (Panax quinquefolius ) Goat's-rue, Virginia (Tephrosia virginiana ) Goldenrod, Showy (Solidago speciosa) Grass, Forked Three-awned (Aristida basiramea ) Lady's-slipper. Small White (Cypripedium candidum ) Lipocarpha, Small-flowered (Upocarpha micrantha ) Lotus, Seaside Birds-foot (Lotus formosissimus) Lousewort, Furbish's (Pedicularis furbishiae.) Lupine, Prairie (Lupinus lepidus var. lepidus) Lupine, Streambank (Lupinus rivularis ) Milkwort, Pink (Polyga/a incamata ) Mountain-mint Hoary (Pycnanthemum incanum ) Mulberrv, Red (Morus rubra ) Owl-clover. Bearded (Triphysaria versicolor ssp. versicolor) Paintbrush, Gold'en (Castilleja levisecta ) Plantain, Heart-leaved (Plantago cordata) Pogonia, Large Whorled (lsotria verticillata ) Pogonia, Nodding (Triphora trianthophora ) Pogonia, Small Whorled (lsotria medeoloides ) Quillwort Engelmann's (lsoetes engelmannii ) Rush, Kellogg's (Juncus kelloggH) Sand-verbena, Small-flowered (Tripteroca/yx micranthus ) Sanicle. Bear's-foot (Sanicula arctopoides ) Sedge, False Hop (Carex lupuliformis ) Sedge, Juniper (Carex juniperorum ) Spike-rush, Horsetail (Eleocharis equisetoides ) Sundew, Thread-leaved (Orosera filiformis ) Thistle, Pitcher's (Cirsium pitcheri ) Toothcup (Rotala ramosior) Tree, Cucumber (Magnolia acuminata ) Trillium, Drooping (Trillium flexipes ) Appendix F iii Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act Triteleia. Howell's (Triteleia howelfii) Twayblade. Purple (Uparis liliifolia ) Violet. Bird's-foot (Viola pedata ) Willow. Barrens (Salix jejuna ) Wintergreen, Spotted (Chimaphila maculata ) Wood-poppy (Stylophorum diphyl/um) Woodsia, Blunt-lobed (Woodsia obtusa ) , ~. Woolly-heads, Tall (Psi/ocarphus elatior) Pacific population MOSSES Moss, Margined Streamside (Scouleria marginata ) Moss, Poor Pocket (Fissidens pauperculus ) Moss, Rigid Apple (Bartramia stricta ) Moss, Silver Hair (Fabronia pusilla ) Moss, Spoon-leaved (Bryoandersonia iIIecebra ) LICHENS Lichen, Boreal Felt (Erioderma pedicel/atum) Atlantic population Seaside Centipede (Heterodermia sitchensis ) THREATENED SPECIES MAMMALS Bat. Pallid (Antrozouspalfidus ) Bison. Wood (Bison bison athabascae) Caribou. Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) Boreal population Caribou, Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) Southern Mountain population Ermine haidarum subspecies (Mustela erminea haidarum) Fox, Grey (Urocyon cinereo,argenteus ) Olter. Sea (Enhydra lutris ) Shrew, Pacific Water (Sorex bendirii) Whale, Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae ) North Pacific population Whale. Killer (Orcinus orca) Northeast Pacific northern resident population Whale, Killer (Orcinus orca) Northeast Pacific transient population BIRDS Bittern, Least (Ixobrychus exilis ) Falcon anatum subspecies, Peregrine (Falco peregrinus anatum) Goshawk laingi subspecies, Northern (Accipiter gentilis laingi) Gull, Ross's (Rhodostethia rosea ) Murrelet. Marbled (Brachyramphus marmoratus ) Pipit. Sprague's (Anthus sprague/i ) Warbler. Hooded (Wi/sonia citrina) REPTILES Foxsnake, Eastern (Elaphe gloydi) Gartersnake, Butler's (Thamnophis butleri ) ,Gophersnake, Great Basin (Pituophis catenifer deserticola) Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus ) Ratsnake, Eastern (Elaphe obsoleta ) Ribbonsnake, Eastern (Thamnophis sauritus ) Atlantic population Snake. Eastern Hog-nosed (Heterodon platirhinos ) Snake, Queen (Regina septemvittata ) SoftshelL Spiny (Apalone spinifera ) Stinkpot (Sternotherus odoratus ) AMPHIBIANS Salamander. Allegheny Mountain Dusky (Desmognathus ochrophaeus ) Salamander. Coastal Giant (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) Salamander. Jefferson (Ambystoma jeffersonianum ) Appendix F iv Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act Spadefoot. Great Basin (Spea inlermonlana ) Toad. Fowler's (Bufo fowleri) FISHES Chubsucker. Lake (Erlmyzon sucetta ) Darter. Eastern Sand (Ammocrypla pel/ucida ) Gar. Spotted (Lepisosleus oculalus ) < , ~ Lamprey. Vancouver (Lampelra macrosloma ) Minnow. Western Silvery (Hybognalhus argyrilis ) Sculpin. Cultus Pygmy (Cottus sp. ) Sculpin. Shorthead (Collus confusus ) Shiner. Carmine (Nolropis percbbromus ) Smelt. Lake Utopia Dwarf (Osmerus speclrum ) Wolffish. Northern (Anarhichas denticulalus ) Wolffish. Spotted (Anarhichas minor) ARTHROPODS Hairstreak, Behr's (Columbia) (Salyrium behrii columbia) Metalmark, Mormon (Apodemia mormo ) Prairie population Skipper. Dun (Euphyes veslris ) Western population MOLLUSCS Abalone Northern (Haliotis kamlschalkana ) Jumping-slug, Dromedary (Hemphillia dromedarius ) VASCULAR PLANTS Aster, Anticosti (Symphyoirichum anlicoslense ) Aster, Crooked-stem (Symphyolrichum prenanlhoides ) Aster. Western Silvery (Symphyotrichum sericeum) Aster. White Wood (Eurybia divaricala ) Aster. White-top (Sericocarpus rigidus ) Aster. Willowleaf (Symphyotrichum praealturn ) Blazing Star. Dense (Liatris spicala ) Blue-flag, Western (Iris missouriensis ) Braya, Fernald's (Braya fernaldii) Buffaloqrass (Buchloe dactyloides ) Coffee-tree, Kentucky (Gymnocladus dioicus ) Colicroot (Aletris farinosa ) Corydalis, Scouler's (Corydalis scouleri ) Daisy, Lakeside (Hymenoxys herbacea ) Deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum ) Fern, Lemmon's Holly (Polystichum lemmonii ) Gentian, Plymouth (Sabatia kennedyana ) Golden Crest (Lophiola aurea ) Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) Greenbrier. Round-leaved (Smilax rotundifolia ) Great Lakes Plains population Hoptree, Common (Plelea trifoliala ) Hyacinth, Wild (Camassia scilloides) Jacob's-Iadder. Van Brunt's (Polemonium vanbrunliae ) Lily, Lyall's Mariposa (Calochortus lyallii ) Mosquito-fern, Mexican (Azolla mexicana ) Mouse-ear-cress, Slender (Halimolobos virgata ) Prairie-clover. Hairy (Dalea vil/osa var. villosa) Redroot (Lachnanthes caroliana ) Sanicle, Purple (Sanicula bipinnalifida ) Soapweed (Yucca glauca ) Spiderwort, Western (Tradescantia occidentalis ) Spike-rush, Tubercled (Eleocharis luberculosa ) Violet. Yellow Montane (Viola praemorsa ssp. praemorsa) Appendix F v Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act Water-pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbel/ata ) Water-willow. Arnerican (Justicia americana) MOSSES Moss. Haller's Apple (Bartramia hal/eriana ) SPECIAL CONCERN SPECIES , , MAMMALS Beaver. Mountain (Aplodontia rufa ) Caribou. Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) Northern Mountain population Mole. Eastern (Sca/opus aquaticus ) Prairie Dog. Black-tailed (Cynomys ludovicianus ) Vole. Woodland (Microtus pinetorum ) Whale. Killer (Orcinus orca) Northeast Pacific offshore population Wolf. Eastern (Canis lupus Iycaon) BIRDS Chat virens subspecies, Yellow-breasted (lcteria virens virens) Curlew, Long-billed (Numenius americanus ) Duck, Harlequin (Histrionicus histrionicus ) Eastern population Falcon pealei subspecies. Peregrine (Falco peregrinus pealet) Goldeneye, Barrow's (Bucephala islandica ) Eastern population Gull, Ivory (Pagophila eburnea ) Owl, Barn (Tyto alba) Western population Owl, Flammulated (Otus f1ammeolus ) Rail, Yellow (Coturnicops noveboracensis) Screech-Owl kennicottii subspecies, Western (Megascops kennicottii kennicottil) Sparrow princeps subspecies, Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis princeps) Warbler. Cerulean (Dendroica cerulea ) . Woodpecker, Lewis's (Melanerpes lewis) REPTILES Boa, Rubber (Charina bollae ). Milksnake (Lamprope/tis triangulum) Ribbonsnake, Eastern (Thamnophis sauritus ) Great Lakes population Skink, Western (Eumeces skiltonianus ) Turtle, Northern Map (Graptemys geographica) AMPHIBIANS Frog, Coast Tailed (Ascaphus truei) Frog, Northern Leopard (Rana pipiens ) Western Boreal/Prairie populations Frog. Red-legged (Rana aurora ) Salamander. Coeur d'Alene (Plethodon idahoensis ) Salamander. Spring (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus ) Toad, Great Plains (Bufo cognatus) Toad, Western (Bufo boreas) FISHES Chub, Silver (Macrhybopsis storeriana ) Killifish, Banded (Fundulus diaphanus ) Newfoundland population Minnow, Pug nose (Opsopoeodus emiliae ) Sculpin, Columbia Mottled (Collus bairdii hubbs/) Shiner, Bridle (Notropis bifrenatus ) Sucker. Spotted (Minytrema me/anops) Topminnow, Blackstripe (Fundulus notatus) Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus ) Wolffish, Atlantic (Anarhichas lupus) Appendix F ·vi Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act ARTHROPODS Monarch (Danaus plexippus ) Weidemeyer's Admiral (Limenitis weidemeyerii) MOLLUSCS Jumping-slug. Warty (Hemphi/lia glandulosa ) Oyster. Olympia (Ostrea conchaphila ) , , VASCULAR PLANTS Ash. Blue (Fraxinus quadrangulata ) Beggarticks. Vancouver Island (Bidens amplissima ) Fern, American Hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium ) Fern. Coastal Wood (Dryopteris arguta) Goldenrod. Riddell's (Solidago ridde/lii ) Hairgrass. Mackenzie (Deschampsia mackenzieana ) Indian-plantain. Tuberous (Arrioglossum plantagineum ) Milk-vetch. Fernald's (Astragalusrobbinsii var. fernaldil) Pepperbush, Sweet (Clethra alnifolia ) Rose, Climbing Prairie (Rosa setigera ) . Tansy, Floccose (Tanacetum huronflnse var. f1occosum) Thrift, Athabasca (Armeria maritima ssp. interior) Willow. Felt-leaf (Salix silicicola) Willow, Sand-dune Short-capsuled (Salix brachycarpa var. psammophila) Willow, rurnor's (Salix turnorii) Woolly-heads, Tall (Psilocarphus elatior) Prairie population Yarrow, Large-headed Woolly (Achillea millefolium var. megacephalum) LICHENS Lichen. Boreal Felt (Erioderma pedicel/atum ) Boreal population Appendix F vii , , Appendix G Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original Conservation Reports Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original Conservation Reports Mammals 1 Common Name Latin Name Conservation Report Beaver Castor canadensis Kuhl MR PE NR OR LT Big Brown Bat EDtesicus fuscus (Beauvais) MR OR LT Black Bear Ursus americanus Pallas MR PE NR Bobcat (Bay Lynx) Lynx rufus NR LT Cottontail Svlvilagus floridanus (Allen) MR PE NR OR LT Coyote (Brush Wolf) Canis latrans Say MR PE NR OR LT Deer Mouse Peromvscus maniculatus (WaQner) MR OR LT Eastern Chipmunk Tamais striatus (Linnaeus) MR PE NR OR LT Eastern Grey Squirrel Sc;urus carolinensis Gmelin MR PE NR OR LT Eastern Red Bat Lasiurus borealis OR LT Ermine (Short-tailed Weasel) Mustela erminea Linnaeus- MR PE NR OR LT European Hare Lepus europaeus PE NR OR LT Fisher Maries pennant; , NR Grav Wolf (TimberWolfl Canis lupus PE NR Grev Fox Urocvon cinereoamentus (Schreb.) MR NR Hairv-tailed Mole Parascalovs breweri (Bachman) MR OR LT Harbour Seal Phoco vitulina PE Hoary Sat Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvais) MR PE OR. LT House Mouse Mus musculus Linnaeus MR PE OR LT House Rat Rattus norveQicus (Erxleben) MR PE OR LT Least Brown Bat Mvotis subulatus (Sav) MR OR LT Little Brown Mvotis (Sat) Mvotis lucifuqus (LeConte) MR PE OR LT Lonq-eared Brown Bat . Mvotis keeniUMerriam) MR . OR LT LonQ-tailed Weasel Mustefa frenata Lichtenstein MR PE NR OR LT Lvnx (Canada Lynx) Lvnx canadensis NR Marten Maries americana NR Masked Shrew (Cinereous) Sorex cinereus Kerr MR PE OR LT Meadow Jumoinq Mouse Zavus hudsonius' (Zimmermann) MR PE OR LT Meadow Mouse Microtus pennsvlvanicuslOrd) MR PE OR LT Mink Mustela vison (Schreber) MR PE NR OR LT Moose Alces americana (Clinton) MR NR Muskrat Ondatra zibethica (Linnaeus) MR PE NR OR LT Northern FlyinQ Squirrel Glaucomvs sabrinus (Shaw) MR PE OR LT Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Mole) Blarina brevicauda (Sav) MR PE OR LT Pigmy Shrew (microsorex subspecies) Sorex hovi MR OR LT Pipistrelle Pipistrel/us subflavus (F. Cuvie) MR OR LT Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum' (Linnaeus) MR NR OR LT Raccoon Procyon lotor (Unnaeus) MR PE NR OR LT Red Fox ValDes vuloes (Desmares!) MR PE NR OR LT Red Sauirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben) MR PE OR LT Red-backed Mouse Clethrionomvs aaooeri (Viaors) MR RiVer Otter Lutra canadensis (Schreber) MR NR LT Silver-haired -Bat Lasionycteris noctivaQans (LeConte) MR PE OR LT Smoky Shrew Sorex fumeus Miller MR PE OR LT Southern Boo Lemmina (Cooper's) Svnantomvs cooneri Baird MR OR LT Southern Flvina Sauirrel G/aucomvs vofans (Linnaeus) MR OR LT Star~nosed Mole Condyfura cristata (Unnaeus 1 MR PE OR LT Striped Skunk Meohitis. mephitis (Schreber) MR PE NR OR LT VaryinQ rtare or Snowshoe Rabbit Lepus americanus Erxlaben MR PE NR OR LT Water Shrew Sorex vafustris Richardson MR OR LT White-footed Mouse Peromvscus leucovus (RafinsQue) MR PE OR LT Appendix G i Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original Conservation Reports White-tailed or VirQinia Deer Odocoilus vir:qinianus (Boddaert) MR PE NR OR LT VVoodchuck(Groundhoo) Marmota monax (Linnaeus) MR PE OR LT Woodland Jumping Mouse Naoaeozaous insionis (Miller) MR OR LT Birds Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens PE American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus ' ~, --' .