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Our Home and

Native Land

Canadian of Global Conservation Concern

NatureServe contributes to the conservation of Canada’s by providing scientific data and expertise about species and of conservation concern to support decision-making, research, and education.

Citation: Cannings, S., M. Anions, R. Rainer, and B. Stein. 2005. Our Home and Native Land: Canadian Species of Global Conservation Concern. NatureServe Canada: Ottawa, .

© NatureServe Canada 2005

ISBN 0-9711053-4-0

Primary funding for the publication of this report was provided by the Suncor Energy Foundation.

This report is also available in French. To request a copy, please contact NatureServe Canada.

NatureServe Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 613-759-1861 www.natureserve-canada.ca Our Home and Native Land

Canadian Species of Global Conservation Concern

by Sydney Cannings Marilyn F. E. Anions Rob Rainer Bruce A. Stein

Sydney Cannings NatureServe Yukon and Wildlife Branch Yukon Department of the Environment P.O. Box 2703 Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2C6 867-667-3684

Marilyn F. E. Anions NatureServe Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Note on Captions: For each species, captions state the range in Canada only, as well as the NatureServe global . 613-759-1942

Rob Rainer Front Cover Chelsea, Québec Left to right: Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Vulnerable (G3). 819-827-9082 . / Photo by Jared Hobbs.

Golden paintbrush ( levisecta). Critically imperiled (G1). British Bruce A. Stein, Ph.D. Columbia. / Photo by Leah Ramsay, British Columbia Conservation Data NatureServe Centre. 1101 Wilson Blvd., 15th Floor Spotted owl (Strix occidentalis). Vulnerable (G3). British Columbia. / Photo Arlington, 22209 by Jared Hobbs. 703-908-1800 Rocky Mountains, / Photo courtesy of Alberta Parks and Protected Areas. Acknowledgments

This report would not have been possible without the work of staff from the NatureServe Canada network of member programs and the staff of NatureServe, who performed the global species assessments, collated and edited the data, and critically reviewed the manuscript at several stages. In addition, this report benefits from partnerships and data sharing arrangements between NatureServe Canada and a growing array of federal, provincial, and non-governmental organizations. Special thanks go to Rob Riordan of NatureServe, who critically edited the final drafts of the publication and guided it through production.

The graphic design is by Annie Weeks (Beacon Hill Communications Group) of Victoria, B.C. The illustrations for each sidebar are by Donald Gunn, also of British Columbia. French translation was done by Alpha Traduction et Interprétation, Inc. Thank you to Stéphanie Roux of the Centre de données sur le patrimoine naturel du Québec for assisting with the translation. Special thanks go to the many photographers who donated the use of their images. They are credited individually next to each photo. Kent Prior of the Canadian Wildlife Service, Vice Chair of the Recovery Team for the eastern massasauga, kindly provided the sidebar for that species.

This report was reviewed and approved by the NatureServe Canada Council. NatureServe Canada, the Canadian section of NatureServe, was established as a national not-for-profit conservation organization in 1999. Headquartered in Ottawa, NatureServe Canada represents the network of conservation data centres (CDCs) operating across Canada. CDCs* use their scientific and data management expertise to serve the conservation information needs of government, corporations, researchers, conservation groups, and the public.

NatureServe Canada Council Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre: John Rintoul Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre: R.A. Lautenschlager British Columbia Conservation Data Centre: Andrew Harcombe Centre de données sur le patrimoine naturel du Québec: Gildo Lavoie and Jean Tremblay Conservation Data Centre: Jason Greenall NatureServe Canada: Steve Curtis NatureServe Yukon: Syd Cannings Ontario Natural Heritage Information Centre: Jim Mackenzie Conservation Data Centre: Kevin Murphy

* The acronym ‘CDC’ is used in this report to refer to all NatureServe Canada member programs. Table of Contents

Preface 2

Executive Summary 3

Introduction 5 Canada’s Biodiversity 5 Species Covered by This Report 8 Informing Conservation: Canada’s Conservation Data Centres 8 Assessing Conservation Status 9

The Status of Canada’s Species 13 Comparing National and Global Assessments 18 Gone Forever: Canada’s Extinct Species 20

Geographic Patterns Among Species of Global Conservation Concern 23

Threats to Canada’s Species 27

Recommendations: Protecting Canada’s Natural Inheritance 29

Literature Cited 32

Appendices 32 Appendix A. Presumed Extinct Species of Canada 32 Appendix B. Canadian Species of Global Conservation Concern 33 Appendix C. Species of Global Conservation Concern Endemic to Canada 38

Canadian Conservation Data Centres 39

List of Tables Table 1 Major Areas of in Canada 7 Table 2 Number of Native Canadian Species Analyzed 8 Table 3 NatureServe Global Conservation Status Ranks 11 Table 4 Global Conservation Status of Canadian Species 13 Table 5 Summary of Species of Global Conservation Concern 15 Table 6 Presumed Extinct and Possibly Extinct Canadian Species 21 by Taxonomic Group

List of Figures Figure 1 Proportion of Species of Global Conservation Concern 17 by Plant and Groups in Canada Figure 2 across Canada 21 Figure 3 Patterns of Species Diversity and Global Conservation 23 Concern across Canada Figure 4 Plant Diversity and Global Conservation Concern across Canada 24 Figure 5 Vertebrate Diversity and Global Conservation Concern across Canada 24

Above: along Swamp River, Ontario. are essential habitat for many of Canada’s most imperiled species. / Photo by Wasyl Bakowsky, Ontario NHIC. executive summary 3 identifies Canadian identifies Wild Species 2000: The Our Home and Land Native The lone exception, the Atlantic Canada CDC, is a Atlantic Canada the lone exception, The provide a national perspective and identify wild a national perspective provide Wild Species 2000 Preface of 2003, the federal government made preventing the of species a national of species a extinction the made preventing government of 2003, the federal . Both COSEWIC and . Both Species Risk at Act

anada, with its vast open spaces and long, wild coastline, is often regarded among the countries of the world as a the countries of the world regarded among open spaces and long, wild coastline, is often anada, with its vast the last few over Yet extinction. a land where species are threatened with wild and , rather than refuge for of its and the status ecosystems natural has been raised about the statedecades, increasing concern of the country’s

located in Arlington, Virginia. Global conservation status ranks for species are updated when new information is received is received information species are updated when new Virginia. Global conservation ranks for status Arlington, located in in population Changes and NatureServe. between the CDCs data as a result of the annual exchanges often regarding status, as this such and an analysis rank changes, or distribution of these species of global conservation result in status concern may on responsibility to its wildlife report should be repeated regularly with updated ranks to understand Canada’s globally-focused stage. the world’s report, data on species occurrences in the and Nunavut comes from the central distribution databases of and Nunavut Territories report, data in the Northwest on species occurrences Although some consultation with occurred sources, etc. range maps, literature are populated using published which NatureServe, by the jurisdictions. not been verified in the collation of these data, have they Territories the Northwest and biologists in Nunavut maintained Hemisphere is collated and central databases, in the NatureServe Western the for Global or range-wide information data centres (CDCs) operating in each of the provinces and the Yukon. With one exception, these centres (variously termed these centres (variously With one exception, Yukon. and the of the provinces data centres (CDCs) operating in each programs that monitor and map rare or conservation heritage centres, etc.) are government data information centres, natural and ecological communities throughout their jurisdictions. Atlantic provinces. four the that covers organization non-profit In this and Nunavut. Territories Completing this network in Canada requires the establishment of CDCs in the Northwest relatively poorly known marine fish and invertebrates are not. marine fish and invertebrates poorly known relatively on 2003 report is based primarily This data is an international and its member programs. NatureServe from NatureServe Hemisphere. Western on thousands of plant and animal species of the information organization that has assembled status Explorer application, NatureServe through its web species, is available including global ranks for Most of this information, Canada, represents a network of conservation NatureServe Canadian affiliate, NatureServe’s (www.natureserve.org/explorer). This report analyzes Canada’s flora and fauna at the full species level. It does not consider subspecies or populations, which are populations, which It does not consider subspecies or level. fauna at the full species and flora Canada’s report analyzes This also be of global conservation may of which listing process, and many assessed in the COSEWIC or provincial/territorial often is also restricted to animals and plants that are Analysis see page 8). of analysis, the reasoning behind this level concern (for summary are statistics which the data are meaningful. Most of for and reviewed ranked, enough to be satisfactorily well known as groups are analyzed invertebrate some better-known vascular plants; however, fish, and freshwater vertebrates, terrestrial for the species than marine species; although marine mammals are included in the report, about terrestrial more is known Far well. that context, addressing questions such as how many species in Canada are of conservation concern globally, how important how is species in Canada are of conservation many concern globally, as how addressing questions such that context, only in Canada. species are found and which Canada to their continued existence, jurisdiction. Species that are of taxonomic group and by them by species that are of global conservation concern, and analyzes otherwiseor common but world, the in levels, elsewhere threatened not conservationprovincial/territorial and national at concern in this report. are not examined conservation concern. The provincial, territorial, and federal governments have cooperated to produce have governments and federal territorial, provincial, The conservation concern. General Species of Status in Canada or regional but at provincial A number of assessments analyzing similar issues, species in danger of being lost from Canada. also been released. scales, have on report focuses This of Canadian wild species in a global context. of the status no overview has been to date, however, There jurisdiction. With the jurisdiction. animals, plants, and all (a term that includes in protecting wildlife a role to play all Canadians have that and recognized policy, other wild living creatures). The been made. have species and ecosystems broad assessments of Canada’s concerns, several In response to these growing species of of many national status in Canada (COSEWIC) has reported on the Wildlife of Endangered on the Status Committee C provincial federal, of Species at Risk, the Protection for Accord National the 1996 Through wild species. rarest or most in their of any human actions do not contribute to the loss to ensure that committed governments and territorial 2 executive summary 3 to protect these species. Most Canadian species of global conservationMost Canadian species concern plants plants (222 species). Because are vascular 70% of the species assessed, represent more than than the slightly rate is actually their however, at about 6%. average, species particularly high proportions of groups have Three of global conservation concern: freshwater allies and and fish (14.2%), freshwater (17.9%), and streams as lakes habitats such Freshwater (13.2%). human activities. by been particularly affected have Canadian species are either presumed Twenty-eight six invertebrates, include 15 These or possibly extinct. plants, and four , non-vascular fish, two freshwater plant. one flowering Sixty-eight species of global conservation concern are in no other are found endemic to Canada, meaning they responsibility has the exclusive Canada therefore country.

• • • • . Our . Vulnerable Vulnerable . Executive SummaryExecutive Photo by Jared Hobbs Photo by Jared context. context. global Photo by Drajs Vujnovic, © Alberta Parks Parks Alberta © Vujnovic, Photo by Drajs (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) focuses on that context, addressing on that context, focuses ith its vast open spaces and long, wild coastline, ith its vast wild plants seen as a refuge for Canada is often a land where species and animals, rather than

Birch Mountains, Alberta / Alberta Mountains, Birch

American white pelican Canada’s northerly location, its total diversity of species is Canada’s the major its species have and most of low, comparatively part of their range in countries to the south. groups of plants and animals, 362 species (about 6.4%) are of global conservation face concern, meaning that they extinction. a significant risk of More than nine out of every ten species assessed are of imminent risk. Because such no globally secure, facing Of 5,685 native species analyzed in 13 of the best-known of the best-known in 13 analyzed species Of 5,685 native

Bottom: Areas. and Protected Top: from British Columbia east to Ontario. / (G3). Ranges • • MAJOR FINDINGS terrestrial vertebrates, freshwater fish, vascular plants, fish, freshwater vertebrates, terrestrial types of marine mammals, and some of the better-known invertebrates. and analyzes them by taxonomic group and by geographic taxonomic group and by them by and analyzes which groups for is on the best-known focus The jurisdiction. including datareasonably comprehensive are available, a network of conservation data centres operating in each a network of conservation data centres operating in each the Our report identifies Yukon. and the of the provinces Canadian species that are of global conservation concern found only in Canada. The assessment is based primarily on The only in Canada. found 2003 data and its member programs and from NatureServe represents Canada, which NatureServe by developed was questions such as how many Canadian species are of global many as how questions such conservation important how Canadian habitats concern, are of these species are to their continued survival, and which have been made, to date there has been no overview of been made, to date there has been no overview have of Canadian species in a the status Home and Land Native all Canadians have a stake in protecting our native wildlife. wildlife. a stake in protecting our native all Canadians have national assessments of Canadian wildlife Although several most vulnerable wild species. This concern culminated in the concern culminated in the This species. most vulnerable wild made preventing which Act, at Risk passage of the Species that recognized of species a national policy and the extinction are threatened with extinction. Yet over the last few decades, decades, the last few over Yet are threatened with extinction. been raised about the stateincreasing concern has of the of its rarest and and the status ecosystems natural country’s W introduction 5 home and native home and native our ecosystems, but new threats have emerged, including emerged, threats have but new ecosystems, to diseases, and changes species, wildlife invasive as climate change. processes, such ecological to approach management is an essential -based conserving species. to conservation is needed, A multi-dimensional approach restoring of protected areas, including building a system environmental planning,degraded habitats, and proactive landowners. with cooperatively working remains the leading threat to Canada’s threat to Canada’s remains the leading Habitat destruction

• • habitats the plants and animals that and natural Protecting of Canada’s worthy depend on them is a continuing challenge is not only Canada For place in the world. land; it is theirs. • Photo by . Critically imperiled (G1). Photo by Joyce Gould.

PhotoFleurbec Sylvain/ Lamoureux. (Salix chlorolepis) Ancient forests, home to some of the world’s largest trees, Ancient forests, home to some of the world’s Green-scaled Auyuittuq National Park, , Nunavut. Although Canada’s Although Canada’s Island, Nunavut. Baffin Park, National Auyuittuq increased biological inventory and research. increased biological inventory and research. Many do not live in wilderness, but endangered species do not live Many share habitats humans. by dominated about the distributions and habitat of knowledge Lack by needs of endangered species should be addressed Protecting species of global conservation concern should Protecting and species endemic to Canada be a national priority, a special responsibility. constitute having the highest rates of species of global conservation the highest rates of species of global having and territory province has its own concern. Each for species and critical areas significant set of threatened conservation. The diversity of species and the levels of risk they face face of risk they of species and the levels diversity The vary British Columbia, across Canada. considerably Ontario, and Québec stand out as the most biologically Yukon and the with British Columbia provinces, diverse

durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs du Québec. Right: Carmanah a sense of wonder. coast and invoke Pacific Canada’s symbolize Island, British Columbia. / Vancouver Park, Provincial Walbran Jared Hobbs. Top: lands have relatively few species in all, a number of them are northern / unique plants found nowhere else on Earth. Left: A Québec endemic, this small tree is found only on a single Québec. / Peninsula. Gaspé the of mountaintop Reproduced with the authorisation of the ministère du Développement • • RECOMMENDATIONS• KEY CONCLUSIONS AND • 4 introduction 5 Photo by in Canada. For instance, in Canada. For * Porcupine caribou herd on the Yukon north slope. / north Yukon caribou herd on the Porcupine moves north and south in latitude (Rosenzweig 1995). This This 1995). (Rosenzweig north and south in latitude moves the is largely responsible for fundamental ecological pattern number of species low relatively “species” is used in the restricted sense the purposes of this report, * For to designate fully distinct species, not in the broader sense of including subspecies and varieties. plants and animals — one can glimpse the status of Canada’s of Canada’s status plants and animals — one can glimpse the badlands to boreal forests From in a global context. wildlife and ecosystems natural Canada’s the , on to barrens deserve They a global treasure. support are they the wildlife at large, but to be the world by not only to be recognized all Canadians. by appreciated and championed CANADA’S BIODIVERSITY on this planet. to learn about life much Scientists still have Among the most startling is a clear gaps in knowledge While understanding of the number of living things on Earth. as 14 one widely used estimate suggests there are as many than two fewer million species on Earth (Hammond 1995), detail to be in sufficient been studied million species have named and catalogued scientists. In general, scientists by a reasonably complete inventory of large, conspicuous have poorer a much mammals and birds, but have as animals such inventory of smaller animals, plants, and micro-organisms. on this planet tends to be most abundant near the Life steadily declining as one with species richness equator, Above: Cameron Eckert, NatureServe Yukon. Introduction ) and ) have already ) have Pinguinus impennis represents a first effort to represents a first effort ) survive but are poised at the brink johannae

hroughout Canada’s oral and written history, abundant history, written oral and hroughout Canada’s and food need for supplied our resources have natural a spiritual and provided fueled the economy, shelter,

