Arthropods of Tropical Forests: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy Edited by Yves Basset, Vojtech Novotny, Scott E

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-08784-1 - Arthropods of Tropical Forests: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy Edited by Yves Basset, Vojtech Novotny, Scott E. Miller and Roger L. Kitching Index More information

Index

Abies religiosa, 161 Apidae, 33, 308, 310, 313, 360–8 behaviour, 17–27 Acacia collinsii, 369 Apionidae, 146, 150, 154 foraging, 67 Acacia mangium, 388 Apis dorsata, 127 predatory, 344 Acanthaceae, 160 Apis mellifera, 361, 366, 367 Berlese funnel, 277 Acari, 102–9, 271–81, 291–303 Apocynaceae, 51, 365 Bignoniaceae, 39, 348–59, 365 Achilixiidae, 46 Apodidae, 88, 91 biodiversity templet, 338 Acradenia euodiiformis, 333 Aporusa lagenocarpa, 190–7 biological control agent, 346 Acrididae, 237–55 Araliaceae, 357 birds, see Aves Acronychia pubescens, 330 Araneae, 92–101 Blattaria, 126–34 Adeloneivaia isara, 374, 378 Araucaria cunninghamii, 330, 333 Blattidae, 315, 319 Adeloneivaia jason, 373 Araucariaceae, 330 body size, 45, 84, 146, 154, 273, 276 adherence Arctiidae, 83, 376 Bombacaceae, 378 to substrate, 344 Arecaceae, 316 Bombacopsis quinatum, 369 Agaonidae, 23, 91, 111, 122, 304 Argasidae, 299 Borneo, 59–91, 126–34, 190–7, 344, 380–93 Agauria salicifolia,93 Argyrodendron actinophyllum, 21, 68, 333, Brachychiton acerifolius, 333 Agave horrida, 161 339, 352 branch clipping, 317 aggregation, 23, 42, 146, 154, 198–212 Arsenura armida, 374, 378 Brazil, 170–5, 237–55, 348–59 Albizia gummifera,93 Arsenura batesii, 371 Brentidae, 46, 222 algae, 271 Ascidae, 298 Bromeliaceae, 24, 159–69, 176–85 allomones, 343 Asclepiadaceae, 51 Brosimum alicastrum, 160 altitudinal gradients, 400 assemblage Brosimum utile, 317 Amazon, 170–5, 237–55 random, 190–7 Bruchinae, 149 Anacardiaceae, 317, 365, 376 structure, 28–39, 198–212, 315–28 Buprestidae, 25, 30, 220–36 Anacardium excelsium, 283 Asteraceae, 38, 160, 355 Burkea africana, 198–212 Anapidae, 96 Astraptes fulgerator, 376 Bursera cuneata, 161 Androlaelaps casalis, 299 Astronium graveolens, 283 Burseraceae, 110–22, 316 Annona glabra, 176–85 Atopomyrmex mocquerisi, 344, 345 Busseola fusca,29 Annona purpurea, 375 Attelabidae, 46 Annona spraguei, 283 Aucoumea klaineana, 345 Caeculidae, 296 Annonaceae, 317, 375, 378 Australia, 329–40, 344 Caio championi, 369 annual events, 315–28 Automeris io, 371, 378, 379 Callitrichia sellafrontis,96 Anogeissus leiocarpa, 198–212 Automeris pallidior, 371 Calycophyllum candidissimum, 375 ant Automeris tridens, 374, 378 Cameroon, 342, 343, 345 dominant, 341–7 Automeris zugana, 369, 371, 373, 375, Camponotus acvapimensis, 345 garden, 343 378 Camponotus brutus, 343 mosaic, 341–7 Automeris zurobara, 373 Camponotus femoratus, 343 nest, 342 Aves, 86–91 Camponotus gigas, 393 see also Formicidae canopy Anthicidae, 192, 205, 209 Baccharis dracunculifolia, 355 access, 7–16 Anthribidae, 46, 263 bacteria, 108 crane, 12, 214, 222, 256, 257, 283, 316, Apeiba membranacea, 367 Bactrocera papayae,50 317, 361 Aphididae, 346 bark, 244, 272, 277, 278, 280, 291, 292 deﬁnition of, 4 Aphloia theifomis,93 beating, 94, 284, 306 opening, 320

