DOCSLIB.ORG

The Gambia Company of the West African Frontier Force, 1902-1958

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Gambia Company of the West African Frontier Force, 1902-1958 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020-09-23 The Empire's Smallest Regiment: The Gambia Company of the West African Frontier Force, 1902-1958 Estep, Charles Joseph Estep, C. J. (2020). The Empire's Smallest Regiment: The Gambia Company of the West African Frontier Force, 1902-1958 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112579 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY The Empire’s Smallest Regiment: The Gambia Company of the West African Frontier Force, 1902-1958 by Charles Joseph Estep A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2020 © Charles Joseph Estep 2020 Abstract Within the greater historiography of European led African colonial militaries, the history of the Gambia Company of the West African Frontier Force is largely unknown. The Gambia Company initially formed in 1902 from a nucleus of Sierra Leoneans. It continued to rely on Sierra Leonean recruits out of British fears of Gambian disloyalty and the belief that the small, seemingly insignificant Gambian territory would eventually fall under the administrative authority of the French. Such policies and mindsets initially limited the Gambia Company’s development into an efficient and independent military organization. Despite its smallness and structural shortcomings, the Gambia Company functioned as an effective unit in the African campaigns of the First World War. Following the war, the company finally transitioned into an all-Gambian force and secured its institutional independence after British realization that the Gambia would remain a British territory. However, imperial strategic concerns and training deficiencies during the interwar period forced the Gambia Company’s attachment to a larger military organization, the Sierra Leone Battalion. With the onset of the Second World War and the emergence of unforeseen territorial threats in West Africa, the Gambia Company expanded to unprecedented levels, a total strength of two infantry battalions. During the war, the now renamed Gambia Regiment contributed significantly to the defense of British West Africa and the Allied war effort fighting in the Burma campaign. Eventually, the company sized Gambia Regiment disbanded in 1958 after over 50 years of service for the Gambia and the greater British Empire. This thesis hopes to fill the historiographical void by providing a valuable history of the Gambia Company and shed light on the experiences of ordinary Gambian soldiers, while also exposing the greater historical trends of the British colonial military in West Africa. ii Acknowledgments I am grateful and very much appreciative of the support, expertise, and guidance that my supervisor, Dr. Tim Stapleton, provided throughout the entire process of writing this thesis. His dedication to my growth and success as an academic has truly helped me reached higher than I ever thought possible during my time at the University of Calgary. I would also like to thank Dr. David Bercuson and Dr. Rowland “Caesar” Apentiik for reviewing the final draft of the thesis and participating in the examination committee. Our discussion was valuable in helping me realize aspects of both West African and military history that interestingly intersect with the core arguments of the thesis. Members of the Department of History and the greater University of Calgary community were extremely helpful in making my move to Canada easy and convenient. They helped make Calgary feel like home. I am grateful for the relationships I made and know that I will always have friends in Canada. Lastly, I wish to thank my family for always supporting me and being by my side in everything I do. Your support is an inspiration to always strive for a better version of myself. Of course, as an American military member I must state that the views expressed in this thesis are my own and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Air Force, the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. iii Table of Contents Abstract……...……………………………………………….………………...………………… ii Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………………………. iii Table of Contents……………………………………………….……………………………….. iv Table of Illustrations……………………………….…………………………………………….. vi Abbreviations…………..………………………....……………..……………….....…….…….. vii Introduction………………………...………….…………………………………………………. 1 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………… 3 Methodology……………………...………………………….………………………..... 14 A Note on Terminology…………………….…………………………………………… 16 Chapter One: The Formation and Early Years of the Gambia Company, 1902-1914……….….. 17 Colonial Gambia………………………………………………………………………… 18 The West India Regiments………………………………………………….