Marmota vancouverensis consider the condition of Canada’s species from a worldwide species from a worldwide consider the condition of Canada’s the global conservation By assessing of perspective. status plant and animal groups — 5,685 species in the best known in Canada and on their wintering grounds to the south. Our Home and Land Native freshwater species have been overharvested, and others been overharvested, species have freshwater as a result of that change ecosystem massive are facing both overharvesting. Migratory challenges facing species are habitat alteration, such as the plowing of the , invasion of the prairies, invasion as the plowing habitat alteration, such forests, vast species, and the logging of Canada’s of exotic marine and Many climate change. threat, global and a new ( of large-scale declining in the face Others are of extinction. Some, such as the great auk ( as the Some, such ( the deepwater Island marmot Vancouver the disappeared, while others like coasts harbor a vast array of life. of life. array coasts harbor a vast wild species. with the state all is not well of the nation’s Yet longest — Canada’s waters are teeming with marine life. From From are teeming with marine life. waters longest — Canada’s perched creatures to recently discovered whales and walrus magnificent Canada’s off the waters around deep sea vents, Canada’s wildlife does not stop at water’s edge. With 244,000 edge. does not stop at water’s wildlife Canada’s — the world’s kilometers of coastline along three great oceans of the plains of Africa, and packs of wolves, ranging over ranging over of wolves, Africa, and packs of the plains of wilderness to millions of still symbolize of the country, much Canadians. since the last glaciation — what the country may lack in since the last glaciation — what the country lack may in abundance. Great herds of caribou up for it makes diversity, spectacle reminiscent still roam across the taiga in a wildlife intact and hospitable to wildlife. While the number of different While the number of different intact and hospitable to wildlife. modest plant and animal species in Canada is relatively time short and the relatively to its northern latitude — owing and the largest in the Western Hemisphere, it has a relatively Hemisphere, it has a relatively Western and the largest in the its southern small population that is clustered mostly along remain largely of the land expanses In the north, huge border. honoured in our daily transactions. Although Canada is the second-largest country in the world native) peoples and early settlers. Even the national currency national currency the Even peoples and early settlers. native) Canadians and their wildlife the bond between reflects all are — snowy owl caribou, loon, polar bear, heritage: beaver, and emotional foundation for our society. Canada’s national Canada’s our society. for and emotional foundation homage to the immense — pays symbol — the maple (or aboriginal sustained and that welcomed Canada’s forests T introduction 7 ondon. On ), was once ), was — meaning unique to endemic Pinguinus impennis new forms and distinctive species. As a result, from a global As species. and distinctive forms new modest, young, and biota is relatively Canada’s perspective, in one or more other with most species also found evolving countries. 68 of the 362 Canadian species of global However, conservation concern are (about 75,000 to 10,000 years ago) left their enduring legacy ago) left (about 75,000 years to 10,000 biological colonization. blank slate open for creating a virtual by fauna consists of and flora most of Canada’s Consequently, to successfully migrate northward able species that were in the and establish populations in habitats available newly time, from little of these retreating glaciers. Relatively wake has been available a geological and evolutionary perspective, plants and animals into of these existing the differentiation for also killed for their feathers, which were used in bedding. also killed for their feathers, which by and had all but completely disappeared Great auks became scarcer and scarcer, their rarity dealt them As the end approached, the end of the eighteenth century. by egg and skin collectors, with after a final blow as they became highly sought the elite auction rooms of L specimens regularly bought and sold in for specimens, killed a a group of fishermen, commissioned to hunt 3, 1844, June Although they may have persisted in ones . nesting pair on Eldey Island off Atlantic for a few more years, great auks were never and twos in the vast North encountered again. The original ‘penguin,’ the flightless great auk ( The original ‘penguin,’ Even more so than other Newfoundland to Norway. widely distributed from only a few colonies. auks concentrated their breeding in great , however, the Island off Island and Penguin known to breed at Funk In Canada, they were the Magdalen Islands. Non-breeding off coast of Newfoundland, and on Rock The breeding the Grand Banks. on converged Atlantic birds in the northwest their total vulnerability on their breeding concentrations, the birds’ and large size, to hungry sailors more were Many and fishermen. islands made them irresistible e Great Auk: e Great North of Atlantic the ‘Penguin’ Lost Illustration Great auk / by Donald Gunn. vast landscape are a response to climate, underlying geology, to climate, underlying geology, landscape are a response vast and human- of other ecological, evolutionary, and a multitude Cordilleran and the massive In particular, related factors. Wisconsinan glaciation Laurentide ice sheets during the last tropics. Also, Canada has unexpected “biodiversity hotspots” Also, Canada has unexpected tropics. a high diversity as as well contrary pattern, to this latitudinal group, within its world- a little-studied plants, of non-vascular and tundra. boreal forest large tracts of renowned Canada’s across animals and plants of patterns distribution The Mexico has approximately 34,000 known native 34,000 vascular native has approximately Mexico known species, the United States and Canada has fewer has 16,000, diversity also means low this relatively than 4,000. However, that the ecological impact of the loss of one species in Canada than the loss of one species in the be considerably higher may 6 introduction 7 1995). 1995). et al. et 997) 6, IUCN 1 ukon Y 97 Argus 1 ritories, r an ter Photo by Ksenija Vujnovic, © Alberta Parks and Protected Te (af hew A ta, British Columbia The dunes at Lake Athabasca, which span Alberta and Alberta span Athabasca, which The dunes at Lake atc thwest sk ukon Québec, Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Nunavut Nunavut Nunavut Y Nor Alber Québec British Columbia JURISDICTION British Columbia Sa Based on many years of research, biologists have identified identified have biologists of research, years on many Based 71,000 over species in Canada (Mosquin is still of these organisms, however, of many Knowledge and very and large numbers of invertebrate fragmentary, and named. microbial species remain to be discovered Above: of rare of plant endemism and home to dozens are a center Saskatchewan, plant species. / Areas. The prairies were also greatly changed, with most plowed for for with most plowed also greatly changed, prairies were The vast boreal 100years. Canada’s land within the first agricultural because of rapid major changes are also experiencing forests of large-scale logging in recent decades. Exotic expansion species, intentionally or accidentally brought into Canada, interaction of This species. native also impacted Canada’s have human history and natural has created a tapestry of diversity ecosystems natural and conservation Canada’s for concern and wild species. aii Haanas) ). Most 1

Species Table S OF PLANT ENDEMISM IN CANAD te Islands (Gw ), found in Brunswick in New ), found ) of the Queen Charlotte Islands ) of the Queen Charlotte AREA ukon ) have evolved numerous evolved ) have Arctic Islands Y at Mountains (serpentine areas) enzie Mountains Athabasca dunes OR y Mountains k e fin Island ). nerka BLE 1

estern Newfoundland orng Rock Gulf of St Lawrence Baf Central Central Mac Lak Queen Charlot British Columbia (serpentine areas) W T AREA Ellesmere Island TA MAJ ), which occurs on the south shore of occurs on the south shore of ), which Ursus americanus furbishiae Salix turnorii Canada’s signature eastern forests have been cut and burned. have eastern forests signature Canada’s modify habitat and create open areas favourable for wildlife. wildlife. for modify habitat create open areas favourable and human-caused disturbances But since European settlement, areas of the past 200 vast years, Over increased greatly. have Canada’s landscape also has been influenced by human landscape also has been influenced Canada’s occupation, starting with aboriginal peoples who used fire to may even be incipient species, but many have not yet been not yet have but many be incipient species, even may and none are treated in this report (see ranked, Report This By Covered salmon ( but collectively genetically different each forms, ‘landlocked’ Some of these genetically distinct forms termed kokanee. have also produced variation within species. For example, the example, within species. For also produced variation have bears ( black and sockeye are not the same as those in Newfoundland, Lake Athabasca in northwestern Saskatchewan. Athabasca in northwestern Lake and isolation during and since the Pleistocene Epoch physiologically distinct populations sometimes evolved into sometimes evolved distinct populations physiologically Turnor species is the recently-evolved species. One such new ( willow (Argus 1976). These refugia were important refugia were dispersal points These (Argus 1976). points of evolution. also focal were glaciation, but they after isolated, morphologically and were During the period they Today, some refugia contain some refugia of once wide-ranging relicts Today, Furbish’s as vanished, such mostly that have ancient floras ( lousewort of plant diversity and endemism in Canada ( and endemism of plant diversity where — unglaciated areas glacial refugia of these represent remained throughout glacial periods. numerous organisms Canada (see Appendix C). Argus (1976) and the IUCN — World World IUCN — and the (1976) Argus C). Appendix Canada (see centres 12 identified have Conservation Union (IUCN 1997) introduction 9 . Critically Photo by Jared (Marmota vancouverensis) marmot Vancouver Pinguinus impennis / Illustration by readily available to conservationists, land use planners, and readily available resource managers. natural Above: Island, its total Vancouver only on imperiled (G1). British Columbia. Found individuals.population has declined to fewer than 100 / Hobbs. member programs of the NatureServe Canada network — member programs of the NatureServe on about 33,000databases record information that collectively Although some consultation in and Canadian species. U.S. the collation of these data with biologists in Nunavut occurred conservation lack which Territories, and the Northwest those by data not been verified data centres, these have groups of animals and plants, many for jurisdictions. In fact, fauna are not and of flora accurate, documented checklists since their split in 1999; territories the two for readily available created jurisdictional lists based only on often biologists have individual examining rather than by range maps, generalized species. distribution records of each Above: INFORMINGCANADA’S CONSERVATION:C E N TCONSERVATION R E S biological resources using Canada’s and responsibly Protecting to base decisions. on which requires reliable knowledge DATA history and natural universities Indeed, governments, of knowledge amassed a tremendous wealth museums have histories of the nation’s distribution, and life about the identity, not was this information plant and animal species. Historically, centres routinely list and rank rare or threatened subspecific centres routinely list and rank rare or threatened nationally accepted, comprehensive if any, taxa, there are few, most of these groups. It is therefore lists of subspecies for groups of endangerment within to calculate levels not feasible are created, subspecies could be lists If such at this level. analyses. included in future based on data this report is for from the analysis The central databasesNatureServe from and contributions 9 4 6 6 9 34 44 45 56 35 17 19 19 21 981 477 568 272 4136 3928 5685 s TIVE CANADIAN tles Allies r YZED Tu ern TES ). Species outside these groups are not TES ANAL

s ater ater Mussels TEBRA terflies and Table 2 Table TEBRA AL eptiles and iger Beetles erns and F reshw reshw BLE 2 SCULAR PLANTS Conifer Flowering Plants Crayfishes But and Damselflies Birds Amphibians Mammals R F T F VA

INVER VER F TOT NUMBER OF NA SPECIES TA to the genetic and ecological diversity of the Canadian biota,to the genetic and ecological diversity of the COSEWIC though a number of them are listed by and even Although conservation data Act. and the Species at Risk and snails) will only be possible after additional inventory and additional inventory and and snails) will only be possible after taxonomic classifications are completed. of taxa the status to analyze report does not attempt This subspecies or populations), of species (i.e. the level below contribution though these taxa a key undoubtedly make even include all vertebrates except marine fish, all vascular plants vascular marine fish, all except include all vertebrates plants), and the and flowering allies, conifers, and fern (ferns mussels, crayfishes, (freshwater invertebrates better-known Overall and skippers). dragonflies, tiger beetles, and of species within other assessment of the global status groups (e.g. stoneflies, grasshoppers, mayflies, invertebrate 5,685 species native to and regularly occurring in Canada. in Canada. to and regularly occurring 5,685 species native been studied have groups of plants and animals Only 13 assessments of their comprehensive to allow sufficiently ( global status groups better-known These 6. Table in considered, except ecosystems is greatly hampered when some of the smallest, is greatly hampered when some ecosystems components remain unstudied. but perhaps most significant, SPECIES COVERED report deals with the global conservation of status This BY THIS REPORT Trying to understand the biological diversity and appreciate Trying and important when significant of a country parts is difficult Our 2001). (Raven known are not well of that biodiversity understanding within complex of ecological relationships 8 introduction 9 TUS TA , which for for , which TION S VA rences , and immediacy conservation rank status rences viability rences with good estimated e SSESSING CONSER SSESSING A t-term population and/or habitat trend t-term population and/or ironmental specificity ange extent opulation siz ong-term population and/or habitat trend ong-term population Number of occur Number of Number of occur Area of occupancy Shor Threats: scope, severity occur Number of protected Intrinsic vulnerability Other considerations

11 Env CRITERIA FOR CRITERIA 1 2 3 P 4 R 5 6 L 7 8 9 10 12 threatened a species or natural community is — is crucial community is — is crucial threatened a species or natural priorities and targeting conservation efforts. setting for a developed and its member programs have NatureServe the health and condition evaluating consistent method for and knowledge The of species and ecological communities. across the network and other of individuals linked expertise and government institutions scientists in museums, research local, regional, national, and international agencies provides leads Assessment to the assessment process. perspective to the designation of a ASSESSINGSTATUS CONSERVATION rare or about conservation — how Information status

Photo courtesy of Symphyotrichum Photo by Valerie Godbout. ). Imperiled (G2). Québec, New Brunswick, ). Imperiled (G2). Québec, New Brunswick, The native protected at Writing-on-Stone Writing-on-Stone The native prairie protected at St. Lawrence aster ( birds and other wildlife. / Alberta Parks and Protected Areas. Prince Edward Island. Endemic to the Gulf of St. Edward Prince Lawrence . / Right: habitat for rich provides Alberta in Park Provincial Left: laurentianum and technical support and facilitate national and international support and facilitate national and international and technical information — enabling the network to provide data exchange from local to global scales. heritage programs in the United States and 15 dataheritage centres in the United States programs and 15 and and the Caribbean. NatureServe America in Latin these data Canada provide centres with scientific NatureServe which is the national affiliate of NatureServe, an international of NatureServe, is the national affiliate which organization. In addition to the Canadian non-governmental network includes 53 natural programs, the NatureServe CDCs in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Coordination Coordination Nunavut. and Territories CDCs in the Northwest NatureServe out by of the Canadian network is carried conservation organization, Canada, a national not-for-profit Eight conservation data centres currently serve all 10 Eight conservation data serve centres currently all 10 Planning is underway to Territory. Yukon and the provinces establishing the network across all of Canada by extend detailed biological inventories; and make all this information all this information and make detailedinventories; biological to a wide range of users. available of greatest conservation concern; compile, analyze and of greatest conservation concern; compile, analyze on the distribution information the best available summarize of these species and communities; conduct and status and ecological communities within its respective province, province, within its respective and ecological communities at staff by a standard approach, region. Unified or territory, communities these centres identify species and ecological Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Newfoundland Island, Edward Scotia, Prince Nova reliable serves for as a clearinghouse Each and Labrador. about plants, animals, scientific information and current making. Each CDC represents a single province or territory, or territory, CDC represents a single province making. Each Canada ConservationAtlantic Data of the with the exception Brunswick, of New represents the provinces Centre, which provincial governments, began creating a network of Canadian a network of Canadian began creating governments, provincial conservation data assemble and (CDCs), designed to centres data to support conservation decision- provide and expertise To meet this need, in 1988 , in Conservancy, Nature The in 1988 meet this need, To Conservancy of Canada and with the Nature partnership 1

introduction 1 ver- ). Levels range from critically ). Levels ) was a shy, uncommon sea-duck uncommon sea-duck a shy, ) was Table 3 Table vulnerable (3). assessments are augmented Global (G) or range-wide status (S) assessments. Infra- national (N) and provincial/territorial by given are populations) and varieties, specific (subspecies, taxa the conservation example, “T” ranking. For an equivalent urgency of these threats are additional factors included in the urgency of these threats are additional factors assessments. status species, subspecies, varieties, Conservation ranks for status and ecological communities are assigned on a scale from ( one through five imperiled (1) to secure (5). Listed separately are species missing (X) or those that are currently to be extinct known category in this latter (H). Species ranked be extinct and may rare by (H) are of highest conservation concern, followed as critically imperiled (1), imperiled (2), and species classified Camptorhynchus labradorius Camptorhynchus ). Some relate were not a particularly popular food item. They may have been specialized feeders,may have been specialized They popular food item. were not a particularly and this specialization might be bills, soft-edged as evidenced by their peculiar, related to their decline. declined Already uncommon when first1789, the Labrador duck described in one shot on 2 The last probable record was and 1870. rapidly between 1840 Likespecimen has now the species, this York. near Elmira, New December 1878 been lost. ( The Labrador duck is known about In fact, very little shrouded in mystery. whose demise remains the fact that it spent the wintersthis species, despite the along the seaboard of never delineated; it may have Its breeding range was United States. northeastern or it may have bred on north, further nested along the Labrador coast or even been suggested that the decline may islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has grounds that were vulnerable to o have been the result of restricted breeding were hunted on their wintering grounds, they While Labrador ducks harvesting. Uncommon, Unlucky, Unsolved: Unlucky, Uncommon, e Demise Labrador of the Duck see page 9 sidebar Illustration by Donald Gunn. Labrador duck / Labrador duck future conditions. Specific threats, such as habitat loss or conditions. Specific threats, such future fragmentation, competition from alien species, and over- and scope, severity, The harvesting, are also considered. to human-induced threats, natural fluctuations, and disasters, fluctuations, to human-induced threats, natural a sites at which number of different consider the other factors extent and the overall its totalspecies exists, population size, population and fragmentation of its range. In addition to rarity, important trends — both short and long-term — are extremely are a predictor of risk since they in determining extinction of a species. The condition of each species is assessed condition of each The of a species. ( criteria based on many as its inherent rarity or to the biology of the species, such Others involve disturbance. its susceptibility to, or need for, in the numbers or habitat conditions of monitoring changes species are particularly vulnerable rare the species. Because species provides an estimate of extinction risk (Master 1991). of extinction an estimate species provides to the decline and ultimate demise things can contribute Many 1 1 introduction 10 . very Photo by Bruce . Imperiled (G2). vely few . Critically imperiled (G1). . Critically imperiled ten five or fewer elihood of redisco Photo by Bruce Bennett, NatureServe s. ( macleanii) s. tually no lik rences but still some hope of (Salicornia borealis) hes; vir Photo by Jared Hobbs. Maclean’s golden-weed Maclean’s Boreal saltwort Boreal saltwort South Chilcotin Mountains, near Darcy, B.C. The Canadian tundra The Canadian tundra B.C. Darcy, Chilcotin Mountains, near South ve searc comes alive each summer with alpine flowers such as lupine and Indian as lupine and with alpine flowers summer such comes alive each paintbrush. / Left: known only This highly restricted species, previously Yukon. Manitoba and as well recently discovered Manitoba, was from tidal shores near Churchill, / Territory. Yukon in the interior of the Yukon. Right: endemic species are found of other northern This plant and a number Yukon. during glacial periods. / in refugia that remained ice-free Bennett, NatureServe Yukon. Top: ten 80 or fewer), recent and widespread declines, or other . TUS RANKS TA very s. ten 20 or fewer), steep declines, or other factor TION S Not located despite intensi redisco (of populations (of factor DEFINITION Common; widespread and abundant. At high risk of extinction due to very restricted range, few populations At very high risk of extinction due to extreme rarity (of populations), steep declines, or other factor At moderate risk of extinction due to a restricted range, relati Uncommon but not rare; some cause for long-term concern (e.g. widespread declines). Missing; known only from historical occur VA ), for example, is a example, ), for TUS TA AL CONSER ecure TION S VA Sorex maritimensisSorex VE GLOB ulnerable ecure resumed Extinct ossibly Extinct V Apparently S S Imperiled P P Critically Imperiled CONSER