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-08784-1 - Arthropods of Tropical Forests: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy Edited by Yves Basset, Vojtech Novotny, Scott E. Miller and Roger L. Kitching Index More information

470 INDEX

canopy (cont.) Coccoidea, 315, 318–19 Dicyrtomidae, 169 raft, 12, 103, 306 Coccus acutissimus, 315, 318 Didymopanax vinosum, 357 roots, 323 cocoa plantation, 342, 343, 345, 346 diel activity, 36, 256, 261, 264, 304–28, 343 roughness, 348, 359 coevolution, 218, 377, 402 Digamasellidae, 296, 303 sledge, 12, 103, 306 diffuse, 218 Dimerandra emarginata, 176–85 surface, 4, 88, 357, 358 Cojoba rufescens, 283 Dipterocarpaceae, 32, 33, 37, 38, 43, 87 tomography, 86–91 Collembola, 173, 175, 271–81, 395, 396, Dirphia avia, 374, 375, 378 tower, 11, 87, 91, 127 398 dispersal, 23, 24, 32, 46, 229, 241, 274, 275, upper, 358, 360, 394–405 colonization, 136, 143 293, 297, 345, 367, 368 volume, 148 recolonization, 68, 196 disturbance, 39, 113, 190–7, 315–28, 404 walkway, 11, 70, 87 Combretaceae, 198–212 diversity cantharophily, 256 compartmentalization, 237 alpha, 69–85 Carabidae, 25, 135, 138, 141–3, 150, 209, competition, 23, 28–39, 276, 277, beta, 20, 67, 69–85 398 360–8 local, 136, 144, 220–36 Carabodidae, 108 complementarity, 94, 96 regional, 135, 143, 144 carbon flux, 316 conditioning, 345 dominance, 190–212, 341–7, 366, 367 carrying capacity, 44 conservation, 39, 190–7, 404 dormancy, 154 Casearia arborea, 316 Convolvulaceae, 160, 365 Doryphora sassafras, 333 Casearia corymbosa, 375, 376 Copaxa moinieri, 369, 374, 377 Drosophilidae, 86 Castanopsis acuminatissima, 352 Copaxa rufinans, 377 drought, 315–28 Castilla elastica, 282–90, 396 Copepoda, 104 dry forest, 25, 159–69, 220–36, 369–79, caterpillar, 45, 84, 290, 352, 369–79, 401 Copiopteryx semiramis, 369, 373 402 Cecidomyiidae, 174, 175 Cordia alliodora, 283, 378 Cecropia schreberiana, 316, 317 Corylophidae, 150, 153, 154, 204, 209, 211, Eacles imperialis, 373, 379 Cecropiaceae, 42, 49, 113, 316, 401 333 earthworm middens, 273, 276 Cedrela odorata, 378 Corythophora alta, 170–5 