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Investigations in Russell Cave Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/investigationsinOOgrif 7.57 m> 1/3 INVESTIGATIONS IN RUSS AVE Russell Cave National Monument; Alabama mc-r>.\m r m i'fy 'jfKtr: INVESTIGATIONS IN RUSSELL CAVE INVESTIGATIONS IN RUSSELL CAVE Publications in Archeology 13 Russell Cave National Monument, Alabama By John W. Griffin In collaboration with John Earl Ingmanson, and with contributions by John T. Hack, Charles E. Snow, Erik K. Reed, Robert D. Weigel, J. Alan Holman, Andreas A. Paloumpis, and William J. Clench National Park Service • U.S. Department of the Interior Washington 1974 — — Gerald R. Ford President of the United States Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary U. S. Department of the Interior Ronald H. Walker, Director National Park Service As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recrea- tional resources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources." The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States—now and in the future. This publication is one of a series of research studies devoted to specialized topics which have been explored in connection with the various areas in the National Park System. It is printed at the Government Printing Office, and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Griffin, John W Investigations in Russell Cave. (Publications in archeology, 13) Supt. of Docs.: I 29.59:13. Bibliography: p. 1. Russell Cave, Ala. 2. Paleontology Quaternary. 3. Paleontology—Alabama Russell Cave. I. Title. II. Series. E51.U75 no. 13 [E78.A28] 913'.031'08s [917.6T95] 74-4390 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Price $2.05 Stock Number 2405-00511 Park, Colorado (Wetherill Mesa Studies). Publications in Archeology 7D. Mug House, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado (Wetherill Mesa Studies). 1. Archeology of the Bynum Mounds, Mississippi 8. Excavations in the 17th-Century Jumano Pu- (PB 177 061).* eblo, Gran Quivira, New Mexico. 2. Archeological Excavations in Mesa Verde Na- 9. Excavations at Tse-ta'a, Canyon de Chelly Na- tional Park, Colorado, 1950 (PB 177 062).* tional Monument, Arizona. 3. Archeology of the Funeral Mound, Ocmulgee 10. Ruins Stabilization in the Southwestern National Monument, Georgia (PB 177 063).* United States. 4. Archeological Excavations at Jamestown, Vir- 11. The Steamboat Bertrand: History, Excava- ginia (PB 177 064).* tion and Architecture. 5. The Hubbard Site and other Tri-wall Structures 12. The Bertrand Bottles: A Study of 19th-cen- in New Mexico and Colorado. tury Glass and Ceramic Containers. 6. Search for the Cittie of Ralegh, Archeological 13. Investigations in Russell Cave, Russell Cave Excavations at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, National Monument, Alabama. North Carolina. 7A. The Archeological Survey of Wetherill Mesa, * These publications are no longer available from the Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado (Wetherill Superintendent of Documents. They may be ordered by title (and parenthetical code number) by writing to: Clearing- Mesa Studies). house, U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Vir- 7B. Environment of Mesa Verde, Colorado ginia 22151. These reports are available in two forms: (Wetherill Mesa Studies). microfiche at 95 cents per document, or paper copy at 7C. Big Juniper House, Mesa Verde National $6.00 per volume, prepaid. FOREWORD Some 9,000 years ago—following the Ice Age, debris of their camps, appearing layer upon layer. and at least 4,000 years before the great pyramids of The story that is there told is one of hunters and Egypt—early men sought shelter in an obscure cav- gatherers who for 6,500 years used the cave primar- ern in northeastern Alabama. This site, which has be- ily during the colder seasons of the year. This period, come a part of the National Park Service (and the from about 7000 to 500 B.C., known to scientists subject of this book), contains one of the longest se- and historians as the Archaic Period, was followed quences of evidence of man in the New World. The by the Woodland Period, a time roughly from 500 significance of Russell Cave for the study of prehis- B.C. to A.D. 1000, also represented in the cave by toric Indians in North America is paralleled by its pottery and projectile points that were likely to have importance to every citizen, for it is one of the few been used with the bow and arrow. sites in the United States where the visitor may walk The major portion of this work, written by John inside the dwelling place and see there the artifacts W. Griffin, an archeologist with many years of ex- and habitational remains of the ancient people. perience in the National Park Service, is intended Discovered in 1953 by members of the Tennessee both as a scientific