TURESER BLE 3

G4 G5 G2 G3 GX GH G1 RANK

TA NA the species, rather than any real change in its status. real change the species, rather than any those for which little information exists, or those only known or those only known exists, information little which those for in conservation ranks status changes Indeed, most historically. scientific understanding of the condition of an improved reflect research projects, and knowledgeable observers projects, and knowledgeable to determine research field is augmented by information This conservation status. targeting species of conservation concern, inventories refined, and updated to reflect advances in knowledge. in knowledge. advances refined, and updated to reflect from information CDC specialists rely on the best available history natural literature, museum collections, scientific Brunswick populations of this species. populations of Brunswick Conservation reviewed, assessments are continually status and national (N3) levels, reflecting its provincial conservation its provincial reflecting and national (N3) levels, Atlantic Canada the rank of vulnerable (S3) assigned by status Scotia and New Conservation both the Nova Data Centre for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia constitute the global range of constitute Scotia and Nova Brunswick New biologists regard information, on current this species. Based global (G3) as possibly vulnerable at the Maritime shrew in a geographic context and setting conservation priorities. and setting in a geographic context ( Maritime shrew The of provinces The only in Canada. very small mammal found Combining global, national and provincial/territorial and provincial/territorial Combining global, national conservation (e.g., a ranks status provides G3N3S3) also placing risk levels scale for and different useful perspective ranked G5T2. For this report, however, global assessments are global assessments this report, however, For G5T2. ranked level. at the full species reported only status ranking for a globally secure plant species would be species would globally secure plant a ranking for status be the same plant would subspecies of G5; an imperiled 3

the status of Canada’s species 1

Coregonus ) in White Bay, White Bay, ) in 2000). et al. et

Megaptera novaeangliae Photo by Doug Anions. Humpback whale ( Humpback NatureServe’s greater emphasis on the vulnerability of a small NatureServe’s number of populations (Master Above: Eleven species of whales Widespread. (G3). Vulnerable Newfoundland. and other marine mammals in Canadian waters are of global conservation concern. / ), there had been two species of whitefish living), there had been two species of whitefish in Dragon Lake. discovered that instead of just the common, widespread lake that instead of just the common, discovered whitefish ( clupeaformis These forms had diverged in their feeding habits, and had diverged as in form watershedthe Pleistocene in the following well, all since whitefish had arrived glaciations. Dragon Lake does indeed have a thriving trout population of rainbow but its unique whitefish are long gone. now, LakeThe loss of the Dragon well- is simply explained: an example of a whitefish that led to considered interference with the environment intentioned but poorly productive Dragon Lake lake is a moderate-sized, in the central interior disaster. decided that Dragon Lake could A few decades ago it was of British Columbia. if only the native fish in it were a fine recreational fishery, support of the fish killed were The lakewas duly poisoned, and specimens first eliminated. it was collections. Only later to be preserved in research taken by ichthyologists Planned Poisoning,Planned Unplanned Dragon of the Extinction: e Death 2003). Only a small fraction of the et al. et

Illustration by closely related species to the Dragon Lake whitefish. / Donald Gunn. Atlantic whitefish (critically imperiled), a a species’ risk of extinction, NatureServe’s assessments NatureServe’s risk of extinction, a species’ are slightly more precautionary prone to use a and less This appears due in data category. deficient or equivalent and greater emphasis on trend information part to IUCN’s NatureServe’s protocol have so far been assessed using the so far protocol have NatureServe’s List Red very few Furthermore, List methodology. IUCN Red level. or territorial been done at a provincial assessments have conservation assessments are status NatureServe’s However, 85 to 90% similar to those of IUCN (L. Master pers. comm.). In general, when the same data are used to categorize NatureServe and the IUCN Red List have evolved on largely evolved List have and the IUCN Red NatureServe the past three decades, substantial separate paths over been made recently to bring them closer have efforts together (Master more than 40,000American species and communities North under whose global conservation has been evaluated status Outside , the most widely used system for for America, the most widely used system Outside North assessing conservation is that of the Species Survival status Conservation Union World The Commission (SSC) of IUCN — assessment methodologies of While the status (IUCN 2001). 3 12 the status of Canada’s species 1 % % .1% .9 7 8.2% 3.6% 0.0% 5.9% 0.0% 9.1% 2.2% 8.6% 6.4% 8.7% 8.5% 5.6% 5.7% 3.2% 17 14.2 Concern % of Global Conservation 9 74 74 1 9 96 96 otal 56 34 44 45 35 T 21 1 1 568 477 980 272 4137 5685 3928 2000). et al. et 3 1 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 48 ank Not 1 151 157 R Assigned 8 2 0 9 38 65 55 29 30 36 36 26 111 111 3 1 ecure (G5) 21 41 1 1 1 429 787 271 2859 4075 S

4 4 8 0 6 15 89 48 37 41 38 30 20 091 ecure (G4) 881 121 840 1 S Apparently

2 0 8 3 0 7 0 2 10 13 13 16 36 35 150 150 163 234 (G3) groups, a high proportion of their known species are of global species of their known groups, a high proportion freshwater mussels (17.9%), conservation concern: freshwater At the other fern allies (13.2%). ferns and and fishes (14.2%), or crayfishes conifers Canada’s none of end of the spectrum, are of global conservation of total concern. In terms numbers, (5.7%) of global plants — with 222 species flowering however, conservation concern — lead all other groups. survival be Although ensuring the 362 species may of these to Canada is fortunate ways in many challenge, a formidable A comparable imperiled plants or animals. few relatively have more than 6,000assessment in the United States revealed nearly one-third plant and animal species at risk, representing species assessed (Stein American of VERTEBRATES most include some of the nation’s vertebrates Canada’s as polar bears and such creatures, emblematic and charismatic and seldom seen animals as secretive beluga whales, as well ulnerable V 6 0 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 1 1 8 51 57 69 (G2) Imperiled ). 4 0 3 4 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 4 13 13 0 1 20 24 48 20 (G1) Critically Table 4 Table Imperiled

). For three ). For 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 (GH) ossibly Extinct P TUS OF CANADIAN SPECIES TA Figure 1 e Status of Canada’s Species ofCanada’s Status e

8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 5 8 0 (GX) Extinct resumed s P TION S VA otal

otal tles

otal

TES es subt TES hat do NatureServe’s conservation status hat do NatureServe’s about the general condition assessments tell us species? Global conservation native of Canada’s s es subt ater mussels ater fishes at

at AL CONSER

TEBRA ). Appendix A lists all Canadian species believed to be A lists all Canadian species believed Appendix ). ebr terflies and skipper TEBRA ebr AL

eptiles and tur iger beetles BLE 4 lowering plants erns and fern allies reshw reshw SCULAR PLANTS Dragonflies/damselflies Conifer Crayfishes But Mammals Birds Amphibians vert ascular plants subt TA GLOB R F F Vert F V TOT In VA INVER VER F T Table 5 Table Considering the 13 groups of plants and animals separately groups of plants and animals separately Considering the 13 ( some striking differences reveals considered to be of global conservation concern (GH, G1, G2, and G3). (G1), 1.2% are imperiled (G2), and 4.1% are vulnerable (G3) are imperiled (G2), and 4.1% (G1), 1.2% ( all extant Canadian species Appendix B lists (GX), and extinct 2.8% of the species are not yet ranked). The 6.4% of species The ranked). 2.8% of the species are not yet (GX), are extinct of concern can be divided further: 0.14% (GH), 0.8% are critically imperiled 0.05% are possibly extinct secure (G5) or apparently secure (G4), and about 6.4% of secure (G5) or apparently plants and animals) are of global Canadian species (362 (an additional conservation concern or are already extinct status ranks were tallied for 13 of the best-known groups of the best-known tallied 13 ranks were for status comprising 5,685 species ( of plants and animals, are that 90.9% of these species assessment showed This W 5

the status of Canada’s species 1

Dreissena ) and zebra mussels ( ) and zebra Petromyzon marinus Petromyzon ). Examples abound as well for intentional exotic introductions (often introductions (often exotic ). Examples abound as well for intentional Third, in some cases, historical over-fishing has had a major impact on native fish Third, in some cases, historical over-fishing hard by commercial hit cisco was populations. In the , the deepwater 1800s,fishing in the late was then driven and to extinction by the introduced sea in the glaciated Canadian landscape where most species are recent Finally, . systems are isolated from their freshwater immigrants with broad ranges, many a number of species have very small This means that neighbouring watersheds. for recolonization in the event ranges, and the isolation reduces the opportunity and for rapid evolution of local extirpation. Isolation also creates opportunities as found among the the formation of new species with very small ranges, such fishes of British Columbia. Several factors alarming levels of risk. First,Several are responsible for these the productive ecosystems in and around lowland rivers, among the lakes wetlands are often and Second, humans. by first or eliminated when a region is settled habitats altered often quickly watersheds, introduced into many fish and shellfish have been exotic eliminating some of the native species livingthe local there and radically altering in the Great Lakes examples of this are the accidental arrivals ecosystem. Prime of the parasitic ( polymorpha preceded by lake fish. poisonings), especially in the case of non-native sport the St. Lawrence River River to the Great Lakes,From to the from the Mackenzie landscapes are defined as characteristic Canada’s uncountable lakes of the far north, then, that the species It is a sad irony, as by the land itself. by bodies of water much lakes,that depend on these rivers, than their and streams are even more threatened of species of The two groups with the highest proportion counterparts. terrestrial more than half of mussels and fishes. Overall, conservation concern are freshwater live in freshwater. all endangered vertebrates Rough Waters: Canada’s Hard-Hit Hard-Hit Canada’s Waters: Rough Species Freshwater

Freshwater Habitat / Freshwater Illustration by Donald Gunn. 5 14 the status of Canada’s species 1 . Secure . Secure (Eumetopias Photo by Jared (Moxostoma (Rana sylvatica) Photo by Colin D. Jones, Steller sea lion . Vulnerable (G3). British Columbia. Vulnerable . . Critically imperiled (G1). Québec.

Wood Wood Copper redhorse portions of the U.S., the wood frog ranges of the U.S., portions American other North than any north farther amphibian. / Ontario NHIC. Bottom: jubatus) Marine mammals that depend on coastlines aspect of and oceans are an important / biodiversity. Canada’s Hobbs. Top: hubbsi) to the St. Lawrence RiverRestricted system fish have the highest in Québec. Freshwater / vertebrates. levels of risk among Canada’s Photo by Daniel Hatin, MRNF. Left: across Canada and large (G5). Found

4% ALL SPECIES .2% concern, freshwater and marine species comprise 52.8% and comprise 52.8% and marine species concern, freshwater species that are list, while of the overall 28.8%, respectively, less than 20%. for account primarily terrestrial of freshwater fish and marine mammals of conservation fish and marine mammals of freshwater 1 0.8% 4.1% 6.4% 0.1 0.05% T OF TION CONCERN ), VA PERCEN

Elaphe Rana pretiosa

AL CONSER 3 8 Dermochelys 48 69 362 234 ) is considered NUMBER OF SPECIES Eubalaena glacialis ) and the eastern fox snake ( snake ) and the eastern fox ). Although a recent comprehensive global Although a recent comprehensive ). Y OF SPECIES OF GLOB 2004), remain mostly wide- Canadian amphibians

; and one freshwater turtle, the western pond turtle pond turtle western the turtle, ; and one freshwater et al. et AL ); one marine turtle, the leatherback ( the leatherback ); one marine turtle, BLE 5 ulnerable (G3) resumed Extinct (GX) ossibly Extinct (GH) TOT Imperiled (G2) V RANK P P Critically Imperiled (G1) TA SUMMAR Sistrurus catenatusSistrurus marmorata Emys pattern emerges. Primarily because of the large numbers Primarily emerges. pattern When the list of vertebrates of conservationof divided is concern vertebrates of list the When lines, a striking marine, and freshwater along terrestrial, is of global conservation concern. A warning sign, however, is sign, however, A warning is of global conservation concern. other and salamanders are declining that many the fact most of their range in Canada. over (Young (Young Indeed, just a single ranging and secure at the global level. frog ( Canadian amphibian, the spotted ( that nearly assessment on amphibians has documented are threatened with extinction one-third of species worldwide ( gloydi coriacea) species are of only four Among Canadian reptiles and turtles, — the massasauga conservation two eastern snakes concern: bird species (just 17 of 477 species, or 3.6%) are of global bird species (just 17 are however, conservation common birds, Many concern. a long-term declining trend in population levels. experiencing critically imperiled, while another 10 whales, dolphins, and critically imperiled, while another 10 are the focus While birds as vulnerable. seals are categorized Canadian few relatively of considerable conservation attention, concern, rank next, largely due to the presence of a number largely due to the presence concern, rank next, The mammals in Canadian waters. of vulnerable marine northern right whale ( and a further 13 species are classified as critically imperiled. as species are classified and a further 13 of species of global conservationMammals, with 8.7% are under particular stress across North America (Ricciardi across North are under particular stress the eight Canadian vertebrates of Five 1999). and Rasmussen extinct is possibly are fish; another species presumed extinct Freshwater fish have by far the highest risk levels among far the highest risk levels by have fish Freshwater a finding species, or 14.2%), (31 out of 219 the vertebrates systems indications that freshwater consistent with other such as salamanders, frogs, and bats. Overall, 7% of Canada’s 7% of Canada’s and bats. Overall, salamanders, frogs, as such are of global conservation species concern. vertebrate 7

the status of Canada’s species 1 t of the species’ auk. While some recovery has been made with the control of hunting and introduced has While some recovery auk. predators, species still have numbers many that are only a small fraction of their albatrosses are not only the Laysan and short-tailed Additionally, former magnitude. in long-line fisheries. threatened on their nesting islands, but also through bycatch declines of a are also implicated in at least short-term Oceanographic changes can cause critical in ocean currents number of seabirds. Even subtle changes of plankton blooms and the distribution of fish and occurrence in the timing changes needed for food. oceanographic conditions, or some combination of the two. The handful of Canadian The handful of Canadian of the two. oceanographic conditions, or some combination and peripheral to the hear breeding colonies, once considered small Islands, now represent one of the few stable populations of Aleutian range in the Steller sea lions. birds because they are more vulnerable than most terrestrial are inherently Seabirds more likely to breed in a few very large concentrations. On their once-safe nesting islands, they have been hit hard by introduced predators, whether these are foxes, by humans also caused massive rats, cats, dogs, or pigs. In the past, over-hunting albatross, and the extinction of the great as the short-tailed declines of species such the bowhead, have never recovered and remain critically imperiled. Northern right right and remain critically imperiled. Northern the bowhead, have never recovered numberswhales, having been reduced to very small by whaling, now seem to be Because and entanglement in fishing gear. most threatened by collisions with ships every three to five years,female right whales have a single calf only a every time set back is the ability of the population to recover young female is killed accidentally, years.many in the relatively recent past because of Steller sea lions were machine-gunned their perceived with humans for fish, but now have declined even competition Alaskanwaters. in stocks or loss in fish more precipitously as a result of changes changing by humans, themselves are likely the result of over-fishing These changes Regrettably, the past two centuries have proven Lamarck terribly wrong. Even wrong. terribly Lamarck the past two centuries have proven Regrettably, of species are prominent within the ranks fish, marine saltwater without considering analyses, identified by our 21 of the 72 vertebrates Indeed, threatened vertebrates. Marine turtle. mammals, nine birds, and one sea including 11 or 28.8%, are marine, Canadian species are almost one in four have suffered; mammals in particular Whaling, of course, the a tremendous impact over had of conservation concern. populations the eastern Pacific Although last two centuries, even into the 1960s. numbersof the grey whale have returned to pre-whaling in the last few decades, of Arctic populations right whale and the eastern some species, like the northern Oceans of Trouble: e Decline of of Trouble: Oceans Birds and Marine Mammals

. JEAN BAPTISTE — LAMARCK, 1809 that there is no that there of his being likelihood the destroy able to species of any entire of these animals.” destruction of their destruction Their Man. species by multiplication is so and their means rapid pursuit of evading so great are or traps “…animals living in especially the water, are the sea waters, the from protected Illustration by Northern right whale Northern / Donald Gunn 7 16 the status of Canada’s species 1 ) is ) has 25% Hesperia dacotae 20% Coenonympha nipisiquit 17.9% 15% 14.2% 13.2% Vulnerable (G3) Imperiled (G2) Critically Imperiled (G1) Presumed or Possibly Extinct (GX/GH) declined about 99.9% over the past two centuries, and is the past two centuries, declined about 99.9% over prairie on the fragments of native restricted to a few now reasons, mysterious somewhat northeastern Great Plains. For ( the maritime ringlet salt marshes around restricted in its global distribution to four and Québec, with Brunswick New des Chaleurs of the Baie a total area of occupied habitat than two square of less INVERTEBRATES and barnacles, to bivalves beetles and butterflies From the largest segment of the Canadian constitute invertebrates essential group provides incredibly diverse This fauna. servicesecosystem ranging from crop to most species and groups of decomposition. Unfortunately, it is currently and therefore are poorly known, invertebrates assessment of the comprehensive a impossible to provide Nonetheless, conservation of invertebrates. status overall groups to assess invertebrate several about enough is known of most, if not all, their member species. the global status focus been the have example, for Dragonflies and butterflies, and especially in the last 20 years, of a number of inventories, the distribution the subject of national syntheses. However, and conservation of a number of species of dragonflies status and analysis. requires additional research still and butterflies dragonflies, and tiger beetles appear to While most butterflies, be secure, a number of them are clearly of global conservation invertebrates decline or disappearance of several The concern. Plains. American Great is tied to the demise of the North the Dakota skipper ( example, For Percent of Species 10% 9.1% 8.7% 8.6% 8.5%