Ecclinusa guianensis, 170–5 Celastraceae, 66 Costa Rica, 369–79 ecological drift, 361 Cephalotes atratus, 218 Crematogaster depressa, 345 ecological fitting, 369, 377, 402 Cerambycidae, 46, 133, 220–36, 256, 260, Crematogaster gabonensis, 346 ecosystem 263 Crematogaster limata parabiotica, 343 function, 316 Ceratophysella gibbosa, 166, 169 Crossopteryx febrifuga, 198–212 structure, 315–28 Ceratopogonidae, 24, 174, 310 Culicidae, 18, 21, 24 ecotone, 397 Cercopidae, 286 Curculionidae, 33, 43, 44, 46, 146, 148, 150, Ecpantheria icasia, 376 Ceroplastes rubens, 315, 318 154, 190, 205, 220–36, 256, 260, 261, Ecpantheria suffusa, 376 cerrado, 348–59 263, 264, 286, 287, 290, 308, 313, 333, Ecuador, 237–55 Chamaecrista desvauxii, 214 388, 401 El Nino,˜ 37 Chamaecrista linearifolia, 355 Cyatholipidae, 96 Elaeis guineensis, 388 Chironomidae, 174 Cymbaeremaeidae, 108 Elaeocarpaceae, 316 Chronosequence, 135–45 Cynometra alexandri, 146–58 Elateridae, 209, 260, 261, 263, 312, 388 Chrysobalanaceae, 317 Cyrtoxipha gundlachi, 318 Encyrtidae, 26 Chrysomelidae, 43, 44, 46, 49, 133, 148, 150, endemicity, 247 152–154, 190–7, 205, 220–36, 256–65, Dacryodes excelsa, 316 Endomychidae, 285 282, 286, 287, 308, 312, 313, 346, 350, decomposition, 102 enemy-free space, 23, 29, 50, 163, 211, 278, 353, 388, 401 Dendroctonus frontalis,34 290 Chrysophyllum brenesii, 373 Dendrolaelaps neodisetus, 296 Entandrophragma utile, 147 Cicadellidae, 45, 138, 141, 282, 286, 287, density of insect populations, 352 Enterolobium ciclocarpum, 283 312, 350 Derbidae, 46, 312 Entomobryidae, 285 Cicadidae, 37 Dermanyssidae, 300 epiphyte, 42, 67, 103, 106, 159, 176–85, Citheronia lobesis, 374 Dermestidae, 263 237–55, 277, 329, 339, 341, 343, 399 citrus plantation, 345, 346 desiccation, 32, 219, 274 Ericaceae, 38 cladogenesis, 292, 300 deterministic patterns, 190–7 Erythroxylaceae, 350 Cleridae, 34, 192, 263 Deuterosminthurus maassius, 164, 166 Eschweilera atropetiolata, 170–5 Coccidae, 343, 346 diapause, 30, 32, 43 Eschweilera rodriguesiana, 170–5 Coccinellidae, 209, 285, 392 Dictyopharidae, 286 Eschweilera romeu-cardosoi, 170–5