~ MR PE OR LT American Black Duck Anas rubripes MR PE NR OR LT American voot Fu/ica americana PE OR LT American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos MR PE . OR LT American Golden Plover P/uvialis dominica PE LT American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis MR PE OR LT American Kestrel (Sparrow Hawk) Fa/co sparverius MR PE OR LT American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus LT American Pipit (Water Pipit) Anthus rubescens PE OR LT American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla MR PE '. OR LT American Robin Turdus mfgratorius MR PE OR LT American Tree Sparrow Spizel/a arborea PE OR LT American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos PE American WigeorJ Anas americanus PE LT American Woodcock Scolopax minor MR PE OR LT Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii LT Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus PE OR LT Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula MR PE OR LT Bank Swallow Riparia riparia MR PE OR LT Barn Owl Tyto alba PE Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica MR PE OR LT Barred Owl Sfrix varia MR PE. OR LT Bay-breasted Warbler Dendroica castanea PE OR LT Belted Kingfisher Cery/e a/cyon MR PE OR LT Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii LT Black and White Warbler Mniotilta varia MR PE OR LT Black Scoter (Common Scoter) Melanitta nigra PE LT Black Tern· Childonias niger MR PE OR LT Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus PE OR LT Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola PE OR LT Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythopthalmus MR PE OR LT Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica Fusca MR PE OR LT Black-capped Chickadee Parus atricapil/us MR PE OR LT Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax PE OR LT Blackpoll VVarbler Dendroica striata PE OR LT Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens MR PE OR LT Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens MR PE OR LT Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata MR PE OR LT Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea PE Blue-winged Teal Anas discors PE OR LT Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora pinus PE OR Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus MR PE OR LT Bonaparte's Gull Larus philadelphia . PE OR LT Boreal Chickadee Parus hudsonicus PE OR LT Boreal Owl Aego/ius funereus PE Brant Branta bernicla PE LT Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus MR PE OR LT . Brown Creeper Certhia americana PE OR LT Brown Thrasher Taxostoma rufum MR PE OR LT Appendix G ii Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original Conservation Reports Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater MR PE OR LT Bufflehead Bucepha/a a/beo/a PE OR LT Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis LT Canada Goose Branata canadensis PE OR LT Canada Warbler Wi/sonia canadensis MR PE OR LT Canvasback. Aythya valisineria PE OR LT Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina ' , '.' PE OR LT Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicicanus PE LT Caspian Tern Sterna caspia PE OR LT Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis PE LT Cedar Waxwing B.ombycilla cedror!lm MR PE OR LT Cerulean Warbler Dendroica ceru/ea PE Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica MR PE OR LT Chimney Swift Chaetura pefagica MR PE OR LT Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina MR PE OR LT Clay-coloured Sparrow Spizella pal/ida PE Cliff Swallow Hirundo pyrrhonota MR PE OR LT Common Gallinule (Common Moorhen) Gaffinu/a chloropus PEo OR LT' Common Goldeneye Bucepha/a c/angula PE OR LT Common Grackle· Quiscalus quiscula PE OR LT Common Loon Gaviaimmer MR PE OR LT Common Merganser Mergus merganser MR PE OR LT Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor MR PE OR LT Common Raven COtvUS corax PE OR LT Common Redpoll Cardue/is flammea PE OR LT Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago MR PE OR LT CommonTem Sterna hirundo MR PE OR LT Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas MR PE OR LT Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis OR LT Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii MR PE OR LT Dark-eyed Junco (Slate; Orgeon) Junco hyemalis MR PE OR LT Dickcissel Spiza americana PE Double-crested Cormorant Pha/acrocorax auritus PE LT Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens MR PE OR LT Dunl1n . Ca/idris alpina PE LT Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis MR PE OR LT Eastern Kingbird .. Tyrannus tyrannus MR PE OR LT Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna MR PE OR LT Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe MR PE OR LT E.astern Screech Owl Otus asio PE OR LT Eastern Towhee (Rufous-sided Towhee) Pipilo erythrophthalmus MR PE OR LT Eastern Wood Pewee Contopus virens MR PE OR LT Eurasian Wigeon . An~s penelope LT European Starling Sturnus vulgaris MR PE OR LT Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus MR OR LT Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla MR PE OR LT Forester's Tern Sterna forster; OR Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca PE OR LT Gadwall Anas strepera PE OR LT Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus LT Glossy Ibis Plegadis fa/cinellus LT Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos PE Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa PE OR LT Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera LT Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum MR PE OR Appendix G iii Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original Conservation Reports Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis MR PE OR LT Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis PE OR LT Gray Partridge Perdix perdix PE Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus PE OR LT Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus PE LT Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias MR PE NR OR LT Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus ' , ,~ MR PE OR LT , Great Egret (Great White Egret; Common Casmerodius albus PE LT Egret) MR Great Gray Owl Strix nebulosa PE LT Great Homed OWl Bubo virginianus MR PE OR LT Greater Scaup Aythya marila MR PE OR LT Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons PE Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melano/euca PE OR LT Green Heron Butorides virescens MR PE OR LT Green-winged Teal Anas crecca PE LT Gyrfalcon Fa/co rusticolus PE Hairy Woodpecker Hcoides villosus MR PE OR LT Harris' Sparrow Zonotrichia querula PE OR Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus hens/owii PE OR LT Hermit Thrush Catharus guttataus MR PE OR LT Herring Gull Larus argentatus MR PE OR LT Hoary Redpoll Carduelis hornemanni PE OR Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus MR PE OR LT Hooded Warbler Wi/sonia citrina PE Homed Grebe Podiceps auritus PE OR LT Horned Lark Eremophila a/pestris MR PE OR LT House Sparrow Passer dome~ticus PE OR LT House Wren Troglodytes aedon , MR PE OR LT Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica PE LT Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea MR PE OR LT Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea LT Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosu:~ LT Killdeer Plover Charadrius vociferus MR PE OR LT King Eider Somateria spectabiJis PE King Rail Raflus efegans PE Lapland Longspur Calcarius /aaonicus PE LT Le Conte's Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii PE Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis PE OR LT Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus MR PE OR LT Least Sandpiper Calidris m/nutilla PE OR LT Lesser Scaup Aythya aftinis PE OR LT Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa f/avipes PE OR LT Lincoln's Sparrow Me/ospiza lincolnii PE OR LT Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea PE Little Gull Larus minutus LT Loggerhead Shrike Lanius /udovicianus PE OR LT Long-billed Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris PE OR LT Long-eared Owl , Asio otus PE LT Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla PE OR Magnolia Warbler Oendroica magnolia MR PE OR LT Mallard Duck Anas plalyrhynchos PE OR LT Merlin (Pigeon Hawk) Falco columbarius PE OR LT Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura MR PE OR LT Mourning Warbler Opororn;s philadelphia MR PE OR LT AppendixG iv Wildlife and Vegetative Species Ust from Original Conservation Reports Mute Swan Cygnuso/or PE Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla MR PE OR LT Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis PE OR LT Northern Flicker (Yellow-shafted Flicker) Colaptes auratus MR PE OR LT Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis PE OR LT Northern Harrier (Marsh Hawk) Circus cyaneus MR PE OR LT , Northern Hawk Owl Surnia ulula ' , PE Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos PE LT Northern Pintail Anasacuta PE OR LT Northern Rough-winged Swallow Ste/gidopteryx serripennis MR PE OR LT Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus OR LT Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata . PE OR LT Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor MR PE OR LT Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis i MR PE OR LT Oldsquaw (Long-tailed Duck) Clangula hyemalis PE OR LT Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus borealis MR PE , LT Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata PE OR LT Orchard Oriole ICterus spurius PE LT Osprey Pandion haliaetus MR PE OR . LT Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapil/us MR PE OR LT . Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum PE OR LT Parasitic Jaeger . Stercararius parasiticus PE LT Parula Warbler (Northern Parula) Parula americana PE OR LT Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanatos PE LT Peregrine Falcon (Duck Hawk) Falco peregrinus PE NR OR LT Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus PE OR LT Pied-billed Grebe Padi/ymbus podiceps MR PE OR LT Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pi/eatus MR PE OR LT Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator PE OR LT Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus OR LT Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus PER OR LT Piping Plover Charadrius melodus PE LT Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor OR LT Purple "Finch Carpodacus purpureus MR PE OR LT Purple Gallinule Porphyrula mariinica OR Purple Martin Progne subis MR PE OR LT Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima LT Red Crossbill Loxia GUrvirostra OR LT Red Knot Calidris can.utus PE LT Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus PE . Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator PE OR LT Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis MR PE OR LT Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus MR PE OR LT Redhead Aythya americana PE OR LT Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus MR PE OR LT Red~necked Grebe Pod/ceps grisegena PE OR LT .Red-necked Pharlarope Pha/aropus lobatus LT Red-shouldered HaWk Buteo lineatus MR PE OR LT Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis MR PE OR LT Red-throated Loon Gavia ste/fata PE OR LT Red-winged I?lackbird Agelaius phoeniceus MR PE OR LT Ring-oWed Gull Larus defawarensis PE OR LT Ring-necked Duck Aythya co/laris PE OR LT Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus PE OR LT Rock Dove Columba livia PE LT Appendix G v Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original Conservation Reports Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus MR PE OR LT Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus PE OR LT Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula MR PE OR LT Ruby-tnroated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris MR PE OR LT Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis PE LT Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres PE LT ',,' Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbel/us ' " J MR PE NR OR LT Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus PE OR LT Sanderling Cafidris alba PE· LT Savannah Sparrow Passercufus sandwichensis MR PE OR LT Scarlet Tanager Piranga ofivacea PE OR LT Sedge Wren (Short-billed Marsh Wren) Cistothorus platensis MR PE OR LT Semipalmated Plover Charadrius sem/palmatus PE OR LT Semipalmated Sandpiper Ca/idris pl..fsilla PE OR LT Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus MR PE OR LT Short-billed Dowitcher Umnodromus griseus . LT Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus PE LT Snow Bunting Plectrophenax niva/is PE OR LT Snow Goose (Blue) Chen caeru/escens PE LT Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca PE LT Solitary Sandpiper Tringa so/itaria' PE OR LT Solitary Vireo (Blue-headed) Vireo solitarius PE OR LT Song Sparrow Me/ospiza me/odia . MR PE OR LT Sora Porzana carolina MR PE OR LT Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia PE OR LT $pruce Grouse Dendrag-apus canadensis MR NR Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himanlopus LT Summer Tanager Piranga rubra PE Surf Scoter' Me/anitta perspieillata PE LT Swainson's Thrush Catharus uslu/alus PE OR LT Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana MR PE OR LT Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina PE OR LT Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia PE Three-toed Woodpecker (Northern) Pieoides tridaetyles OR LT Traill's Flycatcher (Alder andlor Willow) Empidonax alnorum or traillii MR PE OR LT Tree Swallow Tachyeinela bic%r MR PE OR LT Tundra Swan (Whistling Swan) Cygnus columbianus PE OR LT. Turkey Vulture Catharles aura PE OR LT Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda PE LT Veery . Catharus fuscescens PE OR LT Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus MR PE OR LT Virginia Rail Ral/us limicola MR PE OR LT Warbling Vireo Vireo gi/vus PE OR LT Western Grebe Aeehrnophorus occidentafis LT . Western MeadoWlark Sturnefla neg/ecta - PE Western Sandpiper Ca/idris mauri ' LT Whim brei Nurnenius phaeopus PE LT Whip-poor-will Caprimu/gus vociferus MR PE OR LT White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis MR PE OR LT White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia feucophrys PE OR LT White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis PE LT White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albieollis MR PE OR LT White-winged Crossbill - Loxia /eueoptera OR LT White-winged Scater Melanitla fusea PE LT Wild Turkey Me/eagris gaflopavo PE Appendix G vi Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original Conservation Reports Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus LT Wilson's Phalarope Pha/aropus tdcolor PE LT Wilson's Warbler Wi/sonia pusil/a PE OR LT Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes PE LT Wood Duck Aix sponsa PE NR OR LT . Wood Thrush . Hylocichla mustelina MR PE OR LT ... , Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorus ' , LT Yellow Warbler Dendraica petechia MR PE OR LT Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax fJaviventris MR PE OR LT Yeliow-beBied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus var;us MR PE OR LT Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus amer/canus PE OR LT Yellow-breasted Chat Ic/eria virens PE LT Yellow-rumped Warbler (Myrtle Warbler) Dendroica coronata MR PE OR LT Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons PE OR LT Amphibians and Reptiles . American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana PE NR American Toad Bufo americanus PE NR Blanding's Turtle Emydoidea blanding PE NR Blue-spotted Salamander Ambystoma laterale NR Brownsnake Storfa dekayi MR PE Common Garter-snake Thamnophis sirtalis. sirtalis MR PE NR Eastern Hog-nosed Snake Heleroden platyrhinos MR Eastern Newt (Red-spotted) Notophthalmus viridescens PE NR Eastern Ribbonsnake . Thamnophis saun1us MR NR Eastern Smooth Green Snake Opheodrys vernalis MR PE NR Five-lined Skink Eumeces fascialus NR Four-toed Salamander Hemidacty/ium sculaium NR Green Frog . Rana clamitans PE NR Jefferson's Salamander Ambysloma jeffersonianum PE Leopard Frog Rana pip/ens PE NR Massasauga Sislrurus catenalus PE Midland Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta marginata NR Milksnake Lampropeltis triangul!,lm MR PE NR Mink Frog Rana seplentriona/is NR Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus . PE Northern Map Turtle " Graptemys geographica PE Northern Water-snake Nerodia sipedon sipedon MR PE NR Painted Turtle (Western) Chrysemys plcta belli PE Pickeral Frog Rana pa/ustris PE NR Rat snake (Pilot, Black) E/aphe obsoleta MR PE NR Eastern Red-backed Salamander Plethodon c. cinerus PE NR Red-bellied Snake Storia occipito-macu/ala MR PE NR Ring-necked Snake Diadophus punctatus edwardsii MR Snapping Turtle Chelydra-serpentina PE NR Spotted Salamander Arnbystoma macula/urn PE NR Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer PE NR Stinkpot (Musk Turtle) Slernolherus odoratus PE NR Tree Frog (Gray) Hy/a versico/~r PE NR Two,.lined Salamander Eurycea b. bislineata NR Western Chorus Frog Pseudacris triseriata maculata NR Wood Frog Rana sy/vatica PE NR Appendix G . vii Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original Conservation Reports Vascular Plants . Alternate Leaved DOQwood Comus alternifolia NR American Beech Faaus orandifoNa MR NR OR LT American Elder Sambucus canadensis NR Balsam Fir Abies ba/sames MR NR OR LT ' , ., Balsam Poplar Populus balsamifera MR NR OR Basswood Tilia americana MR NR OR LT Bishop's-Cao Miterwort Mitella diphvlla OR Bitternut