. 5.7% 5.6% Photo by 5% 3.6% 2.2% . Secure (G5). Manitoba, . Secure 0.0% 0.0% Data Source: NatureServe central databases, with review by Canadian CDCs. 2005. Data Source: NatureServe central databases, with review by Canadian CDCs. FIGURE 1 CONCERN BY PLANT CONSERVATION OF SPECIES OF GLOBAL PROPORTION GROUPS IN CANADA AND ANIMAL 0% (Labidomera trimaculata) Photo by Colin D. Jones, Ontario NHIC. Birds Crayfish Conifers Mammals Amphibians Tiger Beetles (Gomphus fraternus) Flowering Plants Freshwater Fishes Photo by Colin D. Jones, Ontario NHIC. Reptiles and Turtles Freshwater Mussels Ferns and Fern Allies Butterflies and Skippers Dragonflies and Damselflies Swamp milkweed leaf beetle Swamp Midland clubtail Ojibway Prairie, Ontario. Prairie habitats across North America habitats across North Ontario. Prairie Prairie, Ojibway Bottom: to agriculture. are habitat not only have been mostly converted / as butterflies. such for birds and wildflowers, but for invertebrates Mike McMurtry, Ontario NHIC. Not ranked due to lack of data. Beetles and other provide us with of data. Beetles and other insects provide Not ranked due to lack essential ecosystem services, but the conservation status of thousands of species remains poorly known, and thousands more species remain unknown to science. / inventory, much remains to be learned about their distribution, and many remains to be learned about their distribution, and many much inventory, new species are likely to be found. / right:Top Top left:Top of conservation While dragonflies are increasingly a focus Ontario, Québec. 9

the status of Canada’s species 1 ) . Imperiled Photo by Sean crepitans

Acris differ from these other differ status of species, while status (Platanthera praeclara) status of Canadian species. status , a provincial, territorial, and territorial, , a provincial, . Vulnerable (G3). Québec, New Vulnerable . Wild Species 2000: General The global national from World Wildlife Fund Canada, did not Fund Wildlife World from (Arnica lanceolata) Our Home and Land Native Arnica Western prairie white-fringed orchid prairie white-fringed orchid Western and NGSWG document the on the focuses this analysis frog ( the northern cricket an example, As in southernmost Ontario across the Pelee ranges from Point central and eastern United States In to northern Mexico. southwestern only from extreme known Canada, this frog was a result, As vanished. Ontario, already have where it may Blaney, Atlantic Canada CDC. the National second effort, The Act. Species at Risk federal established Group (NGSWG), was by Working General Status the signing of the 1996 Directors after Wildlife the Canadian NGSWG is The Species at Risk. of the Protection for Accord all species, not just those at assessments for responsible for first report, group’s The risk. Wild of SpeciesStatus in Canada collaboration, dealt with species in selected taxonomic federal groups (Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council being taxonomic groups are currently Additional 2001). with results to be national general status for evaluated A third national appraisal, released in a second report in 2006. Audit Nature The ranks to species, but conducted a species- assign status within ecological across Canada and review approach the adjacent United States, and recommended conservation health strategies to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem Canada 2003). Fund Wildlife (World does How A principal distinction is that both COSEWIC assessments? Top: throughout the (G2). Manitoba. Conversion of tallgrass prairie to agriculture / beautiful wildflower. Great Plains has greatly reduced the range of this tall, Photo by Cary Hamel, Manitoba Conservation Data Centre. Bottom: / streambanks and wet cliffs. rocky along Found Brunswick. ). Draba ). . Moonworts are often difficult difficult are often . Moonworts ), and whitlow-grasses ( ), and whitlow-grasses is the first analysis to provide provide to is the first analysis see 6 Table Rubus ), brambles ( The first, the Committee on the Status of Endangered on the Status first, the Committee The that of experts is a committee in Canada (COSEWIC), Wildlife is intended maintains a national list of species at risk, which under the new to serve protection afforded as the basis for a global perspective for Canadian species. As noted in As Canadian species. for a global perspective evaluated other assessments have however, the Preface, have or viewpoints, different from animals and plants Canadian the on additional criteria beyond based conducted analyses are of particular significance. efforts Three species level. ( COMPARINGGLOBAL NATIONAL ASSESSMENTSOur Home and Land Native AND conservation concern appear to be genuinely rare. are of global of Canadian orchids In addition, 13% mustard, rose, and conservation concern, while the aster, also containgrass families large numbers of species on our include fleabanes these families genera within list. Prominent 13% (23 species) are of global conservation concern. It is 13% ferns stand out among other plants, why to know difficult or grape are moonworts of the 23 species affected but 14 in the ferns Despite identify. to correctly more difficult even to find and most species considered of global however, these difficulties, , and quillworts). Overall, about 6% of native vascular vascular about 6% of native Overall, mosses, and quillworts). of global plants in Canada — 245 species — are regarded conservation concern. plants, and their allies are a small group of vascular Ferns about to Canada. However, species native with only 173 VASCULAR PLANTS primary source, energy Plants not only serve as the earth’s needed within most the essential structure but also provide plants include flowering Vascular ecosystems. terrestrial with their allies (horsetails, club trees, and ferns herbs, shrubs, and caddisflies — are not well enough known to include in well enough known not and caddisflies — are mayflies species of Canadian although several this analysis, be may only from historic records, and thus are known ( susceptible to extinction As with freshwater fish, a large proportion of freshwater of freshwater fish, a large proportion with freshwater As are of out of 56 species, or 17.9%) mussels in Canada (10 global conservation consistent with concern, another finding and (Ricciardi ecosystems stresses on freshwater the known other of dragonflies, With the exception 1999). Rasmussen stoneflies, as mayflies, groups — such invertebrate freshwater kilometers! Most of this area is within the city Most of this area is kilometers! of limits with the concomitant urban problems Beresford, and Bathurst and habitatof pollution degradation. 9 1 the status of Canada’s species 18

The Wild ) having ) having , and they , and they ) — are Dermochelys (IUCN 2004). Wild Species 2000 Dermochelys coriacea Sistrurus catenatusSistrurus ), leatherback sea turtle ( sea turtle ), leatherback identifies reptiles and turtles as the most turtles and reptiles identifies in Canada. Of the 43 native species, 11 are are 11 species, Of the 43 native in Canada. reports that reptiles and turtles* have have reports that reptiles and turtles* * . A comparison with COSEWIC’s overall list overall A comparison with COSEWIC’s . . This report finds that 13% of the orchid species 13% of the orchid report finds that This . Red List of Threatened Species Threatened of Red List ), and massasauga ( Clemmys marmorata themselves. the discovery tree caused by family of the vertebrate * In a shakeup are now of crocodiles, turtles that birds are the closest living relatives considered to be a separate group from reptiles. In short, if birds are split sense to split both from crocodiles as a separate class, then it makes 2002). Taggart from the reptiles (Collins and crocodiles and turtles Nature AuditNature This Canada are of global conservation in occurring concern. for holds true relationship between national and global status fewer far expect, most of the groups assessed; as one might Canadian species are of conservation concern globally than nationally. Conservation organization Union is another World The IUCN — and periodically of species worldwide the status that reviews updates its species, IUCN prepares conservation assessments for status selected subpopulations of even and subspecies, varieties, IUCN adjusted its criteria to determine each species. In 1997, re-assessing and is currently risk of extinction relative species’ species criteria for evaluation revised These every species. and NatureServe are very used by similar to those currently do however, COSEWIC (Master 2004). Slight differences, in a comparison of the three ranking systems as revealed exist and reptiles and amphibians (Alvo completed using Canada’s standing global in Oldham 2000). Consideration of Canada’s at this time due relation to other northern countries is difficult of IUCN or lack to incompleteness of the re-assessments by the countries conservation assessments completed by status vulnerable group vulnerable national conservation be of 12 concern with another or may a total 23 species of concern for of sensitive, regarded as fauna. reptile and turtle 56% of the national — a disturbing at risk, but eight of and turtles COSEWIC lists 32 reptiles or populations, resulting in a list of 24 these are subspecies a group not considered by turtles, species, including sea Species 2000 of species of conservationregarding proportions concern is deliberations are not complete not practical, since COSEWIC’s most groups. for Audit Nature The since European undergone major reductions in abundance southern boundary with species along Canada’s settlement, ( sea turtle and the leatherback only three the greatest decline. In our analysis, suffered pond turtle — the western reptiles and turtles of Canada’s ( coriacea 31% to be of global conservation Similarly, found concern. are considered of national conservation of Canadian orchids according to concern or sensitive as one of the groups of greatest concern in are identified Wild Species 2000

Wild

each each report reported Nature AuditNature

The not only provides a global a global not only provides Wild Species 2000 Wild Species 2005 Wild Species 2000 , and reported on 1,600 species in ) make precise comparisons difficult, difficult, precise comparisons ) make assigned it a national general status a national general status assigned it and the range-wide assessments offered here and the range-wide assessments offered The Nature Audit Nature The Wild Species 2000 Our Home and Land Native Wild Species 2000 national conservation concern contrasts with our figure of 6.4% of species considered of global conservation concern. that about 10% of the species assessed are or may be of of the species assessed are or may that about 10% considered national conservation concern, with another 13% to be of total of species believed This of 23% “sensitive.” exclusion of certain groups (e.g., marine turtles were excluded excluded of certain were (e.g., groups exclusion marine turtles in interesting. remain the patterns between national and global level assessments of Canadian between national and global level in taxonomic treatments (e.g., what While differences species. a subspecies) and inclusion or is considered a species versus Comparing the general status assessments containedComparing the general status in Species 2000 to consider the relationship a unique opportunity provides includes a much larger number and broader array of species larger number and broader array includes a much analysis. for by ecoregions to assess species and habitat trends. As a As species and habitat ecoregions to assess by trends. result, also wild species, but of Canada’s on the status perspective vulnerable or even globally imperiled by NatureServe have have NatureServe globally imperiled by vulnerable or even COSEWIC. by been considered not yet species within nine taxonomic groups 1,419 examined based on the species’ status in Canada, and it lists a species in status based on the species’ and assessed, a detailed written report has been only after plants) that are considered species (especially vascular many endangered taxa and as of November 2004 had assessed 648 endangered taxa as of November and taxonomic 10 species, subspecies, and populations within priorities are groups (COSEWIC 2004). COSEWIC’s Because species. eight taxonomic groups, with the rare and only on focuses more. COSEWIC many to evaluate this assessment and the other analyses. This report covers report covers This this assessment and the other analyses. better- species, both common and rare, within 13 all native groups of Canadian plants and animals, totaling 5,685 known often starts with local protection efforts, whereas recovery whereas starts with local protection efforts, often status. priorities and strategies should consider global distinction between is a second key Breadth of coverage report, and each is a useful tool to help set priorities for is a useful tool to help set priorities for report, and each assessment and conservation actions in Canada. It is essential success. Conservation to act at a variety of scales to achieve COSEWIC, of this global analysis than the perspective a different offer however, the frog remains common across most of the frog however, globally as species is ranked range, and the its extensive secure (G5). Canadian (national) and Ontario (provincial) level, the northern Ontario level, Canadian (national) and (provincial) (NH as missing and possibly extirpated frog is regarded cricket more broadly, Considering the species and SH respectively). of ‘1’, indicating it to be nationally “at risk.” NatureServe NatureServe “at risk.” nationally indicating it to be of ‘1’, but level, not only at the national status the frog’s considers the at both Thus, levels. also at global and provincial/territorial COSEWIC lists the species as endangered in Canada, and in Canada, lists the species as endangered COSEWIC Wild Species 2000 1

the status of Canada’s species 2 ) coiled beneath a juniper less than ) coiled beneath a juniper difficult to document; the disappearance of a species must difficult as of its absence. Judgment from evidence be deduced often depends upon the to when to declare a plant or animal extinct be easy it would that is, how species, its habits, range, and size; extinction In practice, confirmation of were it still alive. to find it, of suitable habitat is usually based on unsuccessful searches presence. of the species’ and long periods without evidence Sistrurus catenatus relatively high densities in undisturbed areas and minimally developed cottage relatively in undisturbed areas and minimally developed cottage high densities road networks and by the expansion of they too are jeopardized However, country. vacation communities that reduce connectivity and sub-divide populations bit by that is so buzz of the massasauga Throughout these regions it is the startling bit. With limits to growth, sustainable evocative of the vestiges of wild southern Ontario. itself can perhaps these wildlands and the massasauga land use, and a bit of luck, survive their rare encountershumans. with extinction. include both worst-caseThe four populations that remain in Ontario and best- worst Among the cases: the Ojibway case conservation scenarios for this species. by busy of tallgrass prairie, surrounded population persists in remnant patches In a peatland near Port Windsor. suburban roads and residential developments, in water population copes with a drastically altered Wainfleet Colborne, the reclusive nativetable and alien species that dominate the plant community — the results The best cases are the peat. draining, and mining for commercial of past ditching, Both exhibit and Georgian Bay. extensive populations of Bruce Peninsula and robust Your heart rate quickens as a rapid-fire, buzzy rattling alerts you to the presence alerts a rapid-fire, buzzy rattling as rate quickens heart Your ( of an eastern massasauga their best that silence is often these small rattlesnakes cryptic are So a step away. Yet or strikes. to retaliatory warnings pressed do they resort defense. Only when concern about human safety has served as despite the improbability of being bitten, of the United in Ontario and parts kill massasaugas a pretense by some to wantonly prairie and wetland habitat, Along with the elimination and fragmentation of States. populations to the point of imminent and isolated many have depleted these attacks Silenced Rattle: e Assault e Rattle: Silenced on Massasaugathe

Illustration by Eastern massasauga Eastern massasauga / Donald Gunn. The extinction of any species forever diminishes the nation’s diminishes the nation’s species forever of any extinction The extinction an ecological perspective, heritage. From natural ecological function results in the permanent loss of a species’ is extinction and evolutionary potential. By its very nature, GONE FOREVER:SPECIES CANADA’S EXTINCT 1 2 the status of Canada’s species 20 9 0 4 0 0 6 2 7 4 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 10 otal 32 T P OU

0 1 0 0 1 2 1 7 4 6 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 18 18 1 22 (GH) ossibly Extinct P Y EXTINCT Y EXTINCT

0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 5 8 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 (GX) Extinct resumed ONOMIC GR ONOMIC P X TA Y otal AND POSSIBL otal tles otal PE otal TES e t e t TES at NS s at ater fishes SCULAR PLANTS

ascular plants t

ebr A TEBRA ebr 0 1–2 3–4 5–6 9–11 hens TEBRA AL eptiles and tur ascular plants t ert NB reshw erns and fern allies SCULAR PLANTS nvert NL Flowering plants Mosses Lic Non-v Mammals Birds Amphibians Molluscs Mayflies Moths Other insects Conifer BLE 6 F R F V I V TOT VA NON-V VER INVER xtinct Canadian species TA EXTINCT PRESUMED SPECIES B CANADIAN 0 presumed (GX) and 22 QC epresents 1 R possibly (GH) e ON NU MB ), a small wildflower ), a small wildflower SK abases, . ). These totals differ from totalsThese differ ). 05 central dat NT AB ve ) while another 22 are possibly ) while another 22 are Draba yukonensis ureSer y Canadian CDCs. 20 w b BC vie YT a Source: Nat Dat with re species groups included in NatureServe’s databases included in NatureServe’s species groups Table 6 andTable Appendix B all FIGURE 2 EXTINCTIONS ACROSS CANADA Table 6 andTable Appendix A known from only one site in the world which has eluded which from only one site in the world known almost 30 years. rediscovery for vertebrates, freshwater fish and birds have been hardest hit. been hardest fish and birds have freshwater vertebrates, is plant that is possibly extinct only Canadian vascular The ( whitlow-grass Yukon the listing process requires time, and is based on assessment the listing process requires time, and is based and monitoring gained from research and knowledge Among and laboratory. biologists in the field completed by invertebrates are known historically from only one collection historically from only one are known invertebrates been made to relocate not always have and additional efforts is undoubtedly conservative, as this list them. Nevertheless, treated in that table. Certainly some of the species in the especially category be rediscovered, ‘possibly extinct’ may Many inventoried. are poorly which among the invertebrates, extinct ( extinct includes groups such 4, since this analysis Table those in plants that are not and non-vascular as moths, mayflies, report), a total of 32 Canadian species are classified as as report), a total species are classified of 32 Canadian extinct are presumed 10 or possibly extinct: presumed ( When in this analysis for (not just those selected are considered 3

geographic patterns among species of global conservation concern 2 00 bodies were ) is an ecologically Ectopistes migratorius AUDUBON, THE BIRDS OF AMERICA, VOL. V, 1838. 1838. V, VOL. AMERICA, THE BIRDS OF AUDUBON, “The air was literally filled with pigeons; the light of noonday the light of noonday filled with pigeons; literally “The air was not unlike in spots, the dung fell an eclipse; as by obscured was buzz of wings had and the continued of snow; melting flakes still were repose…pigeons to senses lull my to a tendency do so for and continued to passing in undiminished numbers, in succession.” days three JAMES — JOHN 1902. Martha, the last bird in captivity, lived out her last years the last bird in captivity, in the Cincinnati Zoo Martha, 1902. The forests and woodlands of eastern North 1914. alone, and died on 1 September America will never be the same. huge flocks still roamed the countryside, but by 1880 the survivors 1880 still roamed the countryside, but by were scattered. huge flocks few remained. By 1890 it seems that Even though the huge slaughter thinned the multitudes, however, final undoing. Hunting on a major scale ceased pigeon’s the passenger it wasn’t diseases have been thinned and brokeForest clearing or exotic up. when the flocks suggested as contributing factors to the final decline, but it is likely that passenger to breed successfully. pigeons needed to live in large flocks May Ontario, on 18 at Penetanguishene, The last reliable sighting in Canada was The story of the passenger pigeon ( Who could ever dream example of truth being stranger than fiction. horrifying it may have been the most numerous up a tale of a species so abundant that in only a few decades? Originally its bird on the continent, brought to extinction America, and it North over all of eastern had ranged incredibly immense flocks as southern Canada. In the mid-1800s, hundreds of bred abundantly as far north hunting competition, 30,0 thousands were killed annually — in one per nest; produced only one or two chicks needed to win! But passenger pigeons able to cope with the carnage. In 1870, their reproductive potential simply wasn’t Passenger Pigeon Passenger From Abundance to Absence: Absence: to Abundance From Extinction of the e Unimaginable

Passenger pigeons / Passenger Donald by Illustration Gunn. 3 2 geographic patterns among species of global conservation concern 22

PE NS refers to the refers NB NL QC Extinctions Global Conservation Concern ON MB NU SK as used here refers to the number of native species, species, number of native to the as used here refers NT AB >5% 2–3.2% 4–5% <2% extinct, that is, have disappeared across their entire former across their entire former disappeared that is, have extinct, range. these biological for illuminate geographic patterns To measures, diversity and global conservation concern are plants and vertebrates, vascular all for province calculated by three characteristics (diversity, conservation concern, and (diversity, three characteristics measure the biological conditions of used to were extinctions) and territories. provinces Canada’s Diversity is the Species richness “richness.” as species also known a simple diversity and provides estimate of most prevalent measure of biological wealth. plants and animals to the percentage of a province’s refers that are at increased global conservation concern due to rarity a measure of the conservation and provides or other factors, this measure includes all species In this analysis, challenge. global conservationwith a NatureServe of presumed status (GH), critically imperiled (G1), (GX), possibly extinct extinct imperiled (G2), or vulnerable (G3). or possibly number of Canadian species that are presumed thus measuring the amount of diversity already lost. extinct, measure includes only those species that are globally This BC YT % of Global Concern Data Source: NatureServe central databases, with review by Canadian CDCs. 2005. PE NS NB NL QC ON of Global Concern Conservation Geographic Patterns Among SpeciesAmong Geographic Patterns NU MB SK AB NT

ature is not limited by lines on a map; national and is not limited by ature boundaries are merely artificial provincial/territorial ecologically complex superimposed on constructs 1000–1500 1500–2100 >2400 <1000