INDEX 471

Eschweilera wachenheimii, 170–5 gene flow, 143, 144 Ichneumonidae, 197 Eschweilera pseudodecolorans, 170–5 geographic distribution, 249, 371 immigration, 271, 275, 278, 377 Eucalyptus deglupta, 386 geological age, 135–45 inbreeding, 291–303 Euglycyphagidae, 300 Geometridae, 25, 82–4, 121, 286, 376, indicator group, 381 Eulophidae, 285 391 Inga vera, 373 Eumastacidae, 237–55 global estimates of species richness, 220, insecticide knockdown, 6, 8, 69, 93, 99, 101, Euphorbiaceae, 160, 190–7 228, 405 111, 135–45, 148, 159, 161, 169, 170–5, Eupodidae, 296 Goupia glabra,66 190–212, 304, 314, 329–40, 341, 380–93 Eupomatia laurina, 330 gregarism, 240 insecticide treatment, 347 Eupomatiaceae, 330 Gryllacrididae, 318 International Biodiversity Observation Year, Exostema mexicanum, 376 Gryllidae, 318 109 guano, 296 intraindividual tree characteristics, 198–212 Fabaceae, 350, 373, 375, 378 Guarea excelsa, 378 invasion, 361, 367 Fagaceae, 373, 378 Guatteria dumetorum, 317 inventory, 100, 101 Fedrizziidae, 296 guava plantation, 345 island biogeography, 135–45, 361 feeding trials, 284 Guayaquila xiphias, 357 Isotomidae, 277, 285 filariosis, 24 guild, 70, 237, 247, 284, 304, 315, 388 Issidae, 286 fire, 30, 353, 358 structure, 190–7 Ivory Coast, 198–212 Flacourtiaceae, 316, 375, 376 Gustavia superba, 360, 362, 365, 367 Flatidae, 286 Guyana, 289 Jadera aeola,30 flight, 86–91 Jadera obscura,30 flowers, 32, 33, 38, 87, 126–34, 179, 213–19, habitat Janzen–Connell model, 25, 282, 289 256–65, 290, 339, 360–8, 402 availability of, 394 general flowering, 126–34 colonization of, 109 kairomones, 23 mass flowering, 43, 126–34, 263 continuity of, 106, 400 Khaya anthotheca, 147 foliage fragmentation, 381 Klinckowstroemiidae, 296 density, 86–91 structure, 146, 154 structure, 86–91 Hahnidae, 96 Ladella stali, 315, 318 forest Halictidae, 367 Laelapidae, 299 edge, 243 haplodiploidy, 295, 298 Lampyridae, 318 gap, 243, 315–28, 404 haploidy, 292 latex, 48 inundation, 395 Hawaii, 135–45 Latridiidae, 146, 149, 150, 153, 205 management, 380–93 Hechtia podantha, 161 Lauraceae, 377 monodominant, 348–59, 395, 403 Heliconia latispatha, 283 leaf montane, 59–68, 92–101, 247, 402 herbivory, 11, 22, 177, 213, 283, 290, damage, 282, 283, 290, 315–28 physiognomy, 17–27, 395 315–317, 319, 320, 323, 340, 348–59, flush, 30, 34, 40–53, 138, 153, 184, 288, plantation, 380–93 393 289 regeneration, 190–7, 243, 290 Hesperiidae, 376 nutrients, 323 swamp, 146–58 Heterocheylidae, 291, 296 palatability, 42, 49 Formicidae, 26, 45, 59–68, 93, 102, 107, 114, Hirtella racemosa, 283 production, 32, 142, 316 121, 148, 152, 170, 173–5, 183, 185, homozygosity, 295 turnover, 395, 400, 403 190, 195, 197, 198–219, 264, 278, 280, honeydew, 219, 343, 344, 346 leaf-mining insects, 30, 353 281, 285, 289, 308, 341–7, 350, 357, host shift, 145 Lecythidaceae, 39, 170, 360, 362, 365 358, 381, 386, 392, 394, 397, 402–4 host specificity, 5, 14, 40–53, 146, 154, 196, Leguminosae, 87, 160, 198–212 fractal dimension, 273 220–36, 240, 256, 262, 264, 329–40, Lepidocyrtus finensis, 169 fragmentation, 275 369–79, 394 Lepidocyrtus finus, 169 Frankliniella gardeniae, 365 humidity, 31, 280 liana, 22, 42, 220–36, 237, 281, 339, 360, 401 Frankliniella parvula, 360, 365, 367 hurricane, 315–28, 381 Licania hypoleuca, 317 French Guiana, 237–55, 343 Hydroptilidae, 179, 182, 185 lichen, 67, 103, 271, 273, 274, 280, 340 fruiting, 179 Hylesia dalina, 378 Licneremaeidae, 108 fungi, 108, 274, 330, 381 Hylesia hamata, 371 Linyphiidae, 96, 100, 101 Hylesia lineata, 373, 375, 378 litter, 92–101, 244, 272, 277, 280 Gabon, 102–9, 304–14, 345 Hymenaea altissima, 378 accumulation of, 107 gall-forming insects, 348–59 Hymenaea courbaril, 369, 378 fauna, 17–27