…………… 29 The West African Frontier Force……………………………….……………………….. 35 The Formation of the Gambia Company……………………….……………………….. 45 The Early Years………………………………………………….……………………… 48 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….… 58 Chapter Two: The Gambia Company during the First World War, 1914-1918……..………...… 60 War is Declared…………………………………………………………………………. 61 Operations in Cameroon………………………………………………………………… 65 The Home Front………………………………………………………………………… 84 Operations in German East Africa…………………………………………….………… 94 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………... 109 Chapter Three: The Gambia Company during the Interwar Period, 1918-1939………...……… 111 Contextualizing the Period…………………………………………………………….. 112 Postwar Difficulties……………………………………………………………….…… 113 Strikebreakers…………………………………………………………….………...….. 127 iv Attachment, Not Amalgamation………………………………………………….……. 129 Conclusion…………………………………….……………………………………….. 137 Chapter Four: The Gambia “Company” during the Second World War, 1939-1945……..……. 139 The Vichy Threat…………………….………………………………………………… 140 Expansion……………………………………………………………………………… 145 Operations in Burma…………………………………………………………………… 157 Demobilization………………………………………………………………………… 181 Conclusion……………………………………….…………………………………….. 184 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….……………….. 186 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………… 191 v Table of Illustrations Map of Colonial West Africa…………………………………………….……………………… 19 Map of Colonial Gambia………………………………………….…………………………….. 27 Map of Cameroon Campaign….………………………………………………….…………….. 67 Map of Duala and Hinterland…………………………………………………….……………… 72 Map of Edea-Yaunde Area……………………………………...……………….……………… 79 Map of Colonial German East Africa……………………………….…………………………… 96 Figure of the Battle of Mahiwa.…………………...…………………………………………… 105 Map of Vichy West Africa…………………….……………………………………………….. 142 Map of Colonial Burma……………………………….……………………………………….. 159 Map describing the First Kaladan Campaign…….…………………………………………….. 164 Map describing the Second Kaladan Campaign………………………….……………………. 176 vi Abbreviations BTU – Bathurst Trade Union CAR – Central African Regiment CSM – Company Sergeant Major FEA – French Equatorial Africa FWA – French West Africa GCR – Gold Coast Regiment GOC – General Officer Commanding GR – Gambia Regiment IEF – Indian Expeditionary Force IG – Inspector General KAR – King’s African Rifles LMG – Light Machine Gun MLB – Military Labour Bureau NCO – Noncommissioned Officer NR – Nigeria Regiment OC – Officer Commanding RAC – Royal African Corps RSM – Regimental Sergeant Major RWAFF – Royal West African Frontier Force (WAFF received royal designation in 1928) SEAC – Southeast Asia Command SLB – Sierra Leone Battalion SLR – Sierra Leone Regiment VD – Venereal Disease WA – West African WAC – West Africa Command WAFF – West African Frontier Force WAR – West African Regiment WIR – West India Regiments vii Introduction The British regimental system sought to establish a distinct martial culture and espirit de corps among soldiers. After 1881 and what historian David French terms the Cardwell-Childers Reforms, the British revamped the regimental system to foster unique regimental identities and provide military organizations with enough competency to achieve successes in a global empire. Through symbols, traditions, and customs, the British sought to manufacture military culture and identity within regiments. French argues that “Regiments were culturally defined organizations that were bound together by shared historical memories, customs, and a myth of descent, not by the common ethnic or local origins of its members…The idea of ‘the regiment’ was something that was artificially constructed.”1 In effect, the regiment became an “imagined community.”2 Similar to their British counterparts, African soldiers serving in British led colonial militaries were placed within the regimental system that promoted manufactured martial identities and inclusion in an imagined military community. African soldiers were organized into local regiments, which fostered and celebrated unique regimental identities. However, not every African colonial military organization was given the privilege to establish a regimental identity and celebrate its past accomplishments. Throughout the majority of its history, the Gambia Company of the West African
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Dangerous Vagabonds”: Resistance to Slave