BC YT Represents all vertebrate animals (981 species) and all vascular plants (4,136). Number of Species on a province-by-province basis do not exist. Instead, basis do not exist. on a province-by-province respect to their habitat conditions, as well as their abilityrespect to their habitat conditions, as well to Unfortunately, in the future. naturally function and evolve assessment this idealized most of the data allow would that Assessing biological and ecological conditions is a complex is a complex biological and ecological conditions Assessing all species should be considered with Ideally, endeavour. historically have been gathered, province-based assessments been gathered, province-based historically have of species, the broadest array for us to consider patterns allow both rare and common. management units in a way that more ecologically sensible management units in a way or biomes subdivisions — whether ecoregions, watersheds, data scientific in which of the way — are not. Because significant issue, especially with regards to the cluster of significant issue, especially with regards Nonetheless, these small Maritime provinces. relatively political divisions are embedded as societal and resource FIGURE 3 CONCERN ACROSS CANADA PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY AND GLOBAL CONSERVATION conservation, characterizing the landscape based on provincial the landscape based on provincial conservation, characterizing The shortcomings. boundaries has serious and territorial is a particularly among jurisdictions in size great difference N and of both biology perspectives the landscapes. From 5

geographic patterns among species of global conservation concern 2 PE PE NS NS NB NB NL NL QC QC ON ON NU MB MB NU SK SK AB NT AB NT >5% >5% 1.5–2.9% 3–4% 3–3.9% 4–4.9% <1% <2.5% BC BC YT YT % of Global Concern % of Global Concern PE PE NS NS NB NB NL NL QC QC ON ON MB NU NU MB SK SK NT AB NT AB 1000–1500 300–399 1501–2000 400–499 >2000 >500 <1000 <300 BC BC YT YT dian CDCs. 2005. Data Source: NatureServe central databases, with review by Cana Data Source: NatureServe central databases, with review by Canadian CDCs. 2005. Number of Species Number of Species PLANT DIVERSITY AND GLOBAL CONSERVATION CONCERN ACROSS CANADA AND GLOBAL CONSERVATION CONCERN PLANT DIVERSITY FIGURE 4 FIGURE FIGURE 5 CONSERVATION CONCERN ACROSS CANADA VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY AND GLOBAL 5 24 geographic patterns among species of global conservation concern 2 . Photo by . Imperiled (G2). Photo by Marilyn Anions (Hymenoxys herbacea) Canada’s vast boreal forest is one of the largest intact Canada’s Lakeside daisy Fidler-Greywillow Wildland Provincial Park in northern Alberta. Taiga Taiga Alberta. northern in Park Provincial Wildland Fidler-Greywillow or fish — and freshwater biota is especially threatened. and freshwater or fish — threatened of number large its for noteworthy is Canada Atlantic birds, and turtles — especially marine mammals, vertebrates region in the of vertebrates number though the overall — even in Newfoundland species found sole turtle The low. is relatively sea is the endangered leatherback example, for and Labrador, Top boreal forest and tundra. / between habitat constitutes the transition zone Photo by Ksenija Vujnovic, © Alberta Parks and Protected Areas. Bottom left: outcrops of limestone and dolomite. / A resident of rocky Ontario. Wasyl Bakowsky, Ontario NHIC. Bottom right: essential breeding habitat for millions landscapes in the world and provides of migratory songbirds. Newfoundland. / than the Pacific province, whether they are dragonflies, crayfish, crayfish, are dragonflies, whether they province, than the Pacific

Charadrius ). The western prairie fringed western The ). ), as another example, ranges ranges ), as another example, Mustela nigripes ), or have disappeared entirely, such as the black- such disappeared entirely, ), or have Platanthera praeclaraPlatanthera Great Lakes or their special shoreline habitats. And although And shoreline habitats. or their special Great Lakes diversity of species, British Columbia has a slightly higher overall forms life higher diversity of freshwater Ontario has a much yet supports nearly one-quarter of its human population. Many of its human population. Many supports nearly one-quarter yet of the species of global conservation concern in central Canada, are not Carolinian species, but species confined to the however, the places with the most highly-altered natural environment. environment. natural the places with the most highly-altered region of southern Ontario, example, for Carolinian forest The area, less than one-quarter of a percent of Canada’s constitutes northernmost distribution in the Great Lakes and the St. northernmost distribution in the Great Lakes range of these southern species over- The regions. Lawrence laps with the most densely populated regions in Canada, and Ontario and Québec, both large, predominantly boreal prov- their species reaching in the south by inces, are enriched from southern Manitoba south to Oklahoma, but 90% of of Valley River restricted to the Red its populations are now American states. southern Manitoba and adjacent montanus ( ferret footed ( orchid globally . Those species that do occur, however, however, do occur, species that Those globally rare species. major reductions in range, are rapidly suffered either have ( as the mountain plover declining in numbers, such Although the great sea of grass of the North American Great Although the great sea of grass of the North on the planet, Plains is one of the most altered ecosystems few its Canadian remnants contain relatively paradoxically, it a prime area for human development — first farms and now and now farms — first human development it a prime area for cities and suburbs. rapidly expanding and Douglas-fir woodlands of southern Vancouver Island and the Island Vancouver woodlands of southern and Douglas-fir global conservationGulf Islands, home to nine plant species of made climate have open landscape and favourable The concern. translates directly into biological diversity. British Columbia translates directly into biological diversity. of global conservation also leads in species unfortunately the dryconcern, at nearly 7%. Its hotspots include Garry Oak vertebrates. Facing the westerly winds, mountain the westerly ranges divide Facing vertebrates. of hot and cold, the intricate landscape into climatic stripes resulting climatic and topographic diversity The and dry. wet cold waters of the Pacific Ocean meet rugged mountains, Ocean meet of the Pacific cold waters in province British Columbia is the most biologically diverse plants and harboring nearly 2,800 vascular native the country, rankings of biodiversity across Canada’s land and seascapes? across Canada’s rankings of biodiversity where the rich, edge of the continent, on the western Poised relatively low overall diversity, has a relatively high number of has a relatively diversity, overall low relatively What species of global conservation and extinctions. concern and territorial seen in these provincial underlies the patterns extinctions, but relatively fewer species of global conservation species fewer but relatively extinctions, stands species a hotspot for out as Territory Yukon concern. while having Scotia, of global conservation concern, and Nova extinctions are mapped in Figures are extinctions 2 through 5. Columbia British global conservationand concern, in diversity, scores high as does Québec. Ontario also has high diversity and extinctions, the groups of organisms for which these data most robust. are which of organisms for the groups conservation global concern, and of diversity, patterns Overall 7

threats to Canada’s species 2 fer hope ), on its way to ), on its way 1986). After about After 1986). ), a diminutive mustard relative mustard), a diminutive relative et al. Melanoplus spretus Draba yukonensis ) once filled the skies of central and eastern ) once filled the skies of central and eastern endemics, species whose limited ranges are tied to the five endemics, species whose limited ranges are tied to the five Yukon is An example north of 60˚N. glacial refugia occurring ( whitlow-grass a single site in open country only from that is known near in the absence of Even Yukon. of Haines Junction, the town restricted distribution puts the threats, its extraordinarily current species at risk. Northwest Territories and Nunavut are added to the total, and Nunavut the Territories Northwest vascular than one-quarter of Canada’s more region accounts for plants of global concern. Most of these are arctic or subarctic Numenius borealis ELLIOTT COUES, BIRDS OF THE NORTHWEST, 1874 THE NORTHWEST, COUES, BIRDS OF ELLIOTT “They generally in so loose and straggling a manner fly in so loose and straggling generally “They at a shot. than half a dozen more kill to that it is rare beautiful more of their in any however, wheel, When they compact body more in a close together they , the gunner.” to opportunity favourable a more and offer — prey species, the Rocky Mountain grasshopper ( Mountain prey species, the Rocky usually unsubstantiated, sightings of probable extinction. Occasional, albeit that the curlew still survives; of a bird seen in southwestern the latest of these was Manitoba in May 1996. North America during its migrations to and from its breeding grounds along the America during its North of are said to have been among the flocks Arctic treeline. Migrating Eskimo curlews “they unwittingly In doing so, in 1492. World birds that guided Columbus to the New (Gollop destruction” may have sown the of their own already declined, spring market when the passenger pigeon had 1880, hunters in next easy source of income. American Midwest turned to migrant curlews as the the decimated their very few remained. Hunting certainly By the turn of the century, numbers, curlews were also hit simultaneously by massive but Eskimo habitat The prairies they absolutely depended upon during spring migration were losses. also sent one of their principal fields, which en masse to agricultural converted The Eskimo curlew ( Going, Going, Gone? Eskimo of the Curlew e Fate ). Newfoundland’s insular nature insular nature ). Newfoundland’s

Dermochelys coriacea Eskimo curlew / Donald by Illustration Gunn. wildlife. While overall species diversity is not high, an unusual While overall wildlife. The north. concentration of rare species is centered in the far plants of global conservation has more vascular Territory Yukon When the in the country. jurisdiction concern than any turtle ( turtle endemic species, particularly rise to numerous has also given plants. of vascular taiga, north, with its great wilderness of forest, and far The most magnificent is home to some of Canada’s tundra, 7 26 threats to Canada’s species 2 ) that decimated ) that is choking the ) that is choking Cytisus Petromyzon marinus Petromyzon enough. The warming trend is predicted to be particularly great trend is predicted warming The enough. north, where polar bears are in Canada’s and particularly rapid depend they loss of sea ice, which by increasingly threatened seals. upon in their hunt for threat to species are a growing invasive non-native Finally, animals of plants and Thousands heritage. natural Canada’s to Canada, their way found have that originated elsewhere The or accidentally humans. assisted either intentionally by ( parasitic sea lamprey example, is a prime fish of the Great Lakes some of the native broom ( as is the Scotch species also come in the form Garry Invasive Oak woodlands. Dutch and Nile virus West as the of introduced diseases, such disease. reats to Canada’s Species Canada’s to reats . Apparently secure (G4). . Photo by Drajs Vujnovic, © Alberta (Ursus arctos)

Photo by Jared Hobbs. Because of their suitability for agriculture, the prairie he threats to Canada’s rarest species vary rarest among he threats to Canada’s when one to place. However, species and from place First, emerge. patterns clear looks at the big picture,

Grizzly bear Timber harvesting in British Columbia. A number of Timber harvesting in British Columbia. Parks and Protected Areas. humans. / Right: most grasslands of central Canada are among Canada’s threatened habitats. / British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Yukon, Northwest Northwest Yukon, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, areas, Although still numerous in some Nunavut. Territory, wide-ranging mammals like bears and caribou are threatened by by fragmentation of their habitats and encroachment globally rare species depend on intact old-growth forests. / Photo by Jared Hobbs. Left: Top: mountainous West, one-third of the grasslands have been lost one-third of the grasslands have West, mountainous to inexorably also threatens Climate change in this manner. species unable to adapt quickly alter habitats and affect Other forms of habitat degradation can be more subtle, such of habitat more subtle, such Other forms degradation can be forests due to intensive by as the gradual infill of grasslands In parts of the fire suppression beginning in the mid-1800s. hence the true extent of the loss of unique species there will of the loss extent hence the true be known. never woodlands and meadows of southwestern British Columbia. of southwestern and meadows woodlands logged prior to extensively in eastern Canada were Forests had begun; to inventory wildlife efforts largely before 1900, areas of habitat include the grasslands of the prairies loss of the and intermountain regions, the temperate rainforests and the Garry Lakes, the shorelines of the Great Oak Pacific, wiped out nesting areas for the . In southern the marbled murrelet. wiped out nesting areas for underwater the Ontario, siltation habitat is choking river of the Canada, the greatest Across . bean, a freshwater rayed degrading habitat for the western prairie fringed orchid, the orchid, prairie fringed the western degrading habitat for On Eskimo curlew. and the Mountain grasshopper, Rocky forests has large-scale timbering of ancient coast, the Pacific loss or degradation of habitat is part of the picture in almost habitatloss or degradation of the picture is part of grasslands stories. In the prairies, vast all endangered species and other croplands, fields to wheat been converted have T 9

recommendations: protecting Canada’s natural inheritance 2

) has also C. nigripinnis C. reighardi and undescribed species) were Gasterosteus Coregonus johannae ) were illegally released into the lake. The bullheads proved to bullheads proved The into the lake. released ) were illegally Ameiurus nebulosus Another lake extinction, on a much smaller scale, has recently occurred in British in British smaller scale, has recently occurred Another lake on a much extinction, ( The Hadley Lake Columbia. These two small fish probably the latest species to become extinct in Canada. species inhabited a small lake on Lasqueti Island, in the middle of Georgia Strait on brown bullheads exotic the 1990s, At some time in south coast. British Columbia’s ( were gone. time the sticklebacks be superb nest predators, and within a very short They had vanished even before they could be scientifically described and named. after 1969; the disappeared from both lakes cisco disappeared in the early the deepwater 1969; after Michigan probably was species both of demise the but impact, initial an had fishery The 1950s. Canal of the exotic, Welland through the the arrival with sealed in the mid-1930s this species’The combination of depredations, increasing parasitic sea lamprey. the Great Lakeswas too much chemical pollution of fishing pressure, and increasing the remaining few individuals As they became rarer and rarer, for these ciscoes. with more common cisco species and both species disappeared. hybridizing began cisco ( the loss of those two ciscoes, the shortnose Following despite apparently vanished from the Great Lakes — it has not been seen 1985, intensive searches. Extinctions of Freshwater Fish Fish ofExtinctions Freshwater Lakes once home to a thriving system of the Great was The immense freshwater nowhere else in the world. were found community of nativewhich fish, some of ciscoes ( and blackfin The deepwater and of Lakerespectively) in the dark depths swam Huron and Lake both Michigan, 1869. of a valuable commercial gillnet fishery there as early as were part 1923, and disappeared from Lake was last seen in Lake cisco Huron in The blackfin Great Lakes Ciscoes and Great Hadley Recent Lake Sticklebacks:

Cisco (top) and / (bottom) sticklebacks Illustrations by Donald Gunn. 9 28 recommendations: protecting Canada’s natural inheritance 2

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS should be addressed by increased biological should be addressed by increased biological inventory and research. ecosystems has shifted in recent decades. essential approach to conserving species. conservation is needed, including building a system of protected areas, restoring degraded habitats, proactive environmental planning, and working cooperatively with landowners. national priorities. overlooked. by wilderness, but share habitats dominated humans. and habitat needs of endangered species All levels of biological diversity are important. The nature of threats to species and Ecosystem-based management is an A multi-dimensional approach to Species of global conservation concern are Species of global conservation Endemic species are Canada’s responsibility. Less-conspicuous species must not be in Many endangered species do not live Lack of knowledge about the distributions • • • • • • • • • command so much conservation attention and resources; conservation attention command so much fish, freshwater are the less-conspicuous rather they While public interest in wildflowers. mussels, and freshwater and the grizzly the peregrine falcon like animals charismatic it should not unduly bear is understandable and praiseworthy, and public funds from species that need as much, focus divert if not more attention. Less-conspicuous species must not be overlooked. Less-conspicuous species must not be overlooked. assessments status NatureServe taken by broad approach The most of the Canadian species of global that highlights the fact conservation concern are not the birds and mammals that Natural Inheritance Inheritance Natural Recommendations: Protecting Canada’s Protecting Recommendations:

o single quality measures the wealth of a nation. o single quality measures the wealth things: prosperity of many is a combination Rather, in of our people, the quality of life the well-being

their conservation status, it is solely Canada’s responsibility their conservation it is solely Canada’s status, to ensure that these unique species are not lost from our ecosystems. found nowhere else in the world — which are listed in — which else in the world nowhere found plant and non-vascular invertebrates more Appendix C. Many of in this report. Regardless not considered endemics were Endemic species are Canada’s responsibility. Canada’s Endemic species are Canada is home to at least 68 endemic species — species national priorities for protection under the Act under the Species at Risk protection national priorities for legislation. territorial and and parallel provincial species lie mainly in Canada, protecting them is primarily the 362 species of global Clearly, responsibility. Canada’s conservation concern highlighted in this report should become relatively modest number of species of global conservation modest number relatively of sorts, but it should also be is good news This concern. of these stressed that because the global ranges of many Species of global conservation concern are national are concern Species of global conservation priorities. finding of this report is that Canada is home to a A key global conservation concern, covering the areas of priority- global conservation concern, covering gaps, and management approaches. information setting, Canada, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and Canada, the Department of Fisheries and a series of provide In this section we others on these efforts. protecting species of conclusions and recommendations for Canada network of conservation data centres is collaborating the Canadian governments, and territorial with provincial Agri-Food and Agriculture Service, Canada, Wildlife Parks The Species at Risk Act and parallel provincial and territorial and territorial and parallel provincial Act Species at Risk The and some resources to help a framework legislation provide NatureServe The species are not lost in Canada. ensure native attention on those plants and animals in most danger of attention — the species of global conservation concern. extinction enactment of the Species at Risk Act has establishedAct a clear enactment of the Species at Risk report This national commitment to protecting rare species. those commitments into reality focusing by can help to make protecting its environment. As one of the first countries to As protecting its environment. Canada is viewed on Biological Diversity, ratify the Convention the leader on biodiversity issues. More recently, as a world of our environment. Canadians take pride in the country’s the country’s Canadians take pride in of our environment. wildlife. and abundant wilderness, clean air and water, vast commitment to the nation’s pride is underscored by Their N the health strength of our economy, our communities, the 1

recommendations: protecting Canada’s natural inheritance 3 ) Pedicularis Pinguinus impennis / Illustration by Above: centres in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut is essential to and Nunavut Territories centres in the Northwest northern biodiversity. of Canada’s knowledge improve it onto the COSEWIC make even rare species do not Many registry)Act simply because lists (and thus the Species at Risk At their distribution or status. about not enough is known in inventory and research a minimum, strategic investment COSEWIC as Data by Deficient on species designated focused they are found. More inventory and research, carried out by out by carried More inventory and research, are found. they conservation data centres, conservation groups, universities, would history agencies, natural museums, and government conservation inform assessments and better status improve completing the decisions. In particular, and development establishing Canada network by conservationNatureServe data research, documentation and stewardship for this species. Kate Furbish would be Furbish for this species. Kate documentation and stewardship research, pleased. Congress listed Furbish’s lousewort as probably extinct. But the following summer, as probably extinct. But the following summer, lousewort Congress listed Furbish’s for a impact assessment during an environmental rediscovered when the plant was dam, it became a focal point of controversy. proposed hydroelectric but Furbish’s eventually cancelled on economic grounds, The dam project was have remained a catalyst for renewed conservation action. Populations lousewort but the species sites along the river, been subsequently found on a few additional as a result of its precise habitat ecological niche exists precariously in a narrow Threats growth needs, and reproductive characteristics. requirements, specialized in the form of additional are underway to its survival efforts but recovery continue, ( lousewort population of Furbish’s The entire world’s and River John in northern edge along the Saint exists near the water’s region, this to this small geographic Restricted New Brunswick. northwestern conservation action. family illustrates a great tale of member of the snapdragon first this plant as a possible new Furbish recognized Botanist Catherine (Kate) only sporadic River mid-1940s, By the John in 1880. species while traveling the Saint for the United States report an official were noted, and by 1975 occurrences Re-Discovery Recovery: and Lousewort of Furbish’s e Tale