472 INDEX

logging, 27, 39, 190–7, 404 nectar, 213, 219, 367 Parhypochthonius aphidinus, 297 clear-felling, 380–93 robbing, 219 Parinari excelsa,93 selective, 147, 154, 359, 380–93 nectaries, extraﬂoral, 214, 342, 344 Paronellidae, 159, 164 log-normal distribution, 71, 360–8 Nematoda, 102, 104, 108 particulate feeding, 298 log-series distribution, 71, 382 Nemonychidae, 51 Passalidae, 293, 295–8 Lohmanniidae, 297 Neolitsea australiensis, 336 path analysis, 144 Lonchocarpus minimiﬂorus, 375 Neopelma baccharidis, 355 Peltogyne gracilipes, 350 Luehea seemannii, 288 NESS index, 72 Pentatomidae, 286 Lycaenidae, 23, 88, 376 nest of vertebrates, 291–303 periodicity, 36 Lygaeidae, 142 neutral theory of biodiversity and Periphoba arcaei, 374, 375 Lythraceae, 365 biogeography, 360–8 Persea americana, 378 niche, 241, 243, 360–8 Peru, 237–55 Malachiidae, 192 overlap, 276 pesticide, 274 malaria, 24 Nitidulidae, 133, 260, 263 Phalacridae, 192 Malaysia, 59–91, 126–35, 190–7, 380–93 nitrogen, 142 Phasmoptera, 313 Malpighiaceae, 214, 352 foliar, 135, 142 phenology, 43, 82 Malvaceae, 160, 378 Noctuidae, 23, 29, 286, 376 of host tree, 28–39, 176–85 mango plantation, 345 nonequilibrium of trees, 263 Manilkara bidentata, 316 conditions, 195 phenols, 22, 354–6, 371 Manilkara chicle, 369, 373 models, 403 pheromones, 276, 342, 344 Manilkara zapota, 288, 317 Notodontidae, 286, 287, 370, 376 Philodana johnstoni, 295 mast-seeding, 32, 34 Nymphalidae, 23, 25, 83, 88, 91, 286, 376 Philodanidae, 295 Matayba guianensis, 256–65 Pholcidae, 96, 101 meeting points, 256, 265 Ocotea veraguensis, 369, 377 phoresy, 281, 291, 293, 296–8 Megachilidae, 367 Oecophylla longinoda, 342–6 Phoridae, 110–22, 312 Megisthanidae, 296 Oecophylla smaragdina, 345, 346 phosphorus, 142 Melanophila acuminata,30 Olacaceae, 103 photoperiod, 30, 32 Melastomataceae, 355, 356 oligophagy, 221, 329 phylogeny, 45, 52, 296, 299, 303 Meliaceae, 378 Ongokea gore, 102–9 of host plant, 23, 28–39, 52, 329–40, 398 Melochia umbellata, 190–7 Oonopidae, 96 Phytotelmata, 24 Membracidae, 43, 282, 286, 312, 313, Orchidaceae, 176–85, 213 Pieridae, 23, 88 343, 357 Oribatulidae, 108 Pinus caribaea, 386 Metagynellidae, 293 Oripodidae, 108 Piper reticulatum, 283 metapopulation dynamics, 275, 367 Othorene verana, 373, 374, 379 plant Metrosideros polymorpha, 135–45 Ourapteryx fulvinervis, 383 architecture, 288 Mexico, 159–69 outer canopy, see canopy surface defences, 48 microclimate, 67, 108, 175, 184, 282, overstorey, 4, 17–27, 86–91, 237, 245, 313 protection, 346 305 oviposition, 84, 240, 242, 243, 245, 358, 369, plantation, 341–7 microhabitat, 237–55, 271–81 374, 375, 378, 379 citrus, 345, 346 specialization, 103 Oxyethira circaverna, 179, 182 cocoa, 342, 343, 345 Micropholis guyanensis, 170–5 Oxyethira maya, 179, 183 guava, 345 migration, 25, 256, 305, 313 mango, 345 Milankovitch cycles, 37 Pachycondyla goeldii, 344 Pleistocene refuge hypothesis, 397 mimicry, 23 palm, 237, 246 pollen, 33, 37, 213 Miridae, 285, 315, 318, 346, 350 Panama, 176–85, 220–36, 282–90, 315–28, pollination, 213, 264, 360–8 Mochlozetidae, 108 360–8 syndromes, 90 monophagy, 50, 221, 374, 378, 402 Pantanal Matogrossense, 348–59 polyphagy, 221, 329, 338 moonlight, 81 Papilionidae, 23, 88 Polyrhachis laboriosa, 343, 344, 346 Moraceae, 51, 317 Paraponera clavata, 344 Polyrhachis weissi, 343 Mordellidae, 133, 256, 260, 263 Paraserianthes falcataria, 386 Popillia japonica,23 moss, 67, 103 Parasitidae, 296 Pourouma bicolor, 25, 42, 49, 282, 283, Mymaridae, 26 Parastasia bimaculata, 127 288–90, 400, 401 Myristicaceae, 317 parataxonomist, 13, 15, 52, 93, 114 Pouteria campechiana, 373 Myrmicaria opaciventris, 344–6 Paratrechina longicornis, 345 Pouteria glomerata, 170–5