    “DANGEROUS VAGABONDS”: RESISTANCE TO SLAVE EMANCIPATION AND THE COLONY OF SENEGAL by Robin Aspasia Hardy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2016 ©COPYRIGHT by Robin Aspasia Hardy 2016 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION PAGE For my dear parents. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Historiography and Methodology .............................................................................. 4 Sources ..................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................... 20 2. SENEGAL ON THE FRINGE OF EMPIRE.......................................................... 23 Senegal, Early French Presence, and Slavery ......................................................... 24 The Role of Slavery in the French Conquest of Senegal’s Interior ......................... 39 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 51 3. RACE, RESISTANCE, AND PUISSANCE ........................................................... 54 Sex, Trade and Race in Senegal ............................................................................... 55 Slave Emancipation and the Perpetuation of a Mixed-Race
    [Show full text]
  • The West India Regiments
    The West India Regiments By the mid-1790s, the wars with the French in the Caribbean were not going well for Britain and new sources of men were required to help defend the colonies. Issues with recruiting European troops and the high mortality rate amongst them meant that military minds had to consider new options with which to garrison and defend the West Indies. The local white population was not large enough to provide the number of men required, so attention turned to the large black population, mainly comprising slaves. Thus, Lieutenant General Sir John Vaughan proposed that a regiment should be raised composed of black soldiers. Unlike previous black regiments raised in the region, this was not to be a temporary measure but a new, permanent, regular infantry regiment of the British Army. The idea of a permanent corps of black soldiers outside their control horrified the leading figures of the Plantocracy, and their representative body in London, The West India Committee, attempted to use its influence in Government to prevent their formation. However, slave rebellions in both 1794 and 1795, as well as the conflict with the Maroons of Jamaica, coupled with the advice Ranger Regiments of senior officers who had been stationed The previous slave regiments were known as Ranger in the Caribbean and knew the difficulties Regiments, who were raised in times of desperation and of serving there, led Sir Henry Dundas, usually commanded by local officers. Ranger Regiments Secretary of State for War, to approve the tended only to serve on the island where they were created formation of two new regiments composed and slave-owners were paid for the services of their slaves, of black soldiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850
    The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Benjamin, Jody A. 2016. The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493374 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 A dissertation presented by Jody A. Benjamin to The Department of African and African American Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of African and African American Studies Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2016 © 2016 Jody A. Benjamin All rights reserved. Dissertation Adviser: Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong Jody A. Benjamin The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 Abstract This study re-examines historical change in western Africa during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the lens of cotton textiles; that is by focusing on the production, exchange and consumption of cotton cloth, including the evolution of clothing practices, through which the region interacted with other parts of the world. It advances a recent scholarly emphasis to re-assert the centrality of African societies to the history of the early modern trade diasporas that shaped developments around the Atlantic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlantic Slavery and the Making of the Modern World Wenner-Gren Symposium Supplement 22
    T HE WENNER-GREN SYMPOSIUM SERIES CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY A TLANTIC SLAVERY AND THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD I BRAHIMA THIAW AND DEBORAH L. MACK, GUEST EDITORS A tlantic Slavery and the Making of the Modern World: Wenner-Gren Symposium Supplement 22 Atlantic Slavery and the Making of the Modern World: Experiences, Representations, and Legacies An Introduction to Supplement 22 Atlantic Slavery and the Rise of the Capitalist Global Economy V The Slavery Business and the Making of “Race” in Britain OLUME 61 and the Caribbean Archaeology under the Blinding Light of Race OCTOBER 2020 VOLUME SUPPLEMENT 61 22 From Country Marks to DNA Markers: The Genomic Turn S UPPLEMENT 22 in the Reconstruction of African Identities Diasporic Citizenship under Debate: Law, Body, and Soul Slavery, Anthropological Knowledge, and the Racialization of Africans Sovereignty after Slavery: Universal Liberty and the Practice of Authority in Postrevolutionary Haiti O CTOBER 2020 From the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Contemporary Ethnoracial Law in Multicultural Ecuador: The “Changing Same” of Anti-Black Racism as Revealed by Two Lawsuits Filed by Afrodescendants Serving Status on the Gambia River Before and After Abolition The Problem: Religion within the World of Slaves The Crying Child: On Colonial Archives, Digitization, and Ethics of Care in the Cultural Commons A “tone of voice peculiar to New-England”: Fugitive Slave Advertisements and the Heterogeneity of Enslaved People of African Descent in Eighteenth-Century Quebec Valongo: An Uncomfortable Legacy Raising