Furbish’s lousewort / lousewort Furbish’s Illustration by Donald Gunn. Biological inventory and research are major needs. are and research Biological inventory is needed to understand what plants greater investment Much are doing, they and where how in Canada, and animals live woods, rivers, and streams near large human populations. rivers, woods, wilderness conservation on northern Although a focus is fragmented often conservationvaluable, of these smaller, species of global conservation Many habitats is also crucial. habitat them very specialized needs that make concern have health. ecosystem useful indicators of overall Endangered species share human-dominated habitats. human-dominated species share Endangered in Canada’s Habitats of endangered species are not always in grasslands, are often great northern wilderness; they 1 30 recommendations: protecting Canada’s natural inheritance 3 Photo by Wasyl Bakowsky, Ontario NHIC. Photo by Jared Hobbs. Race Rocks, an ecological reserve off the southern tip of Vancouver Vancouver the southern tip of an ecological reserve off Rocks, Race Red maple-black gum swamp, Ontario. The deciduous Carolinian forest Ontario. gum swamp, maple-black Red Top: limit in southern Ontario, is home to an its northern reaches ecosystem, which especially diverse flora. / Bottom: for marine mammals and sea protection Island in British Columbia, provides conservation birds. Maintaining a network of protected areas is an important / strategy. Given the range of emerging threats and the complexities and the complexities of emerging threats the range Given that it is not surprising management, of ecosystem-based of strategies. portfolio conservation requires a diverse effective must design and establish connected networks of First, we of individual the protection and recovery protected areas. Next, Environmental should be a priority. endangered species into ongoing land use planning at all concerns should be built regional. Habitat by scales, from local to be expanded should been that have restoring important places and ecosystems pursued should be of these efforts seriously degraded. Each and with stewardship landowners in cooperation with private of the the benefit resources for them of local natural by community. on creating a society success will depend that Ultimately, the for as as well its inherent value, biodiversity for values we When well-being. and to our economy it provides benefits come to see every unique species and habitat as a part of our natural rich land, then protection of Canada’s home and native and our right. heritageour responsibility, becomes A multi-dimensional approach is needed. is needed. approach A multi-dimensional

all the health of all freshwater systems, from the Great Lakes to from the Great Lakes systems, the health of all freshwater small wetlands. safeguards the complex ecological inter-relationships, many of many ecological inter-relationships, the complex safeguards of species among the multitude unknown, are largely which be made to ensure should efforts Special within ecosystems. are efficient ways to conserve that are already species ways are efficient declining from species additional keep to as well as endangered, also approach An ecosystem-based to the brink of extinction. Ecosystem-based management is essential. is essential. management Ecosystem-based management ecosystem habitatProtecting and using adaptive Combating these types impact of threats and their cumulative sets of policy and land and new perspectives requires new management tools. changes to ecological processes. Examples of the latter include processes. Examples of the latter to ecological changes fires in fire-dependent suppression of natural climate change, in streams and wetlands. hydrology and altered ecosystems, both — and particularly habitat destruction — continue to drive — continue to drive both — and particularly habitat destruction threats have a number of new , in recent years diseases, and species, wildlife emerged, including invasive For the first century and a half after European settlement, European settlement, first century the and a half after For valuable of habitat of and direct overharvesting destruction While wildlife. threats to Canada’s the major species were The nature of threats to species and ecosystems has species and ecosystems to of threats The nature shifted. populations, as well as knowledge of the best examples of of the best examples as knowledge populations, as well intact and communities. ecological systems recognize that all levels of biological diversity are important. of biological that all levels recognize of knowledge by Conservation should be informed actions and distinct imperiled plants and animals, including subspecies All levels of biological diversity are important. are of biological diversity All levels we only, Although this report has considered full species inventory efforts are important, a habitat-based approach to are important,a habitat-based approach inventory efforts conservation necessary is still species to ensure that all native in Canada. to thrive a chance have for increased inventory. Grasshoppers make up a relatively up a relatively Grasshoppers make increased inventory. for done, could were group that, if more inventories well-known while species-oriented grassland conservation.inform However, aid in setting conservation priorities. Since aquatic ecosystems conservation priorities. Since aquatic ecosystems aid in setting stoneflies, as mayflies, groups such are particularly threatened, caddisflies, diving beetles, and marine fish are logical priorities In addition to improving knowledge regarding the status and regarding the status knowledge In addition to improving groups reported on taxonomic in the 13 distribution of species greatly would of additional groups here, detailed inventories lists of conservation concern, since many species are actually species are actually lists of conservation concern, since many sparse distribution records indicate. more common than their species for which inventory is a key priority. Detailedinventory priority. a key inventory is which species for of and status of the distribution knowledge not only improves species from of removing the best way rare species, but is also would be valuable. The global and national ranks assigned by the by national ranks assigned global and The be valuable. would list of inclusive more a far could provide network NatureServe 3

appendices 3 , ON, PE, QC, SK , PE, QC , QC Y , NS OR VINCE/ , NB , NL, NS , NL, NS , NL, QC B N N S B B C C M N N O PRO ON BC TERRIT B B O N VED T S 1956 1956 1999 1999 1844 1844 1969 1969 1952 1952 1999 1999 1914 1914 1929 1929 OBSER 1878 1878 LA 1864 1864 y y status of biodiversity in the United States. Oxford University Press: New New of biodiversity in the United States. University Press: status Oxford York. Canada. policy for A wildlife Council of Canada. 1990. Ministers’ Wildlife Service, Canada: Ottawa. Wildlife Environment Canadian Canada’s audit: setting nature The 2003. Canada. Fund Wildlife World Fund Wildlife World 1. No. Report conservation the 21st century. agenda for Toronto. Canada: 2004. Boucher. T.M. and Chanson, N.A. Cox, J.S. Stuart, S.N. B.E., Young, amphibians. NatureServe: World of New the status Disappearing jewels: VA. Arlington, attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, and Canada, flora the vascular for attributes of Synthesis and C.A. Meacham. Edition. In Kartesz, J.T., . First Botanical Carolina Garden: 1.0. North version American flora, the North Chapel Hill, NC. conservation. for priorities threats and setting Assessing L.L. 1991. Master, 5: 559-563. communication. L.L. 2004. Personal Master, Vanishing and G.A. Hammerson. 2000. Kutner, Stein, L.S. L.L., B.A. Master, and Kutner, L.S. Stein, species. In B.A. assets: conservation of U.S. status heritage: in the United of biodiversity eds. Precious the status Adams, J.S. York. New University Press: Oxford States. 93-118. Faber- G.A. Hammerson, and D. Weakley, A.S. L.L., L.E. Morse, Master, Langendoen. 2003. conservation NatureServe NatureServe: criteria. status at www.natureserve.org/explorer/ranking.htm. Available VA. Arlington, biodiversity: Canada’s 1995. McAllister. Whiting, and D.E. P.G. T., Mosquin, conservation costs and economic benefits, its status, the variety of life, Ottawa. unmet needs. Canadian Museum of Nature: Sharnoff. and S. Sharnoff, In Brodo I.M., S.D. Foreword. 2001. P.H. Raven, CT. Haven, New University Press: Yale America. of North Lichens American Extinction rates of North 1999. Rasmussen. A. and J.B. Ricciardi, Conservation Biology 13:1220-1222. fauna. freshwater Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge M.L. 1995. Rosenzweig, UK. Cambridge, University Press: eds. 2000.Adams, heritage: Precious the J.S. and Kutner, L.S. Stein, B.A., Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological checklist A synonymized 1999. Kartesz, J.T. ondeur ostères ageuse oy he benthique du lac Hadle he limnétique du lac Hadle . Until recently, most taxonomists considered this a subspecies of the mink, most taxonomists considered this a subspecies . Until recently, atelle des z Corégone du lac Dragon Grand Pingouin Cisco à nageoires noires Tourte v Tourte Épinoc P

Eider de Labrador FRENCH COMMON NAME Épinoc Macounie luisante Cisco de prof k k Neovison macrodon Neovison klebac klebac enthic Stic k Whitefish e e B e Limnetic Stic s Shining ’ uk ater Cisco A y Lak y Lak kfin Cisco assenger Pigeon Labrador Duc Blac Dragon Lak ENGLISH COMMON NAME Hadle Deepw Macoun Bowl Limpet Bowl Great Hadle

P

hus labradorius , but it is now considered a distinct species, the sea mink. , but it is now

ync

eus ater Molluscs TIFIC NAME

tia alv t Pinguinus impennis Ectopistes migratorius Coregonus sp. Camptorh Mosses Neomacounia nitida Fish Freshw SCIEN Birds Gasterosteus sp. Lo Coregonus johannae

Gasterosteus sp. Coregonus nigripinnis Note. This list does not include the extinct marine mammal list does not include the extinct This Note. Mustela vison and Cambridge, UK. Available at www.redlist.org. Available and Cambridge, UK. APPENDIXPRESUMED A. EXTINCT SPECIES OF CANADA cpde.htm#canada. IUCN Species 3.1. criteria: version list categories and IUCN Red IUCN. 2001. Conservation Union: Gland, World The Survival Commission. IUCN — and Cambridge, UK. Switzerland list of threatened species. Species Survival IUCN Red The IUCN. 2004. Conservation Union: Gland, Switzerland World The Commission of IUCN — Hammond, P.M. 1995. The current magnitude of biodiversity. In Global of biodiversity. magnitude current The 1995. Hammond, P.M. Cambridge University ed. 113-138. Heywood, V. Assessment, Biodiversity Cambridge, UK. Press: endemism: America centres of plant diversity and North IUCN. 1997. and Conservation Union: Gland, Switzerland World The Canada. IUCN — at www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/cpd/na/na- Available Cambridge, UK. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). in Canada (COSEWIC). Wildlife of Endangered on the Status Committee on the Status 2004. 2004. Committee Canadian species at risk, November at www.cosewic.gc.ca. Available in Canada: Ottawa. Wildlife of Endangered vanishing a Eskimo curlew: 1986. and E.H. Iverson. Barry, T.W. Gollop, J.B., History Natural Society: Saskatchewan No. 17. species? Special Publication Saskatchewan. Regina, species 2000: of of wild species in Canada. Minister status the general at Available Services and Government Canada: Ottawa. Works Public www.wildspecies.ca. 2002. Standard scientific common and current Taggart. T.W. and Collins, J.T., reptiles, and crocodilians. American amphibians, turtles, North names for American Herpetology: Lawrence, North for Center The edition. Fifth Kansas. amphibian and reptile species: a comparison of three ranking systems. a comparison of three ranking systems. amphibian and reptile species: 114(3):520-540. Canadian Field-Naturalist conservation rare and endangered The of Canadian 1976. Argus, G.W. threatened Canada’s (editors). 139-143. Suchal Mosquin and C. T. plants. In of the symposium on Canada’s species and habitats. Proceedings Ottawa. Federation: threatened species and habitats. Canadian Nature Wild ConservationCanadian Endangered Species (CESCC). 2001. Council LITERATURE of Canada’s of the status Oldham. 2000.A review R. and M.J. Alvo, CITED 3 32 appendices 3 , Y , ON, , NT , QC OR Y YT , ON, SK , , ON, SK , PE, QC , PE, QC , PE, QC , QC , PE, QC , NU , NL, NS , NL, NS , NT , QC , NU , NU , PE, QC , NB , NB , SK , SK , NT , NL, NS , NL, NS , NL, NS , NL, NS , NL, NS , NL, NS , NU VINCE/TERRIT TRIBUTION B , NT , NL, NT , NS , SK , MB , BC, MB , MB , MB , MB , MB B N BC BC BC BC BC BC, NU BC ON AB BC BC BC, NB AB PE, QC, SK BC, NB BC AB BC, NB BC BC BC BC BC AB ON BC NB MB NS MB AB BC ON, PE, QC, SK AB ON BC BC DIS BC ON QC BC ON, QC BC BC BC BC BC, NB BC AB BC, NB PRO BC, NB BC, NL, NS BC ananda ananda V V axton axton er v uisseau uisseau han wic een ancou V ygmée ygmée san y Atlantique ve de l’Est ve ure er nain hetée agnard ert au he ac fleur ourr ygmée ygmée éloce te de I’île te t vre f he benthique du lac P he limnétique du lac P he limnétique du lac Enos he benthique du lac Enos he géante he limnétique du r he benthique du r te rosée e-souris de K e-souris p v v alier cuivré ale Massasauga v ue de l’Ouest ue luth halot macrocéphale fin à pieds roses fin de Buller fin à pieds pâles urgeon v urgeon à museau court uline de Kirtland vier sif vier mont f f f arie à f arie de Steller r ue blanc aleine à bec de Stejneger orqual bleu orqual commun aleine à bec de Hubbs orqual boréale utois d’Amérique utois d’Amérique élican d’Amérique élican d’Amérique

B R B R R Épinoc Épinoc Épinoc Épinoc Chabot p Che Épinoc Couleu Cisco à museau court Ot Rorqual à bosse Rorqual Épinoc Épinoc Plu Baleine noire Baleine FRENCH COMMON NAME FRENCH COMMON NAME Guilllemot marbré Gr P Corégone de l’ P Albatros à queue courte Musaraigne des Maritimes Plu Marmot Chau Est Baleine boréale Baleine Chau Courlis esquimau Crot Lamproie du lac Co Tort Pa Ot Meunier de Salish Renard v Renard Mouet Pu Éperlan d’hiv Albatros de La Chouet Pu Est Cac Pu Grenouille maculée de l’Oregon Tort k k k k k k klebac klebac klebac otis klebac klebac klebac at Whale water water elican water water rog e enthic Stic ed Whale k ater Whale ooted My Turtle Turtle er enthic Stic w erret w ed eak v w urgeon y ted F y Sculpin enthic Stic Albatross arbler er Whale k er e B e Limnetic Stic ur Seal x Snak ond k wl s B eak White P v ’ k klebac o gm edhorse

e B e Limnetic Stic urgeon ongfin Smelt ong-eared B er Island Marmot Whitefish Albatross v Whale ox s B ailed ooted Shear ain Plo ooted F ’ s Shear ’ y L ooted Shear s L s Gull Whale ’ ’ ted O t F k-f us Py Whale Whale e Lampre san gm estern P een ananda Creek Limnetic Stic ananda Creek B ancou Paxton Lak Paxton Enos Lak Lak Paxton Salish Suc Enos Lak

Giant Stic Shortnose Cisco Ross Atlantic Stejneger Whooping Crane Short-t

Cult Copper R ENGLISH COMMON NAME ENGLISH COMMON NAME Piping Plo Marbled Murrelet American Spot Blac Northern F Humpbac V V V K Shortnose St Pink-f Mount Flesh-f Bowhead Bowhead Eastern Small-f Eskimo Curle Lak Massasauga Northern Right Hubbs Kirtland’s W Kirtland’s Steller Sea Lion Fin Sei Blue Swif Maritime Shre Buller Green St Sperm Oregon Spot Eastern F

Leatherbac Py W

us

hos

um ync

abilis Lay

6 7

erensis us us salus us

v us

anus y a

aeangliae

v virostr alis

ythrorh i

s coriacea

sticet x ancou y yd eenii elo a v hely TIFIC NAME hus sp. 1 us catenat yramphus marmorat s sp. 2 x maritimensis ur ostoma hubbsi s marmorat h seter macrocephalus tu x y finus creatopus finus bulleri finus carneipes otis leibii otis k f f f us americana

Gasterosteus sp. 5 macrostoma Gasterosteus sp. 3 Gasterosteus sp. 4 Gasterosteus sp. 1 Eumetopias jubat Marmot Gasterosteus sp. 1 Balaenoptera ph Balaenoptera Catostomus sp. 4 Gasterosteus sp. 2 Balaenoptera borealis Balaenoptera Charadrius melodus Mustela nigripes Mesoplodon stejnegeri Pelecanus er Pelecanus Megaptera no Gasterosteus sp. 1 Charadrius mont Strix occident Rhodostethia rosea Pu Gr Pu Acipenser medirostris Acipenser Phy Cot Vulpes v Vulpes Dendroica kirtlandii Elaphe glo Mo Pu Dermoc pretiosa Rana Coregonus reighardi Numenius borealis SCIEN Coregonus huntsmani Callorhinus ursinus Eubalaena glacialis Spirinc Balaena m Balaena Sore Brac Sistr My Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Em Phoebastria immut bre Acipenser My Balaenoptera musculus Balaenoptera Phoebastria albatr

7)

4) ater The distribution column indicates provinces and territories in which the species is regularly found. In the case of birds, this includes all jurisdictions of In the case of birds, this includes all jurisdictions the species is regularly found. in which and territories column indicates provinces distribution The The (species concepts and species names) of this list is based primarily on 2003 data from the NatureServe central databases, as modified by on 2003 and species names) of this list is based primarily (species concepts data taxonomy databases, central from the NatureServe The as modified See Table 3 for a definition of each global rank. “Range ranks” (e.g. ranks” “Range when uncertainty G2G3) are used of a species about the distribution or abundance global rank. a definition of each 3 for Table See tles (4) OBAL RANK r G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G3 G1 G1 G3G4 G1 G1 G3 G3 G1 G3 G3 Fishes (26) G3 G1 G2 G3 G3G4 G3G4 G1 G1G2Q G3 G1

G3 G1 G3Q G1 G3 Reptiles and Tu G2 Amphibians (1) G2 Freshw GH Birds (1 GH GL Mammals (1 G1 G3 G1 G1Q G3 G3