INDEX 473

predation, 34, 35, 84, 133, 174, 355, 357 Romaleidae, 237–55 Smarididae, 297 pressure, 91 rope system, 86–91 Sminthurinus quadrimaculatus, 159, 164, 166 predator satiation, 34 Rothschildia forbesi, 379 soil Prestoea montana, 316 Rothschildia lebeau, 375, 379 fauna, 17–27 prey, 101 Rothschildia triloba, 371 suspended, 102–9, 159–69, 177, 277, 280 productivity, 135, 136, 142, 392 Rubiaceae, 32, 87, 160, 198, 375, 376 Solanaceae, 365 Proscopiidae, 237–55 Spathoglottis plicata, 213 Protopulvinaria pyriformis, 315, 318 Sabah, 59–85, 190–7, 380–93 specialization Provespa anomala, 126–34 Salina banksi, 159, 161, 164, 166, 168, 169 ecological, 393, 401 Provespa nocturna, 126–34 Salticidae, 94 effective, 220, 221, 223, 402 Pseudisotoma sensibilis, 159, 164–6 sampling speciation, 250, 397 Pseudococcidae, 315, 318, 343, 346 completeness, 230 species pseudoreplication, 12, 14 limitations, 7–16 accumulation, 94, 98, 223, 224, 229, 286 Psocidae, 143 protocol, 68 core, 361 Psocoptera, 170, 173, 175, 206, 207, 211 sap, 40, 43, 44, 133 keystone, 44 Psylloidea, 26, 43, 145, 286, 312, 313, Sapindaceae, 30 loss, 5, 381, 391 392 sapling, 22, 49, 282–90 packing, 276 Ptiliidae, 333 Sapotaceae, 87, 170–5, 316, 373 radiation, 145, 296, 338, 349, 358 Puerto Rico, 315–28 Sarawak, 86–91, 126–34 richness, 281, 349 Pygmephoridae, 296 saturation deficit, 281 transient, 100, 175, 212, 220, 338, 352 Pyralidae, 71 Saturniidae, 369–79, 401, 402 Spelaeorhynchidae, 299 Pyraloidea, 69–85, 376 savanna, 198–219, 348–59, 400, 402, 404 Sphingidae, 83, 91, 370, 371, 376 Pyrgomorphidae, 237–55 Scarabaeidae, 21, 23, 127, 133, 209, 263, 304, Spondias mombin, 376 Pyroglyphidae, 300 318, 392, 405 stability, 69 Scelionidae, 26, 312, 313 Staphylinidae, 148, 150, 152–4, 195, 285, 333 Quercus castanea, 161 Schausiella denhezorum, 377, 378 stem borer, 30 Quercus crassifolia, 161 Schausiella santarosensis, 369, 377, 378 Sterculiaceae, 190–7, 378 Quercus crassipes, 161 Scheloribatidae, 108 Stictococcidae, 346 Quercus greegii, 161 Schizolobium parahybum, 160 Stigmaeidae, 296 Quercus laeta, 161 Schoettella distincta, 166 stochastic events, 136, 190–212, 265 Quercus laurina, 161 Sciaridae, 174 stratification, 6, 15, 17–27, 43, 59–122, 126, Quercus mexicana, 161 sclerophylly, 348–59, 400 153, 237–55, 271–90, 304–14, 348–59, Quercus oleoides, 373, 378 Scolytinae, 21, 27, 34, 46, 59–68, 222, 295, 376, 394–405 Quercus rugosa, 161 298, 310, 313, 394, 396 stress, hygrothermal, 305 Quercus subcericea, 59–68 seasonal cues, 28–39 structural heterogeneity, 176 seasonal distribution, 394–405 succession, 109, 190–7, 346, 380 rainfall, 29, 30, 32, 152, 316, 398 seasonal drivers, 28–39 Surinam, 110–22 Raphia farinifera, 147 seasonal fluctuations, 112, 118, 146, 152, 154 swarming, 174 rarefaction, 224, 259, 263, 264 seasonality, 28–39, 126–34, 146–85, 286, sweeping, 94, 98 rarity, 47, 72, 78, 100, 196, 222, 368 315–28, 361 Swietenia macrophylla, 160, 378 redistribution, 271–81 supra-annual, 37, 38, 360 Syssphinx mexicana, 369 regional factors, 28–39 seed, 30, 32, 34, 48, 403 resource seedling, 282–90, 357 Tabanidae, 29 availability, 17–27, 30, 39 Seira bipunctata, 168 Tabebuia aurea, 350, 353, 357 base, 142 Seira dubia, 168 Tabebuia ochracea, 352, 353, 357 patchiness, 40–53 Seira purpurea, 168 Tachigali guianensis, 256–65 tracking, 28–39 senescence, 399 Tachigalia guianensis, 256–65 use, 40–53, 394–405 similarity, 256, 262, 263, 286 tannins, 22, 354, 355 Rhapignathidae, 296 faunal, 92, 96, 100, 146, 150, 152, 165, Tanzania, 92–101 Rhobdopterus fulvipes, 286 277, 278, 282, 283, 305, 313, 329–40 Tapirira guianensis, 317 Rhopalidae, 30, 286 single-rope technique, 11, 61, 103 Tarsocheylidae, 291, 296 Rinorea beniensis, 146–58 singleton, 62, 64, 68, 96, 100, 136, 149, 193, taxonomic distance, 329–40 Riodinidae, 376 256, 262, 264, 279 Tectocepheus velatus, 102, 106, 108, 109 Rollinia membranacea, 378 Sloanea berteriana, 317 temperature, 30, 31