    [Show full text]
  • The Republic of the Gambia's Combined Report on The
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA’S COMBINED REPORT ON THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN & PEOPLES’ RIGHTS & INITIAL REPORT ON THE PROTOCOL TO THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN AFRICA THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA COMBINED REPORT ON THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS FOR THE PERIOD 1994 AND 2018. AND INITIAL REPORT UNDER THE PROTOCOL TO THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN AFRICA August 2018 1 THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA’S COMBINED REPORT ON THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN & PEOPLES’ RIGHTS & INITIAL REPORT ON THE PROTOCOL TO THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN AFRICA PREFACE The Republic of The Gambia is committed to the progressive realization of the rights and freedoms of all persons as well as the duties enshrined in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights through the creation of appropriate policy, legislative, judicial, administrative and budgetary measures. It is against this background that this Combined Periodic Report seeks to highlight the measures adopted in the implementation of the rights enshrined in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) since 1994, identify the progress made as well as the constraints encountered. During the period under review (1994-2018), The Republic of The Gambia has had to contend with a very checkered history in the bid to fulfill its obligation to promote and protect human rights. Admittedly, numerous challenges had to be overcome in the effective realization of the promotion and protection of these rights. The Ministry of Justice takes this opportunity to express its appreciation to the distinguished Commissioners of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights and hope that the distinguished experts will appreciate the progress made so far, the determinations being made to overcome the highlighted challenges and continue to support The Gambia’s obligation to sustain the promotion and protection of human and peoples’ rights in the overall interest of all Gambians.
    [Show full text]
  • Quark Import Master 29.03.06 9/10/11 13:46 Page 9
    GPA 69 009-024:Quark Import Master 29.03.06 9/10/11 13:46 Page 9 16 November 2011 (First Session, Lots 2001–2587) Miscellaneous & Mixed Lots 9 First Session, Lots 2001–2587 Wednesday 16th November at 2 pm Miscellaneous and Mixed Lots 2001 A mint K.G.V collection in a 1929 Postal Union Congress presentation book (most are mounted so are not the original stamps), incl. Great Britain 1929 P.U.C. set, 1934 re-engraved set, Bahamas 1921-37 set, Bermuda 1924- 32 to 10s., British Honduras 1921-33 to $5, Ceylon 1927-29 set, Cyprus 1924-28 to £1., 1928 Anniversary set, Dominica 1923-33 to £1, Falkland Islands 1921-28 set, Gambia 1922-29 to 10s., Gibraltar 1925-32 to £1, Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1912-24 to £1., 1922-27 set, Hong Kong 1921-37 to $5, Malaya with F.M.S. 1922-34 to $5., Johore 1922-41 to $10., etc., varied condition. (few 100s) £3,500-£4,000 2002 A Q.V. to K.G.V accumulation on stockleaves, incl. Australia, British Honduras with 1891-1901 $1 to $5 mint, Brunei 1908-22 $25 overprinted “SPECIMEN”, Cayman Islands 1907-09 to 10s. mint (2), Fiji, Jamaica, Montserrat, Morocco Agencies 1935-37 2s.6d. and 5s. in mint blocks of four, New Hebrides 1938 set perfin “SPECIMEN”, Sarawak 1918 set overprinted “SPECIMEN”, Transvaal, Tonga, Zanzibar, etc., mixed condition. Ex Straus. (few 100s) £2,000-£2,500 2003 A Q.V. to K.G.V mainly mint British Empire selection in varied condition incl.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the French in London Liberty, Equality, Opportunity