G3G4 G3G4 G3 G3Q G3G4 G3 G3 G2G3 G3G4 G3G4 G1 a global rank indicates that the taxonomy of the species is uncertain, and a change in the taxonomic status would cause the taxon to be less at risk. cause the taxon to be would in the taxonomic status is uncertain, of the species change the taxonomy and a a global rank indicates that 3. Note in certain (or past regular occurrence, corridors. cases), including migration regular occurrence (G2G4 to G3). Ranks followed by a question mark (e.g. G3?) are also uncertain; these were treated as certain for the analysis. a question mark (e.g. treated as certain the analysis. G3?) are also uncertain; by these were for followed (G2G4 to G3). Ranks 2. Note following ‘Q’ A (1999). Kartesz part, most the for follows, taxonomy the plants, of case the In available. was information current more where cases in biologists CDC Note 1. Note or averaged rounded to the higher rank (i.e. G2 in the example) were the range ranks presented below analysis, rank. In this report’s precludes a more precise APPENDIXCANADIAN B. SPECIES OF GLOBAL CONSERVATION CONCERN 5

appendices 3 Y YT OR Y , ON, SK , QC YT , ON, QC, SK , NU , PE, QC , QC , YT , NS , NL, ON, QC, SK , NT YT , NL, NS , ON, QC , ON, QC , PE , QC , ON, QC , ON, QC , NU , C C C C VINCE/TERRIT TRIBUTION B , ON, QC, SK , NB , SK , ON, SK , ON, QC , SK , ON, QC YT YT , NS , NS , NS , NS , QC , NS , NL, NS , NL, NS , NS , NS , QC , QC , NS , NS , NL, NS , B , BC, SK , BC, , MB , BC, SK , BC, ON, QC, SK, , B , B , BC, SK , MB , B , , B A QC QC AB ON ON BC ON BC AB ON ON BC, NT AB ON AB BC QC ON QC AB ON, QC ON QC BC AB AB NB NB NB MB NB NB MB NB NB NB NB NB NB NB NB NU NB MB MB MB NB NT NB MB MB NT NB MB ON ON AB AB ON DIS BC BC, NB BC, NT ON BC BC BC ON, QC ON AB PRO ON hes k a us eshiek heuses ot ur te ue jaune u oc obert ow Appalac hetée ohansen hoires égales entr e des Maritimes entr Virginie ac v cadie Alaska A ystérieux ystérieux au he he he he he he he ou du Nord te du Nect che che che che yc yc yc yc yc yc yc stic d’ yre f urgeon noir urgeon jaune snomie v otry otry oly ellèade

B Gomphe v Ophiogomphe saupoudré Cicindèle des Adiante Adiante

Botr Lutin givré Lutin des tourbières Chat-f Lampsile jaune Naseux de Nooksac

Méné camus Éperlan nain Sat Est

Hespérie de P FRENCH COMMON NAME FRENCH COMMON

Cordulie bistrée Botr Dard de sable

Papillon queue-courte Papillon Ophiogomphe bariolé Botr P P Alasmidonte Dy Damier de Gillet Épioblasme tricorne Botr Cisco à mâc Hespérie du Dak

Botr Botr Lutin m Botr Gomphe marqué

Cordulie de R

Coliade de J Alasmidonte naine

Pieride de Gonidée des R Est Cuivré maritime Isoète à

Hespérie t Villeuse haricot Isoète Mulet ern wort wort B eetle rt ail wo ail rt rt wt wdragon wdragon ail et rt rt ort y Tiger B wo ort wo ort ern erspot allo ort y w k wo wo w White ain Maidenhair F ail w ain Ridged Mussel ain estern Moon ywing ail y ail fleshell ail et ritillar k Darner ord F urgeon s Sulphur y Mussel ’ eetle eetle ritillar s Hairstreak e Alpine k Dace w ’ oghaunter ean Arctic x ort Arctic aced Clubt urgeon s Chec ritillar w Cisco ’

ailed S ailed Shado ain Moon Wedgemussel Wedgemussel ’ Skipper ype Quillw a F a Skipper w e Clubt Virginia y Smelt ’ Elfin rout y B te y Mount ed Moon ard-lobed Moon w Lampmussel fbo terdoc ornia Floater esheik Skipperling T tled Dust es ot ed B e St arf f-brak gm tle Bluet alk estern Sulphur est Tiger B Tiger B

ay og Elfin eddish egal F eringian F rotot ointed Moon ow alse Northw rosted Elfin ohnson ohansen Brook Snak Extra-striped Snak Green Mount Yello Northern Madtom Nooksac A Shortja Maritime Ringlet Pugnose Shiner Pugnose St Skillet Clubt ENGLISH COMMON NAME ENGLISH COMMON Lit Broadt Spat Ebon Eastern Sand Darter Kiyi Calif Alaska S Dw Albert Brook Floater Winged Floater Clif Northern Rif Snuf Rock Dak Green-f F P Moon Rapids Clubt Rapids Py Gillet Duk Early Hairstreak Bull Slender Moon Quillw Acadian Mudpupp Atlantic St Mount Upw Moss Emerald Peculiar Moon Peculiar Eskimo Crenulate Moon Lak Elusiv Salt Marsh Copper Mot Philip’s J Ottoe Skipper Ottoe P J F R R R B W Short-t A W

um

a

um P

anum

um us

um

xum

i haeli

heri hus

vicinct

anum

ti

a um i

alis ae ulosa

yi orniensis

escens aricosa ypus a us

uela talliana e esheik a esi ainei enithicus us at vi at a pellucida xyrinc entricosus w to a v a heterodon

azhat vicauda a as gillet s johnsoni s ir s lanoraieensis s mossii B sp. 4 ys ont hlora bre ypt a calif a nut y y y y ympha nipisiquit abalis hum setiger us spectr TIFIC NAME hium acuminat hium lineare hium pseudopinnat hium parado hium ascendens hium pedunculosum hium crenulat hium mont hium mormo um viridimont es duk hth us not us stigmosus y ydry eria idalia yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc yc stic elinus confluent y ur tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr ynnis martialis ylur caena dospassosi

Cicindela patr Bo Rhinic Bo protot Salv Bo triquetra Bo Alasmidont Euph Gomphus viridifrons Somatoc Gomphus quadricolor Williamsonia fletc Aeshna mut Aeshna Callophr Er Boloria albert Boloria Callophr Hesperia ot alpina Oeneis Callophr Acipenser fulv Acipenser Bo Not St Coregonus kiyi Coregonus z Cicindela ancocisconensis White Mount Isoetes acadiensis Lampsilis cariosa Bo Adiant Poly Gomphus v Anodont Colias johanseni Oarisma po f Ly Callophr Erora laet roso Oeneis Gonidea angulat Osmer Spe Acipenser o Acipenser Bo Cicindela marginipennis Neurocordulia mic Alasmidont Coenon SCIEN Euph Enallagma minusculum Pellaea gaston Pellaea Bo Ammocr virginiensis Simpsonaias ambigua Bo Hesperia dacot nat Boloria Colias occident Erebia laf bre Papilio Epioblasma tor anogenus Anodont

1) 0) lies (1 lies and s (23) ater lies and es (23) terf OBAL RANK G3 G2 G3 G2G3 G1? G3 G1 G3 G2G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3 G3G4 G3G4 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G2G3 G3G4 G1 G2 G2G3 G3 G3 G1? G2 G1G2 G2 G2G3 G3G4 G3G4 G3 G3 Skipper G3G4Q G3 G3 G1 Vascular Plants: Vascular and Ferns relativ Tiger Beetles (3) G2G3 Dragonf Damself G2 But G1 Freshw Molluscs (1 G1G2 GL G2G3 G3G4 G2G4 G3 G3 G3G4 G3 G3

G2G3 G3 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G2 G3 G3G4 5 34 appendices 3 Y OR , ON, Y , NT YT , NS , QC , ON, QC , , ON, QC, SK , ON, QC, SK , QC , QC C T YT VINCE/TERRIT YT YT YT TRIBUTION B , , NS , PE , QC , QC , NL, NS , NS , NS , ON, QC , NL, NS , NL, NS , QC , BC, NT , B , MB , NB , BC, NB , , NU N T T O N NT, Y NT, Y AB PE, QC SK BC, ON, SK AB BC AB ON SK QC YT ON YT ON AB BC YT ON QC BC YT BC, BC NL, QC BC NB NB NU NB NB NB NL NS NB NS NB MB NL NS NB NB NB NB NB NB NB NL NT MB NB NS NL, NS QC BC BC QC ON ON BC DIS YT NL, NS YT AB YT BC AB AB BC ON SK SK BC QC, PRO enzie k ulés y y y ertes ugueux hâtre de l’Ouest hâtre de l’Est erticillée vriers urbish erse obinson ter e e Saint-Laurent on k w J ong hampêtre ong ernald Weatherb Yu Turnor Turnor te te euilles étroites Anticosti he he pâle he à segments spat he c he à limbe r he hâtiv ée naine hampsie du bassin du Mac vière de R x des Gené e du e de Kluane e graines imbriquées e de Scot e de Kananaskis ve ve a de F a de L yc yc yc yc yc stic anthère blanc anthère blanc ve ve v v v v v ve ve y y ya ya amot de Ogden amot à lac Meth ytonie stoptère laurentienne t t hiz splénie enoîte ubépine ubépine du Canada ubépine oly édiculaire de F élar à f onc du Ne

B Dra Vergeret Plat Care Bident Cy Potentille de Macoun Potentille Castilléjie dorée Saule de

Ronce Ronce Saule de Raup Scirpe de L du golf Aster Ronce Salicorne boréale Ronce Saule des landes Sc Aster d’ Aster Silène de Spalding Po Ronce Ronce FRENCH COMMON NAME FRENCH COMMON Bra Saule à bractées v

Botr Botr Sténote de Maclean

A V J Minuartie de la serpentine P Mau A A P Dra A Castilléjie Pissenlit laurentianne Arroc Dra Vergeret Saxifrage de Gaspé Botr Botr Dra de l’Est Benoîte Bra Ronce Ronce Ronce Puccincellie Puccincellie Ronce de Ronce Plat Po Cla Bident de Eaton Mertensia Éper Dra

Desc Dra pogonie v Petite Botr Puccincellie Puccincellie Élyme Bra Dra hid hid er ks y w Aster Aster ort ens w-grass w-grass ern ern Alkali Grass -tic eed eed w eed w Av vens vens ort e rt w-grass w-grass ush oil w ort ks ern rt allflo ogonia illo wberr White-fringed Orc w w-grass w-grass eed w-grass w-grass ord F anding-cypress wo

ain White-fringed Orc W -tic ush ort te A te Whitlo eggar wkw ush wo y ondw w-grass w-grass W w-grass w-grass w w w wrence w-grass w-grass ern ya w ild Ry ort terroot ort wthorn w ed w Whitlo a s De ush kjasmine ster w y R v w e P rairie y illo er St ondw y’ s Ha rairie kcress illo A ure Island eggar ’ Whitlo ouse aintbr Whitlo illo s Campion s Golden wthorn oc w eautr s Cinquef ’ W s Bit ’ odistera s Ha s Bra s s oc Whitlo s P Whitlo W ’ Whitlo erse s B Whorled P y’ ’ w-lea w-leaf S w-leaf s Bulr s Bra enzie Hairgrass y Lak ’s W ’s -grass F wthorn ulate Moon ter’ y Ha k y R on P on eside Daisy f Indian-paintbr w J eedy’ navent dberg’s W dberg’s k k ummond Bluebell y ugulose Grape-f rairie Moon hree-lobed Daisy ong’ ong’ uniper Sedge all Bugbane urnor Green-scaled Queen Charlot Golden P Dr Fernald’ A Bramble Scot A Bramble A Bramble Meth A Bramble B Laurentian Bladder F ENGLISH COMMON NAME ENGLISH COMMON Ogilvie Range Mac Murra Alaska R Serpentine Sandw P Western Anticosti Macoun Shin Eaton Clif Dandelion A Ha Raup Baltic Saltbush Baltic P L White Meconella Gulf of St. La Lak Boreal Salt Boreal Salish Daisy Narro Eastern Mount L Furbish Barrens Gaspé Saxifrage Kluane Adulterated Spleen Adulterated Narro Pale Moon Pale Curly Small-flo Spalding’ A Bramble A Bramble Small Ogden Bo Kananaskis Goose Grass Hair Virginia Mallo Maclean Tw Canada’ Ne Yu Robinson Eastern P Spring B Yu Western Moon Western Spat Dense

Weatherb T R R T J L T

um

ensis

um y enzieana

a

k

at

a

xa yi

um a

us

us onensis eedyi ugulosum ummondii

yi hum laurentianum hum anticostense

visect

w teri

kii upicola onensis hofieldii eatherb cnosperma otric otric y hum imbricans ernaldii TIFIC NAME us macleanii x nudicaulis hium campestre hium hesperium hium pallidum hium r hium spathulat hlorolepis urnorii hampsia mac x juniperor a f a longii a pilosa yc yc yc yc yc aegus nitidula aegus perjucunda aegus canadensis stic anthe t anthera praeclara anthera leucophaea topteris laurentiana y y y amogeton meth amogeton ogdenii simum angust ytonia ogilviensis tr tr tr tr tr t t hizaea pusilla y ubus gulosus ubus mananensis ubus suppar ubus w ubus quaesit ubus adenocaulis ubus emerit uncus caesariensis

Salix t Bra Douglasia alaskana Poly Cla Elymus vulpinus gaspensis Salix jejuna Potentilla macounii Potentilla Geum pec Cimicifuga elat herbacea Tetraneuris Stenot Atriple Plat Puccinellia macra Puccinellia Silene spaldingii Symphy Erigeron trifidus Bo furbishiae Pedicularis Mertensia dr Castilleja r Cist heterodo R R R R R Symphy J Bo adulterinum Asplenium Salix c Draba kananaskis R R Crat Care Geum sc Meconella oregana Plat yuk Podistera Salix raupii Sida hermaphrodit Bra Salicornia borealis Bra Crat Erigeron salishii Er Minuartia marcescens longii Crat Castilleja le Bo Desc Draba yuk SCIEN Draba p Draba scot Po Draba ogilviensis Draba kluanei Bo Sc Bo Draba murra Puccinellia poacea Puccinellia laurentianum Taraxacum Ipomopsis minutiflora Po Bidens eatonii robinsonii Cys ering w OBAL RANK G2 G2 G2G3 G3G4 G1?Q G1 G1G3Q G2 G2? G2 G1?Q G2 G2 G2 Plants (222) G2 G1 G2 G1? G2 G2 G2G3 G3G4 G2 G2?Q G2Q G2G3 G2G3 G2 G2? G2Q G3 G3? G1 G1Q G1G3Q G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2? G2? G1 G1?Q G1 G1 G1?Q G2 G2 G2 G2 G2? G1 G2 G3 G2G3 Vascular Plants: Vascular Flo GH GL G1 G1 G1 G2 G1 G3 G2 G3 G3G4

G2 G1 G1Q G2G3

G1Q G2 G2 G3 7

appendices 3 40 Y OR Y YT YT , QC, , ON, PE, QC , ON, PE, QC , NL, ON, QC , ON, QC, SK , QC , NU , QC , PE, QC , PE, QC , QC C C C C VINCE/TERRIT YT YT YT YT YT YT YT YT TRIBUTION B , NT , NT , NS , NB YT YT YT YT YT YT , SK , QC , NS , NS , NL, NS , QC , NL, NS , QC , NL, ON, QC , NL, QC , B , B , B , B , SK , ON, PE, QC , , ON, QC, , , , , , N N N N N N N N N B B T N Y A BC, NL, QC BC BC BC, QC NL, NS BC ON, QC AB BC AB BC BC, BC YT BC, AB NT NB O NT MB NT NS O NT NU NU NT NB NB NB O O NS O NT NB MB O NB O O NS MB NT NB NS O NB NT MB BC YT BC BC, YT BC, BC BC BC, BC YT BC YT BC DIS AB BC BC, AB AB NL, NU BC BC BC PRO QC unt er all on her y ark k an Br einitz ylor ay ay ood V Turner Turner euilles dense vile ouise Yu Washington Ta Allen rankton on ennedy e -orpin on W orsild hw iegand k k eux Alaska Acadie Acadie y Walpole Walpole aux Yu Yu te te naine ylle ardiv

horte de L he de F he à he de Calder x de W x de x de Sc x à écailles rousses yre de Sa anthère ot de ot alpine ve ve ve amot de Hill amot cérie urin urin de P ytonie de êc t t t t ubépine ubépine de Dunbar ypripède tête-de-bélier olémoine de édiculaire des marais onc délié alinum f T

Renoncule de Renoncule Montia Care Antennaire élégante Pâ Plat Lesquerelle de Calder Lesquerelle Mitrelle Pâ Rorippa Rorippa Care Gly Cla Ronce Myrioph Armoise de Antennaire à f Vergeret Dra Care Stellaire Liv Séneçon FRENCH COMMON NAME FRENCH COMMON Oxtropis Arnica so Limnanthe de Macoun Thlaspi Sabatie de K

Po Castilléjie de A A Arnica à lac L C J P P Listère auriculée d’or Houghton Verge Arroc

Arroc Pav Grand bident Caloc Puccincellie Puccincellie

Saule silicicole Ronce t Ronce Élyme de Calder Séneçon Chardon de Pitc Aster Aster Ériocaulon de P Renouée de R Renouée Coréopsis rose Épipactis géant

Chardon de Hill Aster rigide Aster Renoncule d’ Renoncule Aster du Aster Pav

Dra Agalinis de Skinner Agalinis Vergeret Stellaire d’ Isop Saxifrage de Puccinellie trompeuse trompeuse Puccinellie Puccinellie Po Iris lacustre

Scirpe Lupin de ks eed eed y er -tic v w -cress r uce w eed t ter eed ush oam -grass oil y eggar we s-clo -w s Ladder w ush s-slipper ello wf s-cap ussytoes s-let Y e rt ’ -pod wl’ hid opp -grass ue-Anemone ush rt ort ondw te But -cup rt er Douglasia Antennaria Alkali Grass Arnica w Aleutian-Cress y w ragrant Goldenrod

wo acob’ w Arnica cress eed k wthorn eed age ed Manna Grass ameflo wo ster ter Whitlo ater Milf y wo s Sedge galinis ush s Crazy ed ered Blue Grass ild Ry illo er P ’ w A tercup ster s Goldenrod e Iris s J histle v ar opp ov ’ og-orc wayblade wayblade s Sedge ar W w alse R Alkali Grass er s Saltbush A ’ T s Meado s Miner W er Island B s Douglasia ouse atric ster ’ ’ s Ha enn wthorn ’s A ’s estern Groundsel -spik Whitlo ’ v s Blue Grass ’s T ’s holtz’s k’ s Bladder s L s Pipe s But A ouise ondw unt’ ’s W ’s ’ ’ s Sagebr ’ ’ histle s Saxifrage s F ’ ’ einitz’ Alkali Grass w-leaf F w-leaf oundland P enzie Riv s But s-head Lady’ ’ s Mariposa Lily k er s Knot ee Creek Scorpion-w ted St wbed Sedge her s P hsc on Indian-paintbr on on Lupine e L arf Fleabane arf Lak f wf w England vile k k hw iegand’ ood’ ylor ostoc rince P ark ancou an Br oose-flo elt-leaf uk rankton ront Range Fleabane yall’ enisei Riv Huddelson Ne Yu Houghton Grand Coulee O Dw A Bramble Ussurian Sno Rainier Northw ENGLISH COMMON NAME ENGLISH COMMON Mac Dunbar Plymouth Gentian Auricled Auricled Porsild’ Hill’ Polar Mat Sc Lak Persistent- Persistent-sepal White-top Alaska St Gorman Narro Slender Creeping R Queen Charlot P Walpole Cof Maritime Saltbush Springbeaut Washington Esc Okanogan F W P F V F L V Y Calder Ater Ha A Bramble Pitc Ram’ Dw Macoun Marsh L Pink Coreopsis Giant Helleborine Calder Ta Williams Conimitella Hill’s T Hill’s Wind Riv Choriso B Allen Arctic P Turner Creeping Bishop’ Ne Alpine Glacier P Sa Northeastern Bulr Yu Alberton Skinner Ray’ Calder Dense-lea