Hickory Carva cordiformis MR NR LT Bittersweet (Climbing Nightshade) Solanum dulcamara OR Black Ash Fraxinus nigra MR NR OR LT Black Cherry Prunus serafina MR NR LT . Black Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa OR Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia OR Black maple . Acer niqrum • LT Black Oak Quercus velufina NR OR LT Black Spruce Picea mariana MR NR OR Blue Flag Iris versicolor . OR Bog Laurel (Swamp Laurel) Kalmia palilalia OR Bog Rosemary Andromeda palilalia spp. glaucophylla OR Buckbean Menyanthes trifoliata OR Bunchberrv Comus canadensis OR Bur Oak iMossy cuo Oak) Quercus macrocarpa MR NR OR LT Bush Honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera . NR Butternut Jualans cinerea MR LT Canada Anemone . Anemone canadensis OR Canada Violet Viola canadensis OR Carolina Spring Beauty Claytonia caraliniana OR Cherry Birch (Black Birch) Betula lenta MR NR Chestnut Oak Quercus montana MR OR Chickweed CerasUum arvense OR Common Cattail (Broad-leaved Cattail) Tvpha latilolia OR Common Juniper Juniperus communis var: deoressa NR Common st. John's-Wort Hypericum perforaturn OR Dogtooth Violet Erythroniurn arnerlcanurn OR Downy Arrow-wood Viburnum rafinesquianum NR Early Coral Root Corallorhiza trifida OR Early_ Meadow Rue Thalictrum dioicum OR Eastern- Cottonwood Populus-delloides MR NR LT Eastern Hemlock Tsuga canadensis MR NR OR LT Eastern Red Ced;:.lr Juniperus virginiana MR NR LT Eastern'White Cedar Thu;a accidentalis . MR NR OR LT Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus MR NR OR LT Enchanter's NiQhtshade Circaea lutetiana soo. canadensis OR Evenino Primrose Oenothera biennis OR False-Lily-of-the-Valley Maianthemum canadense var. interius OR Fly Honeysuckle Lonicera canadensis NR Foam Flower Tiarella cordifolia OR FOrQet-me-not Mvosotis scoroioides . OR Glaucous Honeysuckle Lonicera dioica NR Golden Ragwort Senecio aureus OR Goldthread Coptis qroenlandica (Coptis trilolia) OR Green Adders Mouth Ma/axis unifolia OR Green Ash Fraxinus lJennsv/vanica var. subinleqerrima MR NR LT Appendix G viii Wildlife and Vegetative Species List from Original ConselVation Reports Hackberry (Nettle Tree) Celtis occidentalis MR . Hairy Honevsuckle Lonicera hirsuta NR Hemlock Water Parsnip Sium suave OR Herb Robert Geranium robertianum OR Hiohbush Cranberry Viburnum trilobum NR OR Hobble-bush Viburnum lantanaides (Formerly alnifolium) NR ., Hooded Ladv's Tresses Soiranthes romanzoffiana ' OR Horned BladdelWort Utricularia cornuta OR Ironwood (Eastern Hop-hornbeam) Ostrya virginiana MR NR LT Jack-in-the-Pulpit Aris8ema lriphyllum OR Kalm's Lobelia Lobelia kalmii OR Labrador Tea Ledum aroelandicum OR Lame Yellow Ladv's Slipper evpridpediurn oarviflorum spo. /Jubescens OR Lametooth Aspen Populus orandidentafa MR NR OR LT Lona-spurred Violet Viola rostrata OR Maple-leaved Viburnum Viburnum acerifolium . NR March Violet Viola cucul/ata OR Marsh Buttercup Ranunculus septentrionalis OR Marsh Marigold Caltha palustr;s OR Milkweed Asclepias svriaca OR Mountain~Holiv Nemooanthus mucronatus OR Naked Miterwort (Bishops Cap) Mitella nuda OR Nannyberrv Viburnum fentago NR OR Nodding Lady's Tresses Spiranthes cernua OR Northern Pitcher Plant Sarracenia purpurea OR One-flowered Wintergreen Moneses uniflora OR Orange Hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum OR Pale or Silkv Doowood Comus amomum sop. obliqua NR . Partridoe Berry Mitchel/a reoens OR Pearlv Evenastino Anaphalis margClritacea OR Pin Cherry Prunus pensylvanica MR NR OR Purple Avens (Water) Geum rivale OR Queen Lady's Slipper Cvpridpedium reginae OR Ram's Head Lady's Slipper Cvpridoedium arietinum OR Red Ash (Rim Ash) Fraxinus pennsvfvanica MR NR LT Red Maple (Soft maple) Acerrubrum . MR NR OR LT Red Oak Quercus rubra MR NR OR LT Red Osier Comus st%nitera NR Red Pine Pinus resinosa MR OR LT Red Spruce (Balsam Spruce) Picea rubens MR Red-berried Elder Sambucus Dubens NR Rock Elm Ulmus thomasii MR Rose POQonia Pogonia ophiog/ossoides OR Rough Bedstraw Ga/ium asprellum OR Round leaved S·undew Drosera rotundifolia . OR Round-leaved Dogwood Comus ruqosa NR Scarlet Oak Quercus coccinea MR OR Self-Heal Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceo/ata OR Shaobark Hickory Cal}'a ovata . LT Shell bark Hickory Carva faciniosa MR NR Shinleaf Pvrola elliptica OR Silver Maple Acer saccharinum MR LT . Silvery CinQuefoil Potentilla. argentea OR Slippery Elm Ulmus rubra MR NR . Small Cranberry Vaccinium Oxvcoccus OR Appendix G ix Wildlife and Vegetative _Species List from Original Conservation Reports Small Round-leaved Orchid Amerorehis rotundifolia OR Small Yellow Lady's Slipper Cvpridpedium parviflorum spp. makasin OR Snowberry Svmphoricamos albus var. albus NR Spotted Coral Root CoraJlorhiza maculata OR Spotted Jewelweed Impatiens capensis OR SpreadinQ DOQbane Apocynum androsaemifofium OR , .. ' . Star Flower Trientalis borealis OR Steeplebush Spiraea tomentosa OR Stemless Lady's Slipper Cvpridpedium acaule OR Striped Coral Root . Corallorhiza striata OR Striped Maple Acer pensylvan/cum MR NR OR Sugar Maple Acer saccharum MR NR OR LT Swamp Fly-honeysuckle Lonicera oblongifoHa NR Swamp Pink Orchid Arethusa bulbosa OR Swamp White Oak Quercus bieolor MR OR SWeet Joe-Pye Weed t=uvatorium vumureum OR Sweet White Violet Viola blanda OR Tall Northern Green Orchid - Platanthera f}quilonis OR Tamarack Larix laricina MR OR LT T artarian Honeysuckle Lonicera tatarica NR Trembling Aspen Populus tremu/aides MR NR OR LT Twinflower Linnaea borealis OR White Adder's Mouth Ma/axis manophvl/us OR White Ash Fraxinus americana MR NR OR LT White Birch (Canoe Birch) Betula papyrifera MR NR OR LT White Elm (Swamp Elm) Ulmus americana MR NR OR LT WhiteOak Quercus alba MR NR OR LT White Spruce Picea glauca OR LT Wild Clematis (VirQin's Bower) Clematis viminiana OR Wild Columbine AquileQia canadensis OR Wild Crane's-bill Geranium maculaturn OR Wild Cucumber Echinocvstis labata OR Wild Lily-ol-the-Valley Maianthemum canadense OR Wild Strawberry Fragaria virginiana OR Willows Salix sp. OR Witherod; Wild Raisin Viburnum cassinoides NR Wolfberrv (Northern Snowberry) Svmvhoricamqs occidentalis NR Wood