    A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity Edited by Debra Kelly and Martyn Cornick A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity Edited by Debra Kelly and Martyn Cornick LONDON INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Published by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU First published in print in 2013. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY- NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN 978 1 909646 48 3 (PDF edition) ISBN 978 1 905165 86 5 (hardback edition) Contents List of contributors vii List of figures xv List of tables xxi List of maps xxiii Acknowledgements xxv Introduction The French in London: a study in time and space 1 Martyn Cornick 1. A special case? London’s French Protestants 13 Elizabeth Randall 2. Montagu House, Bloomsbury: a French household in London, 1673–1733 43 Paul Boucher and Tessa Murdoch 3. The novelty of the French émigrés in London in the 1790s 69 Kirsty Carpenter Note on French Catholics in London after 1789 91 4. Courts in exile: Bourbons, Bonapartes and Orléans in London, from George III to Edward VII 99 Philip Mansel 5. The French in London during the 1830s: multidimensional occupancy 129 Máire Cross 6. Introductory exposition: French republicans and communists in exile to 1848 155 Fabrice Bensimon 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Západočeská Univerzita V Plzni Fakulta Filozofická Disertační Práce
    Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Disertační práce 2016 Filip Strych Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Disertační práce Britský kolonialismus v Gambii v první polovině devatenáctého století Mgr. Filip Strych Plzeň 2016 Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta Filozofická Katedra historických věd Studijní program Historické vědy Studijní obor Historie Disertační práce Britský kolonialismus v Gambii v první polovině devatenáctého století Mgr. Filip Strych Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Jan Záhořík, Ph.D. Katedra blízkovýchodních studií Fakulta filozofická Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Plzeň 2016 Disertační práce vznikala od r. 2012 na Fakultě filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Uchazeč: Mgr. Filip Strych Oponenti: Práce byla rozeslána dne: Obhajoba disertace se koná dne: Předseda komise pro obhajoby doktorských prací ve vědním oboru historie na Fakultě filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedených pramenů a literatury. Plzeň, srpen 2016 ……………………. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval Doc. PhDr. Janu Záhoříkovi, Ph.D. za jeho pomoc, ochotu, vstřícnost, osobní přístup a podporu po celou dobu studia. Jeho cenné rady mi pomáhaly se posunout dále v mém akademickém životě. Dále bych rád poděkoval mé rodině a mojí ženě, protože při mně stály a trpělivě mě podporovaly. Lucce Obsah 1 ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Cíle,
    [Show full text]
  • ALICE L. CONKLIN Department of History 106 Dulles Hall 230 W
    ALICE L. CONKLIN Department of History 106 Dulles Hall 230 W. Annie and John Glenn Avenue Phone: (614) 292-6325 e-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION Princeton University, Ph.D. in History, 1989, M.A. in History, 1983 New York University, Institute of French Studies, M.A. in French Studies, 1984 École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (Paris), Diplôme d’Études Approfondies in History, 1981 Bryn Mawr College, A.B. magna cum laude in History and French Studies, 1979 EXPERIENCE Professor of History, Ohio State University, 2013-, Associate Professor of History, 2004-2013 Professeur invité, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, May 2000 Associate Professor of History, University of Rochester, 1998-2004, Assistant Professor of History, University of Rochester, 1991-1998 Lecturer, Princeton University, 1989-1990 HONORS OSU Distinguished Scholar, 2016 Featured Review, American Historical Review, February 2015 David H. Pinkney Prize, Society for French Historical Studies, 2014 Senior Book Prize, Ohio Academy of History, 2014 Featured Review, H-France Forum, Summer 2014 RTAP Research Award, 2014-2017, History Department, OSU, 2014 OSU Distinguished Teaching Award Nomination, 2008 OSU Mershon Center for International Studies Grant, 2008 OSU Arts and Humanities Seed Grant, 2007 German Marshall Fund Fellowship, 2002-2003 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship, 2000-2001 French Fulbright Senior Fellowship, 2000-2001 Koren Prize, Society for French Historical Studies, 1999 Karp Prize for Excellence in Teaching, University of Rochester,
    [Show full text]
  • Gambia, the MODERATE ADVANCEMENT