report, and as a reference for the Archeological Society, the cave attracted nationwide layman who wishes to acquire a fuller understanding attention following an excavation sponsored by the of the long period of time and many peoples who Smithsonian Institution and the National Geographic found shelter in Russell Cave. It contains a most im- Society. The cave and surrounding land was pur- portant contribution which deals with the cave in chased by the Society and donated to the American relation to the entire archeology of the Southeastern people, whereupon it was established as a National United States, and is enhanced by sections on ge- Monument in 1961 by Presidential proclamation. It ology, skeletal analysis, and early animals. It is an was further excavated by the National Park Service outstanding example of cooperation among scholars for of in 1962, primarily the development an inplace of the National Park Service and other institutions, exhibit of the deeply stratified layers of cultural re- and serves as a solid foundation for the interpretation mains. of one of America's national cultural treasures. Since that time, thousands of persons have seen these archeological deposits, the tools and weapons of the early Indians, the shells and bones of the ani- Ronald H. Walker, Director mals they ate, the evidence of their hearths, and the National Park Service vn PREFACE The core data and geological investigations pre- port. Drs. Robert D. Weigel, Illinois State Univer- sented in this volume resulted from archeological sity; J. Alan Holman, Michigan State University; research carried out in 1962 as part of the program and Andreas A. Paloumpis, Illinois Central College, for the development of Russell Cave National Monu- analyzed approximately 30,000 bones which were ment, near Bridgeport, Jackson County, Alabama. recovered, and Dr. William J. Clench, of the Mu- I was in charge of the project and was on the site seum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, during about half of the field season. John Earl Ing- graciously studied the mollusca. manson was present throughout the period of exca- Dr. Clair A. Brown, of Louisiana State Univer- vation and exercised day-to-day supervision of the sity, examined samples for pollen content. Although operations. He was also primarily responsible for the the findings were negative, we are nonetheless in- recognition and definition of the physical layers fol- debted to him for his efforts in our behalf. lowed in the excavation, and in the analysis of the Many of our archeological colleagues gave us help cultural materials contained therein. and sound advice. We are particularly grateful to Upon completion of the fieldwork, Ingmanson James W. Cambron for his classification of the pro- headed up the laboratory work of cleaning and jectile points. Those with whom we discussed prob- cataloging the cultural materials, and of classifying lems at one time or another are Bettye J. Broyles, all these materials save the projectile points. He Joffre L. Coe, David L. DeJarnette, J. B. Graham, initiated a study of the stratigraphic distribution of Alfred K. Guthe, James H. Kellar, Lewis H. Larsen, the artifacts, but acceptance of another position in Jr., Madeline Kneberg Lewis, Thomas M. N. Lewis, the National Park Service prevented his participa- Carl F. Miller, and Howard D. Winters. We hope tion in the final preparation of the archeological sec- that other people, who through inadvertence may tions of this report. not have been mentioned, will forgive us. We were fortunate in having an excellent and en- Personnel of the National Park Service provided thusiastic field crew. The five men, Robert S. Hill, a constant source of support. J. C. Harrington, who Fred Blansett, Earl Gore, Glen Morris, and Roy on more than one occasion shouldered part of my Nevils, deserve our special thanks. administrative duties in order that the project might Increasingly, archeologists must seek aid from move forward, deserves special mention. Others who scientists in other disciplines. Dr. John T. Hack, U. helped in a variety of ways were Elizabeth Albro, S. Geological Survey, worked closely with us in the Zorro A. Bradley, John M. Corbett, Herbert Olsen, field on several occasions and prepared the geolog- Craig Sheldon, Dale L. Smith, Bert Speed, Gordon ical section of this report. Dr. Charles E. Snow, of Vivian, and Rex L. Wilson. And to many other un- the University of Kentucky, had completed an analy- named individuals in administration, personnel, and sis of the human skeletal remains at the time of his secretarial and editorial services, we also extend our death. We are indebted to Dr. William M. Bass, now gratitude. of the University of Tennessee, for assuming respon- sibility for the materials and transmitting Dr.
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