Strawberry Fraaaria vesca OR Yarrow (Milloil) Achillea millefolium OR Yellow Avens Geum aleppicutn var,. strictum OR Yellow Birch Betula alfeghaniensis MR NR OR LT Yellow Clintonia Clintonia borealis OR 1 MR ~ Moira Conservation Report, 1950; PE ~ .Prince Edward Conservation Report, 1968; NR - Napanee Conservation Report, 1957; OR - Otonabee Region Conservation Report, .1964; LT - Lower Trent Region Conservation Report, 1970. Appendix G x , , Appendix H Invasive Exotic Species of Southern Ontario Invasive Exotic Species of Southern Ontario Forest Pests(EC website) Asian Lonq-horned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis Emerald Ash Borer Aqri/us planipennis Invertebrates (EC website) Fishhook Water Flea Cercopagi$ pengoi Rusty Crayfish . Orconectus rusticus Spiny Water Flea Bythotrephes longimanus Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha Vertebrates (EC website) Northern Snakehead Channa argus . Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus Rudd Scardinius ervthrophthalmus Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus , Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus Vascular Plants (List obtained from Urban Forest Associates Inc., 2002) Absinth sage Artemisia absinthum Alfalfa Medicago sativa Amur honeysuckle Lonicera maackii Amurmaple Acer ginnala Autumn olive . EJaeagnus umbel/ata Bird-foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus Bittersweet niqhtshade Solanum dulcamara Black alder Alnus glutinosa Black locust Robinia pseudo-acacia Black medick Medicago lupulina Black swallow-wort Cvnanchum niqrum Bouncing bet Sapoaria officinalis Buqleweed Lycopus europaeus Butter-and-eqqs Linaria vulgaris Carolina poplar Populus x Canadensis Catnip Nepeta cataria Common barberry Berberis vulgaris Common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Common hawkweed Hieracium vulgatum Common vetch Vicia sativa Cow vetch Vicia cracca Crack willow Salix fragi/is Creeping bellflower Campanula rapunculoides Creeping bugleweed Ajuga reptans Creepinq buttercup Ranunculus repens Creepinq thyme Thymus praecox Crown vetch . CoroniJ/a varia . Curly pondweed Potamogeton crispus Cypress spume Euphorbia cyparissias Dames rocket Hesperis matronalis Elecampane Inula helenium English ivy Hedera helix Eularia Miscanthus sinensis Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum European birch Betula pendula Appendix H 1 Invasive Exotic Species of Southern Ontario European fly honeysuckle Lonicera xylosteum European froq-bit Hydrocharis morsus-ranae European mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia European stinqinq nettle Urtica dioica ssp. Dioica False spiraea Sorbaria sorbifolia Fanwort Cabomba caroliniana Field bindweed Convolvult.iSaivensis Floating heart Nymphoides peltatum Flowering rush Butomus umbel/atus Foxtail qrasses Setaria sp. Garlic mustard AI/aria petiolata Glossy buckthorn Rhamnus franaula Goat willow Salix caprea Goutweed Aeqopodium podaqraria Ground ivy Glechoma hederacea Guelder rose Viburnum opulus ssp. opulus Himalayan balsam Impatiens qlandulifera Hoary-alyssum Berteroa incana Horse-chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum Hybrid willow Salix x rubens Japanese barberry Berberis thunberaii Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Japanese hop Humulus japonicus Japanese knotweed Polyqonum cuspidatum Japanese spurge Pachysandra terminalis Kentucky blueqrass Poa pratensis Leafy spurqe Euphorbia esula Lilac Svrinaa vulqaris Lily-of-the-valley Conval/aria majalis Marsh cress Rorippa amphibian Moneywort L vsimacha nummularia Morrow's honeysuckle Lonicera morrowi Mossy stonecrop Sedum acre Mother-of-thyme Acinos arvensis Multiflora rose Rosa multiflora . Musk mallow Malva moschata Nodding thistle Carduus nutans Norway Maple Acer platanoides Oranqe day lily Hemerocallis fulva Orange hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum Orchard grass . Dactylis glomerata Oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Pale ha\,\(kweed HieraCium x floribundum Pale swallow-wort Cynanchum rossicum Peppermint Mentha x piperita Perennial rye qrass Lolium perenne Periwinkle Vinca minor Privet Liqustrum vulqare PurpIe loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Purple willow Salix purpurea Quack qrass Elymus repens Rabbit-foot clover Trifolium arvense Red clover Trifolium pratense . Appendix H 11 Invasive Exotic Species of Southern Ontario Rouqh manna qrass Glyceria maxima' Russian olive Elaeaqnus anqustifolia Scilla Scilla siberica Scotch elm Ulmus qlabra Scots pine Pinus sriveslris Sheep sorrel Rumex acelosella., Siberian elm Ulmus puriJila . Singleseed hawthorn Cralaegus monogyna Slender vetch Vicia lelrasperma . Smooth brome Bromus inermis Spindle-tree Euonvmus europaeus Spotted knapseed Cenlaurea maculosa SI. John's-wort Hypericum perforalum Summer cypress Kochia scoparia Sweet coltsfoot Tussi/ago farfara Sycamore maple Acer pseudoplalanus Tall fecue Fesluca arundinacea Tansy Tanacelum vulgare Tansy qroundsel Senecio jacobaea Tartaian honeysuckle Lonicera lalarica Teasel Dipsacus sylveslris Tree of Heaven Ai/anlhus allissima . True forqet-me-not Mvosotis scoipioides Velvet-leaf Abutilon Iheophrasli Western snowberry Symphoricarpus albus var laevigalus White bedstraw Galium molluqo White clover Trifolium repens White mulberry Morus alba White poplar Populus alba White sweet clover Meli/olus alba . White willow Salix alba Wild marjoram Origanum vulgare . Wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa Winged euonymus Euonymus alala Yellow bedstraw Galium verum Yellow ftaq Iris pseudacorus Yellow hawkweed Hieracium caespi/osum Yellow rocket Barbarea vulgaris Yellow sweet clover Meli/olus officinalis Appendix H 111 , , Appendix I Summary of the 62 Wildlife Strategies from the OMNR Working Group, 1991 Summary of Wildlife Strategies from the. OMNR. 1991 Strategy 1: The Government of Ontario should adopt a comprehensive definition of wild life. Strategy 2: Adopt an ecosystem approach to management: Strategy 3: Create a wild life policy for Ontario. Strategy 4: Designate the Ministry of Natural Resources as the lead Ministry to assume