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Timber Trafficking and Its Impacts on Human Security in Vietnam

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Timber Trafficking and Its Impacts on Human Security in Vietnam TITTLE TIMBER TRAFFICKING AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN SECURITY IN VIETNAM CAO NGOC ANH A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Northumbria at Newcastle. Research undertaken in the Faculty of Arts, Design and Social Sciences April 2016 1 ABSTRACT As with other forms of green crime, timber trafficking is frequently overlooked by traditional criminology. This research is an exploratory investigation into the problem of timber trafficking in Vietnam, which aims to obtain a detailed understanding of the typology of, victimisation from, and key factors driving this crime. To achieve this aim, 41 semi-structured interviews with seven different cohorts (environmental police, investigative police, forest protection officers, commune authorities, forest-based inhabitants, timber traders, and green NGO staff) were conducted. Over one-hundred pages of official documents (criminal case records, operational reports, and conference papers), and more than two-hundred relevant newspapers were collected and analysed to enhance and triangulate the primary data. This research reveals a multifaceted typology of timber trafficking in Vietnam, comprising five different components: harvesting, transporting, trading, supporting, and processing. Each of these components is further constituted by distinctive, parallel forms of illicit operation. There are, for example, three parallel forms of illegal timber harvesting, termed small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale (SSITH, MSITH and LSITH). While having certain overlaps, in general SSITH, MSITH and LSITH are fundamentally distinctive not only in terms of the volumes of illicit timber they produce and the methods of illegally felling trees they employ, as typically identified in the previous studies, but more importantly in terms of the harvesters‘ attributes, their motivations, and the sophistication and security implications of the criminal operations. It is thus argued that the typology of illegal timber harvesting in this research challenges the typical classification in the existing literature, and offers an alternative way of understanding more comprehensively the dynamic of illegal logging. Regarding the victimisation from timber trafficking, due to the employment of a broad conceptual framework of human security, it is revealed that timber trafficking has substantial harmful impacts on all seven elements of human security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political. These impacts are closely interconnected, but vary between different groups of victims. These findings culminate in the proposal that there are three main typical characteristics of green victimisation: suffering hierarchy, victim-offender overlap, and multidimensionality. Additionally, the employment of a human security paradigm in this research leads to another proposal that it is highly achievable and productive to integrate perspectives from the field of security studies into the discipline of green criminology, for the purpose of systematically examining green victimisation. Finally, this research offers five solutions to control timber trafficking in the context of Vietnam, by refining the current policy framework of forest governance and improving the efficiency of law enforcement. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITTLE 1 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... 9 ACKOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 1 THE RESEARCH BACKGROUND ..................................................... 11 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Research aims and objectives ........................................................................................... 18 1.3 Legal timber trade .......................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Terminology and definitions ............................................................................................ 19 1.5 Scope and trend of timber trafficking ................................................................................. 23 1.6 The sophistication of timber trafficking .............................................................................. 25 1.7 Consequences of timber trafficking ................................................................................... 27 1.7.1 Economic impacts .................................................................................................... 27 1.7.2 Social impacts ......................................................................................................... 28 1.7.3 Environmental impacts.............................................................................................. 29 1.7.4 Political impacts ...................................................................................................... 31 1.7.5 Positive aspects ....................................................................................................... 32 1.8 Overview of timber trafficking in Southeast Asia and Vietnam ............................................... 32 1.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT .......................... 38 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 38 2.2 Conceptualising timber trafficking - green criminological perspectives..................................... 38 2.2.1 The development of green criminology ........................................................................ 38 2.2.2 Definition of green crime ........................................................................................... 41 2.2.3 The aetiology of green crime ...................................................................................... 47 2.2.4 The perpetrator of green crime .................................................................................... 49 2.2.5 Victims of green crime .............................................................................................. 50 2.2.6 Challenges and limitations of green criminology ............................................................ 54 2.3 Evaluating victimisation from timber trafficking - security perspectives ................................... 57 2.3.1 Convergence of green criminology and security studies ................................................... 57 2.3.2 The concept of security ............................................................................................. 60 2.3.3 Human security ....................................................................................................... 65 3 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 3 THE SOCIO-LEGAL CONTEXT OF THE RESEARCH: VIETNAM73 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 73 3.2 Environmental issues in Vietnam ...................................................................................... 73 3.3 Forest resources and their importance ................................................................................ 76 3.3.1 Forest resources ....................................................................................................... 76 3.3.2 Forests and local residents ......................................................................................... 79 3.4.3 Forests and the national economy ................................................................................ 81 3.3.4 Traditional consumption of endangered timber .............................................................. 84 3.4 Forest governance and law enforcement on timber trafficking ................................................ 87 3.4.1 Legislation efforts .................................................................................................... 87 3.4.2 Policy framework ..................................................................................................... 88 3.4.3 Institutions involved in the control of timber trafficking .................................................. 92 3.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 97 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 97 4.2 Case study approach ......................................................................................................
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