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China's Dagur Minority: Society, Shamanism, and Folklore

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China's Dagur Minority: Society, Shamanism, and Folklore SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 60 December, 1994 China's Dagur Minority: Society, Shamanism, and Folklore by Kevin Stuart, LI Xuewei & Shelear Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Manuscripts should be double-spaced with wide margins and submitted in duplicate. A set of "Instructions for Authors" may be obtained by contacting the editor. Ideally, the final draft should be a neat, clear camera-ready copy with high black- and-white contrast. Contributors who prepare acceptable camera-ready copy will be provided with 25 free copies of the printed work. All others will receive 5 copies. Sino-Platonic Papers is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Please note: When the editor goes on an expedition or research trip, all operations (including filling orders) may temporarily cease for up to two or three months at a time. In such circumstances, those who wish to purchase various issues of SPP are requested to wait patiently until he returns. If issues are urgently needed while the editor is away, they may be requested through Interlibrary Loan. N.B.: Beginning with issue no. 171, Sino-Platonic Papers will be published electronically on the Web. Issues from no. 1 to no. 170, however, will continue to be sold as paper copies until our stock runs out, after which they too will be made available on the Web. _______________________________________________ China 's Minority: Society, Y Shamanism, & Folklore Edited by Kevin Stuart, Li Xue wei, and Shelear * Preface There are three sections to this material. The first is a general introduction to Dagur society. The second consists of two papers on Dagur Shamanism, and the third presents a number of Dagur folktales. The classification of the latter is my own. Li Xuewei checked the initial translations of the folktales and Shelear, a native Dagur speaker of Ewenki Autonomous Banner in Hulunbuir League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, checked many of the Chinese transliterations of the Dagur. Material in brackets is by the editors. Kevin Stua~ Qinghai Junior Teachers' College Xining 810007 the People's Republic of China Contents Part One: History and Culture (translated by Zhao Weiguang) < 1 > 1. Introduction <2 > 1.1 Population < 2 > 1.2 Population Distribution < 2 > 1.3 Natural Environment < 4 > 1.4 Language < 5 > 1.5 Economy < 6 > 1.6 History < 6 > 2. Marriage < 8 > 2.1 General Principles < 8 > 2.2 Matchmaking <9> 2.3 Betrothal Gifts < 9 > 2.4 Wedding Ceremonies < 1 1 > 2.5 Divorce and Remarriage < 13 > 3. Funerals < 14 > 3.1 Cemetery and Burial Guidelines < 14 > 3.2 Preparing the Dead < 15 > 3.3 Sacrifice Ritual and Burial < 15 > 3.4 Mourning Clothes < 16 > 4. Festivals < 18> 5. Etiquette < 19> 6. Taboos <20> 6.1 Production Activity Taboos < 20 > 6.2 Marriage and Mourning Taboos < 20 > 6.3 Daily Life Taboos < 2 1 > 7. Religion < 22 > 7.1 Introduction < 22 > 7.2 Gods <22> 7.2a Heaven (Tenger) < 22 > 7.2b Holier Barken < 23 > 7.2~Ancestral Gods (Hojoor Barken) < 27 > 7.2d Mording Etuo (Mording Grandmother) < 28 > 7.2e Goddess Hojoor of Shewor Tuorsu Mokon, Mording Hal < 28 > 7.2f Goddess Hojoor of Mor Mokon, Guobeile Hal < 29 > 7.2g Bogol Barken <29 > 7.2h Jiyaaq Barken < 30 > 7.2i Hayin <31> 7.2j Fairy Fox Spirit (Aoli Barken) < 3 1 > contents (continued) 7.2k Koton Barken or Huaran Barken < 32 > 7.21 Wuxi Barken < 32 > 7.2m Niangniang Barken or Higeewqan and Uqikweeqaa < 32 > 7.2n Goddess of Child Protection (Womie Barken) < 32 > 7.20 Uginuxi Niangniang < 33 > 7.2~Abagardi < 33 > 7.2q Wenguer Barken or Guarban Ayan (Three Ayans) < 33 > 7.2r Sum Barken < 33 > 7.3 Other <33> 7.3a Obo <33 > 7.3b Bainacha < 34 > 7.3~River God < 34 > 7.3d Big Dipper < 34 > 7.3e Huole Guoerlong < 34 > 7.3f Xieru Dalaile < 34 > 7 -4 Yadgans (Shamans) < 35 > 7.4a Divisions < 35 > 7.4b Mokon Hojoor Origins < 36 > 7.4Yadgun Tales < 37 > 7.4d Training < 39 > 7.4e Wuminan [Ominan] <40> 7.4f Y ierding < 42 > 7.4g Cleansing the Body < 42 > 7.4h Function and Social Position <42 > 7.4i Garments and Other Magical Implements < 43 > 7.5 Other Religious Practitioners < 44 > 7.5a Otox <44> 7.5b Bani <45> 7.5~Qjanqi < 45 > 7.5d Bagaq < 45 > 7.5e Balieqin <45 > 7.5f &lie < 45 > 8. Oral Literature < 46 > 8.1 Mythology < 46 > 8.1 a Human Origin < 46 > 8.1b Early Human Life < 46 > 8. lc Women Marry Men < 46 > 8.1d Gaxina Cave < 46 > 8. le Cheqire Cave < 46 > 8. If Huhad Cliff < 47 > contents (continued) 8.2 Poetry < 47 > 8.2a Uqun (Narrative Poetry) < 47 > 8.3b Parables < 5 1> 9. Music < 52 > 9.1 Vocal Music < 52 > 9.1 a ZhQndal (Work Songs) < 52 > 9. lb Dialogues < 53 > 9.lc Dance Songs <54> 9.2 Instrumental Music < 54 > 9.3 Dance <54> 10. Recreation < 56 > . 11. Embroidery < 57 > Part 11: Dagur Shamanism < 58 > 1. "An Introductory Discussion of Dagur Shaman Prayers" by Wu Baoliang (translated by Fan Qiqing and Li Xuewei) < 58 > 1.1 Greetings <59> 1.2 Description < 60 > 2. "A Discussion of Dagur Folk Plaaic Art" by E. Suritai (translated by Fan Qiqing and Li Xuewei) < 63 > 2.1 Shamanistic Fine Art < 63 > 2.2 Folk Embroidery Art < 66 > 2.3 Folk Papercut Art < 68 > 2.4 Plastic Art of Birch Bark Containers <68 > 2.5 Folk Toys <69> 2.6 The Art of Boneetching < 69 > 2.7 The Art of Handwriting < 69 > 2.8 The Art of Civil Architecture <70 > Part III: Dagur Folktales < 7 1 > 1. "Collection1'by Sayintana (translated by Li Xuewei) <72> 2. "Introduction" by Sayintana (translated by Li Xuewei). < 74 > contents (continued) 3. Beginnings < 79 > Origin of Snow and Rain < 79 > Why Dagur Have No Written Language < 79 > The Fairies and the Hunters < 80 > Why Women Live in Their Husbands' Homes < 80 > How Burial Rule Changed < 80 > The Founding of Guanghui Temple < 8 1> Tobacco's Origin < 82 > The Origin of the Bell Flower < 82 > Origin of the Taitichuchu Bird <82 > The Choke-Choke Bird < 83 > Why Eagles Eat Snakes < 83 > Why the Camel's Neck Points Up < 83 > 4. Shamans and Gods < 85 > The Tree and the Young Hunter < 85 > The Uncle's Death < 85 > The Demon and the Boy < 86 > The Dagur and Oroqen [Olunchun] Yadgans Compete < 98 > Tomenqi Yadgan < 88 > Tuqingga Y adgan < 89 > Nisang Yadgan < 89 > Mording Etuo < 102 > Gahucha < 102 > Origin of Manna Mokon Deity < 103> Zhaoli Gugu Dancing Deity < 104 > Har Barken (Black God) < 104> Man Cliff < 105> 5. Tricksters < 106 > The Dreamer < 106 > Getting a Flock of Sheep < 108 > Wise Words < 108 > The Fool < 109 > The Wind Blows Bukui Away < 110 > Thumb Boy < 11 1 > The Poor Boy and the Official < 112 > 6. Heroes < 1 14 > The Bear's Son < 114 > Behuoledai and Bekunchuo < 116 > Three Brothers < 119> Seventh Son < 120 > General Sabusu's Cannon < 122 > General Duo < 123 > General Duoyin < 123 > Dekma < 124 > Contents (continued) Jiyanbuk (I & 11) < 124, 125 > Shaolung and Daifu < 125 > Aqinbu and Wosiwenbu < 125 > A Yellow Horse and a Spotted Dog < 127> An Unknown General < 127 > The Pearls < 127 > Sajierdi Khan < 128 > The Official's Son < 129> 7. Evil is Punished, Good is Rewarded < 131 > Wealth in the Next Incarnation < 131 > The Lama and the Carpenter < 132 > A Lucky Man < 132> The Flood < 133 > The Girl With No Hands < 134> The Rich Man Becomes a Calf < 135 > The Hunter and His Sister < 136 > The Singing Wine Pot < 138 > 8. Filial Piety < 139 > The Mother Donkey < 139 > Respect the Elderly < 139 > The Hunter's Three Sons < 140 > Ungrateful Children < 141 > 9. Ginseng Spirits < 142 > Ginseng Girl (I)< 142> Ginseng Girl (II) < 144 > 10. Lessons in Love < 146 > The Snake Father-In-Law < 146 > Testing the Wife < 148 > Halebare Mountain < 148 > The Carp Repays a Debt of Gratitude < 149> Yearning Swans < 151 > 11. Brother Beast < 153 > The Hunter Who Understood Animals < 153 > The Orphan Who Understood Birds < 154> Younger Brother and the Tiger < 154> 12.
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