474 INDEX

temporal distribution, 394–405 Tortricidae, 45 Uganda, 146–58 temporal variation, 28–39, 69–85 Trachyuropodidae, 293 understorey, 17–27, 69–85, 92–101, 330, Tenebrionidae, 209, 259, 295, 298, 388 Translocation, 30 380, 388, 393 Tephritidae, 50 trap deﬁnition of, 4 Terminalia amazonia, 160 ﬂight interception, 60, 178, 256, 258, 263, Terminalia ivorensis, 342 306, 380–93 vegetation, ruderal, 243 territoriality, 342 light, 4, 7, 8, 69–85, 126–34, 228, 304, Venezuela, 213–19, 256–65 territory, defence of, 343 371, 380–93 venom, 344 Tetragastris altissima, 110–22 Malaise, 304 Verbenaceae, 87, 190–7 Tetragnathidae, 96 pitfall, 61 vertical gradients, 17–27 Tetramorium aculeatum, 344–346 sticky, 307 Vinsonia stellata, 315 Tetramorium africanum, 345 yellow pan, 110–22, 178 Vinsonia stellifera, 318 Tetraponera anthracina, 346 tree Virola nobilis, 317 Tettigometridae, 343 architecture, 17–27, 107, 109, 198–212, Virola sebifera, 317 Thanasimus dubius,34 339 Vitex pinnata, 190–7 Thomisidae, 94 crown, 59–68 Vochysia ferruginea, 367 Thripidae, 33, 286, 287, 289, 290, 360, 365 emergent, 4, 86, 89 Vriesea sanguinolenta, 176–85 Thysanoptera, 42, 44, 46, 102, 104, 108, felling, 240 170, 173, 175, 206, 207, 312, 313, hollows, 291–303 water, availability of, 146, 154 360–8 trunk, 108, 109, 272–275 Wilkiea austroqueenslandica, 333 Thysanura, 206, 207, 211 treetop bubble, 12, 306 wind, 21, 32 Tigridia acesta, 401 trichomes, 356 wing polymorphism, 293 Tiliaceae, 378 Trichosurus vulpecula, 295 wood, 291–303 Tillandsia fasciculata, 176–85 Triplogyniidae, 295 biomass of, 42 Tingidae, 282, 286 Tropiduchidae, 315, 318 Titaea tamerlani, 374 Turbinoptidae, 300 Xenylla humicola, 166, 169