    Gambia, The MODERATE ADVANCEMENT In 2013, The Gambia made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Several law enforcement agencies were trained on a range of issues related to the worst forms of child labor, and officials identified and provided services to 63 children allegedly being used to work as housemaids and street vendors. The Government signed a Memorandum of Understanding on trafficking in persons with the Government of Senegal during the year. In addition, the Government increased funding for a drop-in center that provides medical care, food, and counseling to street children and continued to operate a conditional cash transfer program that provides services to more than 1,000 children rescued from forced begging. However, children in The Gambia continue to engage in the worst forms of child labor in domestic service and commercial sexual exploitation. Gaps in the legal framework persist, such as between compulsory education and minimum working ages. In addition, child labor laws are not effectively enforced, and existing social programs are not sufficient to meet the need. I. PREVALENCE AND SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD LABOR Children in The Gambia are engaged in the worst forms of child labor in domestic service and commercial sexual exploitation.(1-3) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in The Gambia. Table 1. Statistics on Children’s Work and Education Children Age Percent Working (% and population) 5-14 yrs. 36.4 (180,954) Attending School (%) 5-14 yrs. 65.7 Combining Work and School (%) 7-14 yrs. 29.6 Primary Completion Rate (%) 70.3 Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2012, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2014.(4) Source for all other data: Understanding Children’s Work Project’s analysis of statistics from MICS3 Survey, 2005-2006.(5) Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children’s work by sector and activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Relations: More Than Meets the Eye
    MIDDLE EAST 3 Where Goes the IRGC’s Economic Wing under Rouhani? 4 Updating Iran’s Naval Doctrine Foreign Military Studies Office 5 The Huthis Prepare for Post-Transition Yemen 7 Syria: Who Frames Whom? 9 Egyptian Russian Relations: More Than Meets the Eye RUSSIA 10 Russian Air Force Academy Welcomes First OE WATCH UAV Class FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 12 Armenia’s Surprising Decision to Join Russian-led Customs Union 14 Ukraine Moves Closer to Europe—for Now 16 Russia’s Sovereign Foreign Policy Vol. 3 Issue #10 October 2013 18 Bio-Weapon Accusations 20 Popularity of Military Cadet Education IN THIS ISSUE 22 Russia “Restoring” Military Presence in Arctic Click on the Table of Contents to the Left. 24 Recent Developments in Russia’s Foreign Agent Law 26 3D Will Help Troops to Conduct Warfare Special Essay: TURKEY 27 Turkey’s Position on Syria Leaves it Isolated 29 Why Did Turkey Down the Syrian Helicopter? Anti-Americanism in the 31 Is the PKK Peace Process Stalling? AFRICA Kremlin 33 Somalisation of the Central African Republic Narrative 35 Tall Problems for a Short People: Conflict in the DRC Displaces the Bambuti 37 Kenya’s Turkana County Oil Rush: Niger Delta Déjà Vu? 39 Post Independence, Blood Continues to Be Shed: Human Rights Abuses by South Sudan’s Army LATIN AMERICA 41 Something that Doesn’t Smell Right in the Caribbean MEXICO 43 El Chapo: Eventual Ally of the Peña Nieto Administration? INDO-PACIFIC ASIA 45 India’s First Dedicated Military Satellite Launched 46 Taiwan Donates Maritime Patrol Boats
    [Show full text]
  • Free French Africa in World War II the African Resistance
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04848-5 - Free French Africa in World War II: The African Resistance Eric T. Jennings Frontmatter More information Free French Africa in World War II The African Resistance General de Gaulle’s Free French may have been headquartered in Lon- don, but their base lay in Brazzaville. This book shows compellingly that the movement drew its strength from 1940 to 1943 from fighting men, resources, and operations in French Equatorial Africa and Cameroon. Territorially, Free France spanned from the Libyan border with Chad down to the Congo River, and to the scattered tiny French territories of the South Pacific and India. Eric T. Jennings tells the story of an improbable French military and institutional rebirth through Central Africa. Free French Africa in World War II provides a unique look at the long forgotten role Gaullist Africa played to help the Allied cause. Eric T. Jennings is professor of history at Victoria College at the Uni- versity of Toronto. His books include Vichy in the Tropics, Curing the Colonizers,andImperial Heights, as well as an edited volume with Jacques Cantier entitled L’Empire colonial sous Vichy. Jennings has received a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada grants; the Alf Andrew Heggoy, Jean-Franc¸ois Coste, and Fetkann book prizes; and the Palmes academiques.´ © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04848-5 - Free French Africa in World War II: The African Resistance Eric T. Jennings Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04848-5 - Free French Africa in World War II: The African Resistance Eric T.
    [Show full text]