Y Olympic W F B L P

us

onense

us

holtzianus

untiae

us

hya olia witzii

haet

um

ana

at a a hampsioides

us hsc

ac

a eri a

he

kii anbr allii

orme uggemannii

hei onis horisiana urneri us us hum yuk cina

heri vilei ksc ylorii einitzii ashingtoniana upestris gmaeum es a alpolei us ly ennedy hw yllum ussuriense otric ardat entosa uax ufina TIFIC NAME x franktonii x acadiensis er py er w hort x wiegandii x sc x r era contermina era moresbiensis aegus ater aegus beat gonum raii anthera c amogeton hillii amogeton subsibiricus ceria leptost ytonia w t t pav pav uncus subtilis

Myrioph Aphragmus esc Oxytropis huddelsonii Montia bostoc Poly Phacelia mollis Atriple Cla Poa porsildii Poa Rubus t Rubus Erigeron radicat laxiflora Poa Pack Po Stellaria alaskana Crat Mitella prostrat Antennaria densif Care Cirsium pitc Coreopsis rosea Listera auriculat Artemisia r Plat Po v Polemonium k Saxifraga t Conimitella williamsii Arnica louiseana Care Euthamia galetor J calderi Lesquerella Salix silicicola Atriple skinneriana Agalinis Antennaria eucosma arietinum Douglasia gormanii Gly Ligusticum calderi Douglasia arctica Elymus calderi palustris Pedicularis Caloc Arnica lanceolat Orthocarpus barbat Stellaria dicranoides Pa Rubus signat Rubus Draba v Castilleja yuk Erigeron lac Talinum sedif Talinum Care Thlaspi arcticum Thlaspi Puccinellia br Puccinellia houghtonii SCIEN Aster paucicapit Aster Puccinellia ambigua Puccinellia Draba r Crat Cirsium hillii desc Puccinellia Symphy kusc Pack Pa Bidens amplissima Enemion sa Ranunculus t Ranunculus Scirpus ancistroc Eriocaulon park Ranunculus allenii Ranunculus Epipactis gigantea Rorippa caly Rorippa rigidus OBAL RANK G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G2G4Q G3 G2G4 G2G4 G3 G2G4Q G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G2G4Q G2G4Q G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3? G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3? G3 G3 G3 G3 G2G3 G2G4 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G2G4 G3 G3 G3 G2G4 G3 G3 G2G4Q G3 G3? G3 G2G3 G3 G3 G2G3 G3 GL G3? G2G4 G3 G2G4Q G3 G3 G2G3 G3 G3 G3

G3 G3 G2G3Q G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 7 36 appendices 3 K Y OR Y YT , SK YT YT , SK , , , YT YT , SK , ON, QC, SK , NT YT YT , PE , ON, PE, QC, S , , QC , , NU , C C C C VINCE/TERRIT YT YT YT YT TRIBUTION B , NL, QC YT YT YT , NL, ON, QC , ON, QC , PE, QC , ON, QC , B , B , MB , BC, MB , B , MB , BC, , B , BC, SK , BC, NT , BC, NT , MB , PE , ON, QC , NU , , NU , , NU , N B U B B C K S B N A N A O NL, NU ON BC ON BC, NT YT BC, SK BC AB AB NL, QC BC BC BC YT YT YT BC BC AB AB BC, BC AB BC NB NT NT NT MB NT NT NB NT NT NB NB NS NS NS AB QC AB AB BC BC, BC AB BC, AB QC, NS BC, DIS AB AB YT YT BC BC, NT ON, QC BC NL, NS BC, NT BC YT BC ON, QC QC PRO BC on ogg euilles k olioles hé rederiksen Yu eedy olland Amérique ellogg salis à grandes fleurs Tw y te te te te

haride brillante he élia x ve ve x er cendré k sostégie ot pâle ve ve ve ve ve ve ve urin de Hartz urin uque de F ytonie y y t t t ubépine ubépine ubépine suborbiculaire ubépine suborbiculaire renanthe eucoph onc de K riphore penc rèfie

Saxifrage étoilée Dra Ph

Bermudienne Bermudienne Oxtropis

Vergeret Montia Ronce Ronce Dorine Dra Dra

FRENCH COMMON NAME FRENCH COMMON Lupin Minuartie de Saule de

Pâ

Vergeret Phlo Pissenlit rose Cla Saxifrage Sanguisorbe de Menzie T A Sabline à long pédoncule Astragale A No P Mau T A Hac J Pâ Bermudienne Bermudienne Ronce Ronce Saxifrage Puccinellie Puccinellie Chénopode de F Vergeret Ronce Ronce Arroc Chénopode glabre Dra Fé Ronce Ronce Ronce Ronce Vergeret Pav Anémone Impatiente Halimolobos Ronce à trois f Ronce Ginseng à cinq f mineur Bouleau Malaxis Care Stellaire d’ Ronce Ronce Éléoc

Élyme Renouée boréale Renouée Halimolobos Scirpe de R ry L eed y y her y Alkali Grass e-root w-grass w-grass er uce eed t y ain w ort -w wthorn w h sostegia -grass w-grass w-grass eed Thimble-w y er oot -grass s-let wthorn s-mouth w ush ’ ’ w v Whitlo hw kseed ail oot w yed-grass yed-grass tlesnak allflo e w er er wberr h-me-not ort ush kcress x e-r escue illo he ort s Ph h ush oc aga Ha ered Ground-c s Crazy s Springbeaut ogonia s-clo Whitlo ouc ’ ’ y W ten-t

T w w Adder orget-me-not Whitlo ild Ry ’ Burnet kcress uited Sedge

s etc ’s s Fleabane ved Desert-parsle ved s Clov s R s Bulr s Blue Grass s R alse-w alls Lupine Whitlo ’ s Miner wl’ ’ White Birc yed-grass yed-grass W oc opp -leaf Rat y F s Goosef er wthorn ell’ ed Saxifrage w -shaped Ha ry Saxifrage w kslide Larkspur a Golden-saxifrage on Fleabane on Sandw arf ternut t R tle F oliolate De w eedy’ c t ar all Phacelia oolly Fleabane w w olland’ ogg’ ern-lea uk uk racadigash Mount rif Porcupine Riv Porcupine St Alaska Kit Boreal Fleabane Boreal Ke Henderson Mallo Macrae A Bramble Caughua Ellesmereland Ly ENGLISH COMMON NAME ENGLISH COMMON Hartz Blue Grass Macoun Pink Dandelion Leiberg’ Menzies Spik Golden Blue-e A Milk-v Porsild’s White Piperia Low Sandw Low Nodding P But Ho Scamman Saxifrage A Ha Arctic Arctic F Hook A Bramble Sof W T Io F Pear Sho Spurless Arro Tw A Bramble Green-fr Smooth Goosef Kellogg’ American Stitc Okanogan Stic Viviparous F Slender Spik Large-flo A Bramble Rosy O Rosy A Bramble Ro Pale P Pale Anadyr Okhotian Bugseed Brandegee Desert-parsle Siberian Phlo Scamman Whited’ Blue-e Northern Knot American Ginseng Alaska Orac Aleutian Ledingham’ A Bramble D Y R Y F T

um a

e

um a

a

wens

um

ornicum

a

tata hotense

a

ala oggii otinensis olius

at a

us

onensis

a

ensis

onensis yllos us

hotomum upt allii er yperboreus

wellii salis grandiflora v yperarcticus elloggii osa vidus eedyi hium septentrionale hium calif v TIFIC NAME x alask w er alboroseum yris borealis hium splendens haris nitida a arctica elia ciliat v sosplenium io x interr x x sibirica uca frederikseniae aegus apiomorpha aegus lumaria aegus suborbiculat gonum boreale y k sostegia ledinghamii y ula minor ytonia scammaniana olium dic t ynth eucophy est uglans cinerea uncus k

Sidalcea hendersonii Draba porsildii Draba stenopet Delphinium glareosum Sisyrinc Eritric sagit Prenanthes Erigeron lanat Puccinellia laurentiana laurentiana Puccinellia Oxytropis scammaniana Cla Minuartia yuk Atriple Malaxis diph Draba macounii Hac arcuans Rubus Corispermum oc Care Saxifraga stellaris Saxifraga redofskii Poa hartzii Poa trianthophora Triphora Crat S F J Draba subcapit J L Phy particeps Rubus Saxifraga spicat Rubus u Rubus se Rubus trifrons Rubus Anemone multiceps Impatiens ecalcarat Trif Phlo Rubus ortivus Rubus Be Chr dissect Lomatium Arenaria longipedunculat Chenopodium subglabr Erigeron leibergii Halimolobos mollis Eleoc Crat Elymus h Phacelia ly SCIEN Sisyrinc Taraxacum carneocolorat Taraxacum Astragalus nutz Astragalus Crat Panax quinquef Panax Poly Halimolobos whitedii Papa Piperia candida Salix t Parr fraternalis Rubus Erigeron yuk Lupinus minimus Erigeron h Sanguisorba menziesii Lomatium brandegeei Lomatium Chenopodium f Scirpus rollandii Stellaria americana Montia ho Poa ner Poa OBAL RANK G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4Q G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3? G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4Q G3G4Q G3G4 G3? G3? G3?Q G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3? G3G4 G3G4 G3G4Q G3? G3? G3G4 G3? G3?Q G3?Q G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3? G3? G3?Q G3G4Q G3G4 G3G4 G3Q G3G4 G3? G3? G3G4 G3? G3G4 G3G4 GL G3G4 G3Q G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3? G3G4 G3G4 G3G4

G3? G3?Q G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3G4 G3? G3Q G3Q G3? G3G4 G3? G3? APPENDIX C. SPECIES OF GLOBAL CONSERVATION CONCERN ENDEMIC TO CANADA

GLOBAL RANK SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH COMMON NAME FRENCH COMMON NAME DISTRIBUTION BY PROVINCE/TERRITORY

Mammals (2) G1 Marmota vancouverensis Vancouver Island Marmot Marmotte de I’île Vancouver BC G3 Sorex maritimensis Maritime Shrew Musaraigne des Maritimes NB, NS Freshwater Fishes (15) GX Coregonus species 1 Dragon Lake Whitefish Corégone du lac Dragon BC GX Gasterosteus sp. 12 Hadley Lake Limnetic Stickleback Épinoche limnétique du lac Hadley BC GX Gasterosteus sp. 13 Hadley Lake Benthic Stickleback Épinoche benthique du lac Hadley BC G1 Coregonus huntsmani Atlantic Whitefish Corégone de l’Atlantique NS G1 sp. 2 Cultus Pygmy Sculpin Chabot pygmée BC G1 Gasterosteus sp. 1 Giant Stickleback Épinoche géante BC G1 Gasterosteus sp. 16 Vananda Creek Limnetic Stickleback Épinoche limnétique du ruisseau Vananda BC G1 Gasterosteus sp. 17 Vananda Creek Benthic Stickleback Épinoche benthique du ruisseau Vananda BC G1 Gasterosteus sp. 2 Enos Lake Limnetic Stickleback Épinoche limnétique du lac Enos BC G1 Gasterosteus sp. 3 Enos Lake Benthic Stickleback Épinoche benthique du lac Enos BC G1 Gasterosteus sp. 4 Paxton Lake Limnetic Stickleback Épinoche limnétique du lac Paxton BC G1 Gasterosteus sp. 5 Paxton Lake Benthic Stickleback Épinoche benthique du lac Paxton BC G1 Lampetra macrostoma Lake Lamprey Lamproie du lac Cowichan BC G1 Moxostoma hubbsi Copper Redhorse Chevalier cuivré QC G1Q Spirinchus sp. 1 Pygmy Longfin Smelt Éperlan d’hiver nain BC Butterflies (5) G1 Coenonympha nipisiquit Maritime Ringlet Satyre fauve des Maritimes NB, QC G1? Colias johanseni Johansen’s Sulphur Coliade de Johansen NU G2 Lycaena dospassosi Salt Marsh Copper Cuivré maritime NB, QC G3 Boloria natazhati Beringian Fritillary BC, NT, NU, YT G3G4 Papilio brevicauda Short-tailed Swallowtail Papillon queue-courte NB, NL, NS, QC Vascular Plants: Ferns and relatives (1) G1 Botrychium pseudopinnatum False Northwestern Moonwort Botryche ON Vascular Plants: Flowering Plants (45) GH Draba yukonensis Yukon Whitlow-grass Drave du Yukon YT G1 Atriplex nudicaulis Baltic Saltbush Arroche hâtive NL, NS G1 Braya longii Long’s Braya Braya de Long NL G1 Braya pilosa Hairy Rockcress Braya NT G1 Claytonia ogilviensis Spring Beautry Claytonie YT G1 Draba kluanei Kluane Whitlow-grass Drave de Kluane YT G1 Draba pycnosperma Dense Whitlow-grass Drave graines imbriquées NL, NS, QC G1 Draba scotteri Scotter’s Whitlow-grass Drave de Scotter YT G1 Puccinellia poacea Goose Grass Puccincellie NT, NU G1 Salicornia borealis Boreal Saltwort Salicorne boréale MB, YT G1 Salix chlorolepis Green-scaled Willow Saule à bractée vertes QC G1? Puccinellia macra Bonaventure Island Alkali Grass Puccincellie NB, QC G1?Q Rubus adenocaulis A Bramble Ronce NS G1?Q Rubus emeritus A Bramble Ronce NB G1Q Potamogeton methyensis Methy Lake Pondweed Potamot à lac Methy SK G2 Braya fernaldii Fernald’s Braya Braya de Fernald NL G2 Geum schofieldii Queen Charlotte Avens Benoîte BC G2 Salix jejuna Barrens Willow Saule des landes NL G2 Salix raupii Raup’s Willow Saule de Raup AB, BC, NT, YT G2 Salix turnorii Turnor Willow Saule de Turnor SK G2 Saxifraga gaspensis Gaspé Saxifrage Saxifrage de Gaspé QC G2 Stenotus macleanii Maclean’s Goldenweed Sténote de Maclean YT G2 Symphyotrichum laurentianum Gulf of St. Lawrence Aster Aster du golfe Saint-Laurent NB, NS, QC G2? Crataegus canadensis Canada’s Hawthorn Aubépine du Canada QC G2? Rubus suppar A Bramble Ronce NB, NS G2? Rubus weatherbyi Weatherby’s Dewberry Ronce de Weatherby NB, NS G2?Q Rubus quaesitus A Bramble Ronce NB, PE G2G3 Deschampsia mackenzieana Mackenzie Hairgrass Deschampsie du bassin du Mackenzie SK G2G3 Puccinellia bruggemannii Prince Patrick Alkali Grass Puccincellie NU G2G3 Salix silicicola Felt-leaf Willow Saule silicicole NU, SK G2G4 Atriplex franktonii Frankton’s Saltbush Arroche de Frankton NB, NS, PE, QC G2G4 Puccinellia ambigua Alberton Alkali Grass Puccinellie trompeuse NB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC G3 Antennaria eucosma Newfoundland Pussytoes Antennaire élégante NL, QC G3 Arnica louiseana Lake Louise Arnica Arnica à lac Louise AB, BC G3 Bidens amplissima Vancouver Island Beggar-ticks Grand bident BC G3 rufina Snowbed Sedge Carex à écailles rousses MB, NT, QC G3 Enemion savilei Savile’s False Rue-Anemone Isopyre de Savile BC G3 Pedicularis palustris Marsh Lousewort Pédiculaire des marais NL, NS, QC G3 Puccinellia deschampsioides Polar Alkali Grass Puccinellie MB, NT, NU, QC, YT G3 Ranunculus allenii Allen’s Buttercup Renoncule d’Allen NL, NU, QC G3 Saxifraga taylorii Taylor’s Saxifrage Saxifrage de Taylor BC G3? Draba subcapitata Ellesmere Island Whitlow-grass Drave NU G3? Parrya arctica Arctic False-wallflower NT, NU G3? Puccinellia laurentiana Tracadigash Mountain Alkali Grass Puccinellie NB, PE, QC G3G4 Saxifraga stellaris Starry Saxifrage Saxifrage étoilée NL, NU G3G4Q Festuca frederikseniae Viviparous Fescue Fétuque de Frederiksen NL, QC

42 CANADIAN CONSERVATION DATA CENTRES

Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre Centre de données sur le patrimoine naturel du Québec Alberta Community Development Flora/Flore Parks and Protected Areas Division Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement 2nd Floor, Oxbridge Place et des Parcs du Québec 9820-106 Street Edifice Marie-Guyart, 4e étage, Bte 21 Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2J6 675 Réne-Lévesque Est, Québec, Québec G1R 5V7 780-427-0350 418-521-3907 x4794 www.cd.gov.alb.ca/preserving/parks/anhic/ www.cdpnq.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/centre.htm

Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre Fauna/Faune P.O. Box 6416 Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec 146 Main Street Direction du développement de la faune Mount Allison University Edifice Marie-Guyart, 11e étage, Bte 92 Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G6 675 Réne-Lévesque Est, Québec, Québec G1R 5V7 www.accdc.com 418-521-3875 x4915 www.cdpnq.gouv.qc.ca British Columbia Conservation Data Centre Biodiversity Branch Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre Ministry of Environment Resource Stewardship Branch P.O. Box 9358 Saskatchewan Environment Station Provincial Government 3211 Albert Street Victoria, British Columbia V8W 9M2 Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 5W6 250-356-0928 306-787-7196 http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/cdc/ www.biodiversity.sk.ca

Manitoba Conservation Data Centre NatureServe Yukon Biodiversity Conservation Section Fish and Wildlife Branch Wildlife and Ecosystem Protection Branch Yukon Department of the Environment Manitoba Conservation P.O. Box 2703 P.O. Box 24 (200 Saulteaux Crescent) Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2C6 Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3W3 867-667-3684 204-945-7743 www.environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca http://web2.gov.mb.ca/conservation/cdc/

Ontario Natural Heritage Information Centre Ministry of Natural Resources P.O. Box 7000 (300 Water Street, 2nd Floor, North Tower) Peterborough, Ontario K9J 8M5 705-755-2159 www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/nhic.cfm

38 39 THE MEMBER PROGRAMS OF NATURESERVE CANADA