responsibility for the stewardship of wild life. , ",~ . Strategy 5: As a matter of urgency, the Ministry of Natural Resources should undertake, in co-operation with the appropriate ministries, noncgovernment organizations and other relevant partners, a review of the adequacy of existing legislation relating to wild life, the protection of habitat, and consider the need for amendments and new legislature. Strategy 6: The government of Ontario take immediate steps to declare ownership of native wild life. Strategy 7: Enhance research and the flow of appropriate data and information from all sources as a basis for the maintenance and enhancement of biodiver,sity. Strategy 8: Adopt an ecological land classification system for Ontario. . Strategy 9: Develop a data and information management system which is compatible and integrated with the ecological land classification framework. Strategy 10: Establish an expert committee on monitoring to advise on the development of monitoring systems at provincial, regional and local levels. Strategy 11: Establish management unit boundaries based on an ecological land classification system, and collect the data and information necessary to set biodiversity objectives for each unit. Strategy 12: Ensure that Ontario has a system of protected areas which adequately represents ecosystems, landscapes and their wild life populations. Strategy 13: Develop a policy on rare, threatened and endangered species. Strategy 14: Include detection of cumulative impacts in monitoring programs and require assessment of potential cumulative effects in planning and approval procedures. Strategy 15: Take account of the most up-to-date data and information on climate change and predicted effects on all long-term planning, inventory and monitoring programs for habitat and populations. Strategy 16: Upgrade and continue to develop wild life habitat in~entory and monitoring programs. Strategy 17: Improve the management of public lands for their wild life values. Strategy 18: Develop and implement an urban wild life program for Ontario. Strategy 19: Mitigate the impacts of development on wild life habitat. Strategy 20: Ensure no net lo'ss of wetland function of Class 1, 2, and 3 wetlands. Strategy 21 : Evaluate the ecological significance of wetlands in northern Ontario. Strategy 22: Maintain wild life habitat diversity on agricultural lands in a manner compatible with agricultural practice. Strategy 23: Co-operate in the rehabilitation of wild life habitat on agricultural lands in a manner compatible with agricultural practice. Strategy 24; Maintain wild life habitat diversity on forest lands. Strategy 25: Rehabilitate degraded wild life habitat on forest lands. Strategy 26: Develop and continue to upgrade wild life population inventory and monitoring programs. Strategy 27: Improve monitoring of diseases and parasites. Strategy 28: Ensure effective disease and parasite program planning and management. Strategy 29: Strictly control introductions into the wild. Strategy 30: Strictly control the introduction of genetically-engineered organisms. Strategy 31: Develop a comprehensive strategy and program to address human Iwild life conflicts. Strategy 32: Control disturbance from recreational activities on wild life. Strategy 33: Develop a "beneficiary pay" policy. Strategy 34: Increase funding for wild life protection and management programs. Strategy 35: Establish an allocation process within an ecosystem approach to the protection and management of Ontario's wild life. Appendix I i Summary of Wildlife Strategies from the OMNR. 1991 Strategy 36: Establish a Task Force to review the use of wild life in protected areas. Strategy 37: Manage access. Strategy 38: Encourage aboriginal peoples to participate in wild life protection and management programs. Strategy 39: Encourage Ontarians of all cultures to participate in wild life protection and management programs. Strategy 40: Monitor socio-economic trends. ' , Strategy 41 : Strengthen the ability of the Ministry of Natural Resources to combat poaching, with particular emphasis on commercial operations. Strategy 42: Prohibit the taking of live native animals, except under special licence. Strategy 43: Ensure that no wild animals are held in captivity, except under special licence. Strategy 44: Ensure that all zoos and aquaria are licensed. Strategy 45: The Government of Ontario should prohibit animal displays, shows, and exhibits featuring live native wild animals. Strategy 46: Prohibit the keeping of animals in captivity for recreation excepl in those circumstances where special regulations, controls and legislation have been brought into force. Strategy 47: The keeping and sale of native wild animals by pet stores should be prohibited. Strategy 48: Prohibit the collection and propagation of live native wild life and the collection of dead native wild life for commercial purposes, except under special licence. Strategy 49: Prohibit game farming of native animals and game ranching of all animals. Strategy 50: Freeze (no purchase of new stock, no establishment of new enterprises) game farming for non-native ungUlates until June 1992. Strategy 51 : Develop safeguards for the game farming of any new species prior to its use being authorized. Strategy 52: Prohibit the use of any additional species for fur farming. Strategy 53: No additional animals should be taken from the wild for fur farming. Strategy 54: Recognize and foster a wild life rehabilitation program in Ontario. Strategy 55: Control the taking of live wild native plants. Strategy 56: Regulate the collection of plants and animals for personal use. Strategy 57: Regulate the collection of plants and animals for inclusion in public and institutional collections. Strategy 58: Allow hunting to continue within the limits of sound ecological management. Strategy 59: Expand the hunter education program in Ontario. Strategy 60: Review the impacts of various hunting techniques employed in Ontario, including wounding rates. . Strategy 61 : Allow trapping to continue within the limits of sound ecological management. Strategy 62: Encourage viewing of wild